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LIBRARY  OF  MARINE  BIOLOGICAL  LABORATORY 

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Loaned  by  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 


PROCEEDINGS,' 


OP   THE 


ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES 


VOL.  VIII.   1856. 


PHILADELPHIA 


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1857. 


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OP   THE 


ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES 


OF     PHILADELPHIA. 


YOL.  VIII.   1856. 


PHILADELPHIA. 

PRINTED   FOR  THE   ACADEMY: 

By  Merrihew  &   Thompson,  Lodge  St.,  North  aide  of  Penna.  Bank. 

1857. 


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INDEX  TO  VOLUME  VIII. 


Ashtread,  S.,  remarks  on  presenting 

algae,  79  ;  don.  to  mus.,  i.  v.  vi.   ix. 

xviii.  xix.  xxviii. 
Ashmead,  Sam.  B.,  death  of,  257. 
Academy,  Imperial,  of  Science,  don.  to 

lib.,  xii. 
Academy     Roy.   Imp.   Meteorol.   and 

Mag.,  don.  to  lib.,  xii. 
American  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  don.  to 

lib.  xvii. 
Agnew,  W.  G.  E.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxviii. 
Academy  of  Sciences    of  Lyons,  &c., 

don  to  lib.,  xxx. 


Blake,  W.  P.,  elected  cor.,  59  ;  don.  to 

lib.,  iii. 
Billings,    Mr.,  specimen,  remarks  on, 

by  Dr.  Leidy,  62. 
Boston    Society  of  Nat.  Hist.,  don.  to 

lib.  iii. 
Bigler,  Hon.  W.,  don.  to  lib.,  vi. 
Bridges,    R.,   M.   D.,  Vice  President, 

verbal  com.  on  iron  ore,  102  ;  don.  to 

mus.,  xiv. 
Bond,  F.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix. 
Bronn,  Prof.,  don.  to  lib.,  xv.  xxxiii. 
Bailey,  Prof.,  79. 

Barton,  Dr.  T.  R.,  don.  to  mus.,  i. 
Burtt,  J.  L.,M.  D.,  U.  S.  N.,  don.  to 

mus.,  iv. 
Barnet,  G.  J.,  don.  to  mus.  v. 
Burke,  W.  G.,  don.  to  mus.,  v. 
British  Museum,  161. 
Binney,  W.  G.,214,  don.  to  mus.  xxviii. 
Brazier,  A.  J.,  don.  to  lib.,  xv. 
Boker,  Dr.,  don  to  mus.,  xviii. 
Baker,  R.  B.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix- 
Bowers,  Mr.,  don.  to  mus.,  xx. 
Bronn,  Dr.,  don.  to  lib.,  xx. 
Berkeley,   M.   J.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiii. 

xxiv. 
Berkeley  and  Broome,   don.   to    lib., 

xxiii. 


Berkeley  &  Welwitsch,  don.  to  lib., 

xxiv. 
Berkeley  8e  Curtis,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiv. 
Berkeley  &  Desmazieres,  don.  to  lib.., 

xxiv. 
Babbage,  C,  don.  to  lib.,  xxvi. 
Bailey,  Rev.  Mr.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvii. 


Committees  on  Scientific  papers  :  on 
"  enumeration  of  mosses,"  by  T.  F. 
James,  1 ;  on  Ambystoma,  by  E.  Hal- 
lowell,  M.  D.,  1;  on  two  new  Ich- 
thyodorulites,  by  Jos.  Leidy,  M.  D., 
4,  5  ;  a  new  synopsis  of  the  Myceto- 
phagidae  of  the  U.  S.,  by  J.  L.  Le- 
Conte,  M.  D.,  5  ;  synopsis  of  the 
Phalacridas  of  U.  S.,  ib.,  5  ;  notice  of 
Scarabffiidae  in  United  States,  ib., 
5;  table  of  species  of  Chlasnius  in 
United  States,  ib.,  5 ;  on  synop- 
sis of  species  of  Chrysomela  and 
allied  genera  in  U.  S.,  by  W.  F. 
Rogers,  5  ;  on  notes  on  N.  American 
birds  in  A.  N.  S.,  by  John  Cassin, 
5 ;  on  synopsis  of  Entozoa,  Sec,  by 
J.  Leidy,  M.  D.,  5  ;  on  notice  of  re- 
mains of  extinct  mammalia  from  Ne- 
braska, by  the  same,  5;  descriptions 
of  remains  of  fishes  from  Carbonifer- 
ous and  Devonian  formations  of  U. 
S.,  by  J.  Leidy,  M.  D.,  61 ;  descrip- 
tions of  some  remains  of  fossil  mam- 
malia, ib.,  61 ;  on  new  species  of 
Gasteropoda  from  Nebraska,  by 
Messrs.  Meek  &  Hayden,  62  ;  on  n 
fossil  genus  of  the  fam.  Blastoidea,bv 
Messrs.  Shumard  and  Yandeli ;  62; 
remains  of  extinct  reptiles  and  fishes, 
discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden  on  Judith 
river,  by  J.  Leidy,  M.  D.,  62  ;  on 
three  extinct  fishes,  ib.,  76;  on  the 
sandstone  fossils  of  the  Connecticut 
river,  by  J.  Deane,  M.  D.,  76  ;  new 


IV. 


INDEX. 


fresh  water  shells  of  California,  by  I. 
Lea,  76  ;  a  new  species  of  Triquetra, 
ib.,  76  ;  a  new  genus  of  Naiades,  ib., 
76 ;  notice  of  remains  of  extinct  mam- 
malia, discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden  in 
Nebraska,  by  J.  Leidy,  RI.  D.,  76  ;  a 
a  new  snake  from  Illinois,  R.  Kenni- 
cott,  77  ;  thirty  new  species  of  fossil 
Acephala  and  Gasteropoda  from  Ne- 
braska, by  Messrs.  Meek  &  Hayden, 
77  ;  on  fossil  remains  of  a  Seal  from 
Ottawa  river,  U.  C,  by  J.  Leidy,  M. 
D.,  77  ;  on  several  new  genera  and 
species  of  fossil  fishes  of  carbonifer- 
ous strata,  Ohio,  by  J.  S.  Newberry, 
M.  D.,  78 ;  Plantae  Kaneanae  Arcticae 
at  Polaris,  by  E.  Durand,   lOl  ;  on 
new  articulata,  by  A.  Sager,  102  ;  on 
four  new  exotic  Uniones,  by  L  Lea, 
102;  thirteen  species  exotic  Peristo- 
mata,  ib.,  104  ;  on   Synopsis  Fungo- 
rum  in  America,  by  Messrs.  Berke- 
ley &  Curtis,  104  ;  on  new  species 
fossil  Acephala  and  Gasteropoda  from 
Nebraska,  by  Messrs.  Meek  &  Hay- 
den, 105;  contributions  to  the  Ich- 
thyology of  west  coast  U.  S.,  by  C. 
Girard,  M.  D.,  105  ;  on  Ceratites,  by 
Prof.  L.  Harper,  105  ;  examination  of 
meteoric  iron  from  Xiquipilco,  by  W. 
.T.Taylur,]05;  two  new  Urodeles  from 
Georgia,    by   E.   Hallowell,  M.  D., 
105  ;  new  gen.  and  sp.  Urodela  of  U. 
S.  Exploring  Expedition,  by  C.  Gi- 
rard, M.D.,  139;  fifteen  new  species 
exotic  Melaniana,  by  I.Lea,  139;  new 
sp.  Hyla,  by  J.   L.  LeConte,  M.  D., 
140;  notes  on  new  reptiles  in  A.  N. 
S.,  by  E.  Hallowell,  M.  D.,  141  ;  on 
new  sp.  African  birds  in  A.  N.  S., 
from  P.  DuChaillUjby  J.  Cassin,  144  ; 
on  remains  of  extinct  Vertebrata,  by 
J.  Leidy,  M.  D.,  161  ;  on  Cyprinoid 
fishes  of  fresh  waters  west  of  Missis- 
sippi, &c.,  by  C.  Girard,  M.  D.,  162  ; 
on  the  Byssus  in  genus  Unio,  by  I. 
Lea,  163;  Synopsis  of  the  Melolon- 
thidae,by  J.  L.  LeConte,M.D.,215  : 
on  genus  Salmo  in  California,  by  C. 
Girard,   M.  D.,  215  ;  extinct  verte- 
brata of  N.  Jerst^y  from  Prof.  Cook, 
by    J.    Leidy,    M.    D.,  2l5  ;     new 
species  of  birds  in  Nat.  Mus.  and  in 
Mus.  A.  N.  S.,   by  J.  Cassin,  216; 
on  reptiles  in  A.  N.  S.,  by  E.  Hal- 
lowell, M.    D.,   216;  on  Dr.  Ham- 
mond's reptiles  from  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska, ib.,  216;    on  extinct  Verte- 
brata discovered  by  Prof.  E.Emmons, 
by  J.  Leidy,  216;  on  extinct  fishes 


discovered  by  J.  E.  Evans,  M.  D.  . 
ib.,  216  ;  on  new  species  Tanager  . 
by  Mr.  Sclater,  259  ;  eleven  new  sp . 
Uniones  from  Georgia,  by  I.  Lea, 
259;  existing  Moliusca  in  Little 
Lakes,  by  J.  Lewis,  M.  D.,  259  ;  oii 
a  new  bird  of  genus  Campylorhyn- 
chus  of  Spix,  by  P.  L.  Sclater,  260  ; 
birds  of  Southern  Indiana,  by  R.  Hay- 
mond,  260;  notice  of  remains  of  two 
sp.  Seal,  by  J.  Leidy,  M.  D.,  260 ; 
new  fossil  Moliusca  of  Nebraska,with 
a  catalogue, by  Messrs.  Meek  &  Hay- 
den, 269;  new  and  remarkable  genus- 
Ranidae  from  river  Parana,  by  E.  Hal- 
lowell, M.  D.,  261  ;  remarks  on  ex- 
tinct sp.  fishes,  by  J.  Leidy,  M.  D.. 
299  ;  classification  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  by  T.  G.  Hilgard,  M.  D., 
300;  on  extinct  turtles  of  N.  Jersey, 
by  J.  Leidy,  M.  D.,  300  ;  on  Dr. 
Heermann's  collection  of  Texan  rep- 
tiles, by  E.  Hallowell,  M.  D.,  301; 
on  extinct  Vertebrata  discovered  by 
F.  V.  Hayden,  by  J.  Leidy,  M.  D., 
301 ;  catalogue  of  birds  collected  by 
Mr.  DuChaillu  at  Cape  Lopez,  by  J. 
Cassin,  301 ;  description  of  three  new 
genera  and  twenty-three  new  sp.  of 
tertiary  fossils  from  California  and 
one  from  Texas,  by  T.  A.  Conrad, 
301. 

Committees  :  on  letters  of  Dr.  Lewis. 
259  ;  on  letters  of  Prof.  Oldham  anr! 
of  T.  Biddle,  Jr.,  260. 

Committees,  election  of  standing,  3. 

Clanton,  S.  W.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus... 
xix.  xxvi. 

Curtis  &  Berkeley,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiv. 

Coates,B.  H.,  M.  1).,  don.  to  lib.,  xviii. 

Canadian  Institute,  don.  to  lib.,  xvii. 

Cassin,  John;  notes  on  N.  American 
birds  in  collection  of  A.  N.  S.  and 
Nat.  Mus.,  39  ;  resolutions  by,  76, 
77, 143  ;  descriptions  of  new  sp.  Afri- 
can birds  in  mus.  A.N.  S.,  collected 
by  Mr.  P.  B.  DuChaillu  in  Equatorial 
Africa,  156;  descriptions  and  notes  oii 
birds  in  col.  A.  N.  S.  and  in  Nat. 
Mus.,  253 ;  letter  from  Mr.  Du- 
Chaillu, 300;  catalogue  of  birds  col- 
lected at  Cape  Lopez,  W.  Africa,  by 
Mr.  P.  B.  DuChaillu,  in  1856,  &c., 
316. 

Camac,  W.,  M.  D.,don.  to  mus.,  iv. 

Corse,  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 

Carson,  J.,  M.  D.,  139,  261  :  don.  to 
mus.,  ix. 

Coppedge,  O.  D.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvii. 

Chandler,  W.  P.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxviii. 


INDEX. 


V. 


Coleman,  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  x. 

Cope,  Alfred,  141. 

Cresson,  C.  M.,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 

Coppee,  Prof.  H.,  327. 

Coles,  E.,  don.  to  lib.,  xvi. 

Cabanis,  Dr.,  don.  to  lib.,  xvi. 

Correspondents  elected  : 

Rauch,  John  H.,  M.  D.,  4. 

Steiner,  Lewis  H.,  1. 

Green,  J.  W.,  M.  D.,  4. 

Blake,  W.  P.,  59. 

Hayden,  F.  V.,  M.  ».,  75. 

Von  Mviller,  Baron  J.  W.,  141. 

Davis,  J.  Barnard,  159. 

Sclater,  Philip  Lutley,  298. 

Elliott,  Right  Rev.  Stephen,  298. 
Conrad,  T.   A.,   descriptions  of  three 

new   genera;  twenty-three  new  sp. 

of  middle  tertiary  fossils  from  Cali- 
fornia and  one  from  Texas,  312. 


Deane,  James,  M.D.,  on  the  Sandstone 

Fossils  of  the  Connecticut  river,  76; 

don.  to  lib.,  xi. 
Drinker,  Sandwith,  Esq.,  76,  299  ;  don. 

to  mus.,  ix. 
Dock,  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  v. 
Dana,  J.   D.,   Prof.,  don.  to  lib.,  Vii. 

xvi.  xxi 
Durand,  Mr.,  101. 
Davis,  Jos.  Barnard,  216. 
Davidson,  Geo.  B.,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 

xix.  XX. 
Draper,  E.,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 
Dickinson,  W.  E,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 
Dunlap,  T.,  327. 
De  Vesey,L.,  327. 
Damazieres   &  Berkeley,  don.  to  lib., 

xxiv. 
Denny,  W.  H.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxxiii. 
Dewey,  H.  B.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxviii. 


Election, — Standing  Committees,  3  ;  of 
members  and  correspondents,  4,  59, 
75,  138,  141, 159,  214,257,298,  327; 
annual  of  officers,  &c.,  326  ;  of  libra- 
rian, 159. 

Editors  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  don. 
to  lib.,  iii.  vi.  xi.  xv.  xx.  xxx. 

Editors  Charleston  Med.  Joura.  and 
Rev.,  don.  to  lib.,  iii.  vii.  xi.  xv.  xx. 
xxx. 

Editors  N.  O.  Med.  and  Surg.  Journ., 
don.  to  lib.,  viii.  xii.  xx.  xxiii. 

Editors  N.  Y.  Med.  Times,  iii.  viii.  xii. 
XV.  xvii.  XX. 

Editor  Canadian  Nat.  and  Geologist, 
don.  to  lib.,  xi.  xvi.  xxiii. 


Edwards,  Milne,  don.  to  lib.,  xiii. 
Editors  of  Louisville  Review,  xvi. 
Editors  Peninsular  Journ.  Med.,  don.  to 

lib.,  xvii. 
Elwyn,  A.  L.,  M.D.,  resolution  by,  75. 
Eckert,  J.  R.  &  F.  S.,  execrs.  of  J. 

Read,  104. 
Eckert,  Mrs.  M.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 
Elliott,  Rt.  Rev.  Stephen,  298. 
Editors  of   Canadian   Journal,  don.  to 

lib.,  xxiii  xxxiii.  xxxv. 
Earle,  G.  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvi.  xxvii. 
Engelman,  don.  to  lib.,  xxx. 
Essex  Institute,  don.  to  lib.,  xxx. 


Fisher,  J.  C,  M.D.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 

xviii. 
Frazer,  J.  F.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 
Foltz,  Dr.,  U.  S.  N.,  don.  to  mus.,  x. 
Forbes,  W.  S.,  214. 
Francfort,  Eugene,  M.  D.,  257. 
Frauenfeld,  George,  don.  to  lib.,  xiii. 
Fisher,  C,  don-  to  mus.,  xx. 
Foulke,  W.  P.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvi. 
Farrady  and  Reiss,  don.  to  lib.,  xxx. 


Guillou,  C,  don.  to  mus.,  i.  xiv,  xix. 

Gilliams,  don.  to  mus.,  i. 

Gilliss,  Lieut.,  J.  M.,  U.  S.  N.,  don.  to 
lib.,  ii. 

Girard,  Chas.,  M.  D.,  contributions  to 
the  Ichthyology  of  the  W.  coast  of 
the  U.S.,  from  specimens  in  the  Mus. 
Smith.  Inst.,  131 ;  on  a  new  genus 
and  species  of  Urodela,  from  the  col- 
lections of  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  &c., 
140;  researches  upon  the  Cyprinoid 
fishes  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of 
the  United  States  of  A.,  west  of  the 
Mississippi  valley,  &c.,  &c.,  165 ; 
notice  upon  the  species  of  the  genus 
Salmo  of  Authors,  observed  chieflj' 
in  Oregon  and  California,  216. 

Gilpin,  Chas.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix. 

Garrigues,  S.  S.,  M.  D.,  138;  don.  to 
mus.,  xxvi. 

Gobrecht,  W.  H.,  M.  D.,  141. 

Griffith,  R.  E.,  M.  D.,  257. 

Genth,  F.  A.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  lib.,  xiii ; 
don.  to  mus.,  xviii. 

Gross,  Prof.  S.  D.,  327. 

Gray,  Asa,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiii. 

Gleizes,  J.  A.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxvi. 

Gould,  Dr.  A.  A.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxx. 


Haymond,  Rufus,  M.D.,  Birds  of  south 
eastern  Indiana,  286. 


VI. 


INDEX. 


Hilgard,  T.  C,  M.D.,  301 ;  synopsis  of 
a  new  classification  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  304. 

Hartman,  W.  D.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus., 
xviii. 

Hayes,  I.  I.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus.,  xx. 
xxvii. 

Holbrook,  Prof.  J.,  don.  to  mus..  xix. 

Hesse,  F.  G.,  298. 

Hoopes,  B.  A.,  elected  cor.,  59;  don. 
to  mus.,  iv.  V.  xiv. 

Hayden,F.V.,M.D.,  see  F.  B.  Meek 
and  F.  V.  Hayden,  63,  70,  72,  75,  77, 
81,  109,  265. 

Hamilton,  F.  H.,  don.  to  lib.,  xv. 

Hammond,  Dr.,  U.  S.  A.,  don.  to  mus., 
xix.  xxvii. 

Hill,  W.  A.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 

Hill,  A.  C,  don.  to  mus.,  ix.  x. 

Hallowell,  E.  M.  D.,  description  of 
several  species  of  Urodela,  with 
remarks  on  the  distribution  of  the 
Caducibranchiate  division,  and  their 
classification,  6 ;  description  of  two 
new  species  of  IJrodeles  from  Geor- 
gia, 130  ;  notes  on  the  reptiles  in  mus. 
A.  N.  S.,  144;  on  several  new  sps. 
reptiles  in  A.  N.  S.,  153;  notes  on 
the  reptiles  in  A.  N.  S.,  221;  notice 
of  a  collection  of  reptiles  from  Kan- 
sas and  Nebraska,  presented  to  A.  N. 
S.  by  Dr.  Hammond,  U.  S.  A.,  328  ; 
on  a  new  and  remarkable  genus  of 
Ranidae,  from  the  river  Parana,  298  ; 
notice  of  Dr.  Heermann's  collection 
of  reptiles  from  near  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  3U6 ;  description  of  a  new 
genus  of  Colubriform  serpents,  from 
California:  don.  to  mus.,  iv.  ix. 
xiv.;  remarks  on  Urodeles,  101. 

Harper,  Prof.  L.,  on  Ceratites  Ameri- 
canus,  126. 

Hooker,  Sir  W.,  per  A.  Gray,  don.  to 
mus.,  i. 

Hanson,  W.  C,  don.  to  mus.,  i. 

Hazlehurst,  S.,  per  J.  A.  Clay,  don.  to 
mus.,  i, 

Horner,  J.  G.,  don.  to  mus.,  iv. 

Hart,  C.  P.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus.,  v. 

Hopkins,  Prof.  W.,  don.  to  lib.,  viii. 

Harlan,  R.,  Jr..  don.  to  mus.,  xxvi. 

Heermann,  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvii. 

Howell,  S.  B.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvi. 

Institute  Roy.  Imp.  of  Geology,  don.  to 
lib.,  xii. 

See  Society. 

Tardin  des   plantes  Paris,  exch.  with 

mus.,  V. 
Tackson,  C.  T.,  exch.  with  lib.,  vii. 


Jeanes,  Jos.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 
Jordan,  A.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxx. 


Kennicott,  R.,  Esq.,  description  of  a 
new  snake  from  Illinois,  77,95;  don. 
to  lib.,  viii.;  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 

Kennedy,  R.  W.,  don.  to  mus.  i. 

Krider,  John,  don.  to  mus.,  v.  xiv. 

Kane,  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix.  x. 

Keller,  William,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus., 
ix. 

Kittoe,  E.  D.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus., 
xiv. 

Kane  and  Mitchell,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 

King,  A.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus.,  xviii. 

Kite,  T.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix. 

Kuhn,  C,  don.  to  mus.,  xx. 

Kennedy,  Dr.  H.  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvi. 

Kirtland,  Dr.  J.  P.,  don.  to  mus.,  sxviii. 

Knieskern,  P.  D.,  xxvii. 

Lea,  Isaac,  Vice  Prest. ;  descripiton 
of  new  fossil  fresh  water  shells,  of 
California;  description  of  a  new  spe- 
cies of  Triquetra,  Klein  ;  description 
of  a  new  genus  of  Naiades,  76;  de- 
scription of  twenty-five  new  species 
of  Exotic  Uniones,  77,  92  ;  remarks 
on  a  tooth  of  a  Sauroid  reptile,  from 
near  Phcenixville,  77  ;  description  of 
a  new  sub-genus  of  Naiades,  79 ;  de- 
scription of  new  fresh  water  Shells, 
from  California,  80;  description  of 
thirteen  new  species  of  Exotic  Peris- 
tomata,  109;  description  of  twenty- 
five  new  species  of  Exotic  Uniones, 
92  ;  description  of  four  new  species 
of  Exotic  Uniones,  103;  descrip- 
tion of  fifteen  new  species  of  Ex- 
otic Melaniana,  144 ;  description  of 
the  Byssus  in  the  genus  Unio,  213; 
exhibits  specimens  of  Uniones  with 
Byssus,  215;  description  of  eleven 
new  species  of  Exotic  Uniones,  from 
Georgia,  262 ;  com.  on  Triquetra 
lanceolata  ? — now  named  Contorta, 
300  ;  don.  to  mus.,  v  ;  don.  to  lib., 
xiii. 

Leidy,  Joseph,  M.  D.,  exhibits  heart  of 
a  dog  containing  worms,  2  ;  paper 
on  two  new  Ichthyodorulites,  4;  paper 
on  entozoa,  &c.,  5;  description  of  two 
Ichthyodorulites,  11  ;  a  synopsis  of 
Entozoa  and  some  of  their  Ecto-con- 
geners,  observed  by  the  Author,  42  ; 
notices  of  some  remains  of  extinct 
Mammalia,  recently  discovered  by 
Dr.  F.V.Hayden  in  the  Bad  Lands  of 
Nebraska,  59;  remarks  on  a  specimen 
from  Mr.  Billings,  62  ;  notice  of  re- 
mains of  extinct  Reptiles  and  Fishes, 


INDEX. 


Vll 


discovered  by  Dr.F.V.Haydeu  in  the 
Bad  Lands  of  Judith  river,  Nebraska 
Territory,72  ;  notices  of  three  extinct 
Fishes,  76;  notices  of  remains  of  ex- 
tinct Mannmalia,  discovered  by  F.V. 
Hayden,  in  Nebraska  Territory,  76; 
notices  of  the  remains  of  a  species  of 
seal,  from  the  Post-pliocene  deposit 
of  the  Ottowa  river,  U.  C,  77,  90  ; 
notices  of  several  genera  of  extinct 
Mammalia,  previously  less  perfectly 
characterized,  77,  91  ;  notices  of  ex- 
tinct Mammalia,  discovered  by  Dr. 
F.  V.  Hayden,  in  Nebraska  Territory, 
88  ;  notice  of  some  remains  of  ex- 
tinct vertebrated  animals,  by  Joseph 
Leidy,  M.  D.,  163;  notices  of  re- 
mains of  extinct  vertebrated  animals 
of  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Prof. 
Cook,  of  the  State  Geo.  Survey,  un- 
der Dr.  W.  Kitchell,  220  ;  notices  of 
remains  of  extinct  vertebrated  ani- 
mals, discovered  by  Prof.  E.  Em- 
mons, 2  55;  notice  of  some  remains 
of  Fishes,  discovered  by  Dr.  J.  E. 
Evans,  256;  notice  of  remains  of  two 
species  of  seals,  265 ;  remarks  on  cer- 
tain extinct  species  of  Fishes,  301  ; 
notices  of  remains  of  extinct  Turtles 
of  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Prwf. 
Cook,  &c.,  under  Dr.  W.  Kitchell, 
303  ;  notices  of  extinct  Vertebrata, 
discoved  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  dur- 
ing the  Expedition  to  the  Sioux  coun- 
try, &C.J  311 ;  don.  to  mus.,  ix.  xiv. 
xix. 

Library  Co.,  of  Phila.,  don.  to  lib.,  xi. 

Latour,    M.   Huguet,   don.  to  lib.,  ii. 
xxxv.  xxxvi. 

Lesley,  Chas.,  999. 

Lang,  E.,  M.  D.,  death  of,  261. 

Lewis,  J.,  M.  D.,  on  living  Mollusca 
in  Little  Lakes,  259. 

Lacombe,  Dr.  A.,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 

Lobeck,  Dr.  J.  F.,  don.  to  lib.,  xiii. 

Lepsius,  Dr.  R.,  don.  to  lib.,  xi. 

Lewis,  S.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  mus.,  v.  xix. 

Lacordaire,  M.  Th.,  don.  to  lib.,  vii. 

Lamborn,  R.  H.,  don.  to  mus,,  i.  iv. 

Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.,  don.  to  lib., 
vii. 

Lawson,  Genl.  T.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  lib., 
viii. 

Lawson,  the  Misses,  privilege  to  en- 
dorse tickets 

Le  Conte,  J.  L.,  M.D.,  papers  by,  refer- 
red to  Com.,  5;  synopsis  of  the  Myce- 
tophagidae  of  the  U.  S.,  11;  synopsis 
of  the  Phalacridae  of  the  U.  States, 
15  ;  note  on  the  genus  Lithodus,  of 


Schonherr,  18  ;  notices  of  three  gene- 
ra of  ScarabaeidoE  found  in  the  Ut  S., 
19;  analytical  table  of  the  species 
Chlaenius  found  in  the  U.S.,  25  ;  dou. 
to  lib.,  vii.  ;  don.  to  mus.,  x.  xiv. 
xviii.  xix. 

Le  Conte,  Major  John,  don.  to  mus.,  i. 
xiv. ;  description  of  a  new  species  ot 
Hyla,  from  Georgia,    146. 

Lea,  Joseph,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvii. 

Logan,  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvii. 

Lowe,  E.  J.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxxiii. 


Letters : — 

American  Antiquarian  Soc,  1,  61,77. 

Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  Fort  Des 
Moins,  i. 

Linnaean  Soc.  of  London,  4. 

Am.  Philosoph.  Soc.  4,  162. 

Smithsonsian  Institution  4,  5,  77,16^. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  5,  161. 

Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  5,  76. 

Lnperial  Soc.  of  Naturalists  of  Mos- 
cow, 76,  104,  139. 

Trustees  of     N.  York  State  Library 
76. 

University  of  Wurtzburg,  76. 

Phila.  Annual  Conference  of  M.  Epis- 
copal Church,  76. 

Roy.  Lib.  of  University  of   Gottin- 
gen,  77. 

Univ.  Lib.  of  Heidelberg,  77. 

Univ.  of  Jena,  77. 

Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Dantzic,  77. 

Wurtemburg  Nat.  Hist-  Soc,  77, 

Imperial  Geological  Inst,  of  Vienna, 
104,  299. 

Seuckenberg  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  104. 

Soc   for    Advance,  of  Horticulture, 
Berlin,  104. 

Roy.  Acad.  Sci.,  Amsterdam,  104. 

K.  L.  C.  Acad.  Sci.,Breslau,  104. 

Roy.  Bavarian  Acad.  Sci.,  104. 

Acad.  Sci.,  St.  Louis,  104,  161. 

Soc.  for  succor  of  drowned  persons, 
Amsterdam,  139. 

Zoologische   Botanischen  Verein,  of 
Vienna,  139,  299. 

Canadian  Institute,  161. 

British  Museum,  161. 

Roy.  Soc.  Liege,  161. 

Nat.  Hist.  Union  of  Prussian,  Rhine- 
land  and  Westphalia,  161. 

Roy.  Acad.  Sci.,  Madrid,  162. 

Roy.  Bar.  Acad.,  Lib.  Dept.  215. 

Royal  Society  of  Sciences  at  Upsal, 
215,299. 

Roy.  Acad.  Sci.  Naples,  215. 

Prot.  Episc.  Gen.  Convention,  216. 


vm. 


INDEX. 


Trustees  Australian  Museum,  216. 
Sec.  of  State  of  United  States,  216. 
Inap.   Soc.    Sci.    and    Belles-Lettres 

Lyons,  259. 
Linnsean  Soc.  of  Lyons,  259. 
Innp.  Soc.  Agriculture  and  Nat.  Hist. 

Lyons,  259. 
Imp.  Acad.  Sciences,  Vienna,  299. 
Dublin  University  Zoolog.  and  Bolan. 

Association,  300. 
Soc.    Arts,  Manufactures  and  Com 

merce,  London,  301. 
Letters  from  individuals  : — 
Steiner,  Lewis  H.,  1. 
Hayes,  L  I.,  4. 
Wood,  W.  W.,  4. 
Wilson,  Dr.  Joseph,  4.       ' 
Ashmead,  Saml.,  4. 
Billings,  E.,  61,  101. 
Drinker,  S.,  61. 
Tuckerman,  E.,  61,101. 
Gibbs,  George,  61,  105. 
Sauvalle,  A.,62,  161. 
Blake,  W.  P.,  62. 
Rauch,  T.  H.,  76. 
Peters,  T.  M.,  76. 
Meek,  F.  B.,  101. 
Sager,  Abrm.,  102. 
Frauenfeld,  Geo.,  104. 
Koch,  Prof.  Karl,  104. 
Eckert,  J.  R.  &  F.  S.  Execu.,  10^. 
Burlag,  R.  C,  139. 
Kane,  E.  K.,  M.  D.,  139. 
Bronn,  H.  G.,  139. 
Barr,  M.,  140. 
Hayden,  F.  V.,  161. 
Shumard,  B.  F„  161. 
Binney,  W.  G.,  215. 
Kennedy,  W.  H.,  215. 
Davis,  J.  B.,  216. 
Oldham,  Mr.,  260. 
Lewis,  Dr.  J.,  259. 
Biddle,  Thos.,  Jr.,  260. 
Bowman,  Capt.  A.  W.,  261. 
Sclater,  P.  L.,  299. 
Hammond,  W.  A.,  M.  D.,  299. 
Lowe,  E.  J.,  299. 
McChesney,  Dr.,  299. 
Kirtland,  J.  P.,  300. 
DuChaillu,  P.  B.,  300. 

Members  elected : — 

Uhler,  Wm.  M.,  M.D.,  4. 
Wilson,  Joseph,  M.D.,  U.  S.  N.  4. 
Hayes,  Isaac  L,  M.D.,  4. 
Blackwood,  Wm.,  M.  D.,  4. 
Jeanes,  Samuel,  4. 
Gibbs,  George,  4. 
Caldwell,  J.  E.,  75. 
Cresson,  Chas.  M,,  M.D.,  75. 


Brasier,  A.  J.,  75. 
Hoopes,  B.  A.,  59. 
Boker,  C.  S.,  M.D.,  138. 
McAllister,  John,  Jr.,  138. 
Garrigues,  S.  S.,  M.D.,  138. 
Cope,  Alfred,  141. 
Gobrecht,  Dr.  W.  H.,  141. 
Mayberry,  Wm.,  M.D.,  159. 
Morton,  Thos.  G.,  159. 
Morehouse.  G.  R.,  159. 
Binney,  W.  G.,  214. 
Forbes,  W.  S..  214. 
Weightman,  Wm.,  214. 
Wilson,  EUwood,  M.D.,  257, 
Griffith,  R.  E.,  M.D.,  257. 
Francfort,  Eugene,  M.D.,  257. 
Hesse,  F.  G.,  298. 
Zeigler,  Geo.  J.,  M.D.,  298. 
Packard,  J.  H.,  298. 
Coppee,  Prof.  H.,  327. 
De  Vesey,  Louis,  327. 
Gross,  Prof.  S.  D.,  327. 
Smith,  A.  H.,  M.D.,  327. 
Dunlap,  Thos.,  327. 
Mohl,  H.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiii. 
Montague,  C,  M.D.,  don.  to  lib.,xxiv. 
Meek,  F.  B.  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.D.: 
descriptions  of  new  species  of  Gas- 
teropoda from  the  Cretaceous  forma- 
tions of  Nebraska  Territory,  63  ;  des- 
criptions of  new  species  of  Gastero- 
poda and  Cephalopoda  from  the  Cre. 
taceous  formation  of  Nebraska  Terri- 
tory, 70  ;  descriptions   of  thirty  new 
species  of  Acephala  and  Gasteropoda 
from  the  Cretaceous  formations  of 
Nebraska  Territory,  77,  81;  descrip- 
tions of  Acephala  and  Gasteropoda 
from  the  Tertiary  formations  of  Ne- 
braska Territory,  &c.,  &c.,  Ill  ;  des- 
criptions   of    new   fossil   species  of 
Mollusca,  collected   by    Dr.   F.    V. 
Hayden   in   Nebraska  Territory,  to- 
gether with  a   complete   catalogue, 
&c.,  &c.,  265. 
Mettenheimer,  A.  C,  don.  to  lib.,  xvi. 
Managers  and  Treas.  Maryland  Inst., 

don.  to  lib.,  xv. 
Meek,  F.  B.,  don.  to  lib.,  vii. 
Martin,  Dr.,  U.  S.  N.,  don,  to  mus., 

xiv. 
Mitchell,  S.  W.,  M.D.,  don.   to  lib., 

xvii.;  don.  to  mus.,  xiv.  xix. 
Miles,  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  xx.  xxvii. 
McAllister.  John,  Jr.,  138. 
Morris,  Dr.,  on  A.  St.  Martin,  138. 
McClellan,  J.  H.  B.,  M.D.,  don.   to 

mus.,  ix. ;  don.  to  lib  ,  xxxi. 
McClellan,  Capt.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 
Meigs,  C.  D.  Dr.,  don.  to  mus.,  x. 


INDEX. 


IX. 


Mercantile  Lib.  Assoc,  N.  York,  don. 

to  lib.,  xiii. 
Mitchell,  S,  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  xiv. 
McChesnej-j  Dr.,    299;    don.  to    mus. 

xxvii. 
Morris,  Dr.  C,  301. 
McCandles,  J.,  don.  to  mus.;  xxvii. 


Newberry,  J.  S.,  M.D.,  description  of 
several  new  genera  and  species  of 
fossil  Fishes  from  the  Carboniferous 
strata  of  Ohio,  78,  96.' 

Notaris,  Professor  G.  de,  don.  to  lib., 
xxiii. 

Navy  Department  of  U.  S.,  don.  to 
lib.,  xii. 

Nott,  Dr.  J.,  don.  to  mus.,  xx.  xxvii. 

Newcomb;  Dr.  W.jdon.  to  mus.  xxvii. 


Oldham,  Prof.,  letter,  260. 


Pell,  Duncan  E.,  don.  to  mus.,  i. 
Publication  Com.,  don.  to  lib.,  iii. 
Patent  Office,  don.  to  lib.,  xxxv. 
Peters,  T.  M.,  don.  to  mus.,  v. 
Phillips,  J.  S.,  don.  to  mus.,  x,  xix. 
Packard,  J.  H.,  298. 
Potts,  J.  G.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix. 
Pierce  J.,  don.  to  mus.,  xx. 
Philadelphia  Lib.  Co.,  don.  to  lib.,  xi. 


Report  of  Committee  on  paper  of  T.  P. 
James.  1  ;  on  Dr.  Hallowell's  paper, 
5  ;  on  Dr.  Leidy's  papers,  descrip- 
tion of  some  remains  of  Fishes  from 
the  Carboniferous  and  Devonian  for- 
mations of  the  U.S.,  and  description  of 
some  remains  of  extinct  Mammalia, 
62  ;  on  papers  of  Drs.  Meek  and  Hay- 
den  ;  on  Dr.  Leidy's  and  on  Drs. 
Shumard  and  Yandell's  papers,  62  ; 
on  Mr.  Lea's  papers,  on  Dr.  Leidy's 
paper,  on  Mr.  Kennicott's,  on  Messrs. 
Meek  and  Hayden's,  on  Dr.  Leidy's, 
on  Mr.  Lea's,  on  Dr.  Newberry's,  79; 
on  Mr.  Durand's  paper,  103  ;  on  Mr. 
Lea's  paper,  103  ;  on  Messrs.  Berke- 
ley and  Curtis'  paper,  108;  on  Mr. 
Sanger's  paper,  108  ;  on  Mr.  Lea's, 
108;  on  Messrs.  Meek  and  Hayden's 
108;  on  Mr.  Taylor's,  108;  on  Dr. 
Hallowell's,  108 ;  on  Mr.  Girard's, 
contributions  to  the  Ichthyology  of 
W.  coast  of  U.  S.,  139  :  on  Dr.  Gir- 
ard's paper,  140 ;  on  Mr.  Lea's  paper. 


on  Major  Le  Conte's,  on  Dr.  Hal- 
lowell's, and  on  Mr.  Cassin's,  144  ; 
on  Dr.  Leidy's  paper,  on  Dr.  Girard's 
paper,  on  Mr.  Lea's  paper,  163;  0!i 
Dr.  Le  Conte's  paper,  216;  on  Drs. 
Girard  and  Leidy's,  216  ;  on  Mr.  Cas- 
sin's, 216;  on  Dr.  Hallowell's,  216  . 
on  Dr.  Leidy's,  216  ;  on  Messrs. 
Sclater's,  Haymond's,  Leidy's,  Meek 
and  Hayden's,  and  Hallowell's,  261 ; 
on  Dr.  Leidy's,  Mr.  Hilgard's,  Drs. 
Hallowell's,  Leidy's,  and  Messrs. 
Cassin  and  Conrad's  papers,  301. 

Regents  of  N.  Y.  University,  don.  to 
lib.,  xxiii. 

Ruschenberger,  W.  S.  W.,  M.  D.,  don. 
to  mus.,  ix.  X.  xix. 

Roy.  Acad.  Sci.,  Munich,  don.  to  mus., 

XV. 

Report  of  Treasurer,  326. 

Report  of  Mr.  Ord  from  Com.  onWilson 
Monument  fund,  138. 

Report  of  Mr.  Cassin  from  Com.  on  list 
of  Correspondents,  138. 

Report  of  Corresponding  Sec,  for 
Dec.  and  Jan.,  2,  .322 ;  for  Feb,  and 
March,  75;  138. 

Report,  Annual,  of  Recording  Sec,  2, 
322. 

Report  of  Curators  for  1856,  325. 

Report  of  Com.  to  revise  list  of  mem- 
bers, by  Dr.  Le  Conte,  214. 

Report,  Special,  of  Com.  on  Proceed- 
ings, 322. 

Report  of  Librarian  for  1856,  325. 

Report  of  Publication  Committee,  326- 

Resolutions:  Mr.  Haldeman's  resolution 
in  favor  of  the  Misses  Lawson,  4; 
Dr.  Elwyn,  75  ;  Mr.  Cassin's,  as  to 
Mr.  Drinker,  76 ;  as  to  Mr.  Wood,  77  ; 
Dr.  Leidy's  in  favor  of  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  103;  ibid,  as  to  Stat^ 
Med.  Soc,  103. 

Rand,  T.  D.  H.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix. 

Rogers,  W.  F.,  paper  by,  5 ;  synopsis 
of  species  of  Chrysomela  and  allied 
genera,  inhabiting  the  U.  S.,29  ;  don. 
to  mus.,  iv. 

Richards,  F.  De  B-,  don.  to  mus.,  iv. 

Reed,  Jas.,  Execrs.  of,  104. 

Rand,  Dr.,  143,257,261  ;  don.  to  mus., 
xviii. 

Rush,  J.  M.,  U.  S.  N.,  143. 

Retzius,  Prof.  A.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxsiii. 


Sedgwick,  Prof.,  don.  to  lib.,  iii.  xi. 
State  of  New  Jersey,  don.  to  lib.,  xv. 
Smith,  A.  H.,  143,  327  ;  don.  to  mus... 
i.  xix.;  don.  to  lib.,  viii.  xxxi. 


INDEX. 


Smith,  Capt.  H.  J.,  don.  to  raus.  i. 
Society   Nat.  Hist,  of  Prussian  Rhine- 
land  and  Westphalia,  don.  to  lib.,  XX. 
Society,   Roy.,   of    Sciences,    Munich, 

don.  to  lib.,  XX. 
Society,  Imp.,  of  Naturalists,  ot  Mos- 
cow, don.  to  lib.,  xiii. 
Society,  Boston,  of  Nat.  Hist.,  don.  to 

lib.,  iii.  vii.  xi.  xvii.  xx.  xxiii.  xxx. 
Sociely,  Elliott,  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 

don.  to  lib.,  xii. 
Society  of  Arts,  London,  don.  to  lib., 

iii.  xii.  xxvi.  xxx. 
Society  of  Entomology,  Stettin,  don.  to 

lib.,  XV. 
Society,  Linnaean,  of  London,   don.    to 

lib-,  iii. 
Society,  Zoological,  of  London,  don.  to 

lib.,  iii.  XXXV. 
Society,  Wurtemberg,  Nat.  Hist.,  don. 

to  lib.,  XX. 
Society,    Am.    Philosophical,    don.   to 

lib.,  iii.  xvii. 
Society,  Am.  Antiquarian,  don.  to  lib., 

viii. 
Society,  Hist.,  of  Pa.,  don.  to  lib.,  xi. 
Society,   Wurtemburg,    Nat.,   don.    to 

lib.,  xii. 
Society  for  rescuing  the  drowned,  Am- 
sterdam, don.  to  lib.,  xv. 
Society,  Royal,  of  Edinburgh,  don.  to 
'  lib.,  xxx. 
Society,  Linnean,  of  Lyons,  don.  to  lib. 

xxx. 
Society,  Imp.,  of  Agri.  of  Lyons,  don. 

to  lib.,  xxx. 
Society,  Nat.  Hist.,  Halle,  don.  to  lib., 

xxxiii. 
Society,  Nat.  Hist.,  of  Geneva,  don.  to 

lib.,  xxxiii. 
Society,  Geol.  and  Polytec.  Yorkshire, 

don.  to  lib.,  xxxiii. 
Society,    Leeds  Philosophical,   don.  to 

lib.,  xxxiii. 
Society  of  Nat.  Hist.,  of  Senckenberg, 

don.  to  lib.,  xv.  xvi. 
-Society    of    Arts,  Sci.,   and   Lett.,   of 

Hainau,  don.  to  lib.,  xv. 
Society,   Imp.,  of    Sci.  and   Agri.,  at 

Lille,  don.  to  lib.,  xxi. 
Society,  Imp.,  of   Nat.  Sci.,  of  Cher- 
bourg, don.  to  lib.,  xxi. 
Societ) ,  Roy.,  of  Sciences,  of  Madrid, 

don.  to  lib.,  xxi.» 
Society,  Roy.,  of  Sciences,  of   Turin, 

don.  to  lib.,  xxi. 
Society,  Geological,  of  Turin,  don.  to 

lib.,  xxiii. 
Society,  Imperial    Academy,   of   Bor- 

deux,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiii. 


Society,  Royal,  of  Sciences,  of  Liege. 

don.  to  lib.,  xx. 
School  of  Mines,  don.  to  lib.,  xxx.  xxi. 
Sheafer,  P.  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  iv.xxvii. 
Steiner.  L.  H.,  M.  D.,  1 ;  don.  to  lib.. 

XV.  XXXV. 

Streng,  T.  A.,  don.  to  mus.,  iv. 

Sauvalle,  F.  A.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix.  xviii. 

Smith,  C.  E.,  don.  to  mus.,  v.  ix. ; 
verbal  com.,  102.  don.  to  lib.,  xxxiii. 

Silliman,  Prof.,  exchange  with  mus.,  v. 

Sager,  A.,  description  of  three  Myria- 
poda,  109. 

Sandberger,  Dr.  Fr.,  don.  to  lib.,  xi. 

Safford,  Jas.  M.,  don.  to  lib. ,  xii. 

Sec.  of    War.,  don.  to  lib.,  xv, 

Schafhirt,  F.,  don.  to  mus.,  xviii. 

Special  resolutions: — Dr.  Leidy's  on 
casts,  105;  Dr.  Le  Conte's  to  Dr. 
Kane,  108;  Dr.  Rand's,  139;  M.-. 
Cassin,  on  resignation  of  Dr.  Zant- 
zinyier  as  Lib.,  143  ,  Mr.  Lea's,  as 
to  Episc.  Convention,  215  ;  ibid,  as 
to  U.  S.  Ag.  Soc,  215;  Mr.  Vaux's 
to  publish  list  of  members,  &c.,  215; 
Le  Conte,  J.  L.,  M.D.,  on  publica- 
tions, 299. 

Stimpson,  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  xx.  xxvii. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  don.  to  lib., 
xxiv. 

Shumard,  B.  F.,  M.D.,  and  L.  P.  Yan- 
dell,  M.D.,  notice  of  a  new  fossil 
genus  of  Family  Blastoidea,  from 
Devonian  Strata,  Kentucky,  73  ;  don. 
to  lib.,  xi. 

Sclater,  Philip  Lutley,  M.A.,  298  ;  de- 
scription of  a  new  species  of  Tana- 
ger  of  the  genus  Saltator,  261 ;  char- 
acters of  an  apparently  undescribed 
bird,  belonging  to  the  genus  Cam- 
pylorhynchus  of  Spix,  with  remarks 
upon  other  species  of  the  same  group, 
263  ;  don.  to  lib.,  vii.  xxvi.  x.xxiii. 

Smith,  F.  G.,  M.  D.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxiii. 

Sully,  Alfred,  don.  to  mus.,  xxvii. 

Trustees  N.  Y.  State  Lib.,  don.  to  lib. 
viii.  xvi. 

Taylor,  W.  J.,  examination  of  the  me- 
teoric iron  from  Xiquipilco,  Mexico, 
128. 

Tuckerman,  E.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. ;  don. 
to  lib.,  xii. 

Tiffany,  S.,  don.  to  mus.,  ix. 

Turner,  Dr.  T.,  U.  S.  N.,don.  to  mus., 

X. 

Trustees  Free  Pub.  Lib.,  New  Bedford, 

don.  to  lib.,  xiii. 
Trask,    J.    B.,    M.  D.,   don.  to  lib., 

xiii. 


INDEX. 


XI. 


Tappan,  H.  P.,  D.  D.,  don.  to  lib.,  xvi- 
Tyson,  J.  R.,  don.  to  lib.,  xvii.  xxxv. 
Tuomey,  Prof.,  don.  to  mus.,  xviii. 
Thonaas,   K.,   M.    D.,    don.    to    lib., 

xxiii. 
Troschel,  Dr.  F.  H.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxxv. 


U.  S.  Com.  of  Ind.  affairs,  don.  to  lib., 

iii. 
U.  S.  War  Dept.,  per  Col.  Abert.,  don. 

to  lib.,  iii. 
U.  S.  Patent  office,  don  to  lib.,  vi. 
U.  S.  Sec.  of  Treas.,  don.  to  lib.,  vi. 
U.  S.  Supt.  Coast  Survey,  don.  to  lib., 

vi. 
Uhler,  Dr.,    don.    to   mus.,  v.  ix.  xiv. 

xviii.  xix.  xx.  xxvi.  xxvii. 


Vaughan,  F.,  don.  to  mus.,  xviii. 
Vaux,  W.  S.,  59  ;  don.  to  mus.,  i.  xix. 
Verbal  Communications  : 

Smith,  Chas.  E.,  102. 

Bridges,  R.,  M.  D.,  102,  104,  14^. 

Hallowell,  E.,  M.  D.,  101,  105,  141. 

Cassin,  J.,  102,  144,  300. 

Leidy,  J.,  M.  D.,  102,  104,  139,  140, 
161,  162,  299. 

Smith,  A.  H.,  1,  143. 

Lea,  I.,  77,  403,  300. 

Morris,  Dr.,  on  St.  Martin,  138. 

Uhler,Dr.,  139,261. 

Ord,  G.,  140. 

Rand,  Dr.,  on  death  of  J.  M.  Rush, 
U.S.  N.,  143,  257,261. 

Ashmead,  S.,  161. 

Carson,  J.,  M.  D.,  261. 


,     Vaux,  W.S.,Prib.  Com.,  299. 

Lesley,  Chas.,  299. 

Morris,  C,  M.  D.,  301. 
VereinZoologisch-botanischen  inWein, 

don.  to  lib.,  xii. 

Wilson,  Dr.  T.  B.,  don.  to  mus.,  i.  vi. 

viii.  X.  xiv.  xx.  xxi.  xxiv. ;  don.  to 

lib.,   ii.  iii.    x.    xi.    xiii.    xv.  xvi. 

xvii.  xxi.  XXX.  xxxi.  xxxiii,  xxxv. 
Wood,  W.  W.,  Esq.,  76  ;  don.  to  mus., 

iv. 
Wilson,  W.  S.,  don.  to  mus.,  iv. 
Wilson,  Edward,don.  to  lib.,  xxi.  xxiv. 

xxviii.  xxxii.  xxxiv. 
Watson,  Dr.  G.,  don.  to  mus.,  v.  ix. 
Wistar,  Mrs.  W.,  don.  to  mus.,  v. 
Wilson,  Jos.,  Jr.,  M  D.,  U.S.N.,  don.  to 

lib.,  vi. ;  don.  to  mus.,  xviii.  xix. 
Warren,  J.   C,  M.  D.,   don.  to   lib,, 

viii. 

Weightman,  Wm.,214. 
Wilson,  EUwood,  M.  D.,  257. 
Wilson,  Capt.  Jas.,  don.  to  mus.  xiv. 
Ward,  T.,  don.  to  mus.,  xix. 
Welwitsch  &f  Berkeley,    don.   to   lib., 

xxiv. 
Wall,  W.  S.,  don.  to  lib.,  xxvi. 


Yandell,  L.  P.,  M.  D.,  an  1  B.  F.  Shu- 
mard,  M.  D.,  73. 


Zantzinger,  Dr.  W.  S.,  resignation  as 

Librarian,  141. 
Zeigler,  Geo.  J.,  M.  D.,  298. 


PROCEEDINGS 

OF   THE 

ACADEMY   OFWATUEAL  SCIENCES 

OF    PHILADELPHIA. 


January  1st,  1856. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  dated  Worcester,  Mass., 
28th  Dec,  1855,  proposing  an  exchange  of  Publications. 

From  the  Secretary  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  of  Fort  Des 
Moins,  Iowa,  also  proposing  exchanges. 

On  leave  granted,  the  Committee  on  a  paper  by  Mr.  Thos.  P.James, 
read  at  last  meeting,  and  entitled  ''  An  enumeration  of  Mosses  detected 
in  the  Northern  United  States,  which  are  not  comprised  in  Gray's 
Manual,  a  few  of  which  are  new  species,"  reported  in  favor  of  publica- 
tion in  the  No.  of  Proceedings  for  Nov.  and  Dec,  1855. 


January  Sth. 
Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Dr.  Lewis  H.  Steiner,  dated  Baltimore,  7th 
Jan.,  1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  his  notice  of  election  as  a 
Correspondent. 

Mr.  Aubrey  H.  Smith  remarked,  in  relation  to  the  specimen  of  na- 
tive Cinnabar,  presented  by  him  this  evening,  that  it  was  procured  by 
Capt.  J.  H.  Smith,  from  the  mouth  of  a  drift,  in  the  new  Almaden 
Mine,  California,  at  an  elevation  of  two  thousand  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea ;  and  is  stated  by  him,  to  contain  95  per  cent,  of  real  Cinna- 
bar, and  not  to  be  richer  than  a  great  portion  of  the  ordinary  product 
of  the  mine. 


January  15th. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Dr.  Hallowell  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper 
entitled  "  On  a  new  species  of  Ambystoma  from  Lake  Superior."  Re- 
ferred to  Dr.  Leidy,  Col.  McCall  and  Dr.  Le  Conte. 

PROCEED.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  OP  PHILADELPHIA,  VOL.  VIII.,  NO.  I.  1 


2  [January, 

Dr,  Leidy  exhibited  the  heart  of  a  dog,  in  which  the  right  auricle, 
right  ventricle,  and  the  pulmonary  artery  and  its  branches,  were  literally 
stuffed  with  worms.  Minute  worms  have  long  been  known  circulating 
with  the  blood,  and  termed  Ilasmatozoa.  About  five  years  since, 
Dr.  L.  described  in  vol.  5  of  the  Proceedings,  the  worm  exhibited 
this  evening,  as  Filaria  Canis  cordis.  The  males  measure  five  inches 
in  length,  the  females  ten  inches. 

Two  hearts  were  brought  to  Dr.  L.  by  Mr.  Jos.  Jones,  of  Georgia  ;  one, 
that  of  a  pointer,  had  in  it  five  worms  )  the  other,  that  of  a  cur,  was  the 
one  exhibited.  Tt  is  probable  that  both  venas  cavte  were  also  filled,  as 
the  portions  of  those  vessels  that  remained,  were  blocked  up.  The 
animals  did  not  die  from  the  presence  of  the  entozoa,  but  were  killed  in 
the  course  of  some  experiments.  The  cur  was  emaciated  and  voracious, 
restless  when  awake,  and  disturbed  in  its  sleep. 


January  20  ^7i. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Report  of  the  Corresponding  Secretary,  for  Dec,  '55  and  Jan., 
'56,  was  read. 

The  Recording  Secretary  read  his  Annual  Report  as  follows  : — 

REPORT  OF  THE  RECORDING  SECRETARY  FOR  1855. 

During  the  year  ending  30th  November,  1855,  there  have  been  elected  to  the 
Academy,  twenty-three  Members  and  ten  Corre.spondents.  One  Member  has  re- 
signed. 

There  have  been  no  deaths  among  the  Members  during  that  period. 

The  following  papers  have  been  read  and  ordered  to  be  published  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings or  Journal  of  the  Academy. 

By  Samuel  Ashmead,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Alg«,  from  Beesley's  Point,  New 
.Jersey,  with  some  remarks. 

By  Spencer  F.  Baird,  two,  to  wit :  Characteristics  of  some  new  species  of 
North  American  Blamnialia,  collected  by  the  United  States  and  Mexican  Bounda- 
ry Survey,  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory,  U.  S.  Army,  Commissioner,  Parti  ;  Cha- 
racteristics of  some  new  species  of  North  American  Mammalia,  collected  chiefly 
during  the  United  States  Surveys  of  a  Railroad  route  to  the  Pacific,  Part  1. 

By  Wm.  P.  Blake.  Notice  of  remarkable  Strata  of  the  Remains  of  Infusoria 
and  Polythalamia  in  the  Tertiary  Formations  of  Monterey,  California. 

By  John  Cassin,  four,  to  wit :  A  list  of  Pigeons  of  the  Genus  Carpophaga 
Swainson,  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
and  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  Washington,  D.  C,  with  descrip- 
tions of  new  and  little  known  species  ;  Notes  on  the  North  American  Falconidae, 
with  descriptions  of  new  species ;  Descriptions  of  new  species  ©f  Birds  from  Western 
.\frica,  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia ; 
Description  of  a  new  species  of  Parrot,  Brotogeris  aurifrons,  published  in  the 
Journal. 

By  T.  A.  Conrad,  six,  to  wit:  Observations  on  the  Eocene  Deposits  of  Jackson, 
Miss.,  with  descriptions  of  thirty-four  new  species  of  Shells  and  Corals  ;  Descrip- 
tions of  three  new  Cretaceous  and  one  Tertiary  Bivalve  ;  Description  of  three 
new  species  of  Unio  ;  Descriptions  of  seventeen  new  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
Fossils  ;  Descriptions  of  six  new  species  of  Cretaceous  Shells  from  Texas,  in  the 
Collection  of  Major  Emory ;  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Paludina. 

By  Julian  Deby.  Remarks  on  the  Cryptogaraic  Flora  of  the  State  of  Georgia. 
Published  in  the  Journal. 


1856.]  3 

By  Elias  Durand.  Plants;  Prattenianiae  Californicse  ;  an  enumeration  of  a 
collection  of  California  Plants,  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Nevada,  by  Henry  Pratten, 
Esq.,  of  New  Harmony,  Ind.,  with  critical  notices  of  such  as  are  new  or  yet  un- 
published in  America.     Published  in  the  Journal. 

By  F.  A.  Genth,  Ph.  D.,  two,  to  wit:  Herrerite  identical  with  Smithsonite ;  Analy- 
^^is  of  the  meteoric  Iron  from  Tuczon,  Province  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

By  Charles  Girard,  two,  to  wit :  Abstract  of  a  Report  to  Lieut.  James  M.  Gillis. 
U.  S.  Navy,  upon  the  Reptiles  collected  during  the  U.  S.  Naval  Astronomical  Ex- 
pedition to  Chili;  Observations  upon  the  viviparous  Fishes  inhabiting  the  Pacific 
coast  of  North  America,  with  an  enumeration  of  the  species  observed. 

By  T.  Charlton  Henry,  M.  D.  Notes  derived  from  observations  made  on  the 
Birds  of  New  Mexico,  during  the  years  1853  and  1854. 

By  Isaac  Lea,  L  L.  D.  Description  of  a  new  MoUusk  from  the  Red  Sandstone 
near  Pottsville,  Pa. 

By  Major  John  Le  Conte,  F.  L.  S.,  three,  to  wit :  Description  of  new  species  of 
Astacus  from  Georgia ;  On  a  new  species  of  Gelasimus  ;  Remarks  on  two  species 
of  American  Cimex. 

By  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D.,  eight,  to  wit:  Descriptions  of  the  species  of  Trox  and 
Omorgus  inhabiting  the  United  States  ;  Some  corrections  in  the  nomenclature 
of  Coleoptera found  in  the  United  States  ;  Description  of  new  Coleoptera  collected 
by  Thomas  H.  Webb,  M.  D.,  in  the  years  1850,  '51  and  '52,  while  Secretary  to 
the  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Commission  ;  Synopsis  of  Pyrophroides 
of  the  United  States  ;  Synopsisof  the  Lathridiides  of  the  L^nited  States  ;  Analyti- 
cal table  of  the  species  of  Ih^droporus  found  in  the  United  States,  with  descriji- 
tion  of  new  species;  Notes  on  the  Amarai  of  the  United  States;  Synopsis  of  the 
Hydrophilidaj  of  the  United  States. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D.,  four,  to  wit :  Remarks  on  the  identity  of  Bootherium 
cavifrons  with  Ovibos  moschatus  or  0.  maximus  ;  Indications  of  twelve  .specif  s 
of  Fossil  Fishes  ;  Contributions  to  aknowledgeof  the  Marine  Invertebrate  Fauna 
of  the  coasts  of  Rhode  Island  and  New  Jersey  ;  published  in  the  Journal.  In- 
dications of  five  species  with  two  new  genera  of  extinct  Fishes. 

By  J.  Aitken  Meigs,  M.  D:  Relation  of  Atomic  Heat  to  Crystalline  Form.  Pul- 
lished  in  the  Journal. 

By  Joseph  G.  Norwood  and  Henry  Pratten  :  Notice  of  Fossils  from  the  Carbc  - 
niferous  Series  of  the  Western  States.     Published  in  the  Journal. 

By  James  E.  Powel.     On  the  Habits  of  the  Moose. 

By  Prof.  A.  Retzius,  of  Copenhagen  :  On  artificially  formed  Skulls  from  the 
Ancient  World. 

By  William  Stimpson,  two,  to  wit :  Descriptions  of  some  new  Invertebrata 
from  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  Seas,  &c.,  Part  I.  ;  Description  of  some  new 
Marine  Invertebrata,  Part  II. 

By  Phillip  R.  Uhler  :  Descriptions  of  some  Coleoptera  supposed  to  be  new. 

By  Charles  M.  Wetherill,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D  :  Chemical  Notices. 

In  all  forty-five. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted  by, 

B.  Howard  Rano,  Recording  Secretary. 


The  Society  then  proceeded  to  an  election  for  Standing   Committees 
for  1856,  which  resulted  as  follows  : 

EtJincdogyj  John  S.  Phillips,  Samuel  S.  Haldeman,  J.  Aitken  Meigs  : 
Comparative  Anatomy  and  General  Zoology,  Joseph  Leidy,  Edward 
Hallowell,  John  H.  Brinton  ;  Mammalogy,  John  L.  Le  Conte,  John 
Caa.sin,  William  Caniac ;  Ornithology,  John  Cassin,  Edward  Harris 
(leorge  A.  McCall;  Herpctology  and  Ichthyology,  Edward  Hallowell, 
J.  L.  Le  Conte,  Gavin  Watson  ;  Conchology,  T.  A.  Conrad,  T.  B. 
Wilson,  Charles  E.  Smith;    Entomology  orid  Crustacea,  Wm.  S.  Zant- 


i  [Feeruauy, 

zinger,  Riborh  Bridges,  John  A.  Guex ;  Botamj,  Ti.  Bridges,  Wm.  S. 
Zantzinger,  Elias  Duraud  ;  Mi.nerahvjj/,  Wm.  S.  Vaux,  Samuel  Ashmead, 
F.  A.  (xenth  ;  (reolo'jtj,  Isaac  Lea,  Charles  E.  Smith,  J.  L.  Le  Conte  ; 
Pulseoatolo'jij,  T.  B.  Wilson,  Joseph  Leidy,  "W.  Frederick  'Rogers ; 
Plty.-iicA^Jj.  Howard  Rand,  Fairman  Rop:ers,  K.  A.  Draper;  Library, 
Robert  Pearsall,  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  II.  Cooper  Hanson;  Procccdouja, 
^\''m.  S.  Zautzinger,  Joseph  Leidy,  George  A.  3IcCall. 


ELECTION    OF    MEMnERS    AND    CORRESPONDENTS. 

W.lliam  .\I.  Uhler,  M.  D.,  of  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  Joseph  Wilson, 
M.  D  ,  U.  S.  Navy,  Dr.  Isaac  J.  Hayes,  and  Dr.  VVm.  Blackwood,  of 
Philadelphia,  Mr.  Samael  Jeanes,  of  Philadelphia,  and  George  Gibbs, 
Esq.,  of  Stilacoon,  Washington  Territory,  were  elected  Members; 

And  Dr.  John  H.  Riuch,  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  and  Dr.  John  W. 
Green,  of  New  York,  were  elected  Corresjwn dents. 


February  bth. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Liunean  Society  of  London,  dated  12th  December,  1S55, 
acknowledging  receipt  of  Proceedings  and  Journal  of  the  Academy,  and 
desiring  missing  numbers. 

From  Dr.  I.  J.  Hayes,  dated  Philadelphia,  Slst  January,  1856, 
acknowledging  receipt  of  his  notice  of  election  as  a  Member. 

From  Mr.  W.  W.  Wood,  dated  Manilla,  4th  Oct.,  1855,  transmitting 
specimens  of  Natural  History  for  the  Museum. 

Dr.  Leidy  read  a  paper  intended  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings, 
entitled,  "  Notices  of  two  new  Ichthyodorulites."  Referred  to  Prof. 
Haldeman,  Mr.  Isaac  Lea,  and  Mi'.  A.  H.  Smith. 

On  motion  of  Prof.  Haldeman,  it  was  Resolved,  That  the  privilege  of 
endorsing  tickets  of  admission  to  the  Museum  on  public  days,  be  granted 
to  the  Misses  iMalvina  and  Mary  Lawson,  of  this  city,  and  that  they  be 
invited  to  visit  the  Institution  at  all  times. 


February  Vlth, 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  Dr.  Joseph  Wilson,  U.  S.  N.,  dated  Philadelphia,  Feb.  Gth, 
1856,  acknowledging  receipt  of  his  notice  of  election  as  a  Member. 

From  Mr.  Samucd  Ashmead,  dated  Key  West,  2od  Jan.,  1856,  trans- 
mitting a  collection  of  objects  of  Natural  History  for  the  Museum. 

From  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  dated  Feb.  6,  1856, 
acknowledging  receipt  of  last  No.  of  the  Proceedings. 

From    the  Smithsonian   Institution,   dated   Washington,  July  20th, 


1856.]  ■  5 

1855,  and  Doc.   7tli,  1855,  acknowledging  receipt  of  late  Nos.  of  the 
Proceedings  and  Journal  and  desiring  missing  Nos. 

From  .the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  dated  30th  Jan.,  1856, 
acknowledging  receipt  of  late  Nos.  of  the  Proceedings. 


February  \^th. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York,  dated  18th  Feb., 
1856,  acknowledging  receipt  of  the  Proceedings,  Vol.  7,  No.  12. 

From  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  dated  Washington,  Jan.  7th,  1856, 
of  the  same  tenor. 

Dr.  Le  Conte  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  the  follow- 
ing papers  : — 1.  "  Synopsis  of  the  Mycetophagidaj  of  the  United 
States ;"  2.  "  Synopsis  of  the  Phalacridae  of  the  United  States ;" 
3.  "Note  on  the  genus  Lithodus  of  Schoenheer ;"  4.  "Notice  of  three 
genera  of  Scarabseidas  found  in  the  United  States  ;"  5.  "  Analytical 
table  of  the  species  of  Chlrenius  found  in  the  United  States ;"  all  of 
which  were  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr.  W.  F.  Bogers, 
Mr,  Guex,  and  Dr.  Zantzingei'. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Bogers  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings, 
entitled,  "Synopsis  of  species  of  Chrysomela  and  allied  genera  inhabiting 
the  United  States."  Beferred  to  Dr.  Le  Conte,  Mr.  Guex,  and  Dr. 
Zantzinger. 

Mr.  Cassin  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  en- 
titled, "Noteson  North  American  Birds  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia;"  which  was  referred  to  Dr.  Wilson, 
Dr.  Henderson,  and  Dr.  Woodhouse. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  en- 
titled, "A  Synopsis  of  Entozoa  and  some  of  their  Ecto-congencrs  ob- 
served by  the  Author."  Beferred  to  Mr.  J.  P.  Lesley,  Dr.  Le  Conte, 
and  Dr.  Carson. 

Also,  a  paper  by  the  same,  entitled,  Notices  of  some  remains  of 
extinct  Mammalia  recently  discovered  by  F.  V.  Hayden,  in  the 
'  Mauvaises  Terres'  of  Nebraska.  Beferred  to  Dr.  Henderson,  Mr. 
Isaac  Lea,  and  Dr.  Wilson. 


Ftbruavi/  2Qth. 

Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committees  on  Dr.  Hallowell's  paper,  read  15th  January;  Dr. 
Leidy's  paper,  read  5th  Feb. ;  on  Dr.  Le  Conte's  papers,  read  19th  Feb.; 
on  Mr.  W.  F.  Bogers'  paper,  read  same  date;  on  Mr.  Cassin's  paper, 
read  same  date;  and  on  Dr.  Leidy's  papers,  read  same  date,  severally 
reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 


[February, 


Deseriptim  of  severed  upeciei  of  Vrodela,  with  remarks  on  the  ge.ographicil  disirihii- 
Hon  of  the  Caducibranchiale  d-viniun  of  these  animals  and  their  classification. 

By  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D. 

Class  REPTILIA. 
Koiirlh  order,  Batrachia,  Brogn. 

Sub.  clii-is,  Ampbibiens  lebthjuidos  ou  Nudipelliferes,  Blainv. 
tvlass    Amphibia,  Bonap. 
Second  uroer,  Salaniaiidra%  Boaap. 
Second  order,  Dipnoa,  Leuckart,  Fiuinger. 
First  tribe,  Dipnoa  inutabilia. 
Fifih  family,  Salamaiidroidea,  Fitz. 

Order,  Ranse.     Stcond  division,  Rauida?  caiidat;)^,  Waolfr. 
Second  sub  order,  Batrachia  gradier.lia,  Merreai  and  Giay. 
Batrachia.     Third  sub  order,  Uiodeles,  Dura. 
First  family.  Aire  oderes  ou  salamandridci. 
Sub  familv.  Ambyst()mina,  Gray. 
Genus,  Ambystoma,  Tschudi. 

Ajibystoma  laterale,  nob. 

This  animal  is  smaller  than  any  of  the  species  of  Ambystoma  wiib  which  we. 
are  acquainted,  with  the  exception  of  A.  maciodactylum,  being  about  the  size  o( 
Salamandra  nigra,  Green. 

Color  jtt  black  above,  black  below,  with  a  tinge  of  brown  egpecially  upon  the 
throat;  the  sides  of  the  body  and  tail  are  marked  with  numerous  white  spot? 
about  the  size  of  a  pin's  head,  and  even  larger,  thickly  agglomerated  ;  they  are 
also  observed  of  greater  dimensions  upon  the  sides  of  the  neck  ;  the  chin  and 
throat  [iresent  numerous  white  spots,  smaller  than  those  upon  the  sides;  thev 
occur,  also,  sparsely  upon  the  abdomen  ;  extremities  spotted  with  white,  both 
above  and  below  ;  fingers  and  toes  banded  with  the  same  ;  a  gular  fold  ;  palatine 
teeth  in  a  transverse,  undulatiug,  interrupted  series,  as  in  Ambystoma  fasciatum. 
(See  Dum.  and  Bib.,  pi.  101,  fig.  C.)  passing  behind  the  internal  nares  ;  no  longi- 
tudinal rows  of  teeth  ;  tongue  attached  in  front  and  behind,  free  at  its  lateral 
edges  ;  tail  compressed,  longer  than  the  body  ;  extremities  slender,  middle  fingers 
of  nearly  equal  length;  first  and- fourth  idem;  first  toe  shorter  than  fifih: 
second  than  third,  fourth  than  fifth  ;  fingers  and  toes  free,  slender,  depressed  : 
ten  distinct  costal  folds. 

Dimensions. — Length  of  head  4  lines,  breadth  22  ;  of  body  from  gular  fold  to 
vent,  1  inch  2  J  lines,  (Fr.)  ;  of  tail  1  inch  5  lines  ;'  length  of  anterior  extremities 
6  lines,  of  ])Osterior  7. 

IlaJiitat. — Marquette,  southern  border  of  Lake  Superior,  specimen  in  jNius. 
of  Acad,  N.  S.,  presented  by  Dr.  John  L.  Le  Conte,  whn  found  it  in  that  region, 
witli  a  fine  specimen  of  Ablabes  punctatus,  Dum.  and  Bib.  >o  mention  is  made 
of  any  species  of  Urode  es  in  the  work  on  Lake  Superior,  by  I'rofessor  Agassiz, 
with  the  exception  of  Piethodon  erylhronotus.  The  reptiles  enumerated  in  it 
are  Tropidonotus  sirtalis  and  Tropidonotus  erythrogaster,  a  species  allied  to 
ri;;idus,  an  undetermined  species  of  Crotalophorus,  probably  tergeminus;  Rana  . 
nigricans,  Rana  halecina,  Rana  sylvatica,  Hylodes  maculatus.  Bufo  americanus, 
I  lethodon  erylhronotus  and  Menobranchus  marulatus.*  I  have  since  found 
another  specimen  much  older,  and  having  a  general  brownish  tint,  (altered  by 
jilcohol,)  but  with  the  lateral  spots  quite  distinct,  among:  the  reptiles  of  the 
(Jreen  collection  presented  to  the  Academy  by  Dr.  Franklin  Bache,  with  no 
indication  of  locality. 

(ieneral  Remarks. — The  Ambystoma  above  described  resembles  none  other  of 
our  well  known  species,  and  will,  therefore,  be  readily  recognized.     Amb.  punctu- 

*T()  these  may  be  added  Coluber  occipito-maculatus  Storer.  (Col.  venustus, 
llallowell,  I'roceed.  Acad.  N.  S.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  280,  pi.     ) 


1856.]  7 

latum,  Gray,  (Cat.  Br.  Mas.  Amphib.  p.  31,  No.  5,)  is  represented  as  lead  colored, 
and  u'kite  beneath  with  distant  scattered  white  dots  upon  the  cheek  and  upper 
part  of  sides.  Its  habitat  is  Monterey,  California.  It  is  unknown  to  us.  Am- 
bystonoa  laterale  is  somewhat  similar  in  coloring  to  Sal.  niger,  Green,  but  that 
is  a  Plethodon,  having  a  head  and  tail,  and  an  arrangement  of  teeth  altogether 
diflferent;  viz.,  two  small  arched  rows  behind  the  internal  nares,  the  convexity 
presenting  forward,  converging  toward  each  other,  and  separated  by  an  interval, 
with  two  series  of  thickly  set,  longitudinal  sphenoidal  teeth,  closely  approximated, 
arranged  somewhat  like  a  brush,  and  separated  from  the  vomerine  by  an  inter- 
space without  teeth.  The  Ambystoma  nigrum  of  Dum.  and  Bib.,  is  also  a  Ple- 
thodon, and  is,  no  doubt,  identical  with  Plethodon  fuscum  as  the  synomymes 
show  ;  (Sal.  niger,  Green,  Desmognathus  niger,  Baird,)  and  Plethodon  fusium* 
being  the  same,  they  not  having  seen  the  animal.  Salam.  erythronota, 
Green  is  erroneously  placed  by  Gray,  (Cat.  Br.  Mus.  Amphib.  Grad,  p.  37.  No.  9.) 
among  the  Ambystomata.  It  is  a  Plethodon  as  Dumeril  and  Bibron  have  it. 
Ambystoma  quadrimaculatum  and  Ambystoma  salmoneum,  Dum  &  Bit.  belong 
to  other  genera.  The  first  is  a  Plethodon,  the  latter  has  the  transverse  and 
longitudinal  rows  of  teeth  in  a  continuous  series,  in  this  respect  resembling 
none  other  of  our  Urodeles  with  the  exception  of  Sal.  rubra.  Green,  (Bolitoglossa 
rubra,  D.  &  B.)  Pseudotriton  rubra,  Tschudi.  Dum.  &  Bib.  have  also  put  glulin- 
osum  and  auriculatum  in  the  genus  Cylindrosoma.     They  are  both  Plethodonts.f 

1  he  genus  Salamandra  does  not  exist,  so  far  as  is  known,  on  the  American  Con- 
tinent. On  the  other  hand,  Ambystoma  is  an  exclusively  American  genus, 
and  has  a  wide  range.  Its  most  northern  limit  at  present,  is  Lake  Superior ; 
its  southern.  New  Mexico.  It  is  found  in  Maine,  Pennsjlvania  and  South 
Carolina,  (punctatum  or  venenosum  Bart.)  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  Maryland, 
Virginia,  Georgia,  Mississippi,  (opacum  Grav.  or  fasciatum,  Gr.)  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  (tigrinum,)  Oregon,  (macrodactylum,  Bd.)  Michigan,  Wisconsin 
and  Illinois,  (luridum)  ingens  (Xiphonura  Tsch.)  New  Orleans. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  none  of  the  animals  belonging  to  the  sub-order 
Batrachia  gradientia  of  Merrem  and  Gray,  (Batrachia  urodela,  Dum.  and  Bib.,) 
and  especially  the  Urodeles  atretoderes  or  Salamandrides,  have  been  discovered 
in  America  south  of  Mexico,  although  so  numerous  in  the  northern  part  of  that 
great  continent.  Nor  are  any  of  the  caducibranchiate-tailed  batrachians  known 
to  exist  in  the  East  Indies,  Persia,  China,  Australia,  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Java, 
New  Zealand,  the  Phillipines,  New  Holland,  New  Guinea,  West  or  Southern 
Africa,  or,  so  far  as  is  known,  with  the  exception  of  Japan  and  Loo  Cboo,  in  any 
of  the  numerous  islands  of  the  AtlanticJ  and  Pacific  Oceans.  They  are  found  in 
the  south  of  Spain  and  northern  part  of  Africa,  (Pleurodeles,)  the  islands  of  the 
Mediterraneam,  various  parts  of  England,  France,  Germany  and  Italy,  (Salaman- 
dra, Triton,  Geotriton,  Euproctus,)  the  north  of  Africa,  Syria,  (Triton  ?)  and 
Japan,  (Cynops,  Onychodactylus,  Ellipsoglossa,)  but  appear  to  be  more  abun- 
dant in  North  America,  and  comprise  genera  not  yet  observed  in  other  parts  of 
the  world,  viz.,  Ambystoma,  Tsch.,  which  contains  many  species,  Plethodon, 
Tsch.,  Desmognathus,  Bd.,  Spelerpes,  Raf.,  Taricha,  Gray,  Pseudotriton,  Tsch., 
Hemidactylium,  Tsch.,  Batrachoceps,  Bonap.,  Ensatina,  Gray,  and  Diemyctylus, 
Raf 

There  is  not  only  not  any  true  Salamandra  in  the  United  States,  but  no  Triton, 


"*"  As  universally  yellowish  brown  or  black,"  Eights,  Dekay,  Nat.  Hist,  of 
New  York,  Reptiles,  p.  85  ;  the  brown  specimens,  the  young  according  to  Dr. 
Holbrook. 

•j-The  Salamandra  Jeffersoniana  of  Prof.  Holbrook  is  no  doubt  a  Plethodon,  per- 
haps identical  as  well  as  S.  Jeffersoniana,  Green,  with  Plethodon  glutinosus, 
Tschudi  represents  the  teeth  as  transverse  in  his  Xiphonura  Jeffersoniana.  Is  X. 
JefJersoniana,  Tsch.  identical  with  Ambystoma  ingens? 

JProf.  Schlegel  states  that  a  species  approaching  S.  longicauda  was  brought 
from  Martinique  by  Mr.  Plee,  Fauna  Japonica,  Reptiles,  p.  119. 


8  [February, 

properly  so  called,  for  the  Triton  dorsalis  and  symmetrlcus  of  authors  is  ana- 
tomically quite  different  from  the  Tritons  of  Earope. 

The  tongue  in  the  genera  Spelerpes,  Pseudotriton  (Mycetoglossus,  Bib.,  Bolito- 
glossa,  D.  and  B.)  and  Batrachoceps,  Bonap.,  is  bolitoglossal  or  mushroom- 
shaped,  being  quite  free  and  supported  upon  a  central  pedicel;  but  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  teeth  is  not  the  same,  the  transverse  and  longitudinal  rows  being 
separated  by  an  interval  in  Spelerpes  and  Batrachoceps,  but,  as  before  stated,  are 
in  a  continuous  series  in  Pseudotriton.  The  only  European  genus  whjch  agrees 
with  the  first  named  genera  in  the  form  of  tongue  and  arrangement  of  teeth,  is 
Geotriton,  the  tongue  in  the  Tritons  proper  being  attached  both  in  front  and 
posteriorly,  and  having  no  transverse  teeth  whatever  ;*  but  in  Geotriton  the  toes 
are  very  distinctly  palmated,  which  is  not  the  case  in  either  Batrachoceps  or 
Spelerpes,  so  that  not  only  the  species  of  Urodeles,  now  under  consideration,  are 
different,  but  the  genera  also,  no  two  being  identical  in  both  continents  ;  further, 
if  we  restrict  the  families  more  fully  than  has  hitherto  been  done,  we  might  say 
that  the  only  sub-families  of  this  group  of  reptiles  common  to  both  Europe  and 
America  are  the  Bolitoglossidae,  or  the  mushroom-tongued  Urodeles,  comprising 
in  the  former  several  genera,  in  the  latter  but  one,  and  the  Tritonidai. 

It  is  also  worthy  of  remark  that,  although  these  animals  are  known,  (instead 
of  having  the  power  to  remain  unharmed  amidst  the  flames,  according  to  the 
opinion  of  the  vulgar,  or  of  "  inhabiting  the  rivers  of  hell,"f )  to  be  capable  of  en- 
during extreme  cold,  (the  Salamandra  atra  existing  near  the  region  of  snow  in  the 
Alps,)  they  have  not  yet  been  discovered  very  far  north.  None  of  the  American 
species  have  been  found  north  of  Lake  Superior  except  Plethodon  erythrynotus, 
and  that  at  no  great  distance.  In  Europe  the  most  northern  limit  is  Sweden. 
None  of  these  reptiles,  we  believe,  were  observed  in  the  recent  expedition  of  Dr. 
Kane  to  the  Arctic  regions.^ 

In  making  out  a  synopsis  of  the  Urodele  Batrachians  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy,  I  had  laid  aside  for  future  examination  the  Triton  porphyriticus,  of 
which  we  have  but  a  single  specimen  and  which  is  really  an  Ambystoma.  The 
true  position  of  this  animal  appears  to  have  been  quite  doubtful.  Prof.  Green 
describes  it  as  a  Salamandra,  Prof.  Holbrook,  a  Triton,  Mr.  Gray,  a  Spelerpes, 
with  a  note  of  interrogation,  and  Prof  Baird,  in  his  valuable  synopsis  of  the  group 
of  reptiles  to  which  it  belongs,  states  that  its  place  probably  is  among  the  Am- 
bystomata,  but  previously  remarks  that  Pseudotriton  salmoneus  and  the  Sala- 
mandra porphyritica  of  Green  will  very  probably  turn  out  to  be  identical.  Should 
this  be  the  case,  Pseudotriton  salmoneus  becomes  P.  porphyriticus,  and  the 
species  now  described  will  require  a  new  name. 

Ambystoma  porphyriticum. 

Syn.  Sal.  porphyritica,  Green,  Macl.  Lyceum,  p.  3.  pi.  1.  Sal.  porphyritica, 
Harlan,  Med.  &  Phys.  Res.  p.  98.  Triton  porphyriticus,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herp., 
vol.  V.  p.  83. 

*Dr.  Holbrook  is  in  error  in  stating  that  Triton  dorsalis  has  transverse  teeth. 

•j-  In  allusion  to  the  Tartarean  habitat  of  these  creatures,  a  writer  in  the  London 
Quarterly  Review  remarks,  that  Scott's  conversation  "  was  rich  in  ease,  sense  and 
humor,  while  theirs  (certain  smart  and  perverse,  but  unwholesome  disputants) 
was  like  the  breakfasts  in  military  novels,  which  seem  to  consist  chiefly  of 
devilled  kidneys,  grilled  bones,  and  other  fierce  and  salammdrine  elements." 

The  Salamanders  are  covered  with  numerous  pores,  which  exude  an  acrid 
and  glu'inous  fluid,  so  that  if  thrown  upon  live  coals  thej'  become  blackened, 
but  nf  course  the  animal  is  soon  destroyed. 

J  The  most  northern  limit  of  reptile  life  observed  by  Sir  J.  Richardson,  (see 
boat  voyage  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,)  was  the  north  bend  of  Porcupine 
River,  within  the  Arctic  circle,  where  a  snake  was  found.  The  tortiises  disap- 
pear beyond  the  51st  degree,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Winnepeg,  (Emys  geo- 
graphica  and  probably  the  snapper,)  the  frogs  at  68°,  (Bufo  americanus  and  Hyla 
versicolor  ) 


1856.]  9 

Char.  General  form  more  slender  than  that  of  most  of  the  Ambystomata.  Head 
small,  convex  above,  rounded  in  front ;  eyes  latero-superior,  prominent ;  tongue 
ovoid,  firmly  attached  in  front  and  posteriorly,  more  free  at  the  sides  ;  internal 
openings  of  the  nares  moderately  large  ;  teeth  in  a  transverse  uninterrupted  row, 
arched  in  front,*  concave  posteriorly  ;  no  longitudinal  rows  of  teeth  ;  a  gular 
fold  ;  no  parotids  ;  skin  perfectly  smooth  to  the  touch,  presenting  innumerable 
small  pores  when  observed  with  a  glass  ;  of  a  uniform  brownish  color  above, 
lighter  below  ;  no  line  of  lateral  pores  between  the  axilla  and  groin  ;  fingers  and 
foes  free,  rather  slender,  depressed,  fourth  toe  longer  than  the  third  ;  tail  much 
compressed,  shorter  than  head,  neck  and  body. 

Habitat. — Wabash.  One  specimen  in  Mus.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  presented  by  Dr. 
McMurtrie.  Prof.  Green's  specimens  were  found  in  French  Creek,  near  Mead- 
viile,  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Dimensw7is. — Length  of  head  4  lines  ;  breadth  3^  ;  length  of  neck  and  body  to 
vent  1  inch  7  lines  ;  (Fr.)  of  tail  1  inch  9  lines. 

Gen.  remarks  — The  whitish  spots  mentioned  by  Prof.  Holbrook,  arranged  in 
a  linear  longitudinal  series  along  the  flanks,  and  also  by  Dr.  Green,  are  not 
visible  in  the  specimens  above  described,  probably  from  long  immersion  in 
alcohol.  It  is  a  larger  animal  than  Ambystoma  laterale,  and  differs  from  it  much 
in  the  arrangement  of  the  transverse  teeth  and  in  the  coloration.  A  good  figure 
and  excellent  description  of  it  will  be  found  in  Prof.  Holbrook's  work  on  the  North 
American  Reptiles. f  The  Triton  porphyriticus  of  Dr.  Dekay  (Nat.  Hist,  of  New 
York,  Reptiles,  p.  85)  is  Plethodon  gluunosus,  judging  from  the  description,!  no 
mention  being  made  of  the  teeth.  The  arrangement  of  the  teeth  in  the  species 
of  Ambystoma  varies  considerably,  and  with  the  size  of  the  internal  nares,  ap- 
jlears  to  form  very  good  .specific  characters.  Dr.  Green's  description  corresponds 
in  almost  every  important  particular  with  the  animal  above  described,  except 
the  head,  which,  instead  of  being  "  rather  large,"  is  on  the  contrary  small.  He 
states  that  "  the  color  on  the  back  varies  very  much  in  different  specimens,  some 
being  dark  chocolate,  others  of  a  much  lighter  color,  and  others  again  of  a  pale 
brown  ;  the  young  is  nearly  white,  with  a  middle  line  on  the  sides  extending 
from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  extremities,"  (Mad.  Lye.  p.  3.)  Prof.  Holbrook's 
specimen  was  4  inch.  5  lines  in  length  ;  Dr.  Green's  between  5  and  6  inches.  Prof. 
Holbrook's  drawing  is  much  more  accurate  than  that  of  Prof.  Green,  which, 
although  more  highly  finished,  dees  not  correspond  very  closely  with  the  speci- 
men in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  the  head  resembling  more  that  of  Pseu- 
dotriton  salmoneus,  (Sal.  salmonea,  Storer.)|  Prof.  Holbrook  observes  that  he 
had  never  seen  the  animal  alive,  but  the  coloring  was  taken  from  the  original  of 
Dr.  Green. 

Some  years  ago  I  described  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  a  new  Sala- 
mander from  California,  under  the  name  lugubris.  Mr.  Gray,  in  the  Catalogue 
of  the  British  Museum,  places  it  along  side  of  Taricha,  with  a  note  of  interro- 
gation. It  is  however  very  different  from  Taricha.  'The  species  was  subse- 
quently made  the  type  of  a  new  genus  by  Prof.  Baird,  with  the  name  Aneides. 

*In  glutinosus  this  is  not  the  case;  the  vomerine  teeth  are  separated  by  a 
wide  interval  and  take  another  course  ;  sphenoidal  teeth  in  glutinosus,  none  in 
Ambystoma;  the  fingers  and  toes  are  also  different. 

t  The  palate,  he  observes,  "  is  armed  with  a  row  of  transverse  teeth." 

J  He  says,  tail  cylindrical,  scarcely  compressed.  In  porphyriticus  the  tail  is 
much  compressed ;  in  P.  glutinosus  cylindrical ;  the  shape  of  the  tail  and  the 
teeth  distinguish  it  at  once  from  glutinosus. 

§  The  small  eyes  and  irregular  whitish  spots  in  the  description  do  not  apply 
to  Salmoneus  ;  the  snout  is  described  as  obtuse,  which  it  is  in  porphyriticus  ;  in 
the  drawing  it  is  truncate. 


10  [FEBRUAE.Y, 

The  following  notes  are  somewhat  more  precise  than  those  of  the  former  de- 
scription. 

Sub.  fam.  PLETHODONTID^. 
Gen.  Aneides,  Baird. 
Char. — Head  large,  swollen  at  the  temples,  snout  angular,  ,eyes  very  prominent; 
tongue  obcordale,  more  or  less  truncate  posteriorly,  attached  in  front,  and  along 
the  middle,  sides  quite  free,  quite  free  posteriorly,  but  less  so  than  at  the  sides ; 
maxillary  teeth  greatly  developed,  especially  those  of  the  lower  jaw,  which  are 
spear-shaped,  sharp-pointed,  more  or  less  convex  anteriorly,  concave  posteriorly, 
with  a  ridge  in  the  middle,  about  f  of  a  line  in  length  ;  vomerine  teeth  in  two 
convergent  rows,  behind  the  internal  nares  meeting  posteriorly,  their  convex 
surfaces  presenting  inward*  ;  sphenoidal  teeth  very  numerous,  sharp  pointed, 
thickly  set  like  a  brush  in  two  rows,  closely  in  contact  in  the  anterior  third,  poste- 
riorly a  very  narrow  linear  interspace,  not  enlarged  behind;  in  the  original 
specimen,  this  narrow  interspace  is  not  so  distinct,  so  that  they  might  almost 
with  propriety  be  described  as  a  single  row  ;  extremities  slender  ;  fingers  and  toes 
slightly  compressed,  free  ;  1st  finger  much  shorter  than  4th  ;  2d  shorter  than 
3d  ;  1st  toe  much  shorter  than  5th  ;  2d  than  3d  ;  3d  and  4th  of  equal  length  ; 
skia  smooth,  costal  grooves  well  marked,  twelve  or  thirteen  in  number,  tail  round, 
tapering  to  a  point,  very  slightly  compressed  at  tip,  about  same  length  as  head, 
neck  and  body. 

Aneides  lugubkis. 

Syn. — Sal.  lugubris,  Hallowell,  Proceed.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  iv.  p.  126. 
Aneides  lugubris,  Baird,  Iconographic  Encyclopoedia,  vol.  ii.  1859,  1st  edition, 
p.  256.     Taricha  lugubris?  Gray,  Cat.  Br.  Ampb.,  p.  26,  No.  2. 

Char. — Color  dark  olive  above,  yellow  below,  without  spots  or  other  markings, 
a  row  of  small,  circular  spots  on  each  side. 

Dimensions. — Length  4^  inches. 

Habitat. — Monterey  and  San  Francisco,  Upper  California.  Two  specimens  in 
Mas.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.     Presented  by  Dr.  Townsend  and  Mr.  Heermann. 

The  U.  atretoderes  may  be  subdivided  into  the  following  groups,  which  will 
perhaps  facilitate  their  study. 

a.  With  longitudinal  teeth. 
1.  SALAMANDRID^.     European. 
Tongue  rather  large,  attached  iu  front  and  posteriorly,  free  at  the  sides  ;  toes 
4—5. 
1  gen.  Salamandra.     3  sp.  maculosa,  Corsica,  atra. 

2.  SEIRANOTID^.     European. 

Tongue  well  developed,  oblong,  rounded  in  front,  broader  and  almost  truncate 
posteriorly, //-ce  in  its  posterior  half,  less  so  laterally,  attached  in  front,  toes  4 — 4. 
1  gen.  Salamandrina.     1  sp,.  S.  perspicillata. 

3.  PLEURODELID.'E.     N.  African  and  S.  European. 

Tongue  small,  B-ahc\TQ,n\&T,  free  posteriorly,  and  at  the  sides,  attached  in  front; 
toes  4—5;  ribs  not  rudimentary,  but  much  devgloptd,  perforating  even  the  in- 
teguments. 

4.  TR1T0NIDJ3.     European,  N.  American,  Asiatic. 

Tongue  fleshy,  papillose,  well  developed,  attached  in  front  and  behind,  free  a: 
the  lateral  edges  ;  toes  4 — 5. 

*  The  true  position  of  this  animal  is  among  the  Plethodonts,  that  of  Taricha 
the  teeth  of  which  are  in  two  slender  hmgiludinal  series,  comnencing  on  a  line  with 
the  inferior  margin  of  the  internal  nares,  about  midway  between  them,  but  diverging 
widely  posteriorly,  among  the  Trilonidce. 


1856.] 


11 


5  gen.  Euproctu?,  Cynops,  Diemyctylus,  Taricba,  Triton.  10  sp.  E.  Rusconi, 
C.  pyrrhogaster,  D.  viridescens,*  Taricba  torosus,  Triton  alpestris,  cristatus, 
marmoratus,  palmatus  ?  punctatus,  pyrenaeus  and  perhaps  others. 

5.  ELLIPSOGLOSSID.E.     Asiatic. 

Tongue  ohlorty  oval,  free  at  the  sides  only ;  toes  4  —  5. 
1  gen.  Ellipsoglossa.     1  sp.  E.  naivia. 

b.  With  transverse  and  longitudinal  teeth. 
f6.  PLETHODONTID.E.     N.  American. 

Tongue  broad  oval,  well  developed,  free  at  its  lateral  edges  and  posteriorly, 
attached  in  front ;  toes  4 — .5. 

3  gen.  Desmognathus,  Aneides,  Plethodon.  6  sp.  D.  niger,  auriculatus,  A. 
lugubris,  P.  glutinosus,  erythronotus  and  quadrimaculatus  ? 

7.  BOLITOGLOSSID^.     N.  American  and  European. 

Tongue  of  moderate  size,  mushroom-shaped,  supported  hy  a  central  pedicel ;  toea 
4 — 5  and  4 — 4. 

4  gen.  Batrachoceps,  Spelerpes,  Pseudotriton,  Geotriton.  9  sp.  B.  quadridigitatus, 
attenuatus,  S.  longicauda,  gutto-lineata,  bi-lineata,  mexicana,  P.  ruber  and  sal- 
moneus,  G.  fuscus. 

8.  HEMIDACTYLID^.     N.  American. 

Tongue  oval,  attached  in  front  and  along  the  middle,  more  free  posteriorly  ; 
toes  4 — 4. 

1  gen.  Hemidactylium.     1  sp.  H,  scutatum. 

c.  Transverse,  but  no  longitudinal  teeth. 

0.  AMBYSTOMID^.     N.  American  and  Asiatic. 
Tongue   ovate,   moderately  free  at  its  edges,  slightly  so   in   front,  attached 
posteriorly  ;  toes  4 — 5. 

2  gen.  Onychodactylus,  Ambystoma,  15  sp.  0.  japonicus.  A.  punctatum  (vene- 
nosum  Bart.)  opacum  Grav.  (fas.'iatum  Green)  laterale,  popbyriticum,  macro- 
dactylum,  punctulatum,?  tigrinum,  luridum,  nebulosum,  mavortium,  episcopus, 
(an  hypoxanlhus  Raf.?)  talpoideum,  proserpine,  tenebrosum,  and  no  doubt  others. 


Description  of  two  Ichihyodorulites. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

Stenacanthus  nitidus  Leidy.  The  species  of  a  genus  supposed  to  be  distinct 
from  those  wliich  have  been  described,  is  indicated  by  an  ichthyodorulite,  dis- 
covered by  Charles  E.  Smith,  Esq.,  in  association  with  the  remains  of  Ilolopty- 
chius,  in  the  old  Red  Sandstone  formation  of  Tioga  county,  Pennsylvania.  The 
specimen  is  partially  imbedded  in  a  mass  of  red  sandstone  ;  and  it  has  its  point 
broken  off  and  is  otherwise  mutilated.  The  spine  is  straight  throughout  and 
indicates  no  disposition  to  curve.     In  its  perfect  condition  it  appears  to  have 

*  D.  viridescens  Raf.  (Tr.  dorsalis)  and  D.  miniatus  (Tr.  symmetricus)  are 
probably  the  same,  the  orange  color  and  roughness  being  appearances  which 
the  female  more  especially  presents  after  a  long  sojourn  on  land.  At  least  this 
may  be  inferred  from  what  is  known  of  the  habits  of  the  European  Tritons. 
Schlegel  says  that  such  is  the  case  with  T.  punctatus.  He  also  remarks  that  he 
has  specimens  of  marmoratus  (one  of  the  very  roughest  of  the  Tritons,  it  we  may 
judge  from  the  specimen  in  the  Bonaparte  collection)  perfectly  smooth,  and  we 
have  those  of  dorsalis  smooth  and  more  or  less  rough.  The  Triton  marmoratus, 
according  to  Kaup,  leaves  the  water  in  June  and  becomes  a  land  animal ;  the  crests 
of  the  male  disappear,  and  the  tail,  from  a  swimming  organ,  becomes  round. 


12  [February, 

been  about  three  inches  in  length,  by  about  six  lines  in  breadth  at  its  base  ;  and 
it  gradually  tapers  towards  the  apex.  The  anterior  margin  is  convex.  The 
posterior  border  at  the  edge  of  the  exposed  surface  of  the  fossil  is  furnished  with 
a  row  of  closely  set  serrations,  directed  obliquely  downward,  of  which  eight  may 
be  counted  within  the  space  of  seven  lines.  Whether  there  is  a  second  row  of 
serrations,  the  imbedded  state  of  the  very  friable  bone  in  a  hard  matrix  will  not 
permit  me  to  determine. 

The  broad  surface  which  is  exposed  in  the  specimen,  so  far  as  it  is  preserved, 
is  longitudinally  furrowed  ;  and  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  from  the  broken 
summit  it  exhibits  a  transverse  zigzag  fissure,  which  may  probably  be  the  re- 
sult of  an  original  fracture,  although  it  has  very  much  the  appearance  of  being 
an  articulation. 

Cylindracanthus  ornatus  Leidy.  On  several  occasions  fragments  of  appa- 
rent fossil  bones  have  been  submitted  to  my  inspection,  the  character  of 
which  has  exceedingly  puzzled  me,  and  although  I  now  view  them  as  portions 
of  ichtliyodorulites,  I  am  not  positive  of  the  correctness  of  my  conclusion.  The 
specimens  alluded  to  are  found  in  the  cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey 
and  Alabama.  The  most  perfect  one  was  obtained  by  W.  Taylor,  Esq.,  from 
near  Pemberton,  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey.  It  is  over  three  inches  in  length 
with  the  extremities  broken  off,  is  straight  and  gradually  tapering,  and  is  per- 
fectly circular  in  transverse  section.  At  the  thicker  end  it  is  six  and  one  quarter 
lines  in  diameter,  and  at  the  other  end  five  lines.  The  centre  presents  a  double 
tubular  perforation  of  comparatively  small  calibre.  The  surface  is  invested  with 
a  thick,  enamel-like  layer,  which  is  dense,  brittle,  and  shining,  and  deeply 
fluted ;  the  intervening  ridges  being  of  nearly  uniform  diameter,  with  pairs  oc- 
casionally converging  into  single  ones  in  their  course. 


Sy7ioj)sis  of  the  Mycetophagid^  of  the  United  States. 

By  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. 

The  genera  of  this  family  of  Coleoptera  which  have  been  thus  far  discovered 
in  the  country,  are  Mycetophagus,  Litargus,  Typhaea,  and  Diphyllus.  Of  the  latter 
genus  two  species  are  known  to  me,  one  found  by  Dr.  Melsheimer  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  other  by  me  at  Tucson,  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila.  I  regret  that  the  absence 
of  the  specimens  prevents  me  from  making  them  known  on  the  present  occasion. 
Thus  if  Diplocoelus  be  combined  with  Diphyllus  as  recommended  by  Lacordaire 
(Gen.  Col.  2,  447,)  the  only  genus  left  unrepresented  in  the  United  States,  will 
be  Triphylius.  Of  the  described  species  none  are  unknown  to  me. 
The  genera  may  be  thus  separated : 

Tarsi  maris  antici  3-articulati ;  (thorax  versus  latera  baud  carinatus) 
Oculi  transversi  ; 

Antennarum  clava  elongata,  multiarticulata  I^tycetophagus. 

f  Antennarum  clava  triarticulata  ;  (elytra  confuse  ■) 

t      punctata)  Triphyllus       j 

Oculi  rotundati ;  antennarum  clava  triarticulata. 

Ligula  membranea  Litargus. 

Ligula  cornea  Typhiea. 

Tarsi    omnes    subpcntameri ;    antennaj  clava  biarticulata ; 

(thorax  utrinque  bicarinulatus)  Diphyllus. 

Mycetophagus  Hellwig. 

A.  Antennae  extrorsum  sensim  incrassataj ;  thorax  lateribus  baud  serratus. 

1.  M.  p  u  n  c  t  a  t  u  s,  ovalis  infra  rufo-testaceus,capitethoracequenigris  dense 
punctatis,  elytris  flavis  macula  scutellari,  margine  lateral i,  macula  discoidali  mox 
pone  medium,  fasciaque  lata  ante  npicem  nigris,  ore  antennisque  rufcscentibus, 
his  clava  nigra,  ad  apicem  testacea  ;  pedibus  flavo-testaceis.    Long  -21 — -25. 

Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  5,  260. 

Middle  and  Southern  States. 


1856.]  13 

2.  M.  flexuosus,  ovalis,  testaceus,  capite  tboraceque  nigris  confertim 
punctatis,  elytris  flavis,  puncto  humerali,  macula  communi  scutellari,  margine 
lateral!,  maculis  extrorsum  confluentibus  versus  medium,  fasciaque  lata  dentata 
ad  dodraiitem  nigris,  apice  ipso  piceo  ;  antennis  testaceis,  clava  nigro-picea  ad 
apicem  testacea.     Long.  -15. 

Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  5,  260. 

Middle  and  Western  States.  Allied  to  the  preceding,  but  smaller  and  with 
the. posterior  band  broader,  less  near  the  apex,  and  anteriorly  dentate,  and  with 
three  confluent  spots  forming  an  irregular  external  transverse  band  near  the 
middle. 

Varies  in  having  the  black  spots  very  much  extended  so  as  to  cover  the  greater 
part  of  the  elytra  which  then  become  marked  : 

a.  With  a  large  orange  colored  humeral  spot  enclosing  a  black  dot,  and  ex- 
tending inwards  below  the  scutel  nearly  to  the  suture  ;  two  very  small  spots  a 
little  behind  the  middle,  and  a  larger  rounded  one  very  near  the  apex.  Alabama, 
Mr.  Haldeman. 

b.  With  a  quadrate  humeral  orange  colored  spot  enclosing  a  black  dot,  and  a 
rounded  one  very  near  the  apex.     Indiana,  Mr.  J.  P.  Wild. 

3.  M.  i)luriguttatus,  ovalis  longiusculus,  niger,  capite  thoraceque  dense 
punctatis,  elytris  guttis  pluribus  flavis  parvis  praecipue  moxpone  medium  ornatis, 
antennis  pedibusque  obscure  ferrugineis.     Long.  -2. 

San  Jose,  California.  The  posterior  third  of  the  elytra  is  usually  free  from 
spots,  sometimes  a  very  small  one  is  seen  near  the  apex. 

4.  M.  M  e  1  s  h  e  i  m  e  r  i,  elongatus,  ferrugineus,  capite  thoraceque  confertim 
punctatis  nigris,  elytris  flavis  macula  communi  scutellari,  margine  lobato  ad 
apicem  latiore,  macula  transversa  communi  media  cum  margine  bis  confluente 
nigris,  (macula  hac  ultima  stepe  deficiente),  fortiter  punctato-striatis,  antennis 
medio  obscurioribus.     Long.  -IT. 

Mycetophagus  bimaculatus  Mels.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  2,*  114  (in  parte). 

Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Melsheimer  ;  Alabama,  Haldeman.  I  have  been  compelled 
to  change  the  name  proposed  by  Dr.  Melsheimer,  as  by  an  unfortunate  error  his 
description  was  made  from  two  distinct  species,  one  being  M.  flexuosus,  while 
the  other  is  the  present:  it,  however,  affords  me  much  pleasure  to  commemo- 
rate his  long  continued  and  successful  labors  in  American  Entomology  by  attach- 
ing his  name  to  this  species,  which  he  was  the  first  to  detect. 

5.  M.  o  b  s  c  u  r  u  s ,  elongatus,  piceo-niger,  capite  thoraceque  dense  punctatis, 
elytris  fortius  punctato-striatis  ;  antennis  piceis  ad  basin  et  apicem  ferrugineis, 
pedibus  piceis  tibiis  tarsisque  rufescentibus.     Long.  -IT. 

One  specimen,  Georgia.  Of  the  same  form  and  with  the  same  sculpture  as 
M.  Melsheimeri. 

B.  Antennae  articulis  5  ultimis  crassioribus ;  thorax  lateribus  serratis. 

6.  M.  pluripiinctatus,  elongatus,  ovalis,  nigro-piceus,  capite  thora- 
ceque nigris  dense  punctatis,  elytris  flavis  margine,  macula  communi  scutellari, 
guttisque  plurimis  confluentibus  nigris  ;  abdomine  pedibus  antennisque  ferrugi- 
neis.    Long.  -16. 

Middle  and  Southern  States  :  the  spots  sometimes  form  several  narrow,  irregu- 
lar, transverse  fascia;. 

T.  M.  pini,  elongatus  ovalis,  supra  niger,  subtus  cum  antennis  pedibusque 
rufis.     Long.  -14 — -16. 

Zieglcr,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  2,  270. 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  not  rare. 

C.  Antennae  articulis  4  ultimis  maioribus  ;  thorax  lateribus  haud  serratus. 

8.  M.  obsoletus,  ovalis  infra  rufus,  supra  niger,  elytris  fascia  dentata 
antica  basin  attingente,  ad  suturam  paulo  interrupta,  macula  laterali  ad  medium. 


14  [February^ 

(luabiis  pone  medium  quartaque  ante  apicem  rufis  ;  antennis  testaceis,  articulis 
8 — 10  nigris,  ultimis  tribus  abrupte  maioribus.     Long.  -2. 

Mels.  Oat.  Descr.  Col.  of  U.  S.,  47. 

Tetratotna  ohsoleta  Melsheimer,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2,  113. 

Middle  States.  The  anterior  fascia  is  sometimes  broken  into  two  spots  :  on 
the  other  hand,  the  spot  behind  the  middle  sometimes  combine  into  a  dentated 
fascia. 

9.  M.  bipustulatus,  longiusculus  magis  convexus,  ovalis,  supra  piceus, 
infra  obscure  rufus,  elytris  guttis  duabus  pone  basin  saepe  confluentibus,  altera 
magna  obliqua  pone  medium  obscure  rufis,  antennis  articulis  quatuor  ultimis 
distincte  maioribus.     Long.  -13. 

Melsheimer,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2,  114. 

Middle  States,  not  rare.  In  the  Catalogue  of  Described  Coleoptera  of  the 
United  States,  Dr.  Melsheimer  has  changed  the  name  of  this  species  to  M.  bisig- 
natus,  under  the  impression  that  the  name  had  been  previously  employed.  I  do 
not,  however,  find  any  other  described  species  named  bipustulatus,  and  have 
therefore  replaced  the  name  first  given. 

LiTARGUS   Er. 

1.  L.  tetraspilotus,  ovalis  sub-convexus,  nigro-piceus,  pubescens,  ely- 
tris distinctius  sat  dense  punctatis  seriatim  pubescentibus,  macula  magna  antica 
alteraque  postica  rufo-testaceis,  margine  thoracisque  angulis  posticis  rufescenti- 
l)us,  antennis  tibiis  tarsisque  testaceis.     Long.  -08. 

A  very  pretty  little  species,  found  in  the  Southern  and  Western  States. 
Broader  than  L.  didesmus,  and  readily  known  by  the  hairs  of  the  elytra  being 
arranged  in  rows. 

2.  L.    s  e  xp  u  n  c  t  a  t  u  s,    elongatus  ellipticus  depressus,  niger,  pubescens, 
elytris   densius  subtilius  punctatis,  pubescentibus,  pilisque  longioribus  parce  . 
seriatis,  macula  humerali,  altera  pone  basin,  tertiaque  maiore  obliqua  trans- 
versa ad  dodrautem  testaceis,  tarsisantennarumbasietapice  testaceis.  Long.  -OJ'. 

Er.  Ins.  Deutschl.  416. 

Myceiophn(jus  scxpunctatus  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  5,  261. 

Middle  and  Southern  States. 

3.  L.  transversus,  subelongatus  ellipticus  depressus  niger,  pubescens, 
elytris  subtilius  punctatis,  pilis  seriatis,  macula  humerali,  altera  pone  basin, 
fasciaque  angusta  transversa  dentata  ad  dodrantem  testaceia;  antennarum  basi 
pedibusque  piceo-testaceis.     Long.  -10. 

One  specimen  found  at  San  Jose,  California.    • 

4.  L.  i  n  f  u  1  a  t  u  s,  subelongatus,  ellipticus,  subdepressus  piceus, pubescens, 
thoracis  elytrorumque  marginibus  indeterminate  testaceis,  his  maculis  utrinque 
duabus  ad  basin,  altera  pone  basin,  fasciaque  angusta  obliqua  subdentata  postica 
pallidis,  confertiin  puuctulatis,  subseriatim  pilosis  ;  subtus  testaceus.    Long.  -07. 

One  immature  specimen  found  in  Illinois,  by  Mr.  Willcox.  This  species  seems 
bv  the  arrangement  of  the  colors  to  be  very  distinct  from  any  other  found  on 
the  Atlantic  slope.  It  differs  from  the  preceding  by  the  distinct  punctuation  of 
the  elytra,  and  from  the  next  by  the  same  characters,  and  by  the  posterior  band 
being  narrow,  as  well  as  by  the  anterior  pale  spots  not  occupying  nearly  half 
the  surface  of  the  elytra. 

5.  L.  b  a  1 1  e  a  t  u  s ,  subelongatus,  ellipticus  subdepressus,  rufo-piceus  pubes- 
cens, capite  elytrisque  obscuris,  his  trientem  anticam,  macula  parva  laterali 
fascia(jue  postica  obliqua  lata  dentata  pallidis,  confertim  subtiliter  punctulatis  ; 
antennis  pedibusque  pallide  testaceis.     Long.  .07 — -085 

Colorado  river,  California,  near  the  junction  of  the  Gila.  The  pale  markings 
of  the  elytra  are  so  large  that  they  may  be  described  as  pale  with  the  apical  fourth 
and  a  broad  band  at  the  middle  obscure ;  the  latter  is  dilated  externally  and 
includes  a  pale  spot.  The  hairs  of  the  elytx-a  do  not  appear  to  be  arranged  in 
rows. 


1856.]  15 

6.  L.  didesmus,  ellipticus  paulo  convexus,  nigro-piceus  fortius  dense 
punctatus,  pubescens,  elytris  fascia  subbasali  alteraque  pone  medium  obscure 
ruto-testaceis,  baud  seriatim  pubescentibus  ;  antennispedibusquepiceo-testaceis. 
Long.  -07 — -09. 

Er.  Ins.  Deutschl.  416. 

Mycetophagus  didcsvms  Saj',  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  So.  5,  261. 

Middle  and  Southern  States  ;  common. 

1.  L.  n  e  b  u  1  o  s  u  s  ,  ellipticus  paulo  convexus,  subtus  nigro-piceus,  supra 
obscure  piceo-testaceus,  fortius  punctatus  pubescens,  elytris  piceo-nebulosis, 
antennis  pedibusqe  piceo-testaceis.     Long.  -06 — -08. 

Maryland ;  Dr.  Zimmermann  and  Mr.  Wild.  Broader,  more  convex  and  less 
densely  punctured  than  L.  didesmus.  The  dark  marks  of  the  elytra  are  some- 
times very  indefinite  ;  in  pale  colored  specimens  they  are  more  distinct,  forming 
a  spot  on  each  elytron  partly  surrounding  the  humerus,  and  two  transverse  un- 
dulated bands,  the  first  a  little  before  the  middle,  and  the  second  at  the  second 
third  of  their  length  :  these  bands  do  not  reach  the  sides. 

Typh^a  Curtis. 

T.  fumata,  elongata,  ovalis  paulo  convexa,  ferruginea,  luteo-pubescens, 
elytris  subtiliter  punctato-striatis,  punctulatis,  seriatim  pilosis.     Long.  -1 — -11. 

Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  15,  pi.  702.  Er.  Ins.  Deutschl.  418,  (ubi  synon.  Europ.  in- 
venies). 

Dermestes  fumatus  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  2,  564. 

Gryplophagus  gilnellus  Mels.  Cat.  Descr.  Col.  of  U.  S.  45. 

Cryptophagus  crcnatus"^  Mels.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2,  114. 

Distributed  by  commerce  over  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  last  synonyms  are 
known  to  me  by  a  specimen  kindly  communicated  by  Dr.  Melsheimer;  they  were 
incorrectly  referred  by  me,  (Proc.  7,  217,)  to  Litargus. 


Synopsis  of  the  Phalacbid/E  of  the  United  States. 

By  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. 

In  this  family  are  contained  four  genera,  first  separated  by  Erichson ;  and  since 
all  with  the  exception  of  Tolyphus  are  found  in  our  territory,  I  have  here  trans- 
ci'ibed  the  table  of  genera  given  by  him.  (Ins.  Deutschl.,  108.) 

1.  Tarsi  acquales ;  Tibice  calcaribus         (    "^^"^^^J.^  Phalacrus. 

'  (.    distinctis  Tolyphus. 

2.  Tarsi  postici  elongati,  articulo  Imo      |    ^^f  breviore  Olibrus. 

°      '  (.    2ndo  longiore  Litochrus. 

Phalacrus  Payk. 

Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ultimo  cylindrico:  tibia)  compress^  spinulosae  cal- 
caribus obsoletis :  tarsi  sequales,  articulo  Imo  breviusculo :  femora  compressa 
inferne  ciliata. 

Usually  shorter  and  more  obtuse  than  Olibrus;  the  sutural  stria  in  the  native 
species  is  distinct,  and  the  club  of  the  antenna;  elongate,  with  the  last  joint 
obtusely  rounded  at  the  tip. 

A.  Thorax  ad  basin  distincte  licet  subtilissime  marginatus. 

1.  P.  s  e  r  i  a  t  u  s ,  ovalis  paulo  convexus,  nitidus  niger,  elytris  confertim  seria- 
tim punctulatis,  versus  basin  fere  laevibus  ;  antennis  ad  basin  palpisque  testaceis. 
Long.  -1. 

One  specimen,  Kansas.  Longer  and  less'  convex  than  the  other  species,  and 
known  by  the  testaceous  palpi. 

2.  P.  ovalis,  ovalis  convexus,  nitidus  niger,  elytris  obsoletissime  substriatis, 
prope  strias  seriatim  subtilissime  punctulatis ;  antennis  ad  basin  testaceis. 
Long.  •08.— -10. 

Two  specimens,  San  Diego,  California.     The  body  tapers  a  little  posteriorly  in 


16  [February, 

the  male,  but  is  regularly  oral  in  the  female.     Differs  from  the  next  by  the  longer 
form. 

3.  P.  penicillatus,  breviter  obtuse  ovalis,  convexus,  nigernitidus,  elytris 
obsoletissime  substriatis,  prope  strias  seriatim  subtilissime  punctulatis  :  antennis 
ad  basin  piceis.     Long.  -13. 

Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  4,  91. 

Kansas  and  California.     By  its  larger  size  this  species  may  be  distinguished. 

4.  P.  p  0 1  i  t  u  s  ,  breviter  obtuse  ovalis,  niger  nitidus,  elytris  obsoletissime  sub- 
striatis, prope  strias  subtilissime  seriatim  jiunctulatis,  antennis  piceis,  ad  basin 
palpisque  testaceis.     Long.  -08. — -09. 

Mels.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  2,  102. 

Middle  and  Southern  States,  abundant.  Verj^  similar  in  form  and  sculpture  to 
the  preceding,  but  differs  by  the  smaller  size  and  testaceous  palpi.  The  male  is 
slightly  narrowed  behind. 

5.  P.  p  u  ra  i  1  i  0  ,  breviter  obtuse  ovalis,  niger  nitidus,  elytris  obsoletissime 
substriatis,  prope  strias  subtilissime  seriatim  punctulatis,  tibiis  tarsis  palpis  an- 
tennisque  fusco-testaceis,  his  clava  obscura.     Long.  -05. 

Two  specimens,  Georgia :  very  considerably  smaller  than  P.  p  o  1  i  t  u  s ,  which 
it  otherwise  resembles. 

B.  Thorax  ad  basin  vix  conspicue  marginatiis. 

6.  P.  simplex,  ovalis  convexus  postice  angustatus,  niger  nitidus  elytris 
obsoletissime  substriatis,  antennis  ad  basin  piceis.     Long.  -10. 

One  specimen,  Kansas.  Nearly  of  the  same  form  as  P.  ovalis,  but  somewhat 
attenuated  behind,  and  without  any  rows  of  fine  punctures  upon  the  elytra,  ex- 
cept very  near  to  the  apex. 

Olibrus  Er. 

Palpi  maxillares  articulo  ultimo  ovali ;  tibire  tenues,  calcaribus  apicalibus  con- 
spicuis ;  tarsi  postici  reliquis  longiores,  articulo  secundo  longiusculo;  femora 
baud  ciliata. 

X.  Metasternum  antice  productum,  cum  mesosterno  connatum,  protuberaus  ; 
(elytra  striis  internis  duabus  profundioribus). 

1.  0.  b  i  c  o  1  0  r ,  oblongo-ovatus,  convexus,  niger  nitidissimus,  elytris  macula 
rotundata  anteapicali  ornatis,  substriatis,  striis  diiabus  internis  distinctis ;  infra 
rufus,  antennis  j)edibusque  testaceis.     Long.  -08. — -11. 

Er.  Ins.  Deutschl.  IIG.  (ubi  synon.  invenies.) 
Phalacrus  bicolor  Gyllenhal.  Ins.  Suec.  3,  431. 
Middle  States,  not  common.     Perhaps  imported  from  Europe. 

2.  0.  s  triat  ulu  s  ,  oblongo-ovatus  convexus,  niger  nitidus,  elytris  tenuiter 
striatis,  interstitiis  biseriatim  subtilissime  punctulatis  ;  subtus  cum  antennis 
pedibusque  rufo-testaceus.     Long.  -10. 

Middle  States  and  Kansas.  Of  nearly  the  same  form  as  the  preceding,  but  a 
little  narrower  with  more  distinct  elytral  strias. 

3.  0.  rufipes,  oblongo-ovatus,  convexus,  niger,  nitidus  capite  punctate, 
elytris  tenuissirae  striatis,  interstitiis  biseriatim  obsolete  punctulatis  :  subtus 
nigro-piceus,  antennis  pedibusque  rufis.     Long.  -08. 

One  specimen,  Shoa.lwater  Bay,  Oregon,  Dr.  Cooper.  Of  the  same  form  as  the 
preceding,  with  the  head  more  distinctly  punctured. 

4.  0.  seraistriatus,  oblongo-ovatus,  convexus,  nigro-piceus,  nitidus,  capite 
vix  punctato,  elytris  striis  antice  obliteratis  versus  apicemvalde  distinctis,  inter- 
stitiis biseriatim  obsolete  punctulatis ;  subtus  cum  antennis  pedibusque  rufo- 
testaceus.     Long.  -08. 

One  specimen  from  Kansas.     Also  of  the  same  form  as  the  preceding. 

5.  0.  rub  ens,  oralis  convexus,  ferrngineus  nitidus,  capite  fere  Lxvi,  elytris 


1856.]  17 

Etriis  duabus  solis  inteniis  tenuibus  distinctis,  obsoletissime  seriatim  punctatis, 
pectore  obscuriore,  antennis  pedibusque  testaceis.     Long.  -09. 

One  specimen,  Georgia,  which  by  its  more  regularly  oval  form  differs  from  all 
the  rest  of  this  division. 

B.  Metasternum  hand  productum  ;  (elytra  stria  suturali  profunda.) 

6.  0.  0  b  t  u  s  u  s  ,  breviter  ovalis,  convexus,  niger  nitidus,  subtus  cum  pedibus 
rufo-piceus,  antennarum  clava  fusca.     Long.  -07. 

One  specimen,  San  Jose,  California.  Resembles  Phalacrus  in  its  form,  but  the 
palpi  and  tarsi  are  those  of  this  genus.  The  prosternum  is  ciliate  with  long 
hairs  behind,  which  projecting  over  the  mesosternum  cause  the  latter  to  appear 
sulcate. 

7.  0.  api  calls,  oblongo-ovatus  convexus,  supra  nigro-piceus,  ore,  thorace 
ad  latera,  elytrisque  ad  latera  et  postice  indeterminate  piceo-testaceis ;  subtus, 
pedibus  antennisque  testaceis.     Long.  -07. — -09. 

Lee.  Agassiz'  Lake  Superior,  222. 
Phalacrus  apicalis  Mels.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2,  102. 

Middle  and  Southern  States  and  Lake  Superior.  Varies  considerably  in  size 
and  depth  of  coloring. 

8.  0.  a  qua  tills,  subovalis  convexus,  supra  testaceo-piceus,  medio  obscuriore, 
subtus  cum  antennis  pedibusque  testaceus.     Long.  -08. 

San  Jose,  California,  near  water.  More  regularly  oval  than  0.  apicalis, 
and  narrower  than  0.  obtusus. 

9.  0.  nitidus,  rotundatus  subovatus  convexus,  rufo-testaceus  nitidus,  ely- 
tris  Ifevibus  stria  suturali  (sicut  in  prpecedentibus)  impunctata.     Long.  -04. 

Phalacrus  nitidus  Mels.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2,  102. 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  common. 

10.  0.  pusillus,  supra  nigro-piceus,  ad  latera  indeterminate  rufo-piceus» 
oblongo-ovatus  convexus,  nitidus,  elytris  stria  suturali  antice  punctata,  punctis- 
que  seriebus  duabus  vel  tribus  utrinque  abbreviatis  parum  distinctis,  subtus 
cum  antennis  pedibusque  testaceus  pectore  obscuriore.     Long.  -04. 

Middle  and  Southern  States.  Narrower  than  0.  nitidus,  and  very  easily 
distinguished  by  the  two  or  three  rows  of  punctures  reaching  near  the  base  or 
tip. 

LiTOCHRUS  Er. 

Palpi  m'Etrxillares  articulo  ultimo  cylindrico ;  tibiae  tenues,  calcaribus  apica- 
libus  conspicuis  ;  tarsi  postici  reliquis  longiores,  articulo  primo  elongato  ;  femora 
hand  ciliata. 

L.  p  u  1  c  h  e  1 1  u  s  ,  oblongo-ovatus  convexus,  supra  piceus  nitidus,  thoracis 
elytrorumque  lateribus,  macula  obliqua  antica  alteraque  posteriore  maxima,  ore 
antennis  pedibus,  corporeque  subtus  la;te  rufo-testaceis,  elytris  striis  internis 
duabus  tenuibus  postice  confluentibus.     Long.  -06. 

One  specimen  from  Louisiana,  liberally  given  me  by  Mr.  Guex.  A  very  beauti- 
ful little  species.  The  elytra  have  only  two  very  fine  internal  striae,  which  unite 
about  one  fourth  from  the  apex.  The  anterior  spot  is  oblique,  the  posterior  one 
is  larger  and  rounded. 

Litochrus  brunnipennis,  Mann.  Bull.  Mosc.  1852,  369 ;  from  Sitkha  is  ac- 
cording to  a  specimen  sent  me  by  Baron  Chaudoir,  a  species  of  Agathidium. 

Phalacrus  pallipes,  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  4,  90,  from  Kansas  is  un- 
known to  me.  It  is  a  species  of  Olibrus,  of  the  first  division ;  it  is  described  as 
not  quite  one  tenth  of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  the  antennae,  feet  and  palpi 
testaceous. 

2 


18  [February, 


Note  on  the  genus  Lithodus  Schonherr. 
By  JooN  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. 

On  examiaing  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  of  this  curious  genus,  pro- 
cured by  me  several  years  ago,  in  the  valley  of  the  Platte  River,  it  became  evi- 
dent at  once  that  several  species  existed ;  from  the  close  resemblance  in  color, 
form  and  sculpture,  it  seemed  to  be  a  matter  of  difficulty  to  separate  them,  and 
I  proposed  to  leave  them  until  time  and  inclination  would  induce  some  entomo- 
logist to  labor  upon  a  monograph  of  our  native  Curculionid<e ;  such  time  being, 
however,  apparently  remote,  and  desiring  to  make  use  of  the  names  of  these 
objects  in  other  investigations,  I  have  thought  it  desirable  to  make  them  known. 

The  species  are  all  of  a  dull  black  color  without  lustre,  and  covered,  when 
alive,  with  a  crust  of  dirty  brown  matter ;  the  surface  is  thinly  clothed  with  very 
short  yellowish  bristles,  which  proceed  from  punctures ;  the  punctures  of  the 
head  are  small,  and  the  front  is  deeply  sulcate :  the  rostrum  is  shorter  than  the 
head,  flat,  slightly  narrowed  in  front,  with  the  mandibles  distinct.  The  thorax 
is  longer  than  wide,  uneven,  very  coarsely  punctured,  rounded  on  the  sides  and 
narrowed  somewhat  rapidly  in  front,  (except  in  L.  longior) ;  the  disc  has  four 
%ague  impressions,  and  sometimes  a  slight  dorsal  channel:  the  part  near  the  apex 
is  transversely  elevated,  but  more  so  in  some  species  than  in  otjhers ;  the  sides 
are  transversely  impressed  near  the  apex. 

The  elytra  are  convex,  connate,  declivous  and  somewhat  pointed  behind,  emar- 
ginate  at  base,  with  the  humeral  angles  variously  prolonged  and  embracing  the 
base  of  the  thorax :  they  have  rows  of  large  irregular  foveae,  and  the  interstices 
are  alternately  more  elevated :  between  the  foveae  may  be  seen  a  few  elevated 
punctures.  The  legs  are  feeble,  the  tarsi  are  not  dilated,  and  the  pectoral  ex- 
cavation does  not  reach  the  anterior  coxae. 

1.  L.  h  u  m  eralis  ,  thorace  fortius  inaequali,  ad  apicem  fortiter  ti-ansversim 
elevato ;  elytris  humeris  valde  productis,  ad  thoracis  tertiam  partem  extenden- 
tibus,  extrorsum  curvatis.     Long.  -33. 

Germ,  in  Schonherr,  Cure.  2,  420 ;  6,  2,  390. 
Brachycerus  humeralis  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  5,  254. 
Thecestermis  humeralis  Say,  Cure.  8. 

The  humeral  angles  are  much  longer  than  in  any  of  the  others,  and  very  dis- 
tinctly bent  outwards. 

2.  L.  r  e  c  t  u  s ,  thorace  fortius  inaequali,  ad  apicem  fortiter  transversim  elevato ; 
elytris  humeris  valde  productis,  ad  thoracis  quartam  partem  extendentibus  por- 
rectis.     Long.  -35. 

One  specimen.  The  thorax  is  as  strongly  impressed,  and  as  much  elevated  at 
the  base  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  humeral  angles  are  less  prolonged,  and  not 
curved  outwards. 

3.  L.  af finis,  thorace  minus  inaequali,  ad  apicem  modice  transversim  ele- 
vato, in  latera  minus  profunde  impresso  ;  elytris  humeris  breviter  recte  productis. 
Long.  -35. 

Differs  from  the  next  by  the  less  strongly  impressed  and  less  deeply  punctured 
thorax. 

4.  L.  r  u  d  i  s  ,  thorace  valde  cribroso,  inaequali,  ad  apicem  magis  transversim 
elevato,  in  latera  fortius  impresso,  elytris  (saepe  tomento  variegatis)  humeris 
breviter  recte  productis.     Long.  -31. — -35. 

The  thorax  is  more  strongly  and  densely  punctured  than  in  the  others,  and  the 
small  elevations  between  the  impressed  foveae  of  the  elytra  are  usually  more 
distinct. 

5.  L.  erosus,  thorace  minus  inaequali  ad  apicem  paulo  transversim  elevato, 
Ln  latera  minus  profunde  impresso;  elytris  humeris  breviter  recte  productis. 
Lon^.  '25, 


1856.]  19 

Resembles  L.  affinis,  but  is  only  one  third  the  size;  the  impressions  of  the 
elytra  are  also  more  irregularly  distributed,  and  their  sides  are  more  rounded. 

6.  L.  1  o  n  g  i  0  r ,  magis  elongatus,  thorace  iuEequali,  in  latera  fortius  impress© 
eljtris  humeris  paulo  productis.     Long.  '23. 

Narrower  than  any  of  the  others :  thorax  one  third  longer  than  wide,  very 
gradually  narrowed  at  base  and  tip,  with  the  four  dorsal  impressions,  and  the 
lateral  ones  well  marked.  Elytra  only  moderately  emarginate  at  base,  with  the 
humeri  only  slightly  produced,  and  somewhat  acute. 

7.  L.  morbiilosus,  thorace  iniequali,  in  latera  minus  profunde  impresso, 
ad  apicem  transversim  paulo  elevato,  elytris  humeris  parum  productis.  Long. 
•25.— -3. 

Resembles  in  form  and  characters  L.  affinis  and  L.  erosus;  it  is  inter- 
mediate in  size,  but  the  humeral  angles  are  less  prolonged,  being,  in  fact,  but 
slightly  produced,  and  subacute. 

These  species  occur  under  dried  buffalo  excrement  in  the  desert  region  along 
the  valleys  of  the  Platte  and  Arkansas  river :  and  are  sometimes  very  abundant. 


Notice  of  three  genera  of  Scarab^id^  found  in  the  United^  States. 
By  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D 

On  account  of  the  great  resemblance  in  appearance  betwet,s  species  of  different 
genera  among  several  of  the  tribes  of  Scarabteidae,  much  confusion  has  resulted 
from  the  effort  to  place  our  species  properly.  This  has  perhaps  been  particu- 
larly the  case  with  our  smaller  Dynastidae.  Eight  species  were  placed  by  me  in 
the  genus  Bothynus,  and  the  species  known  to  Burmeister  were  placed  by  that 
author  in  Podalgus  and  Heteronychus.  A  more  careful  examination  convinced 
him  that  the  reference  to  the  former  of  these  two  genera  was  incorrect,  and 
peculiarities  in  the  stridulating  organs  required  the  construction  of  a  new  genus, 
Ligyrus  Burm.  (Lamell.  3,542.)  Although  Heteronychus  relict  us  is  not 
mentioned,  it  also  belongs  to  this  genus,  which  comprises  all  the  species  from 
the  United  States  known  Ao  Burmeister,  except  his  Podalgus  obesus  (Bothynus 
castaneus  Mels.) 

The  genus  Ligyrus  possesses  a  small  elliptical  plate  of  stridulating  surface  on 
the  inner  surface  of  the  elytra,  near  the  outer  and  posterior  margin ;  the  mandi- 
bles are  strongly  dentate  externally,  and  the  outer  lobe  of  the  rnaxillaB  are  toothed 
at  the  tip. 

In  the  third  volume  of  Prof.  Lacordaire's  admirable  work  on  the  genera  of 
Coleoptera,  these  genera  are  carefully  divided  into  groups, with  the  characters  sub- 
ordinated ;  and  in  one  of  the  valuable  notes  he  indicates  the  existence  of  a  genus 
not  recognized  by  Burmeister,  and  distinguished  by  having  no  organs  of  stridu- 
lation.  No  name  was  suggested,  as  the  scope  of  Lacordaire's  book  permitted  the 
introduction  of  no  new  materials  ;  but,  as  I  find  myself  under  the  necessity  of 
referring  to  the  species  in  some  catalogues  now  preparing  for  publication,  I  have 
been  obliged  again  to  review  those  referred  by  me  to  Bothynus,  and  now  present 
the  results,  with  the  addition  of  two  other  remarkable  genera. 

LiGYR0s  Burm. 

As  the  inner  surface  of  the  elytra  cannot  always  be  conveniently  examined, 
the  following  characters  may  be  used  to  recognize  the  species  of  this  genus. 
The  mandibles  are  strongly  toothed  externally;  the  clypeus  is  only  narrowly 
margined,  furnished  usually  with  two  small  upright  teeth  at  the  apex  ;  the  front 
is  always  transversely  carinated,  but  the  carina  does  not  reach  the  sides  of  the 
head.  The  species  may  be  divided  into  two  groups,  and  the  first  may  again  be 
subdivided  according  as  the  clypeus  has  one  or  two  apical  teeth. 


20  [February, 

1.  Thorax  with' an  anterior  fovea  and  acute  tubercle  ;   anterior  tibiae  tridentate. 

A.  Clypeus  bidentate  at  tip, 

1.  L.  m  0  r  i  0,  oblongus,  postice  paulo  latior,  subtus  ferrugineus,  supra  picens 
vel  ferrugineus,  capita  traneversim  requaliter  carinato,  thorace  parce  punctate, 
lateribus  subangulatis,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  pygidio  vix  punctato ;  (maxii- 
larum  galea  bidentata.)     Long.  "53 — -6. 

Bothynus  morio  Lec.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d  ser.  1,  87. 

Middle  States,  not  rare.  Differs  from  the  next  by  the  less  deep  punctures  of 
the  elytra,  by  the  less  dense  and  less  coarse  punctures  of  the  thorax,  and  the 
more  distinctly  angulated  sides  of  the  latter,  and  by  the  pygidium  being  hardly 
punctured.     The  body  is  also  more  elongated  and  less  dilated  posteriorly. 

2.  L.  gi  bb  OS  u  s,  oblongus,  postice  latior,  subtus  ferrugineus,  supra  picens 
vel  ferrugineus,  capite  transversim  carinato,  rugoso  opaco,  thorace  parce  fortius 
punctato,  lateribus  vix  angulatis,  elytris  ssepissime  fortius  punctato-striatis, 
pygidio  parce  punctato;  (maxillarum  galea  bidentata.)     Long.  -48 — "67. 

Scarabceus  ffibbosusDe  Ueer,  4,  322  ;  tab.  19,  fig.  7. 

Podalgus  variolosus  Burm.  Lamell.  3,  12]. 

Ligyrus  variolosus  Burm.  Lamell.  3,  542. 

Var.  Elytrus  minus  profunde  punctato-striatis,  seriebus  internisfere  obliteratis. 

Bothynus  obsoletus  Lec.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d  ser.  1,  87. 

Our  most  common  species;  found  from  Massachusetts  to  Texas,  and  west- 
wardly  to  Santa  Fe,  Colorado  River  and  Oregon.  The  specimens  from  Califor- 
nia, Oregon  and  Texas  differ  in  having  the  sides  of  the  thorax  more  regularly 
rounded,  and  in  the  Californian  and  Oregon  specimens  the  inner  striaj  of  the 
elytra  are  frequently  almost  obliterated,  and  the  thorax  scarcely  foveate.  From 
the  locality  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  De  Geer's  species,  with  the  de- 
scription of  which  it  corresponds.  The  differences  between  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding have  been  already  mentioned  ;  from  the  next  it  differs  (apart  from  the 
maxillaB)  by  the  less  deep  punctures  of  the  elytra,  and  by  the  rugosely  punc- 
tured and  almost  opake  clypeus. 

3.  L.  j  u  V  e  no  u  s,  ferrugineus,  supra  et  subtus  concolor,  postice  dilatatu?, 
capite  transversim  carinato,  antice  fere  ]a;vi,  thorace  grossius  minus  dense  punc- 
tato, lateribus  rotundatis,  elytris  fortiter  punctato-striatis,  pygidio  parcius  punc- 
tato ;  (miAxiUarum  galea  tridentata.)     Long.  -53 — -6. 

7  Li/gerus  juvencu3  Bnrm.  Lamell.  3,  542. 

IFodalgusJuvencusBnrm.  ibid.  3,  121. 

?  Geotrupes  juvencus  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  emend.  1,  32  ;  Syst.  EI.  1,  20. 

?  ScarabcBUs  juvencus  Oliv.  Ent.  3,  45,  tab.  8,  fig.  66,  and  tab.  16,  fig.  143. 

Bothynus  neglectus  Lec.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d  ser.  I,  87. 

Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  common.  The  description  of  the  clypeus  "  finely 
wrinkled,  bidentate,  the  frontal  suture  elevated,  abbreviated  at  the  sides,  slightly 
emarginate  in  the  middle,"  given  by  Burmeister,  leaves  a  doubt  in  my  mind 
whether  our  species  are  really  identical.  The  clypeus  in  mine  is  nearly  smooth, 
and  the  frontal  carina  is  in  no  respect  different  from  that  of  the  two  preceding 
species.  The  references  to  Fabricius  and  Olivier  are  acknowledged  by  Burmeister 
to  be  doubtful,  and  it  must  be  a  matter  of  regret  that  the  name  was  not  allowed 
to  become  obsolete. 

B.  Clypeus  at  tip,  with  only  a  single  elevated  tooth. 

4.  L.  r  u  g  i  n  a  s  u  s,  ferrugineus,  supra  et  subtua  concolor,  postice  paulo  latior 
capite  rugose  punctato,  ad  apicem  acumine  unico  mucronato,  transversim  leviter 
carinato,  thorace  minus  dense  punctato,  lateribus  rotundatis  fovea  antica  rugosa, 
elytris  regulariter  sat  fortiter  punctato-striatis,  pygidio  vix  punctulato,  (maxil- 
larum galea  tridentata.)     Long.  •65, 

One  specimen  found  at  Ringgold  Barracks,  Texas,  by  Lieut.  Haldeman.  In 
form  and  sculpture  cf  the  head  and  thorax  this  species  exactly  resembles  L. 


1866.]  21 

g  i  b  b  0  s  u  a,  but  the  apical  tooth  of  the  clypeus  is  central,  and  therefore  is  not 
produced  by  wearing  from  a  bidentate  form  ;  the  transverse  carina  is  less  ele- 
vated. On  the  elytra  the  rows  of  punctures  are  somewhat  more  regular  and 
smaller  than  in  the  specimens  from  the  Atlantic  States.  The  fovea  behind  the 
anterior  acute  tubercle  of  the  thorax  is  rounded  and  densely  rugous,  while  in  all 
the  species  of  division  A  it  is  polished.  The  maxillae  are  distinctly  visible  in  the 
specimen,  and  their  galea  is  obviously  tridentate  at  tip.  The  form  of  the  stridu- 
lating  organs  and  the  sculpture  of  the  propygidium  is  precisely  as  in  the  other 
species. 

2.  Thorax  without  anterior  fovea  and  acute  tubercle  ;   anterior  tibiae 

8ub-4-dentate. 

5.  L.  rel  ictu  s,  nigro-piceus  oblongus,  capite  leviter  rugose  punctato,  cly- 
peo  antice  bidentato,  transversim  carinato,  carina  medio  interrupta,  tborace 
parce  punctato,  lateribus  rotundato,  elytris  linea  suturali,  alterisque  8  punctatis 
per  paria  approximatis,  interstitiis  alternis  punctis  plus  minusve  confusis  notatis, 
pygidio  parce  punctato,  ad  basin  subtililer  rugoso.     Long.  -7 — '9. 

Scarabcem  relictus  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  5,  194, 

Heteronychus  relictus  Burm.  Lamell.  3,  92. 

Bolhynus  relictus  Lee.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d  ser.  1,  87. 

Middle  and  Southern  States,  and  Kansas  as  far  as  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  those 
from  the  latter  locality  are  smaller  than  those  found  in  Pennsylvania.  Slight 
differences  are  observed  in  form  in  this  species  ;  females  occur  usually  of  a  regu- 
lar oblong  form  like  the  males,  but  occasionally  they  are  quite  considerably 
ovate. 

In  the  other  species  of  the  genus  I  have  been  able  to  detect  no  sexual  differ- 
ences ;  here,  however,  the  inner  claw  of  the  anterior  tarsi  of  the  male  is  thick- 
ened, dilated  and  suddenly  curved. 

L.  r  u  g  i  c  e  p  s,  oblongus,  nigro-piceus,  capite  valde  rugose  punctato,  clypeo 
antice  bidentato,  transversim  carinato,  carina  medio  interrupta,  thorace  parce 
punctato,  lateribus  rotundatis,  elytris  punctis  densioribus  sicut  in  priore  insculp- 
tis.     Long.  -55. 

Two  specimens  without  any  abdomen,  from  Georgia.  Very  closely  resembles 
the  preceding  in  form  and  sculpture,  but  the  size  is  so  different  that  I  cannot 
consider  them  as  the  same  species.  The  only  specific  differences  I  can  find, 
however,  are  the  more  strongly  rugose  head  and  more  densely  punctured  elytra. 

Aphonds  Lee. 

This  genus  contains  species  agreeing  with  Ligyrus  in  every  respect,  except 
that  the  elytra  on  the  inner  surface  are  not  furnished  with  stridulating  plates, 
and  the  mandibles  are  not  dentate  externally  ;  to  avoid,  however,  the  necessity 
of  raising  the  elytra,  recourse  may  be  had  to  the  structure  of  the  head,  which  is 
narrowly  margined,  hardly  transversely  carinate  just  b-efore  the  eyes,  but  at 
most  furnished  with  a  slight  tubercle  ;  the  tip  of  the  clypeus  is  varied  in  form  ; 
in  the  first  division  the  tip  itself  is  elevated,  and  immediately  behind  it  is  a  sharp 
transverse  elevated  line,  which  is  either  uniform  or  tridentate.  In  the  second 
division  the  tip  is  rounded,  and  the  elevated  line  is  strongly  bidentate. 

The  species  of  the  first  division  are  of  a  very  short  ovate  convex  form  ;  the 
mandibles  are  not  prominent,  the  antennae  are  10-jointed,  the  6th  and  7th  joints 
■wider  than  the  preceding  ones  ;  the  one  forming  the  second  division  is,  however, 
only  moderately  dilated  behind,  the  mandibles  are  more  prominent,  and  the  fifth 
and  sixth  joints  of  the  antennae  are  of  the  same  size  and  closely  united. 

I.  Thorax  not  foveate  near  the  apex, 

A.  Pygidium  moderately  convex  ;  last  abdominal  segment  hardly  finely  margined, 

1.  A.  p  y  rif  o  rm  i  s,  breviterovatus,  obscure  ferrugineus,  capite  confertim  ru- 
goso, vertice  medio  obsolete  tuberculato,  fronte  ad  apicem  truncata,  mox  pone 


22  [Febrtjary, 

apicem  alte  et  paulo  concave  transversim  reflexa,  thorace  lateribus  rotundatis, 
punctato,  parciu3  in  disco  pone  medium,  elytris  sat  grosse  punctato-striatis, 
P)gidio  piinctulato,  parcius  ad  apicem.     Long.  '67. 

Bolhynus  pyriform.rs  Lee.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d  ser,  1,  88. 

Found  near  the  forks  of  the  Platte  River.  I  observed  in  the  collection  of  Capt. 
Wilkes'  Exploring  Expedition  a  specimen  from  Oregon,  that  I  referred  to  this 
species,  but  as  I  have  not  now  an  opportunity  of  re-examining  it,  I  cannot 
answer  for  the  correctness  of  the  reference.  The  sides  of  the  head  are  extremely 
narrowly  margined. 

B.  Pygidium  very  convex,  last  abdominal  segment  with  a  very  strong  line  near 

the  margin. 

2.  A.  tridentatus,  ovatus,  piceus,  subtus  obscure  ferrugineus,  capite  dense 
rugoso  tenuiter  marginato,  fronte  ad  apicem  emarginata  et  medio  submucronata, 
mox  pone  apicem  alte  transversim  reflexo  tridentato,  thorace  lateribus  rotunda- 
tis,  punctato,  parcius  in  disco  pone  medium,  elytris  grosse  punctato-striatis, 
pygidio  subtilissime  punctulato,  abdominis  segmento  ventrali  ultimo  linea  mar- 
ginali  insculpto.     Long.  •64. 

Scarabceus  tridentatus  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  3,  209. 

Uothynus  tridentatus  Lee.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d  ser.  1,  88, 

One  specimen  found  by  me  near  Long's  Peak  ;  another  from  Missouri  was 

given  me  by  Prof.  Agassiz.     Both  are  females,  and  have  the  marginal  line  of 

iht;  last  abdominal  segment  sinuate  at  the  middle. 

3.  A.  f  r  a  t  e  r,  nigro-piceus,  subtus  nigro-ferrugineus,  capite  rugoso  tenuiter 
marginato,  in  vertice  obsolete  elevato,  clj'peo  ad  apicem  emarginato  et  mucronato, 
mox  pone  apicem  linea  transversa  elevata  tridentata,  thorace  lateribus  rotunda- 
tis,  punctato,  parcius  in  disco  pone  medium,  elytris  rarius  punctato-striatis, 
pygidio  punctulato,  versus  apicem  parce  punctato,  abdominis  segmento  ultimo 
ventrali  linea  marginali  insculpto.     Long.  -65. 

One  male  found  in  New  Jersey,  given  me  by  Mr.  Guex.  Differs  from  A.  triden- 
tatus only  by  the  pygidium  being  nearly  smooth  at  the  tip,  with  a  few  distinct 
punctures,  and  by  the  punctures  of  the  elytra  being  smaller  and  the  striae  less 
numerous  ;  this  is  produced  by  the  absence  of  the  rows  between  the  alternate 
stria^ ;  these  intermediate  rows  are  usually  known  by  being  slightly  irregular. 
From  the  next  species  it  differs  by  this  character,  as  well  as  by  the  color  and 
shape. 

4.  A.  h  y  d  r  o  p  i  c  u  s,  breviter  ovatus,  ferrugineus,  capite  rugoso  fortius  mar- 
ginato in  vertice  obsolete  elerato,  clypeo  ad  apicem  emarginato  et  mucronato, 
mox  pone  apicem  linea  transversa  elevata  tridentata,  thorace  lateribus  rotunda- 
lis,  punctato,  parcius  in  disco  pone  medium,  elytris  fortiter  punctato-striatis, 
pygidio  parce  subtiliter  punctato,  ad  basin  dense  punctulato,  abdominis  seg- 
mento uliimu  ventrali  linea  marginali  insculpto.     Long.  -ST. 

Bothynvs  vnriolosus\\  Lee.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2d.  ser.  1,  88. 

Georgia,  not  rare.  Much  more  dilated  behind  than  the  two  preceding,  with 
the  punctures  of  the  elytra  large  and  the  rows  numerous.  The  pygidium  of  the 
female  is  much  more  convex  than  that  of  the  male,  and  the  submarginal  line  of 
the  last  ventral  segment  is  sinuous  in  the  middle,  while  in  the  male  it  is  uni- 
formly curved. 

5.  A.  castaneus,  breviter  ovatus,  ferrugineus,  capite  rugoso  fortius  mar- 
ginato, vertice  vix  elevato,  clypeo  ad  apicem  emarginato  et  acute  mucronato, 
mox  pone  apicem  linea  transversa  elevata  tridentata  (dente  medio  minore,) 
thorace  parcius  punctato,  elytris  fortiter  punctato-striatis,  pygidio  parce  subti- 
liter punctato,  ad  basin  punctulato,  abdominis  segmento  ultimo  ventrali  linea 
submarginali  inculpto.     Long.  -45. 

Bolhynus  castaneus  Mels.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  2,  138. 
Podalgus  obesus  Burm.  Lamell.  3,  119. 


1856.]  23 

Middle  and  Southern  States.  Of^the  same  form  as  the  precedinoj,  but  only 
one-third  the  size,  with  the  thorax  less  punctured,  and  the  alternate  striie  of  the 
elytra  arranged  in  pairs  and  composed  of  smaller  punctures  than  in  A.  hydro- 
picus.     The  sexual  differences  are  as  in  H.  hydropicus. 

II.  Thorax  at  the  apex  submucronate  and  slightly  foveate, 

6.  A.  c  1  u  n  a  1  i  s,  oblongus,  convexus,  piceo-castaneus,  postice  parum  dilatatus, 
capite  dense  rugose  punctato,  tenuissime  marginato,  clypeo  ad  apicem  rotundato 
submucronato,  mox  pone  apicem  linea  valde  elevata  bidentata  armato,  sutura 
frontali  distincta  emarginata,  medio  tuberculo  parvo  notata,  thorace  lateribus 
valde  rotundatis,  subtilius  punctato,  disco  versus  basin  sublaevi,  ante  apicem 
fovea  parva  punctata  notato,  et  in  apicem  brevissime  mucronato,  elytris  punc- 
tato-striatis,  punctis  externis  minoribus  confusis,  propygidio  subtilius  punctato, 
ad  apicem  laevi,  pygidio  lasvigato  modice  convexo;  abdominis  segmentis  singulo 
serie  transversa  grosse  punctato,  ultimo  tenuiter  marginato,  (maxillarum  galea 
bidentata.)     Long.  -95. 

One  specimen  found  by  Dr.  Thos.  H.  Webb,  of  the  Boundary  Commission,  and 
probably  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila.  This  species  differs  so  much  from  the  other 
species  of  the  genus,  that  it  can  hardly  be  associated  with  them  ;  I  have,  how- 
ever, failed  to  discover  any  better  place  for  it,  and  do  not  desire  at  present  to 
increase  the  number  of  genera.  Although  the  propygidium  is  somewhat  rough 
with  punctures,  I  do  not  perceive  any  transverse  rugae,  such  as  indicate  the 
organs  of  stridulation  in  other  genera.  The  hind  tibiae  are  thicker  than  usual, 
and  the  transverse  crest  at  the  middle  is  prolonged  externally  into  an  acute  tooth  ; 
it  does  not,  however,  agree  with  any  of  the  genera  of  Pimelopides  described  by 
Lacordaire,  and  seems  rather  to  belong  to  the  division  Pentodontides. 

PoLYMCEcHua  Lec. 

Clypeus  trilobatus,  lobis  rotundatis,  margine  fortiter  reflexo,  ad  apicem  denti- 
bus  duobus  parvis  erectis  armato,  fronte  utrinque  transversim  carinata,  carinig 
margine  adnexis  ;  oculi  valde  incisi ;  mandibulse  extrorsum  baud  dentatse,  ad 
apicem  acutae  et  sursum  productaj ;  palpi  articulo  ultimo  subcylindrico;  (max- 
illge  baud  vifse  ;)  antennae  10-articulatae,  clava  triphylla,  feminje  reliqua  parte 
paulo,  maris  sesqui  longiore ;  in  hoc  sexu  articulis  funiculi  externis  crassioribus 
compressis.  Prosternum  pone  coxas  hand  prominulum.  Pedes  breves,  crassi, 
tibiae  femoribus  baud  longiores,  anticfe  ultra  medium  tridentatse,  dentibus  ap- 
proximatis  ;  intermedise  et  posticte  ultra  medium  extrorsum  emarginatiB  et  uni- 
coronata^  ;  ad  apicem  vix  ciliatas,  angulo  externo  paulo  producto;  tarsi  tibiis 
baud  longiores,  articulis  1 — 4  asqualibus  parce  setosis,  posteriores  articulo  Imo 
hand  elevato,  4to  vero  subtus  longe  acuminato  ;  5to  omnium  longiore,  unguiculis 
anticis  sexus  utriusqae  simplicibus,  posterioribus  feminre  simplicibus,  maris  ex- 
ternis ad  medium  fortiter  dentatis,  dente  ungue  ipso  vix  breviore.  Podex  biar- 
ticulatus  nudus. 

A  very  remarkable  genus  of  regularly  oblong  oval  form,  and  not  furnished 
with  stridulating  organs.  Its  characters  approach  those  of  Pachylus,  from  which, 
however,  it  is  quite  distinct.  Professor  Lacordaire,  to  whom  I  sent  a  specimen 
submitted  it  to  a  careful  examination,  and  from  his  letter  I  translate  the  follow- 
ing extract,  convinced  that  the  opinion  of  my  most  learned  friend,  who  has 
examined  aearly  all  the  genera  of  this  family,  will  be  of  more  service  to  the  stu- 
dent than  any  thing  I  could  say  :  "  The  Lamellicorn  which  you  have  sent  is 
very  remarkable,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  regarding  its  place  in  the  entomo- 
logical series.  It  is  a  genuine  Dynastide,  as  is  proved  by  the  last  abdominal  stig- 
mata diverging  strongly,  and  by  the  form  of  the  mentum,  the  mandibles  and  the 
clypeus  ;  but  it  is  related  to  the  Melolonthides  by  the  form  of  the  head,  the  eyes, 
the  antenuiie  and  the  tarsi.  Its  facies  is  at  once  that  of  certain  species  of  both 
groups.  In  short,  it  is  a  completely  new  form,  intermediate  between  the  two 
groups  mentioned,  and    you  can  without  fear    found  upon  it  a  new  genus, 


24  [February, 

which  ought,  in  my  opinion,  be  placed   among  the  Cyclocephalides,  along  side 
of  Pachylus,  which  is  also  a  very  anomalous  genus. 

P.  brevipes,  nigro-piceus,  vel  obscure  castaneus,  oblongus,  convexus, 
capite  rugose  punctato,  clypeo  ad  apicem  bidentato,  fronte  utrinque  transversim 
carinata,  margine  reflexo,  thorace  lateribus  rotundatis,  confertim  punctato,  parce 
autem  in  disco  pone  medium,  elytris  punctato-striatis,  punctis  versus  suturam 
confusis,  podice  punctato ;  abdomine  coxisque  posticis  confertim  aciculatis. 
Long.  -63— -7. 

Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Missouri ;  rare.  Larger,  more  convex  and  more 
regularly  oblong  than  Ligyrus  variolosus.  The  outer  stria  of  punctures  are 
almost  entirely  regular,  while  those  next  the  suture  are  confused,  especially  to- 
wards the  base.  The  eyes  of  the  male  are  larger  and  more  prominent  than  those 
of  the  female. 

Pleocoma  Lee. 

Clypeus  (labrum?)  prolongatus,  antice  angustatus  acute  rotundatus,  pone 
apicem  cornu  transverso  erecto  furcato  armatus  ;  caput  ante  oculos  acute  extror- 
sum  angulatum,  vertice  inter  oculos  cornu  brevi  erecto  armatum  ;  oculi  magni 
vix  emarginati.  Antennae  11-articulatas,  articulo  2ndo  sequentibus  crassiore  ; 
3io  paulo  elougato,  4  et  5to  sequalibus,  6to  paulo  dilatato  ;  7mo  adbuc  duplo 
latiore,  8 — 11  lamellatis,  valde  elongatis  a^qualibus.  Mandibula?,  maxillteque 
baud  visffi,  palpi  tenues.  Thorax  latus  antrorsum  angustatus  parum  convexus, 
disco  antice  declivi  subdeplanato.  Elytra  parum  convexa  postice  late  rotundata. 
Prosternum  baud  prominulum.  Tibiae  anticse  elongate  7-dentatffi,  dentibus 
supernis  tribus  minutis,  4  mediocri,  5 — 7magnis;  posteriores  elongata3  parum 
incrassataj,  extrorsum  ultra  medium  emarginatas  et  ad  medium  unidentata;,  ad 
apicem  oblique  truncatae,  ciliata;,  angulo  externo  parum  producto  ;  tarsi  (inter- 
medii)  tenues,  tibia  longiores,  articulis  1 — 4  aequalibus,  5to  praecedente  duplo 
longiore,  unguibus  simplicibus,  paranychia  angusta  bisetosa.  Corpus  subtus. 
OS  pedes  elytraque  ad  marginem  longe  fulvo-pilosa. 

A  very  remarkable  insect,  apparently  belonging  to  the  Dynastidae,  but  differing 
from  all  the  described  genera  of  that  tribe  by  the  11-jointed  antenna?  having  a 
four-jointed  club;  the  7th  joint  might  almost  be  considered  as  belonging  to  the 
club,  but  is  only  half  the  length  of  the  four  following.  The  very  long  hairs 
fringing  the  body  give  a  strong  resemblance  in  appearance  to  Syrichthus.  The 
anterior  tibiae  are  somewhat  as  in  Athyreus  ferrugineus  and  other  Geotrupides, 
but  the  teeth  are  more  unequal  ;  the  anteocular  lateral  horns  are  seen  also  in 
that  species;  the  eyes  are  very  large,  and  contract  the  mouth  so  much  beneath 
that  the  maxillae  and  mandibles  are  invisible,  or  have  been  destroyed  by  insects  ; 
the  thick  hair  also  prevents  me  from  seeing  the  form  of  the  mentum.  The  form 
of  the  prosternum  is  the  same  as  in  Athyreus  ;  the  anterior  femora  are  very 
densely  clothed  with  hair  on  the  anterior  surface.  The  anterior  and  posterior 
tarsi  and  abdomen  are  unfortunately  destroyed  ;  the  middle  tarsi  are  exactly  as 
in  Athyreus.  Doubt  must  therefore  be  entertained  whether  this  genus  should 
be  placed  with  the  Dynastidae  or  Geotrupid*  ;  the  form  of  the  antennae  is  equally 
repugnant  to  each,  while  the  irregular  puncturing  of  the  elytra  finds  no  parallel 
in  the  latter  tr.be. 

I  find  it  impossible  to  determine  whether  the  projecting  part  of  the  head 
beyond  the  anterior  horn  is  a  clypeus  or  labrum  ;  there  is  a  slight  appearance  of 
a  suture,  but  I  am  not  certain  of  its  existence  ;  the  part  in  question  is  longer 
than  wide,  gradually  narrowed  in  front  and  acutely  narrowed  at  tip. 

P.  fimbriata,  latiuscula,  ovalis  parum  convexa,  nigra  nitida  supra  glabra, 
capite  inter  cornua  excavato  laevi,  occipite  subtiliter  rugose  punctato,  thorace 
latitudine  fere  triplo  breviore  antrorsum  valde  angustato,  lateribus  rotundatis 
parce  punctulato,  antice  modice  declivi,  elytris  stria  suturali,  alterisque  8  per 
paria  approximatis  parum  distinctis  punctatis,  interstitiis  sat  dense  punctatis, 
margine  et  subtus  dense  et  longe  fulvo-villosa.     Long.  1-05. 

A  specimen  found  in  California  by  Dr.  A.  H.  Heermann  was  given  by  him  to 


1856.]  25 

Prof.  Haldeman,  and  by  the  latter  most  liberally  placed  in  my  collection.  It  is, 
unfortunately,  in  a  very  bad  state  of  preservation,  but  the  remarkable  characters 
will  enable  it  to  be  readily  identified  when  it  again  occurs.  Mr.  Motschulsky 
informed  me,  when  in  this  country,  that  he  had  seen  at  the  Imperial  Museum  of 
St.  Petersburg,  specimens  of  the  same  insect,  which  had  been  collected  in  Cali- 
fornia. He  regarded  it  as  allied  to  Ceratophyus  Fischer,  (a  division  of  Geo- 
trupes). 


Analytical  table  of  the  species  of  Chl^nius  found  in  the  United  States. 
By  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. 

The  close  relationship  existing  between  several  of  our  species  of  Chlasnius, 
and  the  fact  that  many  species  have  been  described  under  more  than  one  name, 
induces  me  to  believe  that  an  analytical  table  by  which  the  species,  which  are 
really  distinct,  may  be  readily  recognized,  will  be  of  service  to  the  students  of 
the  entomology  of  the  United  States.     They  may  be  thus  arranged  : 

A.  Caput  punctatum;  antennis  articulo  3io  longiore;  pedes  rufo-testacei. 

A.  Thorax  convexus,  grosse  punctatus,  subcordatus. 

•45,  supra  cyaneus,elytris  macula  magna  apicali  flavo.    1.  C.  posticus  Lee. 
(•6,  supra  violaceus,  elytris  nigris,  2.C.viridifrons^scA. 

•58,  supra  totus  viridis  3.  C.  patruelis  Lee. 

B.  Thorax  planiusculus,  sequaliter  dense  punctatus: 

a.  supra  bicolores  ; 
thorax  postice  subangustatus  ; 
•6 — •?,  supra  a^neus,  elytris  atris,  labro  truncato  4.  C.  oestivus  Say. 

•3,  supra  asneus,  elytris  atris,  labro  emarginato  5.  C.  pusillus  Say. 

thorax  postice  non  angustatus ; 
■5 — •e,  supra  reneus,  elytris  atris,  labro  emarginato        6.  C.  emarginatus  Say. 
•4,  supra   viridis,  elytris   paulo  obscurioribus,  labro 

emarginato  7.  C.  amoenus  Dej. 

b.  supra  cyanei,  concolores  ; 

•75 — -85,  magnus,  thorace  lateribus  sinuatis  8.  C.  rufilabris  Dej. 

•85,  magnus,  thorace  lateribus  non  sinuatis  9.  C.  erythropus  Germ. 

•55, — -65,  mediocris,  elytris  valde  punctulatis  10.  C.  laticollis  Say. 

mediocres,  elytris  obsolete  punctulatis ; 
•65,  thorace  lateribus  subsinuatis  11.  C.  regularis  Lee. 

■6 — -65,  thorace  lateribus  baud  sinuatis  12.  C.  rufipes  Dej. 

c.  supra  virides,  concolores ; 
•35,   ovalis,   thorace    antrorsum    valde     angustato, 

angulis  posticis  obtusis,  13.  C.  lithophilus  Say. 

•1,  thorace  antrorsum  valde  angustato,  angulis  pos- 
ticis rectis  14.  C.  angustus  iVe?onj. 

•55,  thorace  antrorsum  subangustato,  basi  impresso    15.  C.  sericeus  Say. 

{•15,  thorace  postice  baud  angustato,  ano  rufo  16.C.smaragdinus  Chaud. 

C.  Thorax  planiusculus  inaequaliter  punctatus,  subcordatus ; 

•6 — •?,  viridis,  thorace  subtiliter  versus  basin  dense 

punctulato  IT.  C.  prasinus  Dej. 

•6,  cyaneus,  thorace  vage  minus  subtiliter  punctato     18.  C.  cumatilis  Lee. 

B.  Caput  Iseve,  vel  subtilissime  punctulatum. 
D.  Thorax  injequaliter  punctatus,  cordatus ;  antennis  articulo  3io  longiore. 
♦50,  cyaneus,  thorace  depresso  19.  C.  leucoscelis  Chevr. 


26  [February, 

■6,  obscure  viridis,  thorace  depresso,  elytris  subtilius 

punctulatis  20.  C.  chlorophanus  Dej. 

{•QQ^  "niger,  elytris  nigro-virescentibus"  21.  C.  cordicollis  Kirhy. 

•53,  laete    viridis,  thorace    convexiore,  elytris  valde 

punctatis  22.  C.  solitarius  Say. 

E.  AntennEe  articulo  3io  baud  longiore:  (thorax  prsecipue  aequaliter  punctatus.) 

a.  supra  bicolores,  thorax  sequaliter  punctatus  ; 

•47,  thorace  aeneo  obsoletius  punctato,  elytris  atris      23.  C.  nemoralis  Say. 
thorace  fortius  punctato  ; 

•4 — 4Y,  viridis,  elytris  vix  obscurioribus,  fortius  punc- 
tulatis, striis  vix  punctatis  24.  C.  pensylvanicus  Say, 

•42 — •B,  cupreo-aeneus,  thorace  antrorsum  fortius  an- 
gustato,  elytris  atro-cyaneis,  obsolete  punc- 
tulatis, striis  punctatis  25.  C.  tricolor  DeJ. 

•45,  viridis,  thorace  antrorsum  parum  angustato,  ely- 
tris atro-cyaneis,  obsolete  punctulatis,  striis 
fortiter  punctatis  26.  C.  brevilabris  Lee. 

•45,  viridis,    elytris   paulo    obscurioribus,    subtiliter 

punctulatis,  tenuiter  striatis  27.  C.  Nebraskensis  Lee. 

•44 — ^54,  thorace  vage  punctato,  viridis,  elytris  ob- 
scurioribus 28.  C.  glaucus  Lee. 

b.  supra  concolores,  thorace  ante  basin  latiore ; 

•46,  cyaneus,  thorace   jequaliter   obsolete   punctato, 

postice  baud  angustato,  29.C.vaferZec.Proc.  6, 66 

•43,  ffineo-ater,  thorace  inrequaliter  punctato,  trans- 
verso,  postice  angustato,  elytris  fortius 
punctulatis,  (pedibus  vel  rufis  vel  nigris)       30.  C.  asperulus  Men. 

•37,  seneo-ater,  cyanescens  thorace  infequaliter  fere 
obsolete  punctato,  hand  transverso,  postice 
angustato,  elytris  minus  conspicue  punctu- 
latis (pedibus  rufis)  31.  C.  obsoletus  Lee. 

•45,  viridis,    thorace   insequaliter    fortius    punctato, 

lateribus  rotundato,  32.C.circumcinctus5ff»/. 

•5,  totus  aineo-ater,  thorace  quadrato,  rugose,  ad  basin 
utrinque  densius  punctato,  elytris  fortius 
punctulatis  33.  C.  harpalinus  Esch. 

■55 — •65,  ovalis,  obscure  feneus,  thorace  antrorsum 
angustato,  dense  subtiliter  punctato,  capite 
viridi  34.  C.  impunctifrons  Say. 

•5,  ovalis  totus  niger,  thorace  antrorsum  angustato, 
grosse  injequaliter  punctato,  profunde  im- 

presso,  elytris  valde  punctulatis  35.  C.  niger  Randall. 

c.  pedes  et  corpus  concoloria,  thorace  ad  basin  latiore ; 

•37,  fere  ellipticus,  supra  cyanescens,  thorace  in- 
sequaliter punctato,  elytris  subtiliter  striatis 
densissime  punctulatis  36.  C.  purpuricollis  Rand. 

fere  elliptici  fusco-senei,  thorace  ajqualiter  fortius  punctato,  callo 
elongato  utrinque  discoidali  notato,  elytrorum  striis  antice 
grosse  punctatis. 
•55,  thorace  lateribus  parum  rotundatis  37.  C.  tomentosus  Z>cy. 

•67,  thorace  lateribus  antice  valde  rotundatis  38.  C.  ampins  Lee. 

Doubiful  speeies. 
C.  impunctifrons  II  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  4,   21.     Perhaps  C.  brevi- 
labris,  but  the  description  is  very  indefinite. 


1856.]  27 

C.  quadricollis  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  4,  22.  Probably  C.  pensyl- 
V  a  n  i  c  u  s  . 

C.  f  u  1  g  i  c  e  p  s  Newm.  Ent.  Mag.  5,  490.     Probably  C.  pensylyanicus. 

C.  oxygonus  Chaud.  and  C.  longi  colli  s  Cliaud.  Bull.  Mosc.  1843.  Pro- 
bably varieties  ofC.  tricolor  or  C.  brevilabris. 

Dinodes  rottindicollis  Dej.     Probably  not  North  American. 

The  species  in  parentheses  are  unknown  to  me :  the  characters  above  given 
of  them  are  taken  from  the  original  descriptions. 

Notes  and  Synonyms. 

1.  C.  posticus  Lee.  Mels.  Cat.  13.  is  C.  apicalis\^  Lee.  Ann. Lye.  of  Nat.  Hist. 
5,  179. 

4.  C.  aestivus  Say,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  62  ;  C.  cobaltinits  Dej.  Sp.  Gen, 
2,  331 ;  var.  C.  congener  Lee.  Proc.  Acad.  2,  51  ;  Ann.  Lye.  4,  435. 

5.  0.  p  u  s  i  11  u  s  Say,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  63  ;  C.  elegantulus  Dej.  Sp.  Gen. 
2,  367. 

9.  C.  erythropus  Germ.  Sp.  Nov.  11  ;   C.  rufilabris  Dej.  Sp.  Gen.  2,  329. 

12.  C.  rufipes  seems  to  vary  much  in  the  form  of  the  thorax;  the  variety 
or  race  with  the  thorax  short,  more  rounded  on  the  sides,  and  the  posterior  angles 
obtuse  is  C.  brevicolUs  Lee.  Ann.  Lye.  4,  432.  Many  entomologists  are  disposed 
to  receive  it  as  a  difierent  species,  but  similar  variations  seem  to  occur  in  C. 
sericeus. 

13.  C.  lithophilus  Say,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  62  ;  C.  viridanus  Dej.  Sp. 
Gen.  5,  660. 

14.  0.  augustus  Newm.  Ent.  Mag.  5,  490;  C.  Lecontei  Hald.  Proc.  Acad.  1. 
304. 

15.  0.  sericeus  Say,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  61:  Dej.  Sp.  Gen.  2,  347. 
Carahus  sericeus  Forster,  Cent.  Ins.  58,  varies  somewhat  in  the  form  of  the  thorax; 
a  specimen  in  which  the  sides  are  more  rounded  than  usual,  and  the  anterior 
angles  are  considerably  defiexed,  is  G.  perviridis  Leo.  Ann.  Lye.  4,  434.  This 
species  is  found  from  Maine  to  Oregon,  and  as  far  south  as  Texas. 

19.  C.  leucoscelis  Chevr.  Col.  Mex.  1st  cent.  ;  C.  monachus  Lee.  Ann.  Lye. 
5,  180. 

23.  0.  nemoralis  5'ff?/,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  65.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the 
species  described  under  this  name  by  Kirby,  (Fauna  Bor.  Am.  22)  is  really  this; 
the  expression  'thorax  densely  punctured'  seems  to  indicate  that  C.  tricolor 
is  meant. 

24.  C.  pensyl  vanicus  Say,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  66.  C.  jmlescens 
Harris,  New  England  Farmer,  1828;  C.  vicinus  Dej.  Sp.  Gen.  5,  659.  This  species 
varies  slightly  in  the  form  of  the  thorax,  but  may  be  easily  distinguished  from 
the  allied  species,  by  the  rough  and  distinctly  punctured  interstices  of  the  ely- 
tra, while  the  stria;  are  only  faintly  punctured.  C.  fulgiceps  Newm.  and  C. 
quadricollis  Kirby,  are  perhaps  to  be  added  to  the  synonyms  of  this,  but  the 
descriptions  are  very  unsatisfactory.  Mannerheim  states  that  this  species  is  found 
in  California,  but  I  have  not  seen  any  specimens  from  the  regions  west  of  the 
Rocky  Jlountains. 

25.  C.  tricolor  Dej.  Sp.  Gen.  2.  334.  Specimens  of  this  species  were  found 
by  me  at  Tucson,  in  Northern  Sonora,  and  at  San  Diego,  California ;  they  differ 
from  those  found  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  continent,  by  the  thorax  being 
shorter  and  more  rounded  on  the  sides, 

26.  C.  brevilabris  Lee.  Ann.  Lye.  Soc.  4,  437.    Differs  from  C.  t  r  i  c  o  1  o  r 


28  [February, 

by  the  thorax  being  broader  and  less  narrowed  anteriorly,  and  by  the  strise  of 
the  elytra  being  very  strongly  punctured ;  C.  consimilis  Lee.  appears  to  be 
merely  a  variety  in  which  the  head  and  thorax  are  slightly  coppery,  and  the 
latter  is  not  narrowed  toward  the  base. 

27.  C.  Nebraskensis,  subtus  niger,  supra  viridi-aeneus,  pubescens,  capite 
subtilissime  punctulato,  thorace  latitudine  breviore,  baud  convexo,  lateribus 
rotundatis  utrinque  paulo  angustato,  sat  dense  punctato,  ad  basin  utriuque  longe 
impresso,  angulis  posticis  obtusis ;  elytris  obscurioribus  striis  tenuibus  antice 
subtilius  punctatis,  interstitiis  planissimis  subtiliter  punctulatis,  pedibus  palpis- 
que  rufis,  antennis  piceis  articulis  tribus  baseos  rufis,  3io  sequente  haud  longiore. 
Long.  -45. 

Yellowstone  River,  Dr.  Ilayden :  Santa  Fe,  Mr.  R.  C.  Kern.  Differs  irom  the 
neighboring  species  by  the  more  finely  striate  elytra ;  in  a  dorsal  view  in  fact 
the  outer  striae  appear  almost  obliterated. 

28.  C.  gl  au  c  u  s  ,  subtus  niger,  supra  obscure  viridi-aeneus,  pubescens,  capite 
subtilissime  punctulato,  thorace  latitudine  paulo  breviore,  subquadrato,  utrinque 
subangustato,  lateribus  modice  rotundatis,  vagius  et  profunda  punctato,  ad  basin 
utrinque  longe  impresso,  angulis  posticis  subrectis,  elytris  obscuris,  vel  atro- 
cyaneis,  striis  punctatis,  interstitiis  fere  planis,  subtiliter  punctulatis,  pedibus 
palpisque  rufis,  antennis  piceis,  articulis  tribus  baseos  rufis,  3io  haud  longiore. 
Long.  -44 — -54. 

Colorado  river,  near  the  junction  of  the  Gila.  Larger  than  the  neighboring 
species,  and  known  by  the  more  quadrate  thorax,  being  less  densely  punctured. 

30.  C.  asperulus  3Ienetries,  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  St.  Petersb.  2,  55.  Baron 
Chaudoir  informs  me  that  C.  obscurus  Lee.  Ann.  Lye.  5, 179,  belongs  to  this  species. 
The  color  varies,  so  that  the  head  sometimes  becomes  greenish  bronzed,  as  de- 
scribed by  Menetries.  The  antennas  are  sometimes  entirely  black,  and  some- 
times the  first  joint  is  reddish  brown.  The  feet  vary  in  color  from  rutous  to 
black.  The  thorax  is  slightly  narrowed,  both  at  the  apex  and  base,  but  cannot 
be  called  cordate.  The  thorax  is  described  by  Menetries  "  cordato,  profuude  sed 
vage  punctato,"  and  I  should  not  venture  to  refer  his  to  my  species,  were  it  not 
for  the  direct  comparison  made  by  my  learned  and  accurate  correspondent,  Barcn 
Chaudoir.  This  discrepancy  in  the  description  leads  me  to  believe  that  C.  var.- 
abilipes  Esch.  must  also  be  referred  here  :  it  being  premised  that  not  only  does 
the  color  of  the  legs  and  antennas  vary,  but  even  the  punctures  of  the  thorax, 
are  sometimes  very  strong,  (though  never  dense,  as  described  by  Eschscholtz), 
and  the  fine  punctures  of  the  interstices  of  the  elytra  are  at  times  less  distinct. 

The  description  of  Eschscholtz  (Zool.  Alas  5,  27),  is  as  follows: — 

"  Niger  pubescens,  capite  lisvi,  thorace  subviolaceo,  punctatissimo,  basi  coarc- 
tato ;  angulis  productis ;  elytris  obsolete  punctulatis,  striis  profunde  ])unctatis, 
antennarum  basi  pedibusque  aut  rufo-testaceis  aut  nigris.     Long.  5J  lin. 

"  San  Francisco.  Head  black,  almost  imperceptibly  rugous.  Thorax  wider 
than  long,  somewhat  rounded  on  the  sides,  narrowed  near  the  rectangular  pro- 
minent posterior  angles  ;  disc  dark  blue,  thickly  covered  with  large  but  not  deep 
punctures,  hairy  with  brown  pubescence,  with  two  longitudinal  impressions  at 
the  base.  Scutellum  black,  smooth,  shining.  Elytra  clothed  with  brown  hair, 
opake  black,  very  finely  and  not  obviously  punctured  ;  humeri  not  prominent ; 
strias  fine,  and  strongly  punctured  on  the  anterior  half.  Antennse  and  legs  :of 
one  specimen  black,  palpi  with  the  last  joint  red,  cylindrical :  in  the  other  speci- 
men, a  female,  the  two  basal  joints  of  the  antennae,  the  whole  of  the  palpi, 
and  the  feet  are  red  :  the  third  joint  of  the  antennae  is  of  the  same  length  as  the 
following." 

The  description  of  Menetries  reads  thus  : — 

"  C.  asperulus,  obscure  aeneus,  rufo-pubescens ;  capite  laevi,  viridi-cupreo, 
thorace  cordato,  ])rofunde  sed  vage  punctato  ;  elytris  striatis,  striis  forte 
punctatis,  interstitiis  subtilissime  asperatis  ;  antennis  pedibusque  nitide  nigris, 
palpis  rufis." 


1856.]  29 

31.  C.  obsoletus,  Lee.  Anu.  Lye.  5,  180,  is  certainly  closely  allied  to  the 
preceding,  but  the  thorax  is  hardly  wider  than  long,  and  is  more  narrowed  be- 
hind ;  the  feet,  palpi  and  antennae  are  rufous,  the  latter  being  darker  externally 
as  is  usual. 

32.  C.  circumcinctus  Say^  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  4,  418;  C.  virens 
Chaud.  Bull.  Mosc.  1843. 

34.  0.  impunctifrons  Sai/,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  64 ;  C.  emarginatus 
Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Am.  4,  23. 

35.  C.  n  i  g  e  r  Randall,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  2,  34  ;  C.  exaraius  Ferte,  Ann. 
But.  Soc.  Fr.  2nd  ser.  9,  249. 

37.  C.  tomentosus  Dej.  Sp.  Gen.  2,  357  ;  Epomis  tomentosus  Say,  Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  60  ;  Amara  luciuosa  Germ.  Sp.  Nov.  10.  On  this  species  M.  La 
Ferte  has  founded  a  genus  Eurydactylus,  which  differs  from  Chlaenius,  only  in 
the  dilated  joints  of  the  anterior  tarsi  of  the  male  being  broader.  I  do  not  find 
in  this  character  an  exact  agreement  between  our  different  species,  and,  although 
I  have  adopted  the  genus  in  my  memoir  in  the  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (10,  390,) 
I  now  unite  in  the  opinion  of  Lacordaire,  Gen.  Col.  (1,  224)  that  it  is  entirely  un- 
necessary.    Say  mentions  a  green  variety  from  Missouri. 

38.  C.  a  m  p  1  u  s.  I  have  separated  under  this  name  a  species  having  the  color 
and  sculpture  of  C.  tomentosus,  but  very  different  in  the  form  of  the  thorax, 
which  instead  of  being  gradually  rounded  on  the  sides  from  the  base  to  the  apex, 
has  the  sides  almost  parallel  near  the  base,  and  very  much  rounded  before  the 
middle.  It  is  found  in  Georgia,  and  I  have  examined  two  specimens  of  which 
one  is  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Harris. 


Synopsis  of  Species  o/Chrysomela  and  allied  Genera  inhabiting  the  United  States. 

By  W.  Frederick  Rogers. 

The  Genera  in  the  United  States  may  be  thus  classified  : — 

Ungues  fissi ;  femora  postica  incrassata  ;  Blepharida. 

Ungues  integri,  vel  vix  dentati;  femora  baud  incrassata  ; 

Palpi  articulo  ultimo  breviore  truncato  Doryphora. 

(Polygramma,  Labidomera). 

Palpi  articulo  ultimo  hand  breviore  ; 

Tarsi  articulo  2ndo  baud  angustiore  Timarcha. 

Tarsi  articulo  2ndo  minore  Chrysomela. 

BliEPHARIDA. 

Maxillary  palpi  with  the  last  joint  cylindrical  and  obtusely  pointed  at  the  ex- 
tremity. Posterior  femora  moderately  thickened.  Middle  and  posterior  tibife 
with  an  obtuse  angle  on  the  exterior  margin  one-third  from  the  tip.  Ungues  bi- 
fid. Anterior  coxae  moderately  distant.  Prosternum  flat.  Mesosternum  hardly 
protuberant.     Middle  coxae  widely  separated. 

B.  r  h  o  i  s .  Oval,  convex,  ferruginous  ;  head  and  thorax  yellow ;  elytra 
with  eleven  rows  of  large  punctiares,  irregularly  mottled  sometimes  vittate  with 
yellow  and  ferruginous ;  margin  always  broadly  yellow ;  antennae  black,  base 
piceous.     Length  -25 — -30. 

Chrysomela  rhois  Forst.  Cent.  Ins.  1,  21.  Hiibn.  Naturf.  24,  St.  40.  Oliv.  Enc. 
Meth.  5,  720. 

Altica  virginica  Frolich,  Naturf.  26,  129,  54. 

Hallica  rhois  Ulig.  Mag.  6,  161. 

Chrysomela  stolida  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  1,  318.  Syst.  El.  1,  435.  Oliv.  Enc.  Meth. 
5,  700. 

ITaltica  stolida  lUig.  Mag.  6,  161. 

Chrysomela  meticulosa  Oliv.  Ins.  91,  531,  tab.  6,  fig.  91. 


30  [February, 

Locality. — Middle  States,  Southern  States,  Nebraska  and   Upper   Mississippi . 

There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  marking ;  one  specimen  from  the 
Southern  States  was  observed  having  the  disc  of  the  elytra  irregularl_y  ferruginous 
with  a  broad  yellow  margin.  Another  speqimen  from  the  South  has  the  elytra 
ferruginous  and  the  spaces  between  the  suture  and  1st,  2  to  3,  5  to  6  and  8  to  9th 
strijB  yellow. 

These  differences  are  sufficient  to  account  for  the  supposed  species  above 
quoted. 

DoRYPHORA   Fabr. 

Ungues  entire,  posterior  femora  not  thickened.  Maxillary  palpi  thickened, 
penultimate  joint  conical,  last  joint  cylindrical,  truncate  shorter  than  the  preced- 
ing ;  tibiiB  rounded  at  the  extremity  and  excavated  externally ;  tarsi  with  second 
joint  small.     Coxa;  widely  separated. 

The  genus  may  be  divided  into  three  divisions  :— 

1.  Tropical  species,  in  which  the  mesosternum  is  produced  into  a  horn. 

2.  Those  in  which  the  mesosternum  is  slightly  excavated,  and  the  feet  without 
spines.     Sp.  1 — 4. 

3.  Those  in  which  the  mesosternum  is  slightly  protuberant,  and  the  anterior 
femora  are  armed  with  spines,  at  least  in  the  male.     Sp.  5. 

1.  D.  j  u  n  c  t  a.  Oval,  convex,  brownish  yellow,  head  and  thorax  spotted  with 
black  ;  elytra  pale  yellow,  each  with  9  rows  of  punctures  and  four  black  vitt;«  ; 
scutellum  black ;  suture  and  space  [.between  the  two  outer  vittaa  and  epipleurae 
brownish  yellow  ;  lateral  margin  blackish,  beneath  spotted  with  black :  femora 
with  a  small  black  spot. 

Length  -35 — -40. 

Chrysomela  Jmicta  Germ.  Sp.  Nov.  590. 
Locality. — Georgia. 

The  two  outer  vittfeare  usually  connected  at  the  base  and  tip,  but  occasional- 
ly are  completely  XJonfluent. 

2.  D.  10-lineata.  Oval,  convex,  brownish  yellow,  head  and  thorax  spotted 
with  black,  scutellum  brownish  yellow,  margined  with  black,  elytra  each  with 
five  black  lines;  the  interior  line  is  confluent  with  the  suture  behind,  beneath 
spotted  with  black;  knees  and  tarsi  black. 

Length  -35. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  453. 

Locality. — Nebraska  and  Texas. 

3.  D.  rubiginosa.  Oval,  convex,  yellowish  brown,  scutellum  black; 
elytra  finely  not  densely  punctured  ;  antennae  and  legs  black. 

Length  -40. 

One  specimen  collected  by  J.  D.  Clark,  Esq.,  of  the  Mexican  Boundary  Com- 
mission at  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Body  above  and  below  yellowish  brown  ;  head  with  a  few  punctures,  a  finely 
impressed  vertical  line,  and  a  few  small  impressions  between  the  eyes  ;  thorax 
with  a  few  scattered  punctures,  larger  and  more  obvious  at  the  sides,  elytra 
finely  punctured ;  the  punctures  in  some  places  forming  irregular  rows. 

4.  D.  Haldemani.  Subovate,  convex,  purplish  black ;  elytra  dark  metallic 
green,  sparsely  punctured. 

Length  -35. 

One  specimen  collected  by  Lt.  H.  Haldeman,  Fredericksburg,  Texas. 

Body  subovate,  narrowed  in  front  very  convex,  almost  gibbose  ;  head  and 
thorax  sparsely  punctured,  purplish  black,  scutellum  black,  elytra  sparsely 
punctured,  the  punctures  becoming  smaller  towards  the  tip,  and  occasionally 
arranged  in  rows ;  antennae,  legs  and  under  surface  purplish  black. 

5.  D.  trimaculata.  Oval,  rounded  convex,  bluish  green  ;  elytra  orange 
with  blue  band  and  large  posterior  spot  ;  feet  purplish. 

Length  -30— -40. 


1856.]  •  31 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  455.     Harris,  Ins.  2nd  edit.  117. 

Chrysomela  trimaculata  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  2,  592.  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  312.  Fabr. 
El.  1,  424.     Oliv.  Ins.  91,  515,  pi.  3,  fig.  29.     Coquet.  111.  3,  123. 

Chrysomela  clwicollis  Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  213. 

Locality. — Middle  States,  Southern  States  and  Nebraska. 

Antennae  and  palpi  black ;  elytra  punctured  in  double  lines,  which  become 
confused  near  the  tip  ;  a  dilated  black  band  extending  in  breadth  from  near  the 
base  to  the  middle,  not  attaining  the  lateral  edge,  and  often  interrupted  in  the 
middle  of  each  elytron ;  under  surface  black,  feet  purplish. 

TiMARCHA  Redt. 

Palpi  slightly  thickened  with  the  last  joint,  oval,  truncate  and  a  little  longer 
than  the  preceding ;  tarsi  with  the  second  joint  not  smaller  than  the  first  or 
third  ;  ungues  simple  approximate  ;  coxee  of  anterior  feet  moderately,  of  the  pos- 
terior widely  separated;  tibiae  rounded  at  the  extremity,  not  sulcate.  Body  ob- 
long, very  convex,  black  scabrous,  with  confluent  impressed  punctures,  which 
are  coarsest  upon  the  elytra ;  the  latter  are  united. 

T.  intricata.  Head  irregularly  and  strongly  punctured,  thorax  with  large 
scattered  punctures,  the  interstices  tolerably  densely  punctured,  transverse, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad ;  apex  broadly  emarginate,  base  subsinuate, 
basal  angles  rectangular ;  elytra  with  large  confluent  punctures,  the  interstices 
with  fine  scattered  punctures  ;  under  surface  coarsely,  feet  finely  punctured.  Tab. 
1,  fig.  1. 

Length  -40. 

Hald.  Proc.  Acad.  6,  363. 

T.  intertexta  Hald.  Ibid. 

Locality. — Oregon  and  northern  California,  Dr.  Townsend  and  Mr.  Child. 

T.  intertexta  I  regard  as  a  variety  of  intricata,  with  the  elytra  a  little 
more  rugose. 

Ohtsomela  Linn. 

Palpi  with  the  last  joint  not  longer  than  the  preceding  ;  tarsi  with  second  joint 
smaller  than  the  first  and  third  ;  ungues  simple  ;  coxec  of  anterior  feet  moderately 
or  slightly,  those  of  the  posterior  widely  separated.  The  body  varies  in  form 
from  rounded  to  oval,  and  even  to  elongate ;  it  is  usually  winged,  but  apterous 
in  only  one  American  species  ;  the  paljji  vary  in  form,  having  the  last  joint  in  many 
thick  and  dilated,  and  in  others  slender;  thorax  always  broader  than  long,  some- 
times equally  convex,  sometimes  with  the  lateral  margin  broadly  thickened.  The 
sculpture  of  the  elytra  varies ;  some  are  very  finely  and  confusedly  punctured 
with  labyrinthine  rows  of  larger  punctures  limiting  spots  of  different  colors,  while 
in  others  the  punctures  are  arranged  in  nine  regular  striaj  with  a  short  one  at  the 
scutellum.  The  mesosternum  is  never  protuberant,  the  femora  are  never  toothed. 
The  tibia;  vary  in  form ;  they  are  sometimes  rounded  at  the  tip  and  not  sulcate  ; 
sometimes  dilated  into  aia  angle ;  and  sometimes  sulcate  on  the  outer  margin. 

The  species  found  in  this  country  may  be  divided  into  the  following  groups  : — 

I.  Palpi  dilated ; 

1.  Sides  of  the  thorax  notthickened. 

*_Tibise  rounded  at  the  apex,  elytra  irregularly  punctured,  or 
with  sinuous  striae. 
Elytra  with  labyrinthine  spots.  A 

Elytra  striped.  B. 

**  Tibiae  with  an  external  tooth  near  the  apex ;  elytra  with 

regular  striae  of  punctures.  C. 

2.  Sides  of  the  thorax  thickened.  D. 


32  [February, 

II.  Palpi  slender. 
,  1.  Body  elongate. 

■*  Elytra  irregularly  punctured. 

Sides  of  the  thorax  thickened.  E. 

Sides  of  the  thorax  not  thickened.  F. 

**  Elytra  with  regular  striae  of  punctures.  G. 

2.  Body  rounded 

***  Elytra  with  regular  striag  of  punctures.  H. 

****  Elytra  irregularly  punctured. 

Tibias  excavated  externally  and  dilated  at  tip.  I. 

Tibiae  excavated  externally,  hardly  dilated    at  tip.  K. 

Group  K,  does  not  appear  in  the  subsequent  pages,  as  I  have  seen  no  American 
specimens  of  C.  adonidis,  the  species  on  which  it  is  founded ;  although  Kirby 
states  that  specimens  of  it  were  obtained  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

A. 

1.  C.  scalaris.  Oval,  greenish  blue,  elytra  punctate,  yellowish  white 
spotted  with  blue,  suture  with  a  broad  metallic  black  stripe  branched  in  three 
or  four  places,  humerus  with  a  large  lunate  spot;  under  surface  bronzed  black, 
antennas  and  legs  ferruginous.     Tab.  1,  fig.  2. 

Length  -32—40. 

Lee.  Ann.  Lye.  1,  173.     Harr.  Ins.  117. 

C.  phUadelphica'l  Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  210. 

Locality. — Middle  States,  Lake  Superior  and  Nebraska. 

Oval,  rather  narrower  than  usual,  greenish  blue,  sometimes  dark  bronze ; 
thorax  with  scattered  punctures  at  the  sides,  elytra  punctate,  yellowish  white, 
and  very  brilliant  silvery  when  living ;  suture  with  a  broad  metallic  stripe  general- 
ly black,  sometimes  bronze  and  dark  blue.  This  insect  is  closely  allied  to  C. 
philadelphica  of  Linn.,  the  difference  consists  in  the  suture  being  marked 
with  a  broad  black  stripe,  with  which  the  spots  are  connected  so  as  to  form 
branches  ;  in  C  philadelphica  the  suture  is  black,  straight  and  narrow, 
separated  from  a  narrow  subsutural  black  vitta  by  a  narrow  yellow  line.  There 
is  considerable  variety  in  the  color  and  size  of  the  spots  of  these  insects. 

2.  C.  serpentina.  Oval,  greenish  blue,  elytra  pale  gold,  with  the  suture 
and  several  large  sinuous  dark  blue  spots  more  or  less  confluent ;  margin  black, 
antennae  black,  red  towards  the  base  ;  legs  dark  red,  under  surface  bluish  black. 
Tab.  1,  fig.  3. 

Length.  -42. 

Five  specimens  collected  by  J.  D.  Clark,  Esq.,  at  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Body  oval,  moderately  convex  ;  head  with  a  triangular  impression  between  the 
eyes,  thorax  coarsely  punctured  at  the  sides,  scutellum  bluish  green,  elytra  pale 
gold,  suture  and  confluent  stripe  blue,  the  latter  not  reaching  the  base,  with 
about  ten  dark  blue  spots,  wings  brilliant  red ;  under  surface  very  dark  blue, 
almost  black  ;  antennae  hairy  at  the  tip. 

I  have  adopted  the  name  used  in  Dr.  Le  Conte's  Cabinet.  In  dried  specimens 
the  golden  tint  of  the  elytra  fades,  and  the  color  becomes  yellowish  white. 

3.  C.  dislocata.  Oval,  bluish  green,  elytra  pale  ferruginous,  with  subsutu- 
ral vitta  and  several  sinuous  black  spots  more  or  less  confluent,  antennae  black- 
ish, red  at  the  base,  legs  and  under  surface  black.     Tab.  1,  fig.  4. 

Length.  "35. 

Three  specimens  collected  by  J.  D.  Clark,  Esq.,  San  Antonio,  Texas. 
Body  oval,  moderately  convex,  head  moderately  punctured ;    thorax  strongly 
punctured  at  the  sides. 

4.  C.  tortuosa.  Oval,  ferruginous  ;  elytra  yellow  with  several  black  spots, 
suture  and  a  subsutural  vittac  dark  ferruginous,  the  latter  confluent  near  the  tip, 
antennae,  legs  and  under  surface  ferruginous.  Tab.  l,j  fig.  5. 

Lengtla.  -25. 

Two  specimens  collected  by  J.  D.  Clark,  Esq.,  San  Antonio,  Texas. 


1856.]  33 

Head  and  thorax  ferruginous  slightly  punctured,  scutelhim  ferruginous,  elytra 
with  from  five  to  nine  black  spots,^sometimes  confluent,  legs  slightly  punctured. 

5.  C.  p  h  i  1  a  d  e  1  p  h  i  c  a.  Oval,  greenish  black,  elytra  pale  yellow,  with  a 
longitudinal  stripe  near  the  suture,  and  a  number  of  dark  green  spots ;  palpi,  an- 
tennae and  legs  rufous,  under  surface  dark  green.     Tab.  1,  fig.  G. 

Length.    -27— -34. 

Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  2,  592,  44.  De  Geer.  Ins.  5,  353,  6,  t.  16,  f.  13.  Fabr.  Syst. 
EL  1,  444,  135.     Fabr.   Syst.   Ent.   1,  392.     Oliv.  Ent.  5,  91,  525,  33,  t.  2,  f.  22. 

C.  decipicns  Web.  Obs.  Ent.  1,  52,  1? 

Locality. — Middle,  Southern  and  Western  States. 

Body  oval,  with  scattered  punctures,  head  and  thorax  sparsely  punctured  ; 
scutellum  dark  green,  elytra  with  three  larger  dark  spots  near  the  suture  ;  the 
suture  is  generally  black,  and  dilated  towards  the  thoiax,  but  in  one  specimen 
from  Missouri  Territory,  this  is  not  the  case,  and  in  it  the  suture  is  pale  yellow, 
and  does  not  become  broader  in  front. 

C.  s  p  i  r  ae  a?.  Green,  elytra  pale  yellow  tinged  with  red,  with  green  spots  and 
a  common  sutural  line,  trifed  at  base,  antennae  and  legs  rufous  ;  under  surface 
dark  green. 

Length.   -25. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  5,  297. 

C.  confinis  Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  211. 

Locality. — Lake  Superior. 

Body  oval,  head  and  thorax  dark  bronzed  green,  elytra  pale  yellow,  some- 
times rufous,  each  with  about  seventeen  small  green  dots,  and  a  common  sutflral 
line  which  sends  off  a  lateral  short  branch  on  each  side  near  the  base.  In  one 
specimen  the  spots  and  sutural  line  are  black. 

7.  C.  Bigsbyana.  Oval,  green,  anterior  margin  and  sides  of  prothorax 
yellow,  elytra  yellow,  with  a  sutural  stripe,  antennae  and  [legs  rufous,  under 
lurface  dark  green. 

Length.   -25— -35. 
Kirb}',  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  212. 

Locality. — Middle  and  Western  States,  also  two  specimens  from  Steilacoom, 
Puget  sound,  W.  T.,  collected  by  Geo.  Gibbs,  Esq. 

8.  C.  m  u  1 1  i  p  u  n  c  t  a  t  a.  Oval,  ferruginous,  thorax  yellow,  with  ferruginous 
spots  arranged  in  a  circle,  elytra  yellow,  with  numerous  green  spots ;  antenncP, 
legs  and  under  surface  ferruginous.     Tab.  1,  fig.  7. 

Length.  -24 — '35. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  451.     Kirby,  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  211. 

Tjocality. — Missouri  Territory. 

Head  ferruginous,  thorax  yellow,  with  a  ferruginous,  irregular  arcuated  line 
and  basal  edge,  including  an  obsolete  spot,  elytra  with  a  sutural  stripe  and 
numerous  irregular  green  spots,  and  abbreviated  lines.  In  one  specimen  the 
suture  has  a  common  ferruginous  fillet. 

B. 

9.  C.  exclamationis.  Oval,  ferruginous,  thorax  with  a  yellow  margin, 
elytra  pale  yellow,  with  four  black  striae,  the  third  abbreviated,  the  fourth  in- 
terrupted. 

Lengfli.  -30. 

Fabr.  El.  1,  435.      Oliv.  Ins.  91,  530.  tab.  6,  fig.  81. 

Locality. — Southern  States  and  Kansas. 

Head  ferruginous,  anterior  margin  of  the  prothorax  yellow,  elytra  pale  yellow, 
with  the  suture  and  four  striae  ferruginous  ;  the  first  and  second  not  reaching 
the  margin,  the  third  confluent  with  the  fourth  at  the  edge  of  the  elytra ;  legs 
and  under  surface  ferruginous. 

10.  C.  casta.  Oval,  dark  ferruginous ;  thorax  strongly  but  sparsely  punc- 
tured ;  elytra  pale  yellow,  sparsely  punctured  ;  suture  and  three  lines  marked 

3 


34:  [February, 

with  fine  punctiires  ;  legs  and  iinder  surface  ferruginous;  epipleurae  brown.  Tab. 
l.fig.  8. 

Localiti/. — Kansas  and  Illinois  ;  specimens  from  the  latter  locality  were  collect- 
ed by  Mr.  R.  Kennicott. 

This  insect  is  allied  to  0.  p  u  1  c  h  r  a,  but  in  that  species  the  outer  vittae  arc 
usually  entirely  confluent  into  one  broad  stripe.  In  C.  casta  these  lines  are 
narrow  and  the  subsutural  one  is  confluent  only  behind  the  middle. 

11.  C.  coniuncta.  Oval,  convex,  ferruginous;  thorax  yellow,  sparsely 
punctured  with  a  large  ferruginous  spot  covering  the  base  ;  elytra  pale  yellow, 
with  the  suture  and  subsutural  vitta  confluent ;  the  other  two  connected  behind 
and  a  short  one  at  the  humerus,  legs  and  under  surface  ferruginous.  Tab.  1, 
fig.   9. 

Length.   -23. 

Locality.  — Kan  sas . 

Related  to  C.  e  x  c  1  a  m  t  i  o  n  i  s,  but  is  smaller,  with  head  and  thorax  more 
shining  and  less  punctured  ;  with  the  conjoined  Aattse  more  abbreviated  behind 
there  is  no  lateral  dot  at  the  middle,  and  the  epipleurae  are  not  ferruginous,  ex 
cept  at  the  extreme  margin. 

12.  C.  d  i  s  r  u  p  t  a .  Round  and  convex,  blackish  ;  thorax  coarsely  punctured, 
elytra  pale  yellow,  punctured  ;  the  suture,  sub-sutural  vitta  and  three  other 
discoidal  narrow  ones  anteriorly  abbreviated,  with  several  sub-marginal  bronzed 
dots;  legs  and  under  surface  blackish.     Tab.  1,  fig.  10. 

Length.   -21— -20. 

Locality. — Louisiana  and  Kansas. 

This  insect  is  of  the  same  form  as  the  previous  ones,  but  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  interruption  of  the  interior  dorsal  vittae  ;  the  middle  one  nearly 
unites  posteriorly  with  the  inner  one,  but  is  a  little  shorter  than  it;  the  outer 
posterior  dots  are  directly  in  continuation  of  the  external  abbreviated  vitta : 
epipleurae  pale. 

13.  C.  h  y  b  r  i  d  a.  Ferruginous,  elytra  pale  yellow,  with  a  wide  sutui-al  and 
discoidal  ferruginous  band,  the  band  nearly  divided  into  two,  of  which  the  inner 
one  is  narrower.     Tab.  1,  fig.  11. 

Lengtii.  -35. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  449.  .' 

Locality. — Southern  States  and  Nebraska. 

Body  oval,  thorax  irregularly  punctured  and  with  larger  confluent  punctures 
on  the  sides  ;  scutellum  impunctured,  rounded  at  the  tip  ;  antennae,  legs  and 
under  surface  ferruginous. 

There  is  _great  variety  in  the  marking,  a  specimen  from  Nebraska  has  the 
band  divided  into  three,  the  first  joined  to  the  second  at  the  base,  the  middle 
one  sinuous  and  joined  to  the  outer  one  at  the  tip,  the  outer  one  very  faint,  at 
the  base. 

14.  0.  incisa.  Oval,  rounded,  bronzed,  ferruginous;  tliorax  with  coarse 
punctures;  elytra  pale  yellow,  with  abroad  blackish  brown  sutural  vitta  ab- 
breviated at  the  base,  a  broad  stripe  narrowed  at  the  humerus  and  not  reaching 
the  base,  and  a  small  dot  at  the  base,  and  another  at  the  tip  ;  cpii)leurae  dark. 
Tab.  1,  fig.  12. 

Length.  -24. 

Locality. — One  specimen  from  Kansas. 

This  insect  has  the  same  form  and  size  as  0.  p  u  1  c  h  r  a,  the  punctures  of  the 
dark  vitta  and  those  of  the  external  rows  are,  however,  more  distinct,  and  the  form 
of  the  vittae  different.  The  sutural  one  is  not  prolonged  at  the  base,  but  trun- 
cate anteriorly  at  the  scutellum,  which,  as  usual,  is  dark  colored  ;  at  about  two- 
thirds  the  length  it  is  suddenly  slightly  dilated  nearly  to  the  apex.  The  outer 
vitta  is  a  very  broad  spot  extending  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  elytra  ; 
nan'owed  before  and  behind,  convex  on  its  inner,  but  moderately  emarginate  on 
its  outer  surface  about  the  middle. 


1856.] 


c50 


15.  C.  pulchra.  Rounded,  black  bronzed ;  elytra  pale  yellow ;  suture  and 
a  broad  dorsal  vitta  dark  bronzed. 

Length.  -24— -26. 

Fabr.  El.  1,  425.  Oliv.  Enc.  Meth.  5,  693.  Fabr.  Ent.  Syst.  1,  313,  27. 
Coqueb.  111.  Ins,  3,  123.     Sch.  Syn.  Ins.  2,  240. 

Locality. — Middle  and  Southern  States. 

Body  oval,  rounded ;  thorax  coarsely  punctured  ;  scutellum  black,  which  gives 
the  sutural  vitta  the  appearance  of  extending  to  the  prothorax ;  elytra  pale 
yellow,  with  punctures  on  the  suture  and  vittae  which  do  not  reach  the  apex  or 
base,  outer  margin  of  the  vitta  slightly  and  obtusely  sinuous ;  the  vitta  is  some- 
times partially  divided  by  a  yellow  line,  and  may  sometimes  form  two  vittae ;  in 
another  specimen  the  sutural  and  discoidal  vittae  are  confluent ;  antennae,  legs 
and  under  surface  brownish  black. 

16.  C.  s  i  m  i  11  s .  Oval,  dark  bronzed ;  elytra  pale  yellow ;  suture  and  a  broad 
dorsal  vitta  dark  bronzed.     Tab.  1.  fig.  13. 

Length.  -26. 

Locality. — Middle  and  Southern  States. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  shape  ;  it  is  quite  oval,  whereas, 
C.  pulchra  is  round  ;  the  emargination  of  the  outer  margin  near  the  middle  is 
more  angular  and  sudden. 

17.  C.  praecelsis.  Oval,  convex,  ferruginous ;  thorax  with  a  yellow  margin; 
elytra  pale  yellow,  with  fine  punctures  ;  legs,  thorax  and  under  surfixce  ferrugi- 
nous.    Tab.  1,  fig.  14. 

Length.  -31. 

Locality. — Kansas  river. 

Thorax  with  the  disc  coarsely  punctured,  with  a  narrow  yellow  margin  at  the 
side  impunctured  ;  elytra  with  fine  punctures  on  the  suture  and  dorsal  vittae, 
with  a  broad  sutural  vitta  suddenly  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  a  broad  bronze 
brown  dorsal  vitta,  narrowed  at  the  apex  and  base. 

18.  C.  elegans.  Oval,  metallic  black ;  thorax  yellow,  with  a  black  mark  at 
the  base ;  elytra  pale  yellow,  with  a  black  suture  and  dorsal  vitta. 

Length.  -20— -25. 

Oliv.  91,  532,  tab.  6,  fig.  92. 

Locality. — Middle  and  Southern  States  and  Lake  Superior. 

Head  black ;  antennae  black,  with  the  second  and  third  joints  slightly  ferrugi- 
nous ;  thorax  yellow,  slightly  punctured,  with  two  confluent  spots  on  each  side 
placed  obliquely,  the  anterior  one  being  nearer  the  middle  ;  and  with  a  black 
dorsal  line ;  the  spots  have  the  appearance  of  the  letter  W  inverted  ;  elytra  pale 
yellow,  slightly  punctured  with  a  black  sutural  and  dorsal  vitta  regularly  punc- 
tured ;  legs  and  under  surface  black. 

C. 

19.  C.  r  u  f  i  p  e  s  .  Oblong,  oval,  ferruginous  ;  head  black,  with  mouth  and 
antennae  red  ;  thorax  coarsely  punctured  with  two  large  triangular  spots  at  the 
base  ;  elytra  ferruginous,  with  ten  black  spots,  legs  red,  under  surface  black. 

Length.  -25. 

De  Geer.  Ins.  5,  295,  tab.  8,  fig.  5.  Sufi'r.     Linn.  Ent.  vol.  5,  211. 

Phytodecta  rujipe.s  Kirby.  Fauna  Bor.  Amer.  213. 

Locality. — Lake  Superior. 

There  is  great  variety  in  the  marking  of  the  thorax  and  elytra,  the  markings 
in  some  specimens  are  very  faint,  and  in  others  wanting.  I  have  not  been  able 
to  make  any  comparison  between  this  and  the  European  species,  and  I  give  it 
as  identical  on  the  authority  of  Kirby. 

20.  C.  arctica.  Oblong,  oval,  elongate,  ferruginous  ;  head  black;  thorax 
with  two  basal  black  spots  usually  confluent,  coarsely  punctured ;  scutellum 
black ;  elytra  ferruginous,  with  ten  black  spots  ;  legs  black,  with  the  tibiae  and 
tarsi  red. 

Length.  -26. 


38  [February, 

Gonioctena  arctica  Maun.  Bull.  Mosc.  1853. 
Gonioctena  ajfinis\  Manu.  Bull.  Mosc.  1852,  2,  369. 
Locality. — Russian  America. 

According  to  Mannerheim's  description,  this  species  varies  much  in  color;  he 
also  states  that  it  is  nearly  allied  to  the  European  C.  nivosa. 

D. 

'21.  C.  suhsulcata.  Oblong,  oval,  apterous,  dark  blackish  green ;  thorax 
with  the  margin  much  thickened,  not  reaching  the  apex  internally,  slightly 
punctured  ;  elytra  connate,  very  convex,  rounded  at  the  sides,  sulcate  and  punc- 
tured in  regular  rows  ;  antennae,  legs  and  under  surface  very  dark  bluish  green. 

Length.  -32. 

Mann.  Bull.  Mosc.  1853. 

Locality. — Russian  America. 

22.  C.  cribraria.  Oblong,  oval,  bronzed  black;  thorax  much  thickened 
at  the  sides,  reaching  the  apex,  with  a  few  large  marginal  punctures  near  the 
impression  ;  elytra  very  dark,  bronzed  black,  thickly  and  irregularly  punctured  ; 
antennae,  legs  and  under  surface  black. 

Length.  -37. 

Locality. — Southern  States. 

23.  C.  inornata.  Oblong  oval,  bronzed;  thorax  with  margin  thickened 
and  a  few  coarse  punctures  at  the  side  ;  elytra  bronzed  black  ;  legs  and  under 
surface  dark  blue. 

Length.  -25. 

Locality. — Western  States. 

This  insect  is  closely  allied  to  0.  cribraria,  but  differs  iu  the  color  of  the  thorax 
and  elytra ;  there  are  also  more  punctures  on  the  thorax,  and  the  lateral  impres- 
sion is  less  deejj  than  in  C.  cribraria. 

24.  C.  subopaca.  Oblong  oval,  black,  bronze,  tinged  with  green ;  thorax 
with  thickened  margin,  with  a  few  punctures  at  the  sides ;  elytra  finely  punc- 
f^ured, with  the  punctures  forming  indistinct  rows;  antennae  dark  blue,  with  the 
four  last  joints  hairy,  legs  and  under  surface  black,  bronzed. 

Length.  -25. 

Locality. — Middle  States. 

Thorax  less  punctured  ;  elytra  more  finely  punctured  and  less  lustrous  than 
iu  C.  inornata ;  the  punctures  are  arranged  in  rows. 

25.  C.  auripennis.  Oval,  oblong,  violaceous;  thorax  with  the  margin 
thickened  and  slightly  distant  punctures  ;  scutellum  violaceous  ;  elytra  golden 
cupreous  brilliant,  exterior  edge  green,  punctured,  punctures  placed  in  somewhat 
regular  rows  ;  antennae,  legs  and  under  surface  violaceous. 

Length.  -32 — -46. 
Say,'  J.  Acad.  3,  452. 

Locality. — Western  States,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and  Texas. 
These  insects  vary  greatly  in  color  ;  two  specimens  from  New  Mexico  are  en- 
tirely violaceous,  and  in  one  from  Texas  the  elytra  are  brilliant  green. 

26.  0.  vidua.  Oblong,  oval,  black,  slightly  bronzed  ;  thorax  with  the  margin 
thickened,  with  coarse  punctures ;  elytra  black,  slightly  bronze,  with  the  punc- 
tures in  somewhat  regular  rows  ;  antennae,  legs  and  under  surface  black. 

Length.  -26. 

Locality. — Oregon,  Col.  McCall. 

1*J.  C.  flavomarginata.  Oblong,  black;  thorax  with  lateral  margin 
thickened  and  punctured  at  the  sides  ;  elytra  black,  with  regularly-disposed 
punctures,  and  smaller  irregularly  disposed  punctures ;  exterior  and  tip  yellowish, 
Eegs  and  under  surface  black. 

Length.  -22— -29. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  452. 

Locality. — Kansas. 


1856.] 


37 


E. 


28.  C.  i  n  t  e  r  u  p  t  a.  Oblong,  elongate,  black  ;  thorax  black,  with  a  yellow 
margin  thickened  ;  elytra  pale  yellow,  with  six  spots  on  each  more  or  less  con- 
fluent ;  legs  bluish  black,  with  tibiae  ferruginous. 

Length.  -25 — -35. 

Fabr.  El.  1,  438.     Oliv.  Ins.  91,  558,  tab.  8,  fig.  119. 

Locality. — Middle  States,  Southern  States,  Lake  Superior,  Nebraska  and  Ore- 
gon. 

This  species  varies  much  in  color,  the  specimens  I  have  examined  may  be 
classed  under  the  following  varieties,  though  intermediate  forms  occur : — 

1.  The  two  anterior  spots  confluent ;  two  middle  spots  confluent ;  and  the  two 
posterior  spots  confluent,  forming  a  very  broad  band ;  legs  bluish  black,  with 
tibiae  ferruginous  ;  under  surface  bluish  black. 

2.  The  two  anterior  spots  confluent,  having  the  shape  of  a  horse  shoe  ;  the 
Jwo  middle  spots  separate  and  the  two  posterior  confluent,  but  much  more  nar- 
row than  in  1. 

3.  With  none  of  the  spots  confluent ;  legs  bluish  black  ;  tibiae  pale  yellow, 
under  surface  black,  with  the  four  last  segments  of  the  abdomen  slightly  marked 
with  yellow. 

4.  In  which  all  the  spots  have  disappeared,  with  the  exception  of  the  two 
middle  ones  ;  legs  blue,  black,  with  the  tibia  ferruginous,  under  surface  black. 

5.  The  two  anterior  spots  confluent ;  the  middle  separate,  and  the  posterior 
confluent ;  legs  and  under  surface  ferruginous,  except  the  sides  of  the  pectus, 
which  are  black. 

6.  None  of  the  spots  confluent;  legs  ferruginous  ;  under  surface  of  the  thoraj: 
black. 

29.  C.  s  c  r  i  p  t  a  .  Oblong,  elongate,  black  ;  thorax  black,  with  a  yellow 
margin  thickened  ;  elytra  yellow,  coarsely  and  sparsely  punctured,  with  seven 
elongate  spots  on  each  elytron,  two  at  the  apex,  slightly  elongate,  three  at  the 
middle  very  elongate  ;  and  two  at  the  base,  the  one  nearest  the  suture  slightly 
elongate,  the  other  broad  and  very  elongate. 

Length.  ■2'7 — -35. 

Fabr.  El.  1,  438.     Oliv.  5,  559.     Oliv.  Enc.  Meth.  5,  119? 
Locality. — Middle  States,  Southern  States,  Nebraska  and  Lake  Superior. 
In  two  specimens  the  thorax  is  dark  red,  with  a  yellow  margin,  and  the  under 
surface  black  with  the  legs  ferruginous. 

30.  C.  confluens.  Oblong  oval,  black,  head  and  thorax  black,  thorax 
with  a  wide  yellow  margin,  elytra  brownish  black,  finely  and  sparsely  punctured, 
with  four  very  faint  oblong  ferruginous  spots  on  each  elytron,  antennae,  legs  and 
under  surface  black. 

Length  -28. 

Locality. — Oregon,  one  specimen. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  o  b  s  o  1  e  t  a  of  Say,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  form  of  the 
body,  being  wider  in  proportion,  also  in  having  the  elytra  more  finely  punctured. 

31.  C.  obsoleta.  Oblong  oval,  head  and  thorax  tinged  with  green,  margin 
of  the  latter  yellowish,  thickened,  with  a  black  insulated  point;  elytra  brownish 
black  irregularly  punctured,  margin,  tip  and  obsolete  lines  before  and  behind 
the  middle  yellowish,  antennae  legs  and  under  surface  black. 

Length  -33. 

Ilelodes  obsoleta  Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  435. 
Locality. — Western  States. 

Differs  from  C.  confluens  in  the  form  of  the  body,  being  longer  and  more 
narrow,  also  in  having  the  elytra  more  coarsely  and  densely  punctured. 

F. 

32.  C.  c  a  1  i  f  o  r  n  i  c  a .     Oblong  oval,  dark  green,  thorax  sparsely  punctured, 


38  [February, 

elytra  dark  green,  coarsely  punctured,  antennae  and  legs  black,  under  surface 
blackish  green. 

Length  -18. 

This  insect  was  sent  by  Col.  Motschulsky,  under  the  name  of  Plagiodera 
californica,  as  coming  from  California,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any 
description  of  it. 

G. 

33.  C.  trivittata.  Oblong,  blue-black,  head  entirely  blue-black,  with  an 
impressed  frontal  line  divaricated  before ;  thorax  sparsely  punctured,  lateral 
margins  yellowish,  this  color  being  contracted  in  the  middle  on  the  inner  side  ; 
elytra  with  punctured  strise,  sutural  margin  yellow ;  vitta  on  the  middle  not 
reaching  the  tip,  and  exterior  edge  blue-black ;  legs  black,  tibiae  ferruginous, 
abdomen  with  the  caudal  segment  margined  behind  with  dull  yellow. 

Length  -15. 

Helodes  trivittata  Say,  J.  Acad.  5,  289. 

Locality. — Middle  States,  Lake  Superior. 

34.  C.  vitellinae.  Oblong  slightly  oval,  coppery  violaceous,  antennae  with 
first  and  second  joint  rufous  ;  thorax  finely  and  sparsely  punctured,  elytra  cop- 
pery violaceous,  punctured  in  rows  with  the  interstices  indistinctly  punctured  ; 
under  surface  bronze  black,  legs  black  with  the  first  joint  of  tarsi  rufous. 

Length  -16— -18. 

Phytodecta  intellince  Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  216. 

Locality. — Middle  States,  Western  States  and  Lake  Superior. 

One  specimen  from  Lake  Superior  had  the  elytra  black. 

H. 

35.  C.  V  i  r  i  d  e  .  Rounded,  dark  green,  head  with  an  impressed  frontal  line, 
thorax  very  finely  and  sparsely  punctured  ;  scutellum  blackish,  elytra  very  finely 
punctured  in  striae  with  the  lines  remote,  antennae,  legs  and  under  surface 
blackish. 

Length  -12— -16. 

Gastrophysa  viride  Mel.".  Pro.  Acad.  3,  175. 

Locality. — Middle  States. 


3G.  C.  dissimilis.  Oblong  oval,  metallic  blue  or  green,  head  impressed 
between  the  antennse,  antennte  black,  thorax  regularly  convex,  lateral  edges  re- 
gularly curved,  scutellum  impunctured,  elytra  densely  punctured,  legs  and  under 
surface  black,  posterior  angles  of  thorax  very  obtuse  and  rounded. 

Length  -24. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  451. 

Locality. — Nebraska. 

Varies  in  its  colors.  It  is  sometimes  of  a  very  dark  purple,  and  sometimes  of  a 
bright  green,  more  or  less  tinged  with  violaceous,  particularly  about  the  suture. 

37.  C.  caesia.  Oblong  oval,  brilliant  metallic  green,  head  and  thorax 
densely  punctured  with  the  posterior  angles  of  the  thorax  obtuse,  elytra  metal- 
lic green,  finely  punctured,  legs  and  under  surface  blackish  green. 

Length  -21— -23. 

Locality. — California,  at  San  Francisco. 

The  thorax  is  very  perceptibly  narrower  than  the  elytra ;  and  the  body  is 
longer  and  more  convex  than  C.  cyanea. 
One  specimen  is  blackish. 

38.  C.  cyanea.  Oblong  oval,  purplish,  head  and  thorax  densely  punctured, 
elytra  purplish,  densely  punctured,  antennae  legs  and  under  surface  purplish 
black. 

Gastrophysa  cyanea  Mels.  Pr.  Acad.  3,  175. 


1856.]  30 

Length  -20. 

Locality. — Middle  and  Southern  Stateg. 

This  insect  is  very  closely  allied  to  C.  caesia,  but  differs  in  having  the 
thorax  wider,  and  the  body  longer  and  more  narrow  in  proportion  to  its  size. 

39.  C.  polygoni.  Oblong  oval,  brilliant  metallic  blue,  head  blue-black 
punctured,  antennse  black,  basal  joint  rufous  beneath  and  at  tip,  thorax  rufous 
sparsely  and  finely  punctured,  elytra  brilliant  metallic  blue  densely  punctured, 
under  surface  blackish  blue,  legs  rufous,  tarsi  black,  anus  rufous. 

Length  -18. 

Linn.  Fn.  Suec.  .^)20  ;  Syst.  Nat.  2,  589,  24.     Harris,  Insects,  118,  (2d  edition.) 

C.  ca'ruJeipennis  Say,  J.  Acad.  5,  296. 

Phmdon  polygoni  Kirby,  Fn.  Bor.  Am.  216. 

Localily. — Southern  and  Middle  States. 

40.  C.  formosa.  Oblong  ov.al,  convex,  above  golden  green,  strongly  punc- 
tured, thorax  with  the  basal  angles  obtuse,  scutellum  purple,  elytra  strongly 
punctured,  suture  purplish,  exterior  edge  blue,  antennae  and  palpi  black,  tibice 
black,  under  surface  violaceous. 

Length  -18. 

Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  451. 

Locality. — Kansas  and  Santa  Fe. 

List  of  Species  unknown  to  me. 

C.  vim  in  alls  Linne.  Mann.  Bull.  Mosc.  1853.     Russian  America. 

C.  lapponica  Linne.  Mann.  Bull.  Mosc.  1853.     Russian  America. 

Phratora  interstitialis  Mann.  Bull.  Mosc.  1853. 

C.  basilar  is  Say,  J.  Acad.  3,  451. 

C.  adonidis  Fabr.  El.  1.  431.     Phaedon  adonidis  Kirby,  F.  B.  A.  216. 

Gastrophysa  ajnea  Mels.  Pr.  Acad.  3,  175. 

Gastrophysa  raphani  Fabr.  Kirby,  F.  B.  A.  216. 

All  the  specimens,  I  have  described  in  the  preceding  pages,  are  in  tiie 
Cabinet  of  Dr.  J.  L.  Le  Conte,  to  whom  I  must  return  my  sincere  thanks  for  his 
valuable  assistance  and  the  kind  loan  of  books  and  specimens. 


Notes  on  North  American  Birds  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
Philadelphia,  and  National  Museum,  Washinyton. 

By  John  Cassin. 

1.  BuTEO  MONTAKUS,  Nuttall,  Man.  Orn.  U.  S.  i,  p.  112,  (1840). 

"  Buteo  Swainsonii,  Bonap.,"  Cassin,  B.  of  Cal.  and  Tex.  i,  p.  98. 

"  Falco  buteo,  Linn."  Aud.  Orn.  Biog.  iv,  p.  508.  And.  B.  of  Am.  pi.  372, 
Oct.  ed.  i,  pi.  6. 

On  examination  of  not  less  than  twenty  specimens  of  this  bird  from  various 
localities  in  the  Western  countries  of  North  America,  I  have  found  the  charac- 
ters constantly  present  which  distinguish  it  from  Buteo  borealis,  as  pointed  out 
in  my  Birds  of  California  and  Texas,  p.  98.  The  voice  of  this  species  is  repre- 
sented by  several  of  the  late  naturalists  who  have  visited  California,  as  quite 
peculiar,  and  I  am  assured  by  my  friend  Dr.  Thos.  M.  Brewer,  of  Boston,  that 
the  egg  is  entirely  different  from  that  of  B.  boreali.f.  Though  nearly  related  to 
that  species,  it  is  very  probably  entitled  to  be  regarded  as  distinct,  for  which 
purpose  Mr.  Nuttall's  name  as  above  given  is  proper. 

This  bird  appears  to  be  of  common  occurrence  in  California,  being  brought 
in  nearly  every  collection  from  that  country,  and  it  is  also  in  Dr.  Sucklej^'s  col- 
lection from  Washington  Territory.  The  specimen  figured  by  Mr.  Audubon  as 
above,  and  which  was  brought  by  Dr.  Townsend  from  the  Rocky  Moi\ntains,  is  in 
the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy.  It  is  the  same  specimen  described 
by  Mr.  Nuttall,  and  named  as  above. 


40  [February, 

2.  Spizella  pallida,  (Swainson). 

Emberiza  pallida,  Swainson,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.,  ii,  p.  251  (1831). 

Emberiza  Shattuckii,  Audubon,  B.  of  Am.,  oct.  ed.  vii,  p.  347  (1844).  Aud. 
B.  of  Am.  Oct.  ed.  vii,  pi.  493. 

The  bird  described  and  figured  by  Mr.  Audubon  as  above,  is  the  Emberiza 
pallida,  Swainson,  as  any  one  ma-y  readily  determime  by  examining  and  compar- 
ing the  descriptions  as  above  cited,  with  or  without  sjjecimens. 

This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  its  wide  stripe  of  ashy  white  from  the 
base  of  the  bill  over  the  eye,  two  longitudinal  stripes  on  the  head  of  brownish 
black,  and  with  an  intermediate  or  middle  stripe  on  the  top  of  the  head  ashy 
white.  Ears  and  cheeks  behind  and  below  the  eye  pale  brown,  with  a  line  of 
black  on  its  lower  edge,  and  another  line  of  black  from  the  corner  of  the  lower 
mandible.  Upper  parts  of  body  pale  ashy  brown,  every  feather  on  the  back 
and  wing  coverts  with  a  black  longitudinal  stripe ;  tail  brown.  Under  parts 
white,  tinged  with  ashy  and  pale  brown  on  the  sides  and  flanks.  Bill  and  feet 
yellowish.     Total  length  5J  inches,  wing  2^,  tail  2J  inches. 

Hah.  Western  North  America,  California.  Spec,  in  Mus.  Acad.  Philada.,  and 
Nat.  Mus.  Washington. 

3.  Spizella  Breweri,  nobis. 

"  Emberiza  pallida.  Swains."  Audubon,  Orn.  Biog.  v,  p.  6G.  Aud.  B.  of  Am. 
pi.  398.  oct.  ed.iii,  pi.  161. 

This  species  has  the  head  above  and  other  upper  parts  uniform  pale  ashy 
brown,  every  feather  having  a  narrow  brownish  black  line,  a  short  and  obscure 
stripe  of  ashy  white  over  the  eye.  No  stripes  on  the  head,  as  in  the  preceding. 
Under  parts  ashy  white.  Bill  and  feet  yellowish.  Total  length  5  inches,  wing 
2J,  tail  24  inches. 

Hah.  Western  North  America,  California,  New  Mexico.  Spec,  in  Mus.  Acad. 
Philada.,  and  Nat.  Mus.  Washington. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  absence  of  the  stripes  on  the 
head,  so  strongly  characterizing  that  species  and  smaller  size.  It  is  apparently 
a  much  more  abundant  species,  being  brought  in  nearly  all  collections  from 
California  and  New  Mexico. 

I  have  much  pleasure  in  embracing  the  present  opportunity  to  dedicate  a  bird 
of  the  United  States  to  my  esteemed  friend  Thomas  M.  Brewer,  M.  D.,  of  Boston, 
one  who  to  the  highest  abilities  and  social  qualities  adds  an  ardor  in  devotion 
to  Ornithological  science  rarely  paralleled. 

4.  ToTANUS  BREViPES,  Vicill.  Nouv.  Diet,  vi,  p.  410  (181G). 
Totanus  fuliginosus,  Gould,  Voy.  Beagle,  Birds  p.  130  (1841). 
Scolopax  undulata,  Forster,  Desc.  An.  p.  173  (1844). 

Totanus  polynesiae,  Peale,  Voy.  Vincennes  and  Peacock,  Birds  p.  237  (1848). 

Totanus  pulverulentus,  Mviller,  Verb.  p.  153  (1844)? 

Totanus  oceanicus.  Lesson,  Comp.  aux  ffiuv.  de  Buffon.  p.  244  (1847). 

Tringa  glareola.  Pallas,  Zoog.  Ross.  As.  ii,  p.  194  (1831). 

Pallas  Zoog.  Rosso-As.  Birds,  pi.  60.  Temm.  and  Schl.  Fauna  Japon.  Bird.--, 
pi.  65  ? 

About  the  size  of  or  rather  larger  than  T.  flavipes.  Wing  long,  pointed,  first 
primary  longest,  secondaries  short,  truncate,  emarginate,  tertiaries  long,  tarsi 
and  toes  rather  short,  tibia  feathered  about  two-thirds  of  its  length. 

Adult. — Entire  upper  parts,  neck,  breast  and  sides  dark  lead  colored,  uniform 
and  without  white  marks  ;  throat,  middle  of  abdomen,  ventral  region  and  under 
tail  coverts  white.  Under  wing  coverts  white,  spotted  and  barred  with  dark 
lead  color.  A  stripe  of  white  from  the  base  of  the  bill  over  the  eye,  lores  brown- 
ish black,  eye  enclosed  in  a  narrow  circle  of  white.  Quills  dark  brown,  shaft 
of  the  first  primary  white  on  its  upper  surface  ;  shafts  of  the  other  primaries 
reddish  brown  on  their  upper  surface,  and  of  all  on  their  under  surfaces,  white. 
Tail  lead  colored,  uniform  with  the  upper  parts  of  the  body,  shafts  of  tail  feathers 
lead  colored  above,  white  beneath.     Bill  dark,  feet  greenish. 

Younger. — Upper  parts  as  above,  entire  under  parts  transversely  barred  with 


1856.] 


41 


dark  ashy  brown  and  white,  the  former  predominating  on  the  sides  and  flanks. 
Throat  and  middle  of  the  abdomen  white. 

Dimensions.— Toto^l  length  (of  skin)  about  10 J  inches,  wing  6 J  inches,  tail  3-^ 
inches. 

Ilab.  Islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Washington  Territory,  (Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper) 
Spec,  in  Nat.  Mus.  Washington,  and  Mas.  Acad.  Philada. 

For  the  first  time  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  this  extensively  dif- 
fused species  has  been  found  in  Washington  Territory,  the  extreme  north  west 
portion  of  this  Republic,  by  J.  G.  Cooper,  M.  D.,  naturalist  attached  to  the  party 
which  surveyed  the  most  northern  proposed  route  for  a  rail-road  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  commanded  by  Hon.  I.  I.  Stevens.  It  is  a  small  species  uniformly 
colored  above,  and  not  difficult  to  distinguish  from  any  other  of  its  genus  yet 
discovered  in  the  United  States. 

This  species  possesses  an  extensive  range  of  locality,  probably  including  the 
greater  part  of  the  entire  western  coast  of  North  and  South  America,  the  Sand- 
wich and  Feejee  Islands,  and  is  very  nearly  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with  the 
Japanese  species,  figured  as  above  in  Fauna  Japonica.  It  has,  moreover,  quite 
a  redundancy  of  names,  a  portion  of  which  we  cite  above.  Pallas  gives  this 
species  as  an  inhabitant  of  Kamtschatka  and  the  Russian  American  islands. 

5.  Anser  htperboreus,  Pallas,  Spicilegia  Zoologica,  i,  pt.  vi,  p.  25,  (ITGD.) 

Anas  nivalis,  Forster,  Phil.  Trans.  London,  Ixii,  p.  413,  (lYT'i.) 

Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  viii,  pi.  68,  fig.  5.  And.  B.  of  Am.  pl.  381,  fig.  1,  oct.  ed. 
vi,  pl.  381,  fig.  1. 

This  species  is  either  liable  to  great  variation  in  size  and  color  of  plumage, 
or  three  distinct  birds  have  been  confounded  under  one  name.  My  present  in- 
formation inclines  me  to  the  opinion  that  the  latter  is  the  truth  ;  after  having 
collected  numerous  specimens  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy,  and  rather 
carefully  noted  the  observations  of  northern  voyagers  and  of  naturalists  attached 
to  Arctic  Expeditions. 

Two  distinct  sizes  appear  to  be  constant  in  the  same  sexes  of  specimens  that 
are  perfectly  white,  with  the  black  tips  of  the  primaries  and  the  ferruginous 
markings  on  the  head  and  face  in  both,  and  these  I  regard  at  present  as  distinct 
species.  The  larger  is  the  bird  described  by  Pallas  and  Forster  and  by  all  Ameri- 
can authors  as  the  Snow  Goose,  and  is  much  the  more  frequent  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  North  America.  It  is  figured  by  the  authors  above  cited  and  by  others, 
and  specimens  are  frequently  brought  to  the  markets  of  the  cities,  though  some 
winters  have  passed  in  Philadelphia  in  which  I  have  not  noticed  it.  Specimens 
of  adults  and  young  are  in  the  Museum  of  this  Academy,  the  young  being 
distinguished  by  the  prevalence  of  a  cinereous  color  on  the  upper  parts  of  the 
head,  neck  and  body.     Sexes  alike,  female  slightly  smaller. 

Dimensions. — Male.  Total  length  (of  skin)  about  31  inches,  wing  18^,  tail  6J, 
bill  from  the  tip  to  frontal  feathers  along  the  culmen  2^,  to  gape  2f,  tarsus  3|^ 
inches. 

6.  Anser  albatus,  nobis. 

Form. — Smaller  than  the  preceding,  bill  shorter,  bare  space  at  the  base  of  the 
upper  mandible  not  extending  so  far  into  the  feathers  (on  the  sides  of  the  bill  in 
front.)  Wing  long,  second  quill  longest,  tail  short  but  comparatively  rather 
longer  than  in  the  preceding,  which  is  also  the  case  with  the  tarsus. 

Dimensions. — Male.  Total  length  (of  skin)  about  25  inches,  wing  15|,  tail  5f , 
bill  measured  along  the  culmen  from  tip  to  frontal  feathers  2,  to  gape  2,  tarsus 
3  inches.     Sexes  alike,  female  slightly  smaller. 

Colors. — Adult.  Entire  plumage  white,  except  primaries,  which  are  pale  cine- 
reous at  base  and  black  in  the  terminating  two-thirds  of  their  length.  Front  and 
cheeks  spotted  with  ferrugiuous,  bill  and  feet  red. 

Uab. — Western  and  Northern  America,  Oregon,  rare  on  the  Atlantic. 

A  single  specimen  from  Oregon  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Exploring  Expedi- 
tion in  the  Vincennes  and  Peacock,  and  four  specimens,  which  occurred  in  pairs, 
have  come  under  my  notice  in  the  market  at  Philadelphia  in  the  course  of  twenty 
years.     These  five  specimens  are  all  that  I  have  seen  of  this  species,  and  it  is 


42  [February, 

very  probably  of  rare  occurrence  on  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  in  this  latitude, 
much  more  so  than  the  preceding.  The  four  specimens  alluded  to,  which  are  a 
pair  of  adults  and  a  pair  of  young,  are  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy. 

The  third  species,  confounded  by  authors  with  the  preceding,  is : 

t.  Anser  cceetjlescens  (Linn.) 

Anas  coerulescens,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  198,  (1766.) 

Edwards,  Birds,  iii.  pi.  152.  Wilson,  Am.  Orn.  viii.  pi.  69,  fig.  5.  Aud.  B.  of 
Am.  pi.  381,  fig.  2,  oct.  ed.  \i.  pi.  381,  fig.  2. 

This  bird  is  figured  and  described  by  both  Wilson  and  Audubon,  as  the  young 
of  Anser  hyperboreus,  but  neither  of  them  appear  to  me  to  have  done  so  on  any 
sufiBcient  information,  as  may,  I  think,  readily  be  inferred  from  their  articles  on 
that  species.  That  it  is  not  the  young  of  either  of  the  preceding  species  is  my 
conclusion,  being,  as  I  believe,  acquainted  with  the  young  of  both. 

The  figure  given  by  Edwards  as  above,  represents,  apparently,  the  young  of 
this  species,  and  those  of  Wilson  and  Audubon  a  more  mature  stage  of  plumage, 
if  not  adult.  This  bird  was  known  to  the  earlier  naturalists,  having  been  named 
by  Linnaeus  as  above,  in  1766,  and  before  him  by  Brisson  in  1760.  Both,  how- 
ever, probably  described  on  the  faith  of  Edwards'  figure,  which  was  published 
in  1748.  Pennant  apparently  does  not,  but  gives  a  sufficient  description  of  this 
species  under  the  name  of  "Blue  winged  Goose"  in  Arctic  Zoology,  ii,  p.  269, 
(1792.) 

If  this  bird  is  the  3"0ung  of  Anser  hyporborens,  which  I  deem  very  improbable, 
its  specific  name  as  above  is  the  proper  designation  of  the  species,  having 
priority  over  Pallas'  Anser  hyperboreus,  or  Forster's  Anas  nivalis  (Phil.  Trans. 
London,  Ixii.  p.  413,  1772,)  which  are  synonymes.  It  is  of  rare  occurrence  on 
the  coast  of  the  Atlantic,  in  the  latitude  of  New  Jersey,  though  stated  to  be 
abundant  in  the  Arctic  regions.  Specimens  in  the  Museum  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy. 


A  Synopsis  of  Entozoa  and  some  of  their  Ecto-congeners  observed  by  the  Author. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D. 

PROTHELMINTHA. 

1.  BoDO  RANARTTM  Ehrcnberg. 

Abundant  in  the  intestines  of  different  species  of  frogs  and  toads. 

2.  BoDO  HELicis  Diesing. 

Cryjytobia  hdicis  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  iii,  101. 
Cryptoicus  helicis  Leidy,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  i,  67. 
Bodo  helicis  Diesing.  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  284. 

3.  BoDO  coLUBRORUM  Hammcrsclimidt. 
In  the  cloaca  of  Tropidonotus  sirlalis. 

4.  BoDO  JULiDis  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  100;  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  x,  244. 

5.  BoDO  MUSCARUM  Leidy. 

Frequent  in  the    intestine   of   the  house    fly,   3Iusca   domestica,   in  immense 
quantity. 

6.  Bodo  melolonth.k  Leidy.      Body  spherical;  diameter  .00449  to  .0112  mm. 
Tail  simple,  about  the  length  of  the  diameter  of  the  body. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  Melolontha  quercina  and  31.  brunnea. 

7.  BuRSAUiA  iNTESTiNALis  Ehrcnlj. 
In  the  intestine  of  liana  pipiens. 

8.  Leucophrts  stryatis  Dujardin. 

Leucopkrys.  Leidy,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  49. 
In  the   liquids  of  the  body  of  Enchytraeus. 


1856.]  43 

9.  Leucophrys  clavata  Leidj. 

Journ.   A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  50 ;  iii,  144. 
Found  in  the  Liimbriculus  limosus,  and  L.  tenuis. 

10.  Leucophrys  cochlearipormis  Leidy. 
Journ.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  iii,  144. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  Lumbriculus  tenuis. 

11.  Leucophrys  socialis  Leidy.  Cordate,  ovate,  oval,  pyriform,  or  globular, 
contractile,  active,  with  one  or  many  internal  vacuoles ;  striated,  ciliated. 
Length  .036  to  .045  mm.,  breadth  .03  mm. 

Found  very  frequently  and  abundantly  within  the  stomach  of  the  remarkable 
bryozoon  Urnatella  gracilis.     (Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  vii,  191.) 

12.  Nyctotherus  velox  Leidy. 

Pr.   A.  N.  S.,  T,   233 ;    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  x,   244. 
From  the  large  intestine  of  Julus  marginatus. 

13.  Nyctotherus  ovalis  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  100;  Trans.  Am.    Phil.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  x,  244. 
From  the  intestine  of  the  common  cockroach,  Blatta  orientalis. 

14.  Albertia?  pellucidus  Leidy. 
Anelcodiscus  pellucidus  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  28*7. 

MYZELMINTHA. 

15.  ?  MoNOSTOMUM  iNCOMMODUM  Leidy.  Body  compressed,  above  convex,  below 
concave,  sides  parallel,  anteriorly  convex,  posteriorly  angularly  convex.  Head 
continuous  with  the  body,  obliquely  truncated.  Mouth  round,  surrounded  with 
a  wide  circular  lip  which  is  emarginate  below.  Male  generative  aperture  ?  com- 
municating with  a  hemispherical  cavity  (acetabulum?)  one  fourth  the  length  of 
the  body  from  the  head.     Length  9  lines,  breadth  1^  lines. 

Five  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  fauces  of  the  Alligator  mississipiensis, 
in  Florida,  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Bailey,  of  West  Point.  Is  it  probably  a  species  of 
Distomum,  with  the  ventral  acetabulum  emersed  within  the  body  ? 

16.  MoNOSTOMUM  ORNATUM  Leidy.  Body  slightly  compressed  ovoidal,  anteriorly 
broad  ;  yellow  variegated  with  brownish  red.  Mouth  infero-terminal,  acetabuli- 
form,  transversely  oval.  Penis  conical,  protruding  a  short  distance  below  the 
mouth.  Female  aperture  a  short  distance  below  the  penis.  Length  1  to  1 J  lines, 
breadth  J  to  |  of  a  line,  thickness  ^-  to  |  a  line. 

A  dozen  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  abdominal  cavity  of  Ranapipiens. 

17.  MoNOSTOMUM  renicapite  Leidy.  Body  depressed,  lateral  margins  parallel,  an- 
teriorly and  posteriorly  rounded,  above  convex,  below  concave.  Head  formed 
by  a  transverse,  reniform  callosity.  Mouth  transversely  crescentic,  surrounded 
with  a  double  lip.  Penis  a  small  conical  tubercle.  Length  from  ^  an  inch  to  1 
inch,  breadth  \i  lines. 

Numerous  specimens  were  obtained  by  Prof.  Agassiz  from  the  intestine  of 
Sphargus  coriacea. 

18.  ?  MoNOSTOMUM  MOLLE  Leidy.  Body  depressed,  elongated  elliptical,  posteriorly 
convex.     Head  ?    mouth  ?     Length  9  lines,  breadth  2  lines. 

I  have  found  two  specimens,  of  what  I  suspect  to  be  a  species  of  Monostomum 
in  the  lungs  of  two  individuals  of  Siernotherus  odoratus  The  species  is  so  soft 
that  in  the  removal  of  the  specimens  I  mutilated  both,  and  since  then  I  have 
been  unable  to  find  others. 

19.  DiSTOMUM  lanceolatum  Mehlis. 

Reported  to  exist  in  the  sheep,  Capra  aries ;  the  ox.  Bos  taurus ;  and  the  hog, 
Sus  scrofa.     Stated  to  be  frequent  in  the  sheep,  in  several  of  the  Western  States. 

20.  DiSTOMUM  HEPATICUM. 

In  the  hepatic  ducts  of  the   Cervus  virginianus.     Though  I  have  never  seen 


44  [February, 

specimens  from  the  source  given,  yet  I  think  there  is  little  doubt  of  its  existence, 
from  the  circumstance  that  sportsmen  and  hunters  have  frequently  informed  me, 
they  had  seen  leeches  in  the  liver  of  the  deer,  which  they  supposed  the  animal 
had  swallowed  in  drinking.  Also  reported  to  exist  in  the  ox,  Bos  taurus,  and  in 
the  horse,  Equus  caballus. 

21.  DiSTOMUM  VARiABiLE  Lcidy.  Var.  a.  Body  white,  variegated  with  black  in 
the  course  of  the  oviduct,  clavate,  posteriorly  obtuse,  minutely  echinated.  Neck 
long,  narrow,  cylindrical,  echinated.  Oral  and  ventral  acetabula  nearly  equal ; 
the  latter  one  prominent,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  neck.  Length  to  6  lines ; 
breadth  of  body  J  a  line. 

Var.  b.  Body  flattened  ovate,  continuous  with  the  head,  anteriorly  narrowed, 
posteriorly  obtuse,  color  and  echination  as  in  the  preceding  variety.  Length 
2^  lines,  breadth  2  lines. 

Variety  a  is  found  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  cavity  of  the  lungs  of  Tro- 
pidonotus  sipedon,  singly  or  in  groups  up  to  six,  with  the  head  and  neck  buried 
in  tumors,  as  in  the  case  of  the  attachment  of  Echinorhynchi.  Variety  b  is  found 
detached  in  the  mucus  of  the  lungs  and  trachea.  Common ; — obtained  in  De- 
cember, when  the  water  snakes  were  hybernating. 

22.  DiSTOMUM  HORRiDUM  Leidy. 

Distoma  horridum  Leidy,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  i,  303. 
From  the  excretory  duct  of  the  kidneys  of  the  Boa  constrictor. 

23.  DiSTOMUM  VARIEGATUM  Rud. 

Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  207. 
From  the  lungs  of  Rana  pipiens. 

24.  DiSTOMUM  RETUSUM  Dug. 

Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  207. 

From  the  intestine  of  Rana  halecina. 

25.  DiSTOMUM  CYGNOiDES  Zcdcr. 
Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  207. 

From  the  urinary  bladder  of  Rana  pipiens,  R. palustris,  R.  halecina;  Salaman- 
dra  maculata,  S.  rubra,  S.  salmonea. 

26.  DiSTOMUM  LONGUM  Lcidy. 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  206. 

From  the  mouth  of  Esoz  estor. 

21.    DiSTOMUM  TERRETICOLLE  Rud. 

Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  206. 

From  the  stomach  of  Esox  reticulatus. 

28.  DiSTOMUM  iNCiviLE  Leidy.  Body  flat,  elongated  elliptical ;  echinated  be- 
tween the  oral  and  ventral  acetabula,  which  are  equal,  and  the  latter  one  is 
hemispherical  and  sessile.  Length  2  J  to  3  lines,  breadth  3-5ths  to  4-5ths  of  a 
line. 

Obtained  from  the  intestine  of  Leiostomus  oUiquus. 

29.  DiSTOMUM  CLAVATUM  ?  Rud.  Body  pyriform,  transversely  annulated,  pli- 
cated. Neck  curved  conical,  3  lines  long.  Ventral  acetabulum  oblique,  pro- 
minent, at  the  base  of  the  neck,  3  lines  in  diameter,  with  a  circular  aperture  much 
larger  than  the  mouth.     Length  1  inch,  breadth  4  lines. 

One  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy.     Locality  unknown. 

30.  DiSTOMUM  VAGANS  Leidy. 

Distoma  hdicis  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iii,  220. 
Distornum  pericardium  Creplin,  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  xv,  78. 
Distoma  wigans  Leidy,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  i,  304. 
Cercariaeum  helicis  alternatce  Diesing,  Rev.  d.  Cere.  24. 
Cercariacum  vagans  Diesing,'Rev.  d.  Cere.  24. 
Found  in  Ueliz  alternata  and  in  H.  albolabris. 


1856.]  45 

CLINOSTOMUM  Leidy. 

Head  shorter  than,  and  separated  from  the  body  by  a  lateral  constriction  op- 
posite the  ventral  acetabulum,  compressed  semi-oval.  Body  compressed  oval. 
Mouth  anterior.  Ventral  acetabulum,  large,  hemispherical,  immersed  within  the 
commencement  of  the  body,  and  having  a  truncated  conical  aperture  with  the 
apex  posterior.     A  terminal  pore  to  the  body. 

31.  Clinostomum  gracile  Leidy.  Head  semi-ovoid,  anteriorly  obliquely  trun- 
cated. Mouth  transversely  oval,  with  a  prominent  margin  and  a  second  border, 
which  is  slightly  emarginate  below.  Body  compressed  oblong,  oval,  convex 
above,  concave  below,  obtuse  posteriorly,  acetabulum  larger,  immersed  between 
the  head  and  body.     Length  to  3  lines,  breadth  to  1  line. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  Esox         -  ,  and  within  cysts  in  the  gills,  fins, 

and  muscles  of  Pomotis  vulgaris. 

32.  CiiiNOSTOMUM  DUBiuM  Leidy.  Head  compressed  oval,  convex  anteriorly ; 
mouth  minute,  not  bordered.  Body  compressed  oblong  oval.  Ventral  acetabu- 
lum immersed  between  the  body  and  head.  Length  2^  lines,  breadth  |  of  a 
line. 

From  the  intestine  of  Rusticola  minor. 

33.  HoLOSTOMUM  CORNU  Nitzsch. 

Found  in  the  small  intestine  of  Ardea  herodias. 

34.  HoLOSTOMtJM  NiTiDUM  Lcidy.  Body  divided  by  a  constriction  at  the  an- 
terior third,  every  where  echinatod.  Head  ovoidal ;  mouth  terminal,  round, 
opening  iuto  a  cup-shaped  pharynx.  Body  compressed  oblong  oval,  variegated 
white  with  yellow.     Length  to  I}  lines,  breadth  2-5ths  of  a  line. 

Two  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  small  intestine  of  Rana  pijnens. 

35.  DiPLODiscus  SUBCLAVATUS  Diesiug. 
Found  in  the  intestine  of  Rana  pipiens. 

36.  DiPLOSTOMUM  CUTICOLA  Dicsing.  Head  elongated  elliptical,  excavated  in- 
feriorly,  obtusely  angular,  much  longer  than  the  body.  Mouth  small,  round, 
pharynx  oval,  gizzard  oval.  Generative  apertures  hemispherical,  situated  just 
posterior  to  the  middle.  Body  ovoid,  with  a  terminal  excretory  pore.  Length 
from  l-5th  to  ^  of  a  line.     Contained  in  oval  sacs  about  2  a  line  in  length. 

Found  in  great  number  in  the  liver  of  Pomotis  vulgaris. 

0*1.  AspiDOGASTER  coNCHicoLA  Baer. 
Leidy,  Pr.  A.  .IST.  S.,  v,  224. 

38.  Malacobdella  grossa  Blain. 
Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  209. 

CEPHALOCOTYLEA. 

39.  Cysticercus  fasciolaris  Rud. 

Common  in  the  liver  of  the  rat,  ilus  decumanus. 

40.  Cysticercus  cellulos.«  Rud. 
Occasionally  in  the  muscles  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa. 

41.  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  Rud. 

Occasionally  in  the  liver  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa,  and  in  the  mesentery  of  the 
sheep,  Capra  aries. 

42.  Cysticercus  elonoatus  Leuck. 

in  cysts,  in  the  peritoneum  of  the  european  domestic  rabbit,  Lepus  cuniculus. 

43.  EcHiNOCOOCus  granulosus  Rud. 
Echinococais  polymorphus  Diesing. 

From  a  cyst,  of  about  three  inches  in  diameter,  lietween  the  muscles  on  the 
right  side  of  the  abdomen,  in  an  English  sailor  boy ;  and  also  in  two  large 


46  [February, 

cysts  in  the  liver  of  a  Frenchmau.  I  have  never  met  with  this  parasite  in  the 
Anglo-American.  In  three  large  cysts  in  the  liver  of  a  large  species  of  monkey 
(species  unknown) ;  the  specimen  being  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Uni- 
versity. 

44.  COENURUS  CEREBRALIS  Rud. 

In  the  sheep,  Capra  aries. 

45.  T^NiA  SOLIUM  Lin. 
Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  ix,  443. 

46.  T^NiA  LATiCEPHALA  Leidy. 
Ibidem. 

47.  TAENIA  SERRATA  GOCZC. 

Ibidem. 

48.  T^NIA  OUCUMERINA    Bloch. 

Ibidem. 

49.  T^NiA  EiiLiPTiCA  Batsch. 
Ibidem. 

50.  T^NIA  CRASSICOLLIS  Rud. 

Ibidem. 

51.  TAENIA  P0SILLA  Goeze. 
Ibidem. 

52.  T^NiA  PECTiNATA  Gocze. 
Ibidem. 

53.  T^NiA  BACiLLARis  ?  Goeze. 
Ibidem. 

54.  Ta:nia  pestifera  Leidy. 
Ibidem. 

55.  T.BNiA  Strigis  ACADica;. 
Ibidem,  444. 

56.  TAENIA  VARIABILIS  ?  Rud. 

Ibidem. 

57.  T^NiA  DISPAR  Goeze. 

Taenia  pulchdla  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  241. 
Txnia  dispar  Goeze.  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  ix,  444. 

58.  T^NiA  LACTEA  Leidy. 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  ix,  444. 

59.  TiENiA  GiBBOSA  Leidy. 
Ibidem. 

GO.    DlBOTHRIUM  PCNCTATUM  Rud. 

Leidy.  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  ix,  444. 

61.  Sparganum  beptans  Diesing. 
Ligula  reptans  Diesing,  Syst.  Helm,  i,  581. 
Ligula  tritonis  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  96. 
Sparyanum  affi^ne  Diesing,  Verth.  d.  Cephalocot.  20. 

62.  DiBOTHRiORHYNCHUS  ABDiTus  Leidy.  Head  continuous  with  the  neck,  apex 
convex  and  emarginate.  Bothria  2,  lateral  continuous  above,  oval,  with  the 
lateral  margins  involute.  Proboscides  filiform,  projecting  \\  lines  from  the  head. 
Neck  tffinia-form,  widening  posteriorly.  Body  constricted  from  the  neck,  nar- 
rower and  longer,  taiuia-form,  narrowing  posteriorly  and  ending  in  au  obtusely 
angular  extremity.  Length  of  head  and  neck  6  lines,  breadth  posteriorly  1  line  ; 
length  of  body  7  lines,  breadth  3-5ths  of  a  line. 


1856.]  47 

Four  speciraeas  were  found  in  a  large  cream-colored  liver,  which  had  beeu 
left  upon  a  stall  in  our  fish  market.  I  could  not  ascertain  the  species  of  fish 
from  which  it  had  been  obtained,  but  I  suspect  it  to  be  the  halibut,  Ilippoglossas 
vulgaris.  Each  worm  was  closely  coiled  up  at  the  bottom  of  a  long  clavate  sac, 
which  was  composed  of  three  distinct  membranes.  The  first  membrane  adhered 
to  the  structure  of  the  liver  in  which  it  was  imbedded,  beneath  the  peritoneum. 
The  second  membrane  was  transparent,  crisp,  and  shining.  The  third  one  was 
milk-white,  soft,  and  contractile ;  and  it  presented  a  delicate,  tortuous,  white 
opaque  line  extending  the  length  on  each  side.  After  opening  the  third  mem- 
brane, beneath  water,  the  worm  gradually  crept  out  of  its  own  accord. 

63.  Phntastomum  subcylindricum  Diesing. 
Pentastomum.  Didelpkidis  virginianw  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  9G. 
In  cysts  of  the  liver  of  the  opossum,  Didelphis  virginiana. 

64.  Pentastomum  euryzonum  Diesing. 
In  the  liver  of  Cynocephalus  porcarius. 

65.  Pextastomum  proboscideum  Rud. 
In  the  lungs  of  the  Boa  constrictor. 

66.  Pextastomum  gracile  Diesing.  Body  sub-clavate,  incurved,  most  nar- 
rowed anteriorly,  annular,  not  plicated,  with  the  margins  of  the  annuli  mici-os- 
copically  denticulated.  Head  obtuse,  bothria  subterminal,  elevated,  each  with 
two  hooks,  of  which  the  upper  one  is  the  smaller.  Mouth  elevated,  conical,  in 
the  focus  of  the  semicircle  formed  by  the  bothria.  Length  from  3  to  4  lines, 
breadth  J  of  a  line. 

Eleven  specimens  were  obtained  by  Jos.  Jones  from  the  stomach  of  the  .4/- 
ligator  mississipiensi-s. 

RHYNGODEA. 

67.  Greoarina  Juli  marginati. 

G-regarina  larvala  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iv,  232. 

Gregarina  Juli  marginati.  Leidy,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  2a        ,  x,  237. 

63.  Gregarina  Juli  pusili. 

Leidy,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  2a  ser.,  .v,  23R. 

69.  Gregarina  Polydesmi  virginiensis. 
Ibidem. 

70.  Gregarina  Passali  corn  tin. 
Ibidem. 

71.  Gregarina  Achbt^  abbreviat.*;. 
Ibidem. 

72.  Gregarina  Locust.e  carolin.e. 
Ibidem,  239. 

73.  Gregarina  blattarum  Siebold. 

Gregarina  Blattce  orientalis.  Leidy,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  2d  ser.,  x,  239. 

74.  Gregarina  Scarabei  reucti. 
Gregarina.     Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  208. 

Gregarina  Scarabei  relicti.     Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  287. 

75.  Gregarina  Melalonth.e  brunne^.  Body  oblong  oval  ;  head  oblate 
spheroidal,  slightly  elevated  at  the  summit.  Single  and  in  pairs.  Length  of 
body  .405  mm,  breadth  .252  mm;  length  of  head  .108  mm,  breadth  .144  mm. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  Melalontha  brunnca. 

76.  Gregarina  Nereidis  dbnticulat.^. 
Leidy,  Journ.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.,  iii,  144. 


48  [Fkbruary. 

11.    ECHINORHYNCHUS    OVATUS    Lcidj. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  T,  9*7,  (1850.) 

Echi/norhifnchiis   campanulalus  Diesing,    Syst.   Helm,   ii,    21,  (1851.) 

From  the  small  intestine  of  Felis  leopardus. 

78.  ECHINORHYNCHUS    GIGAS    GoeZC. 

Small  intestine  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa. 

79.  ECHINORHYNCHUS  MICROCEPHALUS  Rud. 

Echinorhynchus  tortuosus  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  97. 
Found  in  the  mesentery  of  Didelphis  virginiana. 

80.  EcHiNounYNCHUs  STRiATUS  Goezc.  Body  cylindro-clavate,  anteriorly 
minutely  echinated.  Proboscis  obovate,  with  12  to  15  circles  of  hooks.  Neck 
short,  conical,  unarmed.  Length  to  10  lines ;  breadth  anteriorly  L}  lines. 
Color,  orange. 

Several  specimens  were  obtained  by  Jos.  Jones  from  the  intestine  of  Tantalus 
loculator. 

81.  ECHINORHYNCHUS    MANIFESTUS    Lcidy. 

Echinorhynchus  Pici  collaris.  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  98.  Body  slightly  com- 
pressed cylindroid,  most  dilated  anteriorly,  obtuse  posteriorly,  transversely 
corrugated.  Proboscis  subpyriform,  with  the  rounded  apex  armed  with  3  or  4 
rows  of  hooks.     Neck  a  simple  linear  constriction.     Length  8  lines  to  an  inch. 

Several  specimens  were  found  in  the  intestine  of  Picus  collaris. 

82.  ECHINORHYNCHUS  HAMULATUS  Leidy. 

Echinorhynchus  emydis.  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  207.  Body  long,  white,  sub-cla- 
vate,  curved.  Proboscis  sub-globular,  with  a  single  row  of  strong  hooks  and  a 
few  rudimental  booklets.     Length  2  to  14  lines,  breadth  to  ^  of  a  line. 

Frequent  in  the  intestine  of  Emys  geograjMca,  E.  insculpta,  E.  guttata,  and  E. 
^errata.  From  several  individuals  of  the  latter  species,  Mr.  Joseph  Jones  ob- 
tained more  than  a  hundred  specimens. 

83.  Echinorhynchus  acus  Rud. 
Intestine  of  Morrhua  americana. 

84.  Echinorhynchus  proteus  Westrumb. 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  208. 

Intestine  of  Labrax  lineatus. 

85.  Echinorhynchus  globulosus?  Rud. 

Echinorhynchus  lateralis  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  207.  Body  sub-fusiform,  most 
narrowed  posteriorly.  Proboscis  cylindrical,  projecting  laterally,  furnished  with 
12  to  14  rows  of  hooks.  Neck  very  short.  Length  to  1  inch,  breadth  to  two- 
fifths  of  a  line. 

Intestine  of  Salmo  fontinalis  ;  obtained  by  Prof.  Baird  and  Prof.  Agassiz. 

86.  Echinorhynchus  angustatus?  Rud. 

Echinorhi/nchus  socialis  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  156.  Body  cylindroid,  narrow- 
ing posteriorly,  frequently  dilated  anteriorly.  Proboscis  cylindrical,  with  26 
rows  of  hooks.  Neck  very  short,  conical,  unarmed.  Length  from  6  lines  to  21 
inches,  breadth  to  f  of  a  line. 

Frequent  in  the  intestine  of  Platessa  plana. 

NEMATOIDEA. 

87.  Trichina  spiralis  Owen. 
Occasional  in  the  Anglo-american. 

88.  Trichina  afkinis  Diesing. 

Trichina  spiralis  Owen.   Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iii,  108. 
Observed  in  the  muscles  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa. 

89.  Anguillula  aceti  Ehrenberg. 


1856.] 


49 


Common  in  ordinary  cider  vinegar. 

90.  Anguillula  glutinis  Ehrenberg. 
Common  in  paste  of  wheat,  rye,  tragacanth,  &c. 

91.  Anguillula  socialis  Leidy. 
Oxyuris  socialis  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  102. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  the  black  cricket,  Acheta  abbreviaia. 

92.  Anguillula  longa  Leidy. 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  225. 

Found  in  ditches  near  Philadelphia^ 

93.  Anguillula  fossularis  Leidy, 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  226. 

Found  in  stagnant  ponds  near  Philadelphia. 

94.  Amblyura  sbrpentulus  ?  Hemp,  et  Ehrenb. 

Anguillula  longicauda  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  225.  Mouth  with  cirri  {error  in 
the  previous  observation  and  description).  Tail  long,  subulate  ;  suctorial  disk  ex- 
ceedingly minute,  clavate.     Length  to  one-fortieth  of  an  inch. 

Common  about  gutters  and  water  spouts  in  Philadelphia. 

95.  Hystrignathus  rigidus  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N,  S.,  V,  102 ;  Flora  and  Fauna  within  Liv.  An.  4-1. 

PONTONEMA  Leidy. 

Body  capillary,  narrowing  towards  the  extremities.  Head  continuous  with 
the  body,  truncated,  or  obtuse  and  surmounted  with  angular  papilla?,  cirrated. 
Eyes  none.  Tail  obtuse.  Generative  aperture  ventral,  near  the  middle  of  the  body. 
(Esophagus  long,  cylindro-clavate  ;  gizzard  none,  intestine  straight,  capacious  ; 
anus  ventral  and  posterior. 

96.  PoNTONEMA    VACILLATUM    Lcidy. 

Jour.  A.  N.  S.,  2d  ser.  iii,  144.  Body  cylindroid,  anteriorly  with  longitudinal 
rows  of  short  cirri  in  addition  to  those  of  the  head  ;  posteriorly  incurved  ;  tail 
short,  thick,  conical,  obtuse.     Length  to  9  lines,  breadth  to  one-fifth  of  a  line. 

Found  on  the  sea  shore  of  Rhode  Island,  beneath  stones,  between  tides. 

97.  PoNTONEMA    MARINUM    Lcidy. 

Jour.  A.  N,  S.,  2d  ser.,  iii,  144.  Body  cylindroid ;  head  convex ;  mouth  surrounded 
with  angular  papillaj.  Cirri  4,  at  the  side  of  the  head.  Tail  long,  narrow,  coni- 
cal, obtuse.     Length  to  3  lines. 

Found  at  the  bottom  of  a  sound  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey. 

POTAMONEMA  Leidy. 

Body  filiform,  narrowing  towards  the  extremities.  Head  continuous  with 
the  body,  slightly  dilated,  obtuse.  Mouth  large,  infundibuliform,  unarmed;  oeso- 
phagus narrow,  flexuous,  membranous,  gradually  expanding  into  a  capacious, 
straight,  cylindrical  intestine  ;  anus  none  ?  or  exceedingly  indistinct.  Caudal  ex- 
tremity obtuse.     Generative  aperture  of  the  female  near  the  middle  of  the  body. 

98.  PoTAMONEMA  NiTiDUM  Lcidy.  Body  cylindroid,  most  narrowed  anteriorly. 
Head  without  appendages.  Caudal  extremity  broad,  obtusely  conical.  Length 
5  lines,  breadth  one-fifth  of  a  line. 

An  active,  wriggling,  glistening  white  worm,  found  among  beds  of  Valisneria 
americana,  growing  in  the  river  Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia. 

NEMA  Leidy. 

Body  ascaridiform.  Head  without  appendages.  Mouth  unarmed,  large,  in- 
fundibuliform, oesophagus  tubular,  membranous,  expanding  into  a  simple  straight 
intestine  ;  anus  ventral.  Tail  conical,  acute,  recurved.  Generative  aperture 
near  the  middle  of  the  body. 


50  [FebruarYj, 

99.  Nema  vacilans  Leidy.  Body  white,  glistening.  Length  Ij  millemetreSj. 
breadth  .050  mm.     Tail  .115  mm.  long. 

An  active  wriggling  worm,  found  about  some  dead  specimens  of  a  black  Phry- 
ganea^  which  was  infested  with  a  fungus  parasite,  and  attached  to  stones  at  the 
water's  edge  of  a  small  brook  near  Philadelphia. 

100.  Stbeptostomdm  agile  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iVy  230 ;  v,  285  ;  Flora  and  Fauna  within  Liv.  An.  45. 
Aorurus  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iv,  230  ;  t,  284. 

101.  Streptostomum  gracilb  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  It,  100 ;  v,  285  ;  Flora  and  Fauna,  46, 

In  parte  Oxyuris  Diesingii  Hammerschmidt,  Isis,  354,  (1848). 

In  parte  Oxyuris  Blattce  orientalis  Hammerschmidt,  Naturw.  Ab.  v.  Haid.,  i.,  284, 

la  parte  Anguillula  macrura  Diesing,  Syst.  Helm,  ii,  134. 

102.  Thelastomum  attenuatdm  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iv.^  231  ;  v,  285  ;  Flora  and  Fauna,  within  Liv.  An.  46, 
Aorurus  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iv,  230  ;  v,  284. 

103.  Thelastomum  appendiculatum  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  101 ;  ib.  285 ;  Flora  and  Fauna,  4'?. 

In  parte  Oxyuris  Blattce  orientalis  Hammerschmidt,  Naturw.  Ab.  v.  Haid,,  i.,  284, 

la  parte  Anguillula  macrura  Diesiag,  Syst.  Helm,  ii,  134. 

104.  Thelastompm  labiatum  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  T,  101 ;  ib.  285  ;  Flora  and  Fauna,  47. 

105.  Thelastomum  kobustum  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  T,  101  ;  ib.  285 ;  Flora  aud  Fauna,  48. 
Thelastomum  brevicaudatum?  Leidy,  Pr,  A.  N.  S.,  v,  208  ;  ibidem. 

106.  Thelastomum  venustum  Leidy.  Body  of  female  fusiform,  straight,  with 
the  tail  loag,  narrow,  conical,  straight,  acute.  Body  of  male  iacurved,  with  the 
tail  short,  depressed,  ending  in  a  recurved  subulate  point,  and  having  a  pair  of 
oblong  lobes  or  alae,  extending  the  length  ventrally.  Generative  and  anal 
apertures  terminating  together  abruptly.  Penis  a  curved,  conical,  acute  spicu- 
lum.  Length  of  female  to  2 ^  lines,  breadth  to  one-fifth  of  a  line ;  length  of  male 
to  1  line,  breadth  ^  of  a  line. 

Found  in  great  number  within  the  large  intestine  of  Testudo  polyphemus.  Ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Joseph  Jones  in  Georgia.  It  is  a  singular  fact,  that  this  species  is 
infested  with  vegetable  parasites,  as  ia  the  case  of  those  fouad  ia  myriapods  and 
iasects. 

lOT.    ASCARIS    VERMIC0LARIS  Liu. 

This  species  is  the  most  common  of  all  the  parasitic  worms,  in  the  anglo-ameri- 
can. 

108.  ASCARIS    LUMBRICOIDES   Lin. 

This  species  is  the  second  of  the  most  commoa  of  parasitic  worms  ia  the  anglo- 
araericaa. 

Ia  the  University  museum,  there  is  a  preparation  of  the  liver  of  a  boy,  in  which 
a  number  of  individuals  of  this  worm  have  forced  themselves  into  the  divisions 
of  the  hepatic  duct. 

Frequent  also  ia  the  small  iatestiaes  of  the  hog,  Sus  scrofa. 

109.  ASCARIS    LEPTOPTERA    Rud. 

Ascaris  Felis  discoloris  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  155. 

Fouad  ia  the  small  intestiae  of  the  panther,  Felis  concolor. 

110.  Ascaris  mystax  Rud. 

Commoa  ia  the  domestic  cat,  Felis  catus. 

111.  AaCARIS    MARGINATA   Rud. 

Frequeat  iu  the  dog,  Cants  familiarit. 


1«56.]  51 

112.  AscAEis  coMTMNARis  Leidy. 

Ascaris  alienata  Rud.  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  205.  Body  very  uniformly  cylin- 
drical until  within  a  short  distance  of  the  extremities.  Head  naked  ;  lips  promi- 
nent. Tail  short,  conical,  obtuse,  in  the  male  incurved.  Length  of  female  4 
inches,  breadth  1^  lines  ;  length  of  male  2  inches,  breadth  ^  a  line. 

Two  specimens,  male  and  female,  were  found  in  the  intestine  of  Mephitis  chinga^ 

113.  Ascaris  L^\^s  Leidy.  Body  cylindrical,  narrowing  at  the  extremities. 
Head  naked ;  lips  prominent.  Tail  conical,  mucronate.  Length  of  female  SJ 
inches,  breadth  1^  lines.     Male  not  seen. 

A  single  specimen  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Packard,  from  the  intestine  of  Arcto- 
mys  monax, 

114.  Ascaris  tentaculata  Rud. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  Didelphis  virginiancL 

115.  Ascaris  vesicularis  Frolich. 

Common  in  the  coecum  of  the  turkey  Meleagris  gallopavo^  ajid  of  the  fowl, 
Phasianus  gallus. 

'116.  Ascaris  tnfiexa  Rud. 

Common  in  the  small  intestine  of  the  fowl,  Phasianus  gallue. 

117.  Ascaris  serpentulus  Rud. 

One  female,  1 J  inches  long,  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Schafhirt  from  the  intestine 
of  Ardea  molacea. 

118.  Ascaris  longa  Leidy.  Body  most  narrowed  anteriorly,  and  only  slightly 
so  at  the  posterior  fourth.  Head  naked,  subacute ;  lips  slightly  prominent. 
Tail  obtusely  rounded,  with  the  anus  forming  a  transverse,  subcrescentic 
iissure  nearly  at  its  extremity.  Length  of  the  female  9  inches,  breadth  1^- 
lines.     Male  not  seen, 

A  single  specimen  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jones,  from  the  intestine  of 
Tantalus  loculator,  in  Georgia. 

119.  Ascaris  tenuicolms  Rud, 

Frequent  in  the  stomach  and  intestine  of  the  Alligator  mississipiensis. 

120.  Ascaris  anoura  Dujardin. 

Eight  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  intestine  of  Coluber  constrictor.  The 
females  measure  up  to  6  inches  in  length  by  1  line  in  breadth  ;  the  males  3J 
inches  in  length  by  f  of  a  line  in  breadth.  Six  specimens,  apparently  of  this 
species  were  sent  to  me  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  They  were  obtained  with  nearly  a 
pint  of  others,  from  the  intestine  of  tbe  Boa  constrictor.  I  do  not  feel  positive 
that  they  are  really  of  the  same  species,  as  the  specimens  are  too  badly  pre- 
served to  ascertain  the  fact  correctly  ;  but  the  size  and  details  of  form  agree 
pretty  closely. 

121.  Ascaris  nuda  Leidy.  Body  most  narrowed  anteriorly.  Head  naked, 
with  the  epidermis  closely  adherent ;  lips  large,  oblong.  Tail  short,  incurved, 
conical,  minutely  mucronate.  Length  of  female  2  to  2J  inches,  breadth  ;|  to  J 
a  line.     Male  not  seen. 

Two  females  were  obtained  from  the  intestine  of  Crotalus  adamanteus^  by  Mr. 
■Schafhirt.     Is  this  probably  the  same  as  the  last  species  ? 

122.  Ascaris  humilis  Leidy.  Body  cylindroid,  recurved,  white.  Head  ob- 
tuse, naked  ^  mouth  trilobed  ?  pharyngeal  apparatus  none  ;  oesophagus  pestle- 
form.  Tail  substraight,  conical,  acTite.  Length  2  lines,  breadth  one-tenth  of  a 
line. 

^     Eight  specimens  were  dbtained  from  the  lungs  of  Tropidonotus  sirtalis,  in  De- 
cember. 

123.  Ascaris  entomelas  Leidy. 
Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  206. 

From,  the  lungs  of  Eana  haleaina. 


52  [February, 

124.  AscARis  ACUTA  Muller. 

A  single  male,  14  lines  long  and  J  of  a  line  broad,  was  obtained  from  the  in- 
testine of  Platessa  plana. 

125.  AscARis  NE6LECTA  Leidj.  Body  cylindro-fusiform,  most  narrowed  an- 
teriorly. Head  naked  ;  lips  large,  obtuse.  Tail  short,  conical,  acute.  Length 
of  female  2  inches,  breadtli  three-fifths  of  a  line  ;  male  abont  half  the  size. 

Twelve  specimens  were  obtained  by  Prof.  Baird,  from  the  intestine  of  Diodon 
maculo-striatus. 

126.  AscARis  CLATATA  Rud.  Head  with  a  linear  ridge  On  cach  sidc.  Tail  short, 
conical,  incurved,  mucronate ;  in  the  female  with  a  linear  ridge  extending  for- 
ward on  each  side.  Length  of  female  to  3^  inches,  breadth  f  of  a  line  ;  length 
of  male  to  2  inches,  breadth  to  J  a  line. 

Numerous  specimens  were  obtained  by  Prof.  Agassiz  from  the  intestine  of 
Morrhua  pruinosa,  and  I  have  obtained  others  from  the  intestine  of  Morrhua 
americana. 

12*7.  AscARis  CYLiNDRicA  Leidy. 

Angiostomum  ?    cylindricum   Diesing,   Syst.   Helm,   ii,    559. 

Ascaris  crflindrica  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iv,  229.  Body  cylindroid,  equally  at- 
tenuated towards  the  extremities,  curved.  Mouth  distinctly  trilabiate.  Tail 
narrow,  conical,  curved,  acute.  Female  generative  aperture  just  jiosterior  to 
the  middle.     Length  four-fifths  of  a  line,  breadth  one-twelfth  of  a  line. 

Found  in  the  intestine  of  Helix  alternata.  No  cartilaginous  pharynx  as  in 
Angiostovmm  I 

128.  Ascaris  infecta  Leidy. 

Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  iv,  229  ;  Faun,  and  Flora  within  Liv.  An.  42. 
Found   in  the  ventriculus  of  Julus  marginatus. 

129.  Stnplecta  pendula  Leidy. 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  240. 

From  the  stomach  of  Emys  guttata. 

130.  OxYiTRis  coMPAR  Leidy.  Body  fusiform  ;  head  continuous  with  the  body, 
subacute,  with  a  dilatation  of  the  epidermis  ;  mouth  small.  Tail  of  female  long, 
subulate,  spirally  contorted  ;  the  generative  aperture  one-fifth  the  length  of  the 
body  from  the  head.  Length  of  female  4  to  7  lines,  breadth  J  of  a  line  ;  length 
of  tail  from  the  anus  1^  lines. 

Seventeen  specimens  were  found  in  company  with  others  of  Tcenia  crasskollis 
in  the  small  intestine  of  the  cat,  Felis  catus.  QEsophagus  long,  pestle-form ; 
gizzard  globulo-pyriform  ;  intestine  dilated  at  the  commencement,  afterwards 
cylindrical.     Males  were  not  seen. 

131.  OXYURIS    CCRVULA    Rud. 

Litestine  of  the  horse,  Equus  cahallus. 

132.  ?  OxYURis  DUBiA  Leidy.  Body  fusiform,  curved.  Head  continnons  with  the 
body,  naked.  Mouth  unarmed.  Female  generative  aperture  about  the  middle 
of  the  body.  Tail  abruptly  narrowed,  acutely  conical.  Length  of  female  li 
lines,  breadth  |^  of  a  line.     Male  not  seen. 

Found  in  the  coecum  oi  Bufo  americanus,  and  of  Salamandra  rubra. 

SPIRONOURA  Leidy. 

Body  cylindroid,  attenuated  at  the  extremities.  Head  continuous  with  the 
body.  Mouth  round,  surrounded  by  a  circular  papillated  lip.  Caudal  extremity 
of  male  spiral,  acute,  tuberculate,  with  the  two  spicula  of  the  penis  curved,  ensi- 
form,  costate ;  of  the  female  conical,  acute,  with  the  generative  aperture  at  the 
posterior  third  of  the  body. 

133.  Spiroxoura  gracile  Leidy.  Body  of  female  incurved  ;  that  of  male  spiral 
posteriorly.  Head  naked  ;  mouth  with  a  circular  lip  of  6  papillae.  Tail  of  female 
long,  calcarate,  acute  :  of  male,  with  two  rows  each  of  three  tubercles.     Spicula 


1856.]  ^B 

<of  penis  curved  ensiform,  costate,  emarginate  at  the  extremity.  Length  of  female 
8  lines,  breadth  J  of  a  line  ;  length  of  male  to  4  lines,  hreadth  to  J  of  a  line. 

Found  in  the  stomach  of  JSmys  serrata.  (Esophagus  long,  pestle-form,  gizzard 
globular,  commencement  of  the  intestine  oordiform,  rectum  short,  wide,  pyriform. 
Ovaries  double. 

134.  Spiro:notjra  afpine  Leidy.  Body  of  female  curved  ;  that  of  male  posterior- 
ly spiral.  Head  naked  ;  mouth  with  a  circular  lip  of  6  ?  papilla?.  Tail  of  female 
nearly  straight,  mod-erately  long,  -conical,  acute ',  of  the  male,  conical,  incurved 
with  a  ijair  of  tubercles  on  each  side  near  the  end.  Spicula  of  penis  curved 
«nsiform,  costate,  acute.  Length  of  female  4|-  lines,  breadth  one-fifth  of  a  line 
length  of  male  3  lines,  breadth  J  of  a  line. 

Found  in  the  coecum  of  Cistudo  Carolina, 

135.  Physaloptera  turgida  Rud. 

Spiroptera  Didelphidis  virginiana.  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  155. 
Common  in  the  stomach  of  Didelphis  virginiana^     Found  by  Dr,  Goddard,  Mr. 
Schafhirt,  and  myself  5  and  also  by  Mr.  Jos,  Joa«s,  in  Georgia. 

136.  Physaloptera  limbata  Leidy. 

Spiroptera  Scalopk  canadensis.  Leidy,  Pi-.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  156.  The  mouth  bilabiate 
and  surrounded  by  an  elevated  linear  margin.  Al«  of  male,  each  with  4  diverg- 
ing costse.     The  length  6  lines,  breadth  ^  of  a  line, 

137-  Physaloptera  mucronata  Diesing. 

Numerous  specimens  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jones,  from  the  stomach  of 
the  Alligator  mississipiensis,  in  Georgia. 

138.  Physaloptera  oonstricta  Leidy.  Body  white,  with  th*  brown  intestine 
shining  through,  cylindrical  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the  extremities,  in- 
curved ;  anterior  extremity  with  one  or  two  constrictions,  and  abruptly  inflexed. 
Lips  large,  lateral,  constricted  from  the  body,  each  trilobate.  Tail  of  female  in- 
curved, abruptly  conical  and  acute  ;  of  the  male  alated,  with  the  alas  narrow, 
long,  and  turgid.  Length  of  female  1|  inches,  breadth  two-fifths  of  a  line  ;  male 
half  the  size. 

Found  frequently  in  the  stomach  of  Tropidonotus  sipedon,  with  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  body  hooked  through  the  mucous  membrane,  and  very  tightly  ad- 
hering by  means  of  the  one  or  two  constrictions. 

139.  Physalopteka  contorta  Leidy.  Body  capillary,  most  narrowed  anterior- 
ly, with  the  posterior  four-fifths  spirally  contorted  ;  white,  with  the  intestine 
brown.  Lips  prominent,  constricted  from  the  body,  trilobate.  Tail  short,  coni- 
cal, acute:;  in  the  male  with  narrow  alae,  each  furnished  with  five  funnel-shaped 
pores.  Length  of  female  from  6  lines  to  an  inch  ;  breadth  to  J  of  a  line  ;  male 
from  one  half  to  three^fourths  the  size. 

Frequent  in  the  stomach  of  E7nys  serrata,  Emys  reticulata,  Cistndo  Carolina,  and 
Kinosternum  pennsylvanicum,  adhering  to  the  mucous  membrane  in  the  same 
manner  as  Physaloptera  constricta. 

140.  Physaloptera.  abjecta  Leidy.  Body  most  narrowed  anteriorly,  incurved. 
Mouth  distictly  bilabiate  ;  lips  lateral,  prominent.  Caudal  extremity  incurved, 
obtusely  conical.     Length  10  lines,  breadth  ^. a  line. 

One  specimen  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Jos.  Jones,  from  the  stomach  of  Psammo- 
phis  Jlagelliformis, 

141.  Cheieacanthus  horridus  Leidj.  Body  subcylindrical,  incurved,  pos- 
teriorly sub-clavate,  obtuse  ;  anteriorly  covered  with  palmate  plates,  furnished 
with  as  many  as  eight  spines,  and  degenerating  posteriorly  to  single  spines. 
Head  oblate-spheroidal,  spirally  echinate.  Mouth  bilabiate,  with  the  lips  late- 
ral and  papillated.  Length  of  female  2f  inches,  breadth  IJ  lines.  Male  not  seen. 

Four  specimens  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jones,  in  the  stomach  of  the 
Alligator  mississipiensis  in  Georgia. 

142.  Tricocephalus  dispar  Rud. 

i^ot  unfrequent  in  the  children  of  the  An^lo-american,  and  also  in  the  ne^ro. 


^■*  [February, 

143.  Tricocephalus  minutcs  Rud. 

Numerous  specimens  were  obtained  by  Joseph  Joues  from  the  coecum  of  Di~ 
delphis  virginiana  in  Georgia. 

144.  CccuLLANUS  MiCROCEPHALUS  Dujardin. 
Cucullanus    trispinoms  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  240. 

Frequent  in  the  stomach  and  intestine  of  Emys  guttata,  Emys  reticulata,  Emya 
ierrata,  and  Chelonura  scrpmtina. 

145.  Cucullanus  roseus  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  s.,  v,  155.  Body  fusiform,  sub- 
straight,  red,  anteriorly  obtuse.  Tail  straight,  short,  conical,  acute.  Mouth  with 
a  complex  corneous  apparatus.  Upper  lip  of  anus  turgid.  Penis  consisting  of 
two  calcarate  spiculae.  Generative  aperture  of  the  female  two-fifths  the  length 
of  the  body  from  the  tail.  Length  of  female  to  \\  inches,  breadth  to  three-fifths 
a  line ;  length  of  male  to  10  lines,  breadth  \  a  line. 

From  the  intestine  of  Testudo ?  from  Java. 

146.  SCLEROSTOMUM    DENTATUM    Rud. 

Several  specimens,  male  and  female,  were  obtained  from  the  liver  of  the  hog, 
Sus  scrofa. 

147.  SCLEROSTOMUM    S-iTJGAMUS    Dicsiug. 

Common  in  the  trachea  of  the  common  fowl,  Phasianus  gallus. 

148.  SCLEROSTOMUM    ARMATUM    Rud. 

Specimens  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  and  presented  by  Dr. 
Harlan,  who  obtained  them  from  an  aneurism  of  the  aorta  of  the  horse,  Equus 
caballus.     Strongylus  armatus  Rud.,  Harlan  Med.  and  Phys.  Res.  553. 

149.  Stroxgylus  attenuatus  Leidy.  Body  cylindroid,  narrowing  towards 
the  extremities  ;  female  nearly  straight,  male  curved.  Head  obtuse,  bialated  ;  alee 
long  and  moderately  broad.  Mouth,  with  minute  angular  papillae.  Tail  of 
female  straight,  conical,  acute.  Bursa  of  the  male  bilobed,  multiradiate.  Length 
of  female  6  lines,  breadth  one-fifth  of  a  line  ;  length  of  male  4^  lines,  breadth 
one-fifth  of  a  line. 

Sixteen  specimens  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Schafhirt  from  the  intestine  of  Cyno- 
cephalus  porcarius. 

150.  Strongylus  simplex  Leidy.  Body  cylindroid,  anteriorly  rather  abruptly 
narrowed  ;  female  straight ;  male  curved,  with  the  caudal  extremity  incurved. 
Head  obtusely  conical,  not  alated  nor  papillated.  Tail  of  female  compressed 
conical,  acute  ;  generative  aperture  one-third  the  length  of  the  body  from  its  ex- 
tremity. Bursa  of  male  trilobed  ?  one  lobe  posterior  and  two  lateral,  multiradi- 
ate. Length  of  female  4  to  5  lines,  breadth  ^  of  a  line  ;  length  of  male  2^  to  3^ 
lines,  breadth  ^  of  a  line. 

Numerous  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  small  intestine  of  Hystrix  dorsata. 

151.  Strongylus  auricularis  Zeder. 

Intestine  of  Bufo  aincricanus  and  of  Cistudo  Carolina. 

152.  Eustrongylus  gigas  Diesing. 

Frequent  in  the  kidneys  of  the  mink,  Putorhis  vison,  and  occasionally  occurring 
in  the  dog,  Ca7iis  familiaris.  One  specimen,  eight  inches  long,  was  obtained  by 
Mr.  Joseph  Jones  from  the  heart  of  the  latter  animal,  in  association  with  Filarice, 
mentioned  in  another  part  of  this  paper. 

153.  Trichosomum  lineare  Leidy.  Body  filiform,  nearly  equally  narrowed 
towards  the  extremities.  Caudal  extremity  of  the  female  spirally  involute. 
Tail  incurved,  obtuse,  with  two  conical  points  on  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  ex- 
tremity. Caudal  extremity  of  the  male  spiral ;  tail  long,  conical,  acute  ;  genera- 
tive aperture  a  considerable  distance  from  the  end  of  the  tail.  Length  of 
female  3  inches,  breadth  ^  of  a  line  ;  length  of  male  1^  inches,  breadth  one-tenth 
of  a  line. 

Seven  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  small  intestine  of  the  cat,  Felis  catus. 


1856.]  55 

154.  ?Trichosomum  picorum.  Body  cylindroid,  equally  narrowed  and  acute  at 
the  two  extremities.  Mouth  and  anus  terminal.  Length  of  female  7  lines,  breadth 
one-fifth  of  a  line. 

A  single  S2>ecimen  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Schaf  hirt  from  the  intestine  of  Ficus 
colaris. 

155.  Agamonema  capsularia?  Diesing.  Body  slender,  most  narrowed  an- 
teriorly. Mouth  small,  circular,  surrounded  by  an  undivided  lip.  Tail  short, 
obtusely  conical,  minutely  mucronate.  Length  5  to  10  lines,  breadth  from  \  to 
\  of  a  line. 

Found  free  in  the  intestine  of  Centropristes  nigricans,  Clupea  elongata ,  and  Alosa 
sapidksima.  Also  free  in  the  intestine  and  pancreatic  coeca  of  Morrhua  ameri- 
cana ;  and  larger  specimens  :  1  inch  in  length  and  ^  of  a  line  in  breadth,  coiled 
up  within  sacs  of  the  peritoneum  in  the  same  fish. 

156.  Agamonema  papilligerum?  Diesing.  Body  cylindrical,  most  narrowed 
anteriorly,  posteriorly  obtusely  conical.  Mouth  surrounded  by  four  papillaj ; 
anus  terminal.     Length  to  4i  inches,  breadth  two-fifths  of  a  line. 

One  specimen  was  obtained  from  the  abdominal  cavity  of  -Eaoz 

157.  FiLARiA  MEDiNENSis  Gmelin. 

Filaria  hominis  oris?  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  117. 

A  specimen  is  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  and  was  recently 
brought  from  Western  Africa,  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Burtt,  U.  S.  N.,  who  obtained  it  from 
the  leg  of  a  white  soldier. 

158.  Filaria  papillosa  Rud. 
Intestine  of  the  ox,  Bos  taurus. 

159.  Filaria  immitis  Leidy. 

Filaria  Canis  cordis  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  118.  Body  cylindrical,  obtusely 
rounded  at  the  extremities.  Mouth  small,  round,  unarmed.  Caudal  extremity 
of  male  spiral,  with  a  row  of  five  tubercles  and  a  narrow  ala  upon  each  side. 
Penis  protruding  a  short  distance  above  the  anus.  Length  of  female  to  10  inches, 
breadth  to  5  a  line  ;  length  of  male  to  5  inches,  breadth  ^  of  a  line. 

Mr.  Joseph  Jones  recently  presented  to  me  two  specimens  of  the  heart  of  the 
dog,  in  the  right  ventricle  of  one  of  which  there  were  five  of  the  Filarice  ]\xsi  de- 
scribed. In  the  other  specimen,  the  right  auricle  and  ventricle,  and  the  pulmo- 
nary artery  in  its  ramifications  through  the  lungs  are  literally  stuffed  with 
Filarial.  A  portion  of  the  blood  of  this  dog,  given  to  me  by  Mr.  Jones,  contains 
a  great  number  of  the  young  of  the  Filaria. 

In  relation  to  the  symptoms  which  accompanied  the  presence  of  these  worms 
in  the  heart  while  the  dogs  were  living,  Mr.  Jones  has  furnished  the  following 
notes  :  The  heart  containing  the  five  worms,  was  taken  from  a  male  pointer  dog, 
whose  appetite  was  voracious  and  insatiable,  and  notwithstanding  he  was 
abundantly  supplied  with  food,  he  remained  in  a  very  lean  condition.  The  heart 
and  lungs  containing  great  numbers  of  worms  was  from  a  cur  dog,  who  was 
always  so  thin  as  to  resemble  a  skeleton  ;  and  it  was  impossible  to  benefit  his 
condition  with  the  most  liberal  supply  of  food.  Both  dogs  were  of  an  exceeding- 
ly restless  disposition.  They  did  not  die  in  consequence  of  the  presence  of  the 
Filarice,  but  were  killed  in  the  course  of  some  physiological  experiments. 

160.  ?  Filaria  dubia  Leidy.  Bodj^  cylindroid,  narrowed  towards  the  extremi- 
ties, rolled  in  a  transverse  spiral.  Head  continuous  with  the  body,  naked.  Mouth 
minutely  papillated.     Tail  acute.     Length  9  lines,  breadth  ^  of  a  line. 

Nine  specimens  were  contained  within  two  globular  sacs  of  the  gastric  mucous 
membrane  of  the  Albatross,  Diomedea  exulans,  the  preparation  having  been  ob- 
tained in  the  South  Atlantic,  by  Dr.  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger,  U.  S.  N.  The 
sacs  also  contained  each  a  brown  globular  body  about  3J  lines  in  diameter, 
divided  by  lines  into  quarters,  intersected  by  transverse  corrugations.  At  one 
pole  of  these  enigmatic  bodies  was  an  elliptical  aperture,  and  at  the  opposite 
pole  a  small  conical  tail-like  appendage.     C>ne  of  the  bodies  being  cut  open,  ex- 


56  [February, 

hibited  no  regularity  of  structure.     The  Filarice  were  situated  between   the 
globular  bodies  and  the  walls  of  the  sacs  containing  them. 

161.  FiLARiA  ATTENUATA?  Rud.  Body  Cylindrical,  conical  at  the  extremities. 
Head  convex  ;  mouth  round,  unarmed.  Caudal  extremity  of  male  incurved. 
Tail  short,  obtusely  conical.  Length  of  female  4  inches,  breadth  J  of  a  line ; 
length  of  male  2  inches,  breadth  one-fifth  of  a  line. 

Five  specimens  were  obtained  by  Prof.  Baird  from  the  abdominal  cavity  of 
Sturnella  ludoviciana. 

Two  female  Filarice  having  the  same  form  as  the  above,  5  inches  in  length  and 
i  a  line  in  breadth,  were  obtained  by  Prof.  Baird  from  the  adominal  cavity  of 
Colaptes  auratus. 

162.  FiLARiA  BiSPiNOSA  Dicsing. 

Filarice  Boce  constrictoris  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  118. 
Found  beneath  the  skin  of  the  Boa  constrictor. 

163.  FiLAKiA  ciSTUDiNis.  Body  capillary,  spirally  involute,  attenuated  at  the 
extremities.  Head  and  tail  obtusely  rounded.  Mouth  unarmed.  Anus  termi- 
nal.    Length  li  inches,  breadth  ^  of  a  line. 

One  specimen  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Schaf  hirt  from  the  heart  of  Cistudo  Carolina. 

164.  FiLARiA  AMPHiuMiE.  Body  cylindroid,  attenuated  towards  the  extremi- 
ties, spirally  coiled,  anteriorly  truncate,  posteriorly  acute.  Length  6  lines, 
breadth  one-fifth  of  a  line. 

Numerous  specimens  were  found  coiled  up  in  the  parietes  of  the  stomach  of 
Amphiuma  raeans,  the  individual  of  which  had  been  so  long  preserved  in  alcohol, 
that  the  characters  of  the  worms  could  be  partially  determined  only. 

165.  FiLARiA  NiTiDA  Leidy.  Body  filiform.  Mouth  large,  round,  unarmed  ; 
oesophagus  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body  ;  intestine  straight,  capacious,  with 
a  short  narrow  rectum ;  anus  terminal  with  a  short  tubular  prolongation.  Tail 
sub-distinct,  conical.  Color  red.  Length  to  5  lines,  breadth  one-twelfth  of  a 
line. 

Found  coiled  up  in  oval  cysts  in  the  peritoneum  and  abdominal  muscles  of 
the  Kami  pipiens. 

166.  FiLARiA  SOLITARIA  Leidy.  Mouth  transverse,  sub-elliptical,  papillated. 
Caudal  extremity  obtusely  rounded.  Anus  terminal.  Length  to  2  inches, 
breadth  ^  of  a  line. 

Coiled  up  in  cysts  between  the  tunics  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  of  Fmys 
strrata  and  Chelonura  serpentina.     Obtained  by  Mr.  Joseph  Jones,  in  Georgia. 

167.  FiLARiA  RUBRA  Lcidy.  Capillary,  anteriorly  truncated,  posteriorly  ob- 
tusely conical,  dark  brownish  red  in  color.  Mouth  transverse,  slightly  bilabiate ; 
lips  papillated.  Anus  terminal,  transverse,  crescentic.  Length  to  4i  inches, 
breadth  \  of  a  line. 

Frequently  found  in  considerable  number  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  Labrax 
lineatus,  during  the  winter. 

168.  FiLARiA  QUADRiTUBERCULATA  Leidy.  Body  capillary,  red  in  color,  ante- 
riorly conical,  unarmed ;  mouth  circular,  with  an  elevated,  non-papillated, 
circular  lip.  Caudal  extremity  incurved,  conical,  ending  in  a  minute  conical 
papilla,  and  having  on  each  side  a  pair  of  minute  tubercles.  Length  4  inches, 
breadth  J  of  a  line. 

A  single  specimen  was  found  by  Mr.  Schaf  hirt  in  the  muscles  of  the  back  of 
Anguilla  vulgaris. 

169.  GoRDius  VARius  Leidy. 
Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  V,  262,  (1851). 

Gordius  aquaticus  of  American  authors. 

Gordius  tricuspidatus  ?  Siebold,  Zeits.  f.  Wiss.  Zool.  vii,  143  (1855).  Body 
long,  linear,  cylindrical,  attenuated  towards  the  extremities ;  narrowest  ante- 
riorly ;  passing  through  a  variety  of  shades  from  a  dusky  yellowish  white  or 


1856.]  57 

cream  color,  to  a  dusky  ochreous  yellow,  yellowish  brown,  reddish  brown, 
light  chocolate  to  dark  chocolate  brown,  or  to  ebony  black  ;  lustrous,  often 
iridescent  in  sunlight.  Head  surrounded  by  a  dark  brown  or  black  ring,  ob- 
liquely truncated  and  terminated  by  a  convex,  translucent,  whitish  vesicular  mem- 
brane, at  the  lower  part  of  which  is  a  minute  round  mouth.  Integument  areo- 
lated  ;  areolas  irregularly  pentahedral. 

Female. — Lighter  in  color  than  the  male,  and  usually  much  longer  and  thicker. 
Caudal  extremity  trifurcate  ;  caudal  lobes  elongated,  elliptical ;  one  narrower 
than  the  other  two.     Generative  aperture  round,  enclosed  by  the  caudal  lobes. 

Male. — Usually  dark-brown,  often  inclining  to  black.  Caudal  extremity  curved. 
Tail  bifurcate  ;  caudal  lobes  curved  conoidal,  obtuse,  divergent.  Generative 
aperture  ventral,  just  above  the  caudal  lobes. 

Twenty  females  and  twelve  males  were  found  in  Rancocas  creek,  a  branch  of 
the  Delaware,  New  Jersey,  in  the  month  of  August.  Length  of  the  former  5  to 
12  inches;  breadth -^  to  2-5ths  of  aline.  Length  of  the  latter  from  4  to  6J 
inches;  breadth  l-5th  to  J  of  a  line.  Three  females  from  7  to  12  inches  in 
length,  and  from  \  to  2-5ths  of  a  line  in  breadth ;  and  one  male  6i  inches  in 
length  and  }  of  a  line  in  breadth,  Avere  obtained  from  the  Delaware  river.  Six 
females  and  two  males  were  obtained  from  the  Schuylkill  river.  Mr.  Pearsall 
has  given  me  eight  specimens  from  Philadelphia  Co.  Prof.  Agassiz  has  given 
me  a  female  12  inches  in  length,  from  Niagara  ;  a  male  6  inches  in  length  and  a 
female  8  inches  in  length  from  the  vicinity  of  Cambridge  ;  two  females  6  inches 
in  length  from  Edgartown  ;  aud  a  male  3  inches  in  length,  and  2  females  4  inches 
and  9  inches  in  length  from  Trenton.  Dr.  King,  of  Greensburg,  Penn.,  has 
given  me  a  male  5  inches  in  length,  from  his  vicinity.  Mr.  Hazzard,  of  Point 
Judith,  R.  I.,  has  given  me  a  female  10  inches  in  length  by  2-5ths  of  a  line  in 
breadth,  from  his  vicinity.  Prof.  Kirtland  has  given  me  a  male  5  inches  in  length, 
said  to  have  been  passed  per  annum  by  a  girl,  near  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Prof. 
Baird  has  given  me  three  males  from  the  Susquehanna  river,  near  Carlisle,  Pa., 
and  a  male  and  female  from  Lake  Champlain,  N.  Y. 

The  Gordius  varius  is  the  most  common  species  of  the  genus  in  the  United 
States  ;  and  it  is  familiar  to  most  persons  under  the  name  of  hair-worm,  and  is 
erroneously  supposed  to  originate  from  the  maceration  of  horse  hairs  in  water. 
The  species  is  remarkably  prolific.  A  single  female,  9  inches  in  length,  by 
2-5ths  of  a  line  in  breadth,  which  I  had  preserved  in  a  large  vessel  of  water, 
extruded  from  between  its  caudal  lobes,  a  cord  of  ova,  broken  into  segments, 
the  aggregate  length  of  which  was  91  inches,  and  breadth  l-20th  of  a  line.  I 
counted  in  each  transverse  disk  of  the  cord,  about  70  eggs,  and  in  the  length  of 
l-40th  of  an  inch,  26  eggs,  so  that  by  simple  calculation:  70X26X40X91= 
the  whole  number  of  eggs  deposited  is  6,624,800. 

170.  Gordius  aquaticus  ?  Gmelin. 

Gordius  seta  Miiller,  Diesing,  Syst.  Helm,  ii,  83. 

Gordius  lineatus  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  263,  (1851). 

Gordius  rohustus?  Leidy,  Ibidem,  275.  Body  long,  filiform,  not  narrowed  an- 
teriorly, dusky  yellowish  white,  cream  colored,  white,  light  brown,  or  dark 
brown  in  color,  sometimes  darker  at  the  extremities,  lustrous.  Areolae  of  the 
integument  hexagonal. 

Female. — More  robust  than  the  male,  opaque,  and  lighter  colored.  Head  ob- 
tusely rounded.     Caudal  extremity  truncated,  rounded. 

Male. — Narrower  than  the  female.  Head  obtusely  rounded.  Caudal  extremi- 
ty incurved,  bifurcated ;  caudal  lobes  curved  conoidal,  obtuse,  fimbriated  upon 
the  ventral  border  with  simple  branching  dermal  appendages. 

Six  males  from  5  to  7J  inches  in  length,  and  ^  of  a  line  in  breadth  ;  and  one 
female  5  inches  in  length,  by  ^  of  a  line  in  breadth  ;  of  a  dusky  yellowish  white 
color,  were  obtained  by  Prof.  Baird  from  a  spring  in  Essex  Co.,  New  York, 
{Gordius  lineatus.,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  263).  One  female,  of  a  light  brown  color,  with 
the  head  ringed  with  black,  3i  inches  long  by  l-5th  of  a  line  broad,  procured 
by  Dr.  W.  S.  Gibson,  from  a  spring  in  Philadelphia  county.  A  female  of  a 
cream-color,  with  the  head  ringed  with  dark  brown,  4i  inches  long  by  l-5th  of 


58  [February, 

a  line  broad,  I  found  in  Frederick  Brook,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  New 
Brunswick.  A  female  {G.  robtistus,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  275),  hardly  narrowed  at  the 
extremities,  brown,  rigid,  with  the  head  edged  with  dark  brown,  and  the  tail 
slightly  expanded,  conical  and  obtuse,  6J  inches  long,  and  \  a  line  wide,  was 
obtained  by  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Budd,  from  a  boy,  who  informed  him  it  had  crept  out 
of  the  abdomen  of  the  specimen  of  grasshopper  which  accompanied  the  worm.  A 
male  and  female  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Schafhirt,  from  a  single  specimen  of 
Pterostichus  fastidites  Dejean.  The  length  of  each  is  about  3  inches  ;  the  breadth  of 
the  male  \  of  a  line,  of  the  female  ^  of  a  line. 

171.  Mermis  albicans  Siebold. 

Mermis  elo7igata  Leidy,  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  263. 

Mermis  crassicaudata  Leidy,  Ibidem. 

Mermis  ferruginea  Leidy,  lb.  Body  long,  capillary,  narrowed  towards  the  ex- 
tremities, most  narrowed  anteriorly.  Head  slightly  dilated  or  not  at  all,  trun- 
cated, convex.  Caudal  extremity  slightly  curved,  conoidal,  obtuse.  Color  milk 
white  when  the  worm  is  parasitic,  or  is  buried  in  the  earth  ;  cream  or  yellow- 
ish white,  or  light  ochreous  yellow,  or  light  reddish  brown  when  it  lives  in 
water.  In  alcohol  becomes  translucent  yellow,  bright  yellow,  approaching  to 
orange,  or  brown. 

Eleven  individuals  (^Mermis  elongata  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  263,)  of  a  dusky  yellowish 
white,  and  from  6  to  18  inches  long,  by  ^  to  J  of  a  line  broad,  were  obtained  by 
Dr.  Chas.  H.  Budd,  in  the  early  spring  season,  in  a  ditch  emptying  into  the 
Rancocas  creek.  New  Jersey.  Six  specimens,  opaque  white  in  color,  from  8  to 
15  inches  in  length,  were  obtained  by  Samuel  Powell,  Esq.,  in  digging  in  the 
earth  mould  of  his  garden  at  Newport,  R.  I.  One  specimen,  of  a  cream  color, 
22  inches  long  and  |^  of  a  line  broad,  was  obtained  by  Dr.  William  Gibson,  from 
a  rivulet  in  Philadelphia  county.  I  found  four  specimens  of  a  brownish  white, 
from  9  to  16  inches  long  and  from  ^  to  ^  of  a  line  broad,  in  pools  of  fresh  water, 
among  the  rocks  of  the  sea  shore  of  Point  Judith,  R.  I.  One  specimen  {Mermis 
crassicaudata  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  263,)  opaque  white,  and  8  inches  long,  I  found  in  a 
ditch  below  Philadelphia.  A  specimen  (Mermis  ferruginea  Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  v,  275,) 
from  Brazil,  contained  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  is  brown  in  color,  and 
measures  14^  inches  long.  A  cream  colored  individual,  4  inches  long  and  l-5thof 
a  line  broad,  was  obtained  from  an  apple  by  Major  Le  Conte,  who,  with  great  pro- 
bability, supposed  it  had  issued  from  the  larva  of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  in  the 
core  of  the  fruit.  Professor  Agassiz  sent  me  a  specimen  translucent  yellowish 
white  in  color,  and  9 J  inches  long,  and  l-5th  of  a  line  wide,  obtained  from  the 
abdomen  of  Orchelium  gracile  Harris.  Lastly,  I  have  obtained  specimens  very 
frequently  from  Locusta  Carolina,  of  the  meadows  below  Philadelphia,  and  oc- 
casionally from  the  earth  and  ditches  in  the  same  locality.  From  one  to  six  of 
the  worms  occupy  the  body  of  a  single  insect,  closely  coiled  among  the  viscera, 
from  the^iead  to  the  end  of  the  abdomen.  The  worms  are  opaque  white,  and 
measure  from  3  to  15  inches  in  length,  and  from  \  to  ^  of  a  line  in  breadth. 
When  the  grasshoppers  infested  with  these  parasites  are  bruised,  the  worms 
creep  out  and  penetrate  into  the  earth,  as  I  have  satisfied  myself  by  careful  ob- 
servation. In  alcohol  the  Mermis  of  the  grasshopper  assumes  in  time  a  bright 
yellow  hue. 

172.  Mermis  robusta  Leidy. 

Filaria  Lycosce  Haldeman,  Icong.  Encyc.  ii,  Zool.  48.  Body  cylindrical,  ro- 
bust, rigid,  smooth  and  shining,  attenuated  towards  the  extremities  ;  most 
narrowed  anteriorly.     Head  conical.     Caudal  extremity  obtuse,  imperforate. 

I  found  one  specimen,  of  a  pale  pinkish  white,  3  inches  in  length,  and  \  of  a 
line  in  breadth,  which  crept  from  the  abdomen  of  a  species  of  Lycosa  with  four 
stripes  on  the  cephalothorax  and  three  on  the  abdomen,  from  New  Jersey.  The 
specimen  described  by  Mr.  Haldeman,  was  pale  reddish,  and  over  five  inches  in 
length,  by  2-5ths  of  a  line  in  breadth,  and  was  obtained  from  Lycosa  scutulata? 
Heatz,  in  Pennsylvania. 


1856.]  59 

Notices  of  some-remains  of  extinct  Mammalia,  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hay  den 

in  the  bad  lands  of  Nebraska.  ) 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

1.  HiPPARION    OCCIDENTALE,    Lcidj. 

This  second  American  species  oi  Hipparion  is  established  on  specimens  of  five 
superior  and  one  inferior  molar  teeth,  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden,  on  the  White 
River  of  Nebraska.  The  internal  isolated  enamel  column  of  the  upper  molars, 
on  the  worn  crown,  is  elliptical  and  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  breadth. 
The  central  columns  of  the  same  teeth  are  comparatively  moderately  folded. 
Antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  first  upper  molar  15  lines,  transverse  diameter 
lOJ  lines  ;  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  largest  of  the  back  upper  molars  13 
lines;  transverse  diameter  12  lines;  smallest  of  the  back  upper  molars  11  lines 
square.  Antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  back  inferior  molar  12  lines,  trans- 
verse diameter  Vi  lines. 

2.  Hyopotamus  americanus,  Leidy. 

This  species  is  founded  upon  a  number  of  specimens  of  molar  teeth,  which 
were  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden,  in  company  with  remains  of  Titanoiherium,  in 
Nebraska  Territory.  The  teeth  indicate  a  species  of  the  same  size  as  Hyopotamus 
bovinus,  Owen.  Among  the  specimens  are  the  posterior  two  upper  molars  of  both 
sides  of  the  jaw  from  the  same  individual ;  and  they  present  almost  a  repetition 
of  form  of  the  homologous  pair  of  H.  vectianus,  Owen.  The  collection  also  con- 
tains two  premolars  in  conjunction,  apparently  from  the  same  individual  as  the 
true  molar  just  mentioned.  They  correspond  to  the  second  and  third  premolars 
of  Anthracotherium :  the  crown  of  the  second  premolar  consisting  of  a  single 
large  trihedral  lobe,  with  a  tubercle  at  its  postero-internal  basal  angle  ;  and  the 
crown  of  the  third  premolar  being  formed  of  a  transverse  pair  of  lobes,  of  which 
the  outer  one  is  trihedral  and  the  inner  one  is  smaller  and  conical.  These  pre- 
molars undoubtedly  belong  to  the  permanent  dentition,  and  if  they  are  not  the 
second  and  third  of  the  series,  they  are  certainly  the  latter  and  the  fourth.  In 
either  case,  they  confirm  an  opinion  formerly  expressed  (Anc.  Fauna  of  Nebraska, 
p.  45,)  that  the  teeth  represented  by  Prof.  Owen,  as  the  third  and  fourth  per- 
manent premolars  of  Hyopotamus  vectianus,  (Lond.  Quart.  Journ.  of  the  Geol. 
Soc,  pi.  vii,  vol.  iv,)  really  belong  to  the  deciduous  dentition  ;  and,  therefore, 
although  Hyopotamus  may  not  be  identical  with  Anthracotherimn,  it  is  much  more 
nearly  allied  to  it  than  was  suspected  by  its  distinguished  author. 

The.  measurements  of  some  of  the  molar  teeth  of  Hyopotamus  americanus  are 
as  follows : 

Antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  superior  last  true  molar,  externally,  13J  lines. 
Transverse  do.  do.  do.      anteriorly,  15       do. 

Antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  superior  third   premolar,  6       do. 

Transverse  do.  do.  do.  8|     do. 

Antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  superior  second  premolar,  lOj     do. 

Transverse  do.  do.  do.  8|     do. 


Mr.  Vaux,  on  behalf  of  the  Publication  Committee,   presented  the 
Annual  Report,  which  waa  adopted. 


ELECTION. 


Mr.   William  P.   Blake,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  B.  A.  Hoopes, 
Esq.,  of  Eagle  Harbor,  Michigan,  were  elected  Correspondents. 


1S5G.] 


61 


March  4:(h,  1850. 
Vic3-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 


A  letter  was  read  from  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  dated 
Worcester,  Muss.,  29th  Feb.,  1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  vol. 
7,  of  the  Proceedings,  and  of  the  Journal,  parts  1  and  2,  vol.  8,  n.  s. 

Also  a  letter  from  Mr.  E.  Billings,  of  Ottowa,  Upper  Canada,  dated 
26th  Feb.,  1856,  acknowledging  receipt  of  a  copy  of  the  llesolutions  of 
the  Academy  adopted  Feb.  19th  last. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  for  publication  two  papers,  entitled,  "  Descrip- 
tions of  soiiie  remains  of  Fishes  from  the  Carboniferous  and  Devonian 
formations  of  tlie  United  States  ;"  and  "  Descriptions  of  some  remains 
of  Fossil  Manimidia ;"  both  of  which  were  referred  to  the  following 
Committee  :  Mr.  Isaac  Lea,  Dr.  Henderson  and  Dr.  King. 


March  llth. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  S.  Drinker,  Esq.,  dated  Canton,  28th  Nov.,  1855,  transmitting 
donations  to  the  Museum. 

From  Mr  Edward  Tuckerman,  dated  Amherst,  Mass.,  March  1, 1856, 
offering  for  the  acceptance  of  the  Academy  a  collection  of  American 
plants. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper  by 
Drs.  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  entitled,  "Descriptions  of 
new  species  of  Gasteropoda  from  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  Nebraska 
Territory  ;"  which  was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr.  Lea, 
Dr.  Leidy,  and  Dr.  Wilson. 

Dr.  Leidy  read  the  following  extract  from  a  letter  recently  received  by 
Dr.  J.  McClellan  from  Mr.  George  Gribbs,  Indian  Agent,  dated  Fort 
A^'ancouver,  Oregon,  December  17,  1855. 

"Let  me  point  out  to  you  one  thing  to  be  noted  as  regards  skulls  from  this 
part  of  the  country,  Avhich  was  brought  to  my  notice  by  an  article  in  School- 
craft's book.  I  forget  by  whom.  Among  ten  figures  given  are  Chinook  skulls 
vnflattened.  Skulls  from  the  region  where  that  practice  prevails,  which  are  in 
the  natural  state,  are  those  of  slaves,  and  though  possibly  born  among  the 
Chinooks  or  other  adjacent  tribes,  are  of  alien  races.  The  characteristics  must 
not  be  assumed  therefore  from  these.  The  practice  prevails,  generally,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  to  the  Dalles,  about  180  miles,  andfrom  the  Straits  of  Fuca 
on  the  North  to  Coos  bay,  between  the  42d  and  43d  parallel  south.  Northward 
of  the  Straits  it  diminishes  gradually  to  a  mere  slight  compression,  finally  con- 
fined to  women  and  abandoned  entirely  north  of  Milbank  Sound.  So  east  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  it  dies  out  in  like  manner.  Slaves  are  usually  brought  from 
the  south,  I  should  rather  say  were,  for  the  foreign  slave  trade  has  ceased,  though 
not  the  domestic  (I  am  not  talking  of  home  politics),  and  the  Klamath  and 
Shaste  tribes  of  California  probably  furnished  many  for  this  country,  while 
captives  from  here  were  taken  still  north,  and  fro-m  Puget's  Sound  as  far  as  the 
Russian  possessions.  The  children  of  slaves  were  not  allowed  to  flatten  the 
skull,  and  therefore  these  round  heads  indicate,  not  the  liberty-loving  Puritan 
of  the  west,  but  the  serf.     I  mention  this  because  in  minute  comparisons  it  is 

PROCEED.    ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  VOL.  VIII.,  NO.  II. 


62  [March, 

proper  to  take  all  precautions  to  insure  genuineness.  Skulls  taken  from  large 
cemetries,  or  from  sepulchres  of  whatever  form  erected  with  care,  may  be  deemed 
authentic,  saving  always  the  chance  of  intermarriage  with  distinct  tribes,  which 
is  usual,  because  the  bodies  of  slaves  are  left  neglected  in  the  woods.  The 
Chinooks,  for  instance,  preferring  to  buy  wives  from  the  Chihalis  or  Cowlitz,  tribes 
of  Sehlish  origin.  If  I  get  time  to  finish  ray  general  report  this  winter  you  will 
find  further  details,  supposing  always  you  are  not  tired  of  these.  I  have  never 
been  able  to  get  an  authenticated  skull  of  a  white  half  breed.  These  also  are 
never  flattened,  the  pride  of  intercourse  in  the  mother  preserving  to  the  child 
the  attributes  of  the  superior  race." 


March  18  f/i. 
Vice-President  ]3uidges  ia  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  Signor  A.  Saavalle,  dated  Havana,  10th  Feb.,  185G,  trans- 
mitting donations  to  the  Academy. 

From  Mr.  Win.  P.  Blake,  dated  Washington.  16th  March,  1856, 
acknowledging  receipt  of  liis  notice  of  election  as  a  Correspondent. 

Dr,  Leidy  presented  a  paper  for  pablication  from  Dr.  F.  B.  Meek 
and  Dr.  F.  V.  Ilayden,  entitled,  "  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Gas- 
teropoda and  Cephalnpoda  from  the  Cretaceous  for 'nation  of  Nebraska 
Territory  ;"  which  was  referred  to  Mr.  Isaac  Lea,  Dr.  Leidy,  and  Dr. 
Wilson. 

Also  a  paper  from  Drs.  B.  F.  Shuraard  and  L.  P.  Yandell,  entitled, 
"  Notice  of  a  new  Fossil  genus  belonging  to  the  Family  Blastoidea 
from  the  Devonian  Strata  near  Louisville,  Ky."  Referred  to  Dr.  Leidy, 
Mr.  Rogers,  and  Mr.  Lesley- 

Also  a  paper  entitled,  "  Notices  of  Remains  of  extinct  Reptiles  and 
Fishes,  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  in  the  '  bad  hinds  '  on  the 
Judith  River,  Nebraska  Territory,  by  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D."  Re- 
ferred to  Mr.  Lesley,  Dr.  Le  Conte,  and  Mr.  I.  Lea. 

Dr.  Leidy  remarked  that  he  had  examined  the  specimen  transmitted 
by  Mr.  Billings,  of  Ottowa,  U.  C.  Upon  removing  the  matrix  he  had 
discovered  the  hind  legs  of  a  young  aiiiinal,  which  he  believed  to  be  a 
seal  ;   but  whether  extinct  or  not  he  could  not  decide. 


March  25th. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Cominitteo  on  papers  by  Dr.  L;iidy,  entitled,  "Descriptions  of 
some  remains  of  Fishes  from  the  Carboniferous  and  Devonian  formations 
of  the  United  States;"  and  "  Descriptions  of  some  remains  of  extinct 
Mammalia,"  reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Academy. 

The  Committees  on  Drs.  Meek  and  Hayden's  papers,  read  11th 
and  18th  insts.  ;  on  Dr.  Leidy's,  of  18th  inst.  ;  and  on  Drs.  Shumard 
and  Yandell's  p;iper,  read  same  date,  reported  in  f:ivor  of  publication  in 
the  Proceedings. 


185G.]  ..  63 

Descriptions  of  neic  species  of  Gasteropoda  from  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  Xebraska 

Territory* 

By  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Haydex,  M.  D. 

The  species  indicated  in  the  following  paper  comprise  a  portion  of  an  extensive 
collection  recently  brought  from  Nebraska  hy  one  of  the  authors. f  It  is  worthy 
of  note  that  some  of  the  species  contained  in  the  collection  from  the  most  recent 
Cretaceous  beds  of  the  upper  Missouri  country  appear  referable  to  genera  which, 
according  to  high  European  authority,  date  no  farther  back  than  the  true  chalk, 
while  many  of  them  are  closely  analogous  to  Tertiary  forms ;  so  close  indeed, 
that  had  they  not  been  found  associated  in  the  same  beds  with  Ammonites, 
Scaphites  and  other  genera  everywhere  regarded  as  having  become  extinct 
at  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch,  we  would  have  considered  them  Tertiary 
species.  If  these  beds  really  are  equivale  it  to  any  portion  of  the  Green  sand 
of  English  geologists,  it  is  a  curious  'act  that  we  should  find  mingled 
together  in  tlieni  upper  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  forms  exactly  as  if  they 
and  those  of  the  older  Tertiary  were  deposited  in  the  regular  order  of  sequence. 
Such  facts  however  are  sometimes  met  with  amongst  Pahtozoic  formations. 

The  following  section  exhibits  the  order  of  superposition  of  the  formations  in 
which  our  Cretaceous  fossils  were  found,  and  their  relations  to  the  Tertiary  and 
older  rocks. 

Tertiary  (  Beds  of  clay,  sandstone,  lignite,  &c.,  containing  remains  of  vertebrata, 
400  to-!  and  at  places,  vast  numbers  of  jilants,  with  land,  fresh  water,  and 
600  ft.  (_      sometimes  marine  or  estuary  mollusca. 

5  ^  Gray   and   yellowish    arenaceous   clays    containing   great   numbers    of 
marine  mollusca  with  a  few  land  plants.     100  to  150  feet. 


4 -J  Plastic  clays  with  numerous  ^arine  mollusca.     About  350  feet. 


3  f  Gray  and  yellowish   calcareous 
■>     \      scales,  (fee.     100  to  150  feet. 


marl,  containing  Ostrea  congesta,  fish 


u 


2  \  Grayish  and  lead  colored  clays  having  few  fossils.     80  feet. 


1  /Si; 


Sandstones  and  clays  not  positively  known  to  belong  to  the  Cretaceous 
svstem.     90  feet. 


Limestones  of  upper  coal  measures  at  Council  Bluffs,  containing  Spirifer 
Meuscbachauus,  AUorisma  terminalis,  Terebratula  subtilita,  Fusulina  cylin- 
drica,  &c. 

ScALARiA  CERETHiFORMis.  Shell  elougate-conical,  turreted,  not  umbilicate; 
volutions  seven  or  eight,  convex,  closely  contiguous,  traversed  by  numeroussharp, 
slightly  curved  cost*,  less  than  the  spaces  between;  surface  marked  by  irregular 
lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  fine,  unequal,  thread-like,  revolving  lines,  as  strong 
on  the  costte  as  between  them  ;  suture  distinct;  aperture  ovate,  angular  on  the 
inner sideabove,  rounded  below  :  lipthin,  curved  ontwardson  the  inncrside  below. 
Length  1.G5  inches,  breadth  .73  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  .52  inch,  breadth  .40 
inch ;  apical  angle  slightly  convex,  divergence  about  28°. 

Locality.     Moreau  trading  post.  No.  5  of  the  series,  rare. 

AcTEON  suBELLiPTicus.  Shell  elougate-oval  or  narrow  elliptical ;  spire  some- 
what elevated;  volutions  about  four;  surfsxce  polished,  and  ornamented  by  about 
twenty-five  regular  revolving  strite,  composed  of  round  punctfe  so  disposed  as 
to  range  up  and  down  the  shell  exactly  parallel  to  the  obsolete  lines  of  growth  ; 
suture  distinct;  aperture  narrow,  curved,  acutely- angular  on  the  inner  side  above, 

*  Figures,  comparisons,  and  remarks  to  be  published  hereafter, 
f  Dr.  Hayden. 


64  [March, 

gradually  "widening  downwards  to  nbont  the  middle,  from  •which  point  it  again 
very  graduallj'  contracts  towards  tlie  narrowly  ronnded  front  ;  ovitcr  lip  thin  ; 
columella  having  a  single  small  oblicjue  fold,  outside  of  which  there  is  a  small 
umbilical  groove.  Length  .25  inch,  breadth  .10  inch;  apical  angle  regular, 
divergence  57°. 

Locality  and  position.     Crow  Creek  near  Black  hills.     No.  4  of  the  series. 

AvALANA  SUBGLOBOSA.  Shell  globose  or  subovate  ;  spire  very  short,  slopes 
rounded  ;  volutions  four,  increasing  rapidly  from  the  ajjcx,  last  one  veiy  large 
and  ventricose  ;  surface  ornamented  by  about  thirty  punctate  stria?,  half  as  wide 
as  the  elevations  between  on  the  upper  part  of  the  volutions,  but  much  more 
closely  croAvded  on  the  lower  part  of  the  last  turn  ;  suture  linear,  distinct ; 
aperture  semilunar,  widest  below,  contracted  and  terminating  in  a  smoothly 
rounded  angle  above  ;  outer  lip  smooth  within,  faintly  sinuate  below  and  having 
a  thick  strong  peristome  without ;  inner  lip  thick  and  raised  into  a  single  promi- 
nent tranverse  tooth  below.  Length  .39  inch,  breadth  .37  inch  ;  length  of  aperture 
.21  inch,  breadth  .11  inch. 

Locality  and  position .     Moreau  trading  post.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

Natica  ?  AJiniGCA.  Shell  oblicjuely  suboval,  or  oblong ;  spire  depressed-conical; 
volutions  about  four,  convex,  increasing  somcAvhat  rapidly  from  the  apex,  last 
one  ventricose  ;  surface  marked  by  fine  lines  of  growth  and  stronger  parallel 
wrinkles,  crossed  by  strong  irregular  revolving  stri;\? ;  suture  distinctly  impressed, 
aperture  obliquely  ovate,  angular  above,  rounded  below  ;  lips  thin,  ajiparently 
disunited  above  and  abrujitly  deflected  outward  on  the  inner  side  below  the 
small  or  rudimentary  umbilicus.  Length  .50  inch,  breadth  .42  inch  ;  length  of 
aperture  .34  inch,  breadth  of  do.  .24  inch  ;   apical  angle  convex,  divergence  81°. 

Locality  and ^josilion.     Same  as  last. 

Natica  occidentalis.  Shell  obliquely-oval  or  ovate ;  spire  elevated  ;  volutions 
about  five,  convex  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth,  andfaint  or  nearly 
obsolete,  minutely  tiexuous revolving  lines;  suture  distinctly  impressed  ;  aperture 
ovate,  straight  on  the  inside  and  broadly  rounded  without ;  outer  lip  thin  ;  inner 
lip  not  thickened,  partly  deflected  over  the  edge  of  the  small  oblique  umbilicus. 
Length  about  .97  inch,  breadth  .70  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  .56  inch,  breadth 
.33  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence  70°. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  preceding. 

Natica  Moreauensis.  Shell  obliciuely-ovate  ;  spire  somewhat  depressed; 
volutions  three  and  a  half  to  four,  convex,  last  one  large  and  ventricose  ;  surface 
marked  )jy  fine  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  A'ery  fine,  nearl;y  obsolete,  minutely 
flexuous  revolving  lines  ;  suture  distinctly  impressed  or  sub-channeled  ;  aperture 
ovate  ;  outer  lip  thin;  inner  lip  not  thickened  and  deflected  partly  over  the  small 
umbilicus.  Length  about  .90  inch,  breadth  .70  inch ;  length  of  aperture  .54 
inch,  lireadth  .36  inch  ;  apical  angle  slightly  convex,  divergence  90°. 

Locality  andposition.     Same  as  preceding. 

TuBBO  Nebrascensis.  Shell  turbinate,  length  and  breadth  about  equal ;  spire 
broadly  conical ;  volutions  about  five,  ronnded,  gradually  increasing  from  the 
apex  ;  surface  ornamented  by  fine  revolving  stria',  crossed  by  delicate  lines  of 
growth,  becoming  distinct  oblique  wrinkles  along  the  suture  and  round  the  um- 
bilicus, the  whole  presenting  an  elegant  cancellated  appearance  under  a  lense  ; 
suture  distinctly  impressed ;  aperture  round ;  umbilicus  moderate,  round. 
Length  .25  inch,  breadth  .26  inch;  diameter  of  aperture  .12  inch;  apical  angle 
somewhat  convex,  divergence  53°. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow  Stone  river,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
mouth.     No.  4  of  series. 

Turbo  tenuilineatus.  Shell  oblong  or  suboval,  oblique,  thin ;  spire  some- 
what elevated,  acute  at  tlie  apex ;  volutions  about  five,  rounded,  increasing 
rapidly  from  tlie  apex;  last  one  ventricose,  extended  in  front ;  surface  marked 


1856.]  65 

with  distinct  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  rounded,  thread-like  lines,  generally- 
less  than  the  spaces  between,  and  somewhat  irregular  in  size  ;  between  the 
latter  there  are  also  very  fine  parallel  revolving  strife,  only  visiblo  under  a 
lens  ,•  suture  apparently  canaliculate ;  aperture  broad  ovate  or  oval ;  outer 
lip  thin ;  inner  lip  straight  above,  and  distinctly  curved  outwards  below  at 
its  junction  with  the  outer  lip  near  the  small  umbilicus.  Length  .84  inch, 
breadth  .68  inch;  apical  angle  regular,  divergence  78°;  length  of  aperture  .50 
inch,  breadth  of  do.  .36  inch. 

Locality.     Moreau  trading  post.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

RosTELLARiA  BiANGULATA.  Shell  elongated  ;  spire  elevated,  acutely  conical ; 
volutions  seven  or  eight,  convex,  crossed  by  small  nearly  obsolete  folds, 
last  one  having  two  distinct  revolving  carin*  on  the  middle,  which  diverge 
in  passing  upon  the  expanded  lip,  and  terminate  in  two  more  or  less  saliant 
angles  at  its  outer  margin  ;  surface  marked  by  fine  very  faint  lines  of  growth, 
crossed  by  small  revolving  thread-like  lines  about  equal  the  intermediate 
spaces,  on  the  spire  and  upper  part  of  the  last  turn,  but  more  distinct  and  alter- 
nating with  smaller  ones  on  the  lower  part  of  the  body  volution  ;  suture  linear, 
sharply  impressed  ;  aperture  unknown  ;  outer  lip  thin,  expanded,  and  extending 
more  or  less  up  the  spire.  Length  .53  inch,  breadth  exclusive  of  the  lip  .21 
inch  ;  apical  angle  regular,  divergence  3'7°. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow  Stone  river,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
mouth.     No.  4  of  the  series. 

Fuscrs  Dakotaexsis.  Shell  fusiform  ;  spire  conical,  somewhat  elevated  ;  volu- 
tions about  si.x,  flattened  or  concave  above,  last  one  abruptly  contracted  into 
the  canal  below,  and  ornamented  on  the  middle  by  two  elevated  revolving  nodose 
carinoe,  between  which  faint,  broadly  rounded,  vertical  folds  pass  from  node  to 
node.  On  the  spire  only  the  upper  and  most  prominent  carina  is  seen,  while 
a  third  less  distinct  parallel  ridge  passes  round  lower  down  on  the  body  whorl ; 
whole  surface  marked  by  fine,  regular  Hues  of  growth,  crossed  by  rounded  re- 
volving lines,  one  of  which,  about  midway  between  the  two  large  carint^,  is 
stronger  than  the  others  ;  suture  linear ;  aperture  broad  oval  or  ovate.  Length 
from  junction  of  canal  and  aperture  to  apex  1.03  inches,  breadth  .92  inch  ;  length 
of  aperture  .48  inch,  breadth  .42  inch;  apical  angle  regular,  divergence  51°. 

Locacity  and  position.     Moreau  trading  post.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

Fusus  Galpinianus.  Shell  small,  fusiform ;  spire  conical,  acute  ;  volutions 
five  and  a  half  to  six,  convex,  last  one  sloping  somewhat  abruptly  below  into 
the  short  canal ;  surface  marked  by  fine  flexuous  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by 
rounded  little  revolving  bands  or  lines  scarcely  larger  than  the  grooves  be- 
tween. About  fourteen  of  these  bands  may  be  counted  on  the  second  volution; 
suture  distinct;  aperture  narrow-oval,  acutely  angular  behind,  and  sloping 
into  the  canal  in  front ;  outer  lip  thin  and  sharp  ;  inner  lip  lying  close  upon  the 
tortuous  columella.  Length  1.05  inches,  breadth  .42  inch;  length  of  aperture 
(including  canal)  .53  inch,  breadth  .18  inch  ;  apical  angle  regular  or  slightly 
convex,  divergence  32°. 

The  above  species  is  dedicated  to  Mr.  C.  E.  Galpin,  of  Am.  Fur  Go. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Fusus  coNTORTDS.  Shell  obliquely  fusiform  ;  spire  elevated  conical,  acute  at 
the  apex;  volutions  five  and  a  half  to  six,  distinctly  concave  above,  convex  below, 
and  ornamented  by  indistinct  flexuous  folds,  which  swell  out  into  a  row  of 
prominent  nodes  round  the  middle  ;  last  volution  graduall}'-  contracting  below 
into  a  short  canal ;  surface  marked  by  fine  flexuous  lines  of  growth  crossed  by 
numerous  elevated  thread-like  revolving  lines,  a  little  less  than  the  spaces  be- 
tween ;  suture  distinct ;  aperture  ovate,  widest  above  the  middle,  angular  behind, 
and  tapering  forward  ;  outer  lip  thin  ;  inner  lip  closely  folded  upon  the  some- 
what tortuous  columella.  Length  about  .90  inch,  breadth  .48  inch  ;  length  of 
aperture  and  canal  .56  inch,  breadth  .20  inch ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence  45°. 

Locality.     Same  as  the  preceding. 


fl6  [March, 

Fnsus  CcLBERTSONi.  Shell  elongate  fusiform  ;  spire  elevated  conical,  acute  ; 
Tolutions  about  seven,  convex,  increasing  gradually  from  the  apex,  and  crossed 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  suture  by  six  or  seven  strong  rounded  folds,  which 
gradually  become  obsolete  on  the  last  near  the  aperture  ;  last  volution  tapering 
gracefully  and  obliquely  into  the  canal,  which  is  of  moderate  length ;  surface 
marked  by  irregular  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  flattened  or  rounded  lines, 
somewhat  larger  than  the  spaces  between  ;  suture  distinctly  impressed,  and 
when  viewed  from  aVjove  is  seen  to  deviate  from  a  regular  curve  in  following 
the  waving  outline  of  the  folds  ;  aperture  lanceolate  or  narrow  oval,  acutely 
angular  above  and  tapering  gradually  below.  Length  about  1.68  inches,  breadth 
.50  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  and  canal  about  .90  inch,  breadth  .23  inch ;  apical 
angle  convex,  divergence  28°. 

We  dedicate  this  species  to  Mr.  Alexander  Culbertson,  of  the  Am.  Fur  Co. 

Locality  and  j^osition.     Same  as  preceding. 

Fusus  FLEXUOCOSTATDS.  Shell  fusiform ;  spire  somewhat  elevated,  acute  at 
the  apex ;  volutions  six  to  six  and  a  half,  convex,  traversed  by  strong,  simple, 
flexuous  folds  nearly  equalling  the  spaces  between,  and  terminating  above  in 
gmall  nodes  so  as  to  leave  a  shallow  spiral  groove  below  the  suture;  last  whorl 
somewhat  ventricose ;  surface  ornamented  by  distinct  lines  of  growth,  crossed 
by  snirtll,  elevated,  thread-like,  revolving  lines,  equal  the  spaces  between  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  volutions,  but  more  distant  on  the  lower  part  of  the  last  one; 
between  the  revolving  lines  and  parallel  with  them,  fine  striie  may  be  seen  by 
the  aid  of  a  magnifier;  suture  unknown  ;  aperture  oval  or  ovate.  Length  1.05 
inches,  breadth  .61  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  exclusive  of  canal  .48  inch,  breadth 
.30  inch  ;  apical  angle  46°. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  river.     No.  5  of  series. 

Fusus  Newbekrti.  Shell  fusiform,  thick  ;  spire  conical ;  volutions  five, 
flattened  or  concave  above,  convex  below  and  ornamented  round  the  middle 
with  a  row  of  more  or  less  prominent  nodes,  which  are  sometimes  prolonged 
on  the  last  one  into  indistinct  folds  below;  surface  ornamented  by  irregular 
flexuous  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  round,  elevated,  thread-like,  revolving 
lines,  sometimes  greater  and  sometimes  less  than  the  spaces  between  ; 
suture  linear  ;  aperture  narrow  ovate,  angular  above  and  scarcely  distinct  from 
the  short  canal  below  ;  outer  lip  thin  or  bevelled  ;  inner  lip  closely  spread  upon 
the  columella.  Length  1.43  inches,  breadth  .81  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  (in- 
cluding the  canal)  .87  inch,  breadth  .32  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence 
55°. 

We  dedicate  this  species  to  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  river  and  Fox  Hills.     No.  5  of  series. 

Pyrula  Bairdi.  Shell  pyriform  ;  spire  depressed  ;  volutions  five,  rapidly  in- 
creasing from  the  apex,  flattened  or  slightly  concave  above  and  on  the  outside  ; 
last  one  large  and  ventricose,  ornamented  on  the  outside  by  two  to  three  more 
or  less  prominent,  revolving,  nodose  carina?,  only  the  upper  of  which  is  visible 
on  the  spire  ;  surface  marked  by  strong  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  numerous 
elevated  revolving  lines,  less  than  the  spaces  between,  and  sometimes  assuming, 
on  the  outer  and  lower  part  of  the  last  volution,  the  size  of  more  distinct  ridges; 
suture  narrow,  channeled ;  aperture  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  long- 
canal  below;  columella  tortuous,  and  deeply  curved  round  the  aperture  ;  outer 
lip  bevelled  ;  inner  lip  thinly  spread  over  the  columella  round  the  aperture,  but 
leaving  an  umbilical  groove  about  half  way  down  the  canal.  Length  3.50  inches, 
breadth  .2  inches  ;  length  of  aperture  (including  the  canal)  .3  inches,  breadth 
1.08  inches;  apical  angle  nearly  regular,  divergence  114°. 

Dedicated  to  Prof.  Spencer  F.  Baird,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Fasciolaria  cretacea.  Shell  small  elongate,  fusiform  ;  spire  elevated  conical ; 
Tolutions  five  to  six,  convex,  last  one  a  little  more  than  half  the  entire  length  of 


1856.] 


67 


the  shell,  contracted  below  into  a  tapering  canal;  surface  marked  with  flexuoui 
lines  of  growth  and  little  flat  revolving  bands  about  four  times  as  wide  as  the 
grooves  between  ;  suture  distinct ;  aperture  narrow  oval,  angular  above  and 
narrowing  gradually  below ;  columella  tortuous  and  having  five  small,  oblique 
folds  near  the  middle  of  the  aperture. 
Locality  and  position.     Same  as  preceding. 

Fasciolaria  bcccinoides.  Shell  elongate-oval  or  subfusiform ;  spire  conical, 
acute  ;  volutions  live  to  five  and  a  half,  convex,  last  one  somewhat  veniricose 
and  contracted  below  into  a  short  canal  ;  surface  ornamented  with  fine 
regular  lines  of  growth  and  small  parallel  folds,  which  are  crossed  by 
regular,  round,  elevated  revolving  bands,  ecjual  to  or  greater  than  the  spaces  be- 
tween. Of  these  bands  about  fourteen  may  be  counted  on  the  second  volution  ; 
suture  distinctly  impressed  ;  aperture  narrow,  oval,  or  semi-elliptical  ;  outer  lip 
faintly  grooved,  and  at  intervals  of  about  once  for  each  turn  becomes  thickened  and 
crenulated  on  the  inside  ;  inner  lip  closely  spread  upon  the  tortuous  columella, 
and  forming  about  the  middle  of  the  aperture  two  distinct  oblique  folds. 
Length  .96  inch,  breadth  .49  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  and  canal  about  .60  inch, 
breadth  .23  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence  54°. 

This  shell  has  much  the  general  appearance  of  a  Buccinum^  having  the  form 
and  surface  markings  of  ii.  decussatum  (Lamk.)  an  Eocene  species  from  the  Paris 
basin,  but  differs  from  the  genus  Buccimim  in  having  two  distinct  f  dds  on  the 
columella,  being  in  this  respect  more  like  Fasciolaria.  The  folds  on  the  columella 
arc  not  stronger,  however,  than  we  see  in  B.  fusiformis  of  Deshays,  another 
Tertiary  species.  We  had  once  concluded  to  refer  it  with  doubt  to  the  genus 
Bticcinum,  but  refer  it  to  the  genus  Fasciolaria,  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Gould,  to 
whom  we  sent  specimens.  This  genus,  according  to  D'Orbigny,  made  its  first 
appearance  in  the  old  world  during  the  deposition  of  the  true  chalk. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  and  Fox  Hills.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

BncciNUM  ?  Nebrascensis.  Shell  oval,  thin  ;  spire  very  short ;  volutions  three 
to  three  and  a  half,  convex,  rapidly  increasing  from  the  apex,  last  one  very  large 
and  somewhat  ventricose  ;  surface  marked  with  distinct  lines  of  growth,  which 
are  crossed  by  flattened,  revolving  bands,  much  wider  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
volutions  than  the  shallow  grooves  between,  but  about  equal  to  them  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  last  turn.  About  seven  or  eight  of  tiaese  bands  may  be 
counted  on  the  second  volution  ;  suture  narrow,  channeled  ;  aperture  large,  sub- 
elliptical,  angular  above,  and  terminating  in  a  rounded  notch  in  front,  the  form  of 
which  is  well  defined  by  a  sudden  curve  in  the  lines  of  growth  on  a  broad  spiral 
ridge  round  the  outer  edge  of  the  pillar  lip ;  outer  lip  very  thin  ;  inner  lip  thinly 
spread  over  the  extremely  tortuous  columella.  Length  .77  inch,  breadth  .58 
inch  ;  length  of  aperture  .61  inch,  breadth  .36  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  di- 
vergence 105°. 

Being  in  doubt  in  regard  to  the  generic  re'ations  of  this  shell,  we  sent  speci- 
mens of  it,  and  a  few  others,  to  the  distinguished  conchologist.  Dr.  Augustus  A. 
Gould,  of  Boston,  from  whom  we  leceived  in  legard  to  it,  the  following  remarks: 
"  Its  general  form  reminds  one  of  Naiica,  and  its  revolving  striae  of  the  subgenus 
Naticina.  If  we  look  at  the  base,  however,  we  find  a  revolving  ridge  which  is 
never  found  in  the  Naticidae,  but  is  peculiar  to  the  Buccinid«."  Dr.  G.  further 
remarks  that  with  the  exception  of  the  revolving  strije  it  agrees  very  nearly  with 
the  genus  Pseudoliea  ot  Swainson,  which  is  not  known  to  date  back  further  than 
the  Eocene.  In  many  respects  it  resembles  the  Eocene  Buccimim.  ohtiisum  of 
Deshays,  from  the  Paris  basin,  which  forms  the  type  of  an  Eocene  genus  estab- 
lished by  D'Orbigny  under  the  name  of  Sulco  huccinum.  Our  shell  has  the  form, 
revolving  strife,  &c.,  of  some  species  of  D'Orbigny's  genus,  but  wants  the  strong 
revolving  sulcus,  which  is  one  of  its  princip.il  characters.  For  the  pres'-nt  we 
refer  it  to  the  genus  Buccinum,  though  we  suspect  it  may  form  the  type  of  a  new 
ge  nns. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 


08  [March, 

Capulcs  feagilis.  Shell  broadly  conical,  very  thin  ;  apex  elevated,  central ; 
slopes  slightly  convex,  divergence  80° ;  surface  marked  with  fine,  closely  arranged, 
concentric  stria3 ;  aperture  circular.  Diameter  of  base  1.21i  inch;  height  of 
apex  about  .74  inch. 

It  is  with  some  doubt  we  refer  this  species  to  the  above  geaus,  as  our  specimen 
only  consists  of  an  internal  cast  with  a  few  fragments  of  shell  adhering  ;  no 
muscular  impressions  are  visible  upon  it,  but  the  nipjile  at  the  summit  appears 
to  have  occupied  the  interior  of  an  attenuated  and  laterally  curved  apex. 

Locality  and  position.     Fox  Hills.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

Genus  IIELCION  (Montfort). 

We  have  not  yet  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  interior  of  any  of  the  fol- 
lowing patelliform  shells,  but,  judging  from  external  characters,  they  appear 
referable  to  the  above  genus  as  defined  by  D'Orbigny.  They  are  all  strictly 
symmetrical,  with,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  thin,  smooth,  and  nearly,  if  not 
quite  entire  borders. 

Helcion  sexsulcatus.  Shell  patelliform,  longer  than  wide  ;  apex  between 
the  centre  and  anterior  margin  depressed  ;  lateral  slopes  nearly  straight,  di- 
vergence 100®;  anterior  slope  slightly  concave,  and  having  two  broad  shallow 
grooves  radiating  from  the  apex  to  the  antero-lateral  edges  ;  posterior  slope 
convex,  and  having  four  broad  shallow  grooves  radiating  from  the  apex  to  the 
posterior  and  lateral  edges  ;  base  or  aperture  oval  ;  surface  unknown.  Length 
unknown,  breadth  about  1.29  inch,  height  .48  inch. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow  Stone,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  mouth. 
No.  4  of  the  series. 

Helcion  patelliformis.  Shell  patelliform,  thin,  a  little  longer  than  wide  ; 
apex  somewhat  elevated,  nearer  the  centre  than  the  anterior  margin  ;  lateral 
slopes  nearl)^  straight,  divergence  about  90° ;  anterior  slope  straight  or  slightly 
concave,  posterior  convex,  divergence  of  the  two  about  103°  ;  surface  marked 
with  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth,  which  are  crossed  hj  very  faint  indications 
of.  fine  radiating  striae,  and  on  the  anterior  side  by  three  or  four  scarcely  per- 
ceptible, radiating  carinte  (the  latter  not  always  present) ;  aperture  broad,  oval. 
Length  1  inch,  breadth  .84  inch,  height  .44  inch. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Helcion  alveolus.  Shell  patelliform,  thin,  longer  than  wide  ;  apex  depressed, 
nearly  central  ;  lateral  slopes  convex  and  forming  an  angle  of  80° ;  posterior 
and  anterior  slopes  about  equally  convex,  divergence  120°;  surface  marked  with 
very  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth ;  base  or  aperture  elliptical  or  subovate, 
Length  .63  inch,  breadth  .43  inch,  heigh th  .17  inch. 

Locality  and  position.     Yellow  Stone  river.     No.  4  of  series. 

Helcion  subovatus.  Shell  patelliform,  longer  than  wide  ;  apex  depressed, 
situated  about  half  way  between  the  centre  and  the  anterior  margin ;  lateral 
slopes  convex,  and  forming  an  angle  of  80° ;  posterior  slope  more  convex  than 
the  anterior,  divergence  of  the  two  104°;  surface  marked  by  faint,  irregular, 
concentric  undulations  and  imbricating  lines  of  growth  ;  base  or  aperture  oval 
or  subovate,  extremities  broadly  rounded,  the  posterior  end  being  a  little  wider 
than  the  anterior.     Length  1.16  inches,  breadth  .81  inch,  heighth  .39  inch 

Locality  and  positio7i.     Same  as  preceding. 


'! 


Helcion  carinatus.  Shell  very  obliquely  conical  or  bonnet-shaped,  thin ; 
apex  elevated  near  the  anterior  margin,  and  directed  forAvard  ;  anterior  and 
antero-lateral  slopes  profoundly  concave  ;  posterior  slope  convex  above  and 
flattened  or  concave  below.  A  single  strong,  rounded  carina  passes  from  the 
apex  down  the  posterior  slope,  becoming  gradually  obsolete  near  the  margin, 
while  two  or  three  much  fainter  ones  radiate  from  the  apex  down  the  postero- 


1856.]  69 

lateral  slopes  on  each  side  of  it.  Six  small  indistinct  strife  radiate  from  the 
apex,  two  of  which  are  directed  forwards  and  ontwards,  and  four  backwards  and 
outwards;  faint,  irregular,  concentric  undulations  dimly  indicate  the  progressive 
stages  of  growth  ;  surface  otherwise  smooth  ;  aperture  circular.  Diameter  of 
aperture  1.93  inches,  heigh th  of  apex  .80  inch. 
Locality  and  position.     Same  as  preceding. 

Dentalium  fragilis.  Shell  very  thin,  slender,  gently  curved  from  npex  to 
base  ;  surface  ornamented  by  rounded,  thread-like,  longitudinal  lines,  Avhich  are 
crossed  somewhat  obliquely  upwards  from  the  inner  to  the  outer  side  of  the  curve 
by  ver}'  fine  regular  lines  of  growth.  The  longitudinal  lines  terminate  abruptly 
a  little  below  the  apex,  (where  they  number  about  fourteen)  and  increase  in 
number  by  implantation,  and  diminish  in  size  and  regularity  towards  the  larger 
end,  so  as  to  become  nearly  obsolete  on  the  lower  half  of  the  shell ;  aperture 
circular.  Diameter  at  the  apex  .05  inch,  do.  of  a  fragment  .85  inch,  below  apex 
.13  inch,  do.  of  largest  fragment  .19  inch;  thickness  of  shell  .02  inch;  apical 
angle  3°. 

The  above  species  is  closely  allied  to  D.  gracilis,  Hall  and  Jleek,  (vol.  5,  new 
series.  Trans.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston)  but  differs  in  having  much  less 
prominent  longitudinal  striie,  and  not  more  than  half  as  thick  a  shell  ;  while 
the  aperture,  which  in  the  former  is  nearly  always  subcircular,  in  the  present 
species  is  exactly  circular. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow  Stone  river,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above 
mouth.     No.  4  of  section. 

Bulla  volvaria.  Shell  narrow  ovate,  tapering  gradually  from  below  the 
middle  upwards,  and  extended  obliquely  below ;  spire  hidden,  sometimes  ura- 
bilicate  ;  surface  ornamented  by  faint  lines  of  growth  and  shallow  revolving 
striiB,  about  one  fifth  as  wide  as  the  spaces  between  on  the  middle  of  the  shell, 
but  more  closely  crowded  and  irregular  at  the  lower  and  upper  extremities. 
Occasionally  a  much  finer  stria  occupies  one  of  the  spaces  between  the  others  ; 
aperture  long,  narrow,  gently  curved,  rising  above  the  summit  of  the  body,  about 
half  as  wide  above  the  middle  as  below  ;  lip  thin,  closely  folded  over  the  rudi- 
mentary umbilicus.     Length  .66  inch,  breadth  .36  inch. 

Loccility  and  position     Moreau  trading  post.     No.  5  of  section. 

BcLLA  MINOR.  Shell  minute,  ovate,  or  elliptical  ;  spire  hidden,  umbilicate ; 
surface  marked  by  elevated,  sharp,  revolving  strife,  about  equal  to  the  grooves 
between  ;  fine  sharply  elevated  lines  of  growth,  more  distinct  in  the  grooves  than 
on  the  elevations,  mark  the  surface  in  the  other  direction;  aperture  large,  rising 
above  the  summit  of  the  body,  narrow  and  obtuse  above,  and  widening  gradu- 
ally below.     Length  about  .10  inch,  breadth  .05. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  trading  post.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

Bulla  occidentalis.  Shell  oval  or  ovate,  thin,  ventricose,  widest  a  little  above  the 
middle,  rounded  at  the  summit  and  somewhat  obliquely  extended  in  front;  spire 
hidden,  umbilicate;  surface  unknown.  Indistinct  lines  of  groAvth,  and  stronger 
revolving  striae  less  than  the  spaces  between  are  seen  on  the  cast ;  aperture 
curved,  narrow  behind,  risingabove  the  summit  of  the  bodj^,  and  wideningcliiefly 
on  the  inner  side  below;  lip  slightly  curved  outwards  round  the  lower  part  of 
the  aperture.     Length  .44  inch,  breadth  .28  inch. 

Locality  and  position.     Yellow  stone  river.     No.  4  of  the  series. 

"We  have  other  new  species  of  Gasteropoda  from  the  Cretaceous  formations  of 
the  upper  Missouri,  but  refrain  from  indicating  them  out  of  deference  to  friends 
having  specimens  of  the  same  which  they  wish  to  describe. 


70  [March, 

Descriptions  of  new  sjjccies  of  Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  from  the  Cretaceous  for- 
mations of  Nebraska  Territory . 

By  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D. 

TuRRiTELLA  CONVEXA.  Shell  acutelv  couical ;  rolutions  flattened  convex  ;  su- 
ture linear,  indistinct;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth;  aperture 
ovate,  acutely  angular  above,  rounded  below.  Length  unknown;  breadth 
of  largest  specimen  .39  inch ;  apical  angle  very  convex,  divergence  20«. 

This  species  may  at  once  be  distinguished  from  any  other  shell  known  to  us 
from  this  region,  by  the  convexity  of  the  lateral  slopes  of  the  spire,  and  the 
absence  of  revolving  lines. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow  Stone  river,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
mouth.     No.  4  of  the  series. 

TuRitiTELLA  MoREAUENSis.  Shell  terete;  spire  elevated;  volutions  (number 
unknown)  flattened,  increasing  very  gradually  from  the  apex,  and  ornamented 
by  elevated  thread-like  revolving  bands  or  lines  about  equal  the  intermediate 
spaces ;  while  sharply  elevated,  regular,  and  somewhat  distant,  lines  of  growth 
traverse  the  whorls  fn  the  other  direction :  suture  linear  and  sharp  ;  aperture 
subquadrate,  forming  nearly  a  right  angle  on  the  inner  side  above,  and  termi- 
nating in  a  distinct  notch  on  the  columellar  side  below.  Length  (unknown,) 
breadth  .10  inch;  length  of  aperture  .07  inch,  breadth  .04  inch;  apical  angle 
regular,  divergence  9". 

We  have  only  incomplete  specimens  of  this  species,  consisting  of  from  six  to 
eight  volutions,  of  which  there  were  probably  not  less  than  ten.  On  the  last 
whorl,  there  is  a  fourth  smaller  revolving  line  below  the  others,  and  still  lower, 
several  very  fine  revolving  stria;.  The  lines  of  growtli,  are  much  more  distinct 
between,  than  upon  the  revolving  lines  on  all  parts  of  the  shell. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  river.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

Belmnitella?  bulbosa.  Shell  elongated,  cylindrical,  widening  at  the  open- 
ing, then  somewhat  contracted,  and  again  enlarging  below  the  middle,  whence 
it  gradually  tapers  to  a  point;  alveolus  having  a  small  groove  down  the  dor- 
sum, and  marks  of  transverse  septa  round  the  sides ;  substance  of  the  shell 
fibrous,— fibers  radiating  at  nearly  right  angles  from  the  central  linear  axis  to 
the  exterior.  Phragmacone  tapering  regularly  at  an  angle  of  20°  from  the 
larger  extremity  to  the  apex,  where  it  terminates  in  a  minute  but  distinct  bulb- 
like  expansion;  section  circular  or  broad  oval,  septa  faintly  sinuate  on  the 
dorsum  and  separated  by  spaces  equalling  about  one-sixth  the  diameter  of  the 
shell ;  about  twenty-eight  of  the  septa  may  be  counted  in  the  space  of  half 
an  inch  from  the  apex.     Length  unknown  ;  diameter  of  largest  fragment  .33 

inch. 

We  have  of  this  species  perfect  specimens  of  the  phragmacone,  but  having 
onlv  seen  longitudinal  sections,  and  worn  fragments  of  the  external  horny  shell, 
we'know  nothing  of  its  surface  markings,  nor  whether  or  not  it  possessed  the 
longitudinal  slit'characteristic  of  the  genus.  The  groove  down  the  inner  side 
of  the  alveolar  cavity,  however,  is  well  marked  in  some  of  the  fragments.  We 
were  at  first  inclined  to  refer  it  with  doubt  to  Belmnitella  mucronata  (D'Orb.) 
which  has  already  received  such  a  multiplicity  of  names,  but  a  careful  com- 
parison with  authentic  specimens  of  that  species  from  New  Jersey  convinces  us 
it  is  different,  and  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  the  small  bulb  at  the 
apex  of  the  phragmacone,  which  always  leaves  its  impression  at  the  point  of  the 
alveolar  cavity.  So  far  as  we  know,  this  genus  is,  in  the  old  world,  confined  to 
the  true  chalk. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  river.     No.  5  of  the  series. 

Ammonites  halli.— Shell  large,  laterally  compressed,  rounded  on  the  dor- 
sum ;  umbilicus  rather  small,  deep,  somewhat  funnel  shaped,  exhibiting  one- 
third  to  one-fourth,  of  each  of  the  inner  volutions;  surface  ornamented  by 
numerous  small,  slightly  elevated,  costie,  which  cross  the  volutions  more  orless 
obliquely.     About  one-fourth  of  those  crossing  the  dorsum  reach  the  umbilicus, 


185G.] 


71 


around  Avhich  on  the  outer  wborl,  they  swell  out  into  a  row  of  prominent  trans- 
versely elongated  nodes  or  ridges,  while  the  intei  mediate  ones  die  out,  or  coalesce 
Avith  the  others  at  various  distances  across  from  the  periphery. 

Septa  profoundly  lobed,  and  exceedingly  complicated.  All  the  margins  of  the 
branches  of  the  lobes,  sharply,  and  those  of  the  saddles  obtusely,  digitate. 
Dorsal  lobe  ornamented  at  the  extremity  with  four  principal  branches,  the  two 
terminal  of  which  are  larger  than  the  others,  and  again  divided  into  two  branch- 
lets.  Dorsal  saddle  much  larger  than  the  superior  lateral  lobe,  incqually  divided 
at  the  summit  by  the  slender  digitate  auxiliary  lobe  into  two  branches,  that  on 
the  dorsal  side  being  much  larger  than  the  other,  and  again  once  or  twice  dyeply 
divided.  kSuperior  lateral  lobe  much  smaller  than  the  dorsal  saddle,  and  having 
four  principal  divisions,  the  two  terminal  of  which  are  greatly  larger  than  the 
others,  and  each  again  divided  into  two  branchlets,  of  which  the  two  lateral  are 
much  smaller  than  the  others.  Superior  lateral  saddle  a  little  smaller  than  the 
superior  lateral  lobe,  deeply  divided  at  the  summit  into  two  nearly  equal 
branches,  each  of  the  divisions  being  again  divided  into  two  or  three  parts. 
Inferior  lateral  lobe  small  and  slender,  having  four  or  five  alternating  branches. 
The  succeeding  lobes  are  very  small  and  simply  bifid  or  trifid  at  the  extremity. 

It  is  exceedingly  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  from  our  imi)crfect  specimens,  to 
determine  definitely  whether  this  is  Scaj^hile  or  an  Ammonite,  though  we  are  in- 
clined, in  consequence  of  its  large  size,  to  think  it  must  be  the  latter.  Our  de- 
scription is  made  out  from  a  young  shell  measuring  four  and  a  half  inches  across 
the  disc,  while  \y&  have  fragments  of  other  individuals  which  must  have  been 
at  least  four  times  as  large ;  hence  we  infer,  in  adult  shells  of  large  size,  the 
lobes  of  the  septa  may  have  been  even  more  complicated  than  those  of  the  spe- 
cimen investigated  hj  us. 

From  the  same  bed  we  have  a  large  distorted  specimen,  apparently  of  the 
same  species,  which  is  less  compressed  and  has  stronger  costae.  It  also  appears 
to  want  the  row  of  nodes  round  the  umbilicus.  As  far  as  we  have  been  able  to 
see  its  septa,  they  appear  to  be  identical  with  those  of  the  above  species  ;  con- 
sequently we  are  disposed,  at  present,  to  regard  it  as  only  a  variety  of  the  same. 
It  is  possible,  however,  a  careful  comparison  of  better  specimens  may  prove 
them  to  be  distinct ;  if  so,  we  would  propose  for  it  the  specific  name  of  ampins. 

This  species  is  named  after  Prof  James  Hall,  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow-stone  River,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above 
the  mouth,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above  Milk  River,  No.  4  of  series. 

Ancvloceras?  Nebeascensis.  Of  this  species  we  have  but  a  fragment,  .about 
two  inches  in  length.  It  makes  a  short  spiral  curve  like  Helioccras  (D'Orb.)  and 
is  ornamented  with  small  (bifurcating?)  annular  costje,  more  distinct  on  the 
ventral  than  dorsal  side.  The  specimen  is  too  imperfect  to  show  the  details  of 
the  lobes,  though  we  can  see  they  are  very  complicated,  and  sharply  digitate. 
Section  circular,  diameter  .90  inch. 

This  and  the  following  species  would  not  go  into  the  genus  Ancyloceras,  as 
defined  by  D'Orbigny,  but  appear  to  be  closely  related  to  foriBS,  so  referred  by 
Pictet  and  others. 

Locality.     Iquor  creek,  north  fork,  Cheyenne.     Position.     No.  4  of  the  series. 

Ancyloceras?  Cheyenensis.  The  only  specimen  of  this  species  we  have 
seen,  is  a.section  of  the  outer  chamber,  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long.  It 
makes  a  broad  spiral  curve,  and  is  ornamented  by  prominent  rounded  annular 
costsR,  which  encircle  the  shell  very  obliquely,  and  are  smaller  and  more  ap- 
proximate on  the  inner  side  of  the  curve,  than  without.  Costre  having  two 
prominent  nodes,  at  which  point  iAiQj  sometimes  bifurcate  ;  the  nodes  being  so 
arranged  as  to  form  two  parallel  rows  up  and  down  the  dorso-lateral  portion  of 
the  shell.     Section  circular,  diameter  2.40  inches. 

The  above  species  resemWes  somewhat  Ancyloceras?  Nicolletii  of  Hall  and 
Meek  (Vol.  5,  new  series.  Trans.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston,)  but  has 
much  larger  and  more  prominent  costre,  which  pass  less  obliquely  round  the  shell, 
and  do  not  bifurcate  so  frequently,  while  the  nodes  are  larger,  and  the  curve  of  the 


70 


72  [March, 

shell  much  broader.     From  Aocyloccras?  aproximans,  Con.  (Proceedings  of  the 
Phila.  Acad.  p.  266,)  it  differs  in  having  broadly  rounded,  instead  of  acute  costae-. 
Locality  and jwxilion.     Mouth  Cheyenne  river.     No.  4.  of  series. 


notices  of  remains  of  extinct  Reptiles  and  Fishes,  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Ilaydcn  in  the 
Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith  River,  Nebraska  Territory. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

1.  Pal.bosciscus  costatus,  Leidy. 

The  genus  and  species  ai-e  fouuded  on  a  single  specimen  of  a  toolh  of  a  lacer- 
tian,  discovered  by  Dr.  Ilayden. 

The  crown  of  the  tooth  is  palmate,  with  eight  radiating  costfe  terminating  at 
the  margin  in  more  or  less  developed  points.  The  fang  is  flattened  cylindrical, 
and  is  hollow  ;  and  it  expands  into  a  ridge  surrounding  the  base  of  the  crown. 
Breadth  of  the  crown  4  lines,  length  2i  lines ;  width  of  the  fang  2  lines,  thick- 
ness 1  line.     Whole  length  of  the  specimen  4  lines. 

2.  Trachodox  mirabilis,  Leidy. 

The  genus  and  species  are  founded  upon  specimens  of  teeth,  generally  very 
much  worn  and  in  a  fragmentary  condition,  of  a  herbivorous  lacertian  reptile 
allied  to  the  lyi/anodon,  discovered  by  Dr.  Hay  den. 

One  of  the  specimens  of  teeth  is  an  unworn  crown,  about  14  lines  long  and  5 
lines  in  diameter  at  its  thickest  part.  It  has  the  form  of  a  slightly  bent  hexahe- 
dral  column,  bevelled  off  convexly  from  the  summit  of  the  tooth  internally  to 
the  base  externally.  The  outer  surface  is  smooth,  and  has  a  prominent  median 
ridge  and  prominent  subacute  lateral  borders.  The  inner  surface  of  the  tooth, 
presenting  the  five  smaller  sides  of  the  column,  is  quite  roughened  with  irregu- 
lar granulations.  Tlie  base  of  the  tooth  is  hollow,  and  its  walls  at  the  broken 
border  of  the  specimen  are  IJ  lines  thick. 

Li  another  and  much  worn  specimen  of  a  tooth,  which  had  apparently  been 
shed,  and  is  now  4^  lines  long ;  the  triturating  surface  is  slightly  concave  and 
pentahedral,  with  concave  sideS,  and  is  4  lines  in  diameter.  The  two  portions 
of  the  outer  surface  incline  much  more  from  the  median  ridge  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding specimen  ;  and  the  base  of  the  tooth  is  hollowed,  apparently  from  the 
pressure  of  a  successor. 

3.  Troodon  pormosds,  Leidy. 

The  genus  and  species  are  founded  on  a  single  specimen  of  a  tooth  of  a  lacer- 
tian, discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden. 

The  specimen  consists  of  a  compressed,  curved,  conical  crown  with  tren- 
chant edges.  The  outer  side  is  more  convex  than  the  inner,  which  is  worn 
off  towards  the  apex  from  friction  of  the  opposing  tooth.  The  trenchant  edges 
are  coarsely  denticulated  ;  the  denticulations  themselves  being  compressed 
conical,  witli  trenchant  edges,  and  are  bent  in  such  a  manner  that  their  apices 
are  directed  towards  the  summit  of  the  crown.  The  base  of  the  tooth  is  hollow, 
and  is  2  lines  wide  and  1 J  lines  transversely ;  and  the  length  of  the  specimen  is 
3  lines. 

4.  Deinodo.v  horkidus,  Lcid}'. 

This  genus  and  species  are  founded  on  a  number  of  specimens,  consisting  of 
fragments  of  teeth  of  a  saurian  reptile,  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden. 

Nine  of  the  specimens  referred  to  consist  of  crowns  of  teeth  or  of  their  sum- 
mits, which  resemble  those  of  Mcgalosaurus,  being  compressed  conical  and 
curved,  and  having  trenchant,  dentatcd  borders.  They  are  generally  thicker 
in  relation  to  their  breadth  than  in  Megalosaunis,  which  might  only  be  a  specific 
distinction,  were  it  not  that  there  are  several  other  teeth  in  the  same  collection 
apparently  of  the  same  animal,  but  quite  peculiar  in  form. 

One  of  the  specimens  is  a  curved  conical  crown",  nearly  circular  in  transverse 
section,  having  a  prominent  dentated  ridge  on  each  side.  A  second  specimen 
is  a  crown,  deuii-elliptical  in  transverse  section,  with  the  posterior  borders  den- 
tated.    A  third  specimen  is  a  small  fragment  of  a  very  large  tooth,  apparently 


IS.IG.]  73 

■with  nearly  the  same  foi-m  as  the  hatter  ;  and  a  fourth  specimen  is  a  portion  of 
the  crown  of  a  tooth,  demi-elliptical  in  transverse  section,  with  the  posterior 
borders  elevated  but  not  dentated. 

Had  the  different  forms  of  teeth  above  indicated  been  obtained  from  different 
localities,  they  might  have  been  referred  to  at  least  four  distinct  genera,  but 
having  been  discovered  together,  and  possessing  the  same  structural  appear- 
ances, I  suspect  them  to  have  belonged  to  one  and  the  same  species. 

Tlie  largest  specimen  resembling  the  teeth  of  Mcgalomurus  in  its  present  con- 
dition, is  1}  inches  long  from  the  apex,  J  of  an  inch  broad  at  base,  and  5  lines 
thick.  One  of  the  specimens,  which  is  demi-elliptical  in  section,  is  over  an  inch 
in  length  from  tlie  apex,  8  lines  broad  at  base,  and  3i  lines  wide  at  the  posterior 
surface.  Anotlicr  specimen,  apparently  with  the  same  form  as  that  just  indi- 
cated, in  its  perfect  condition  appears  to  have  had  the  crown  over  two  inches  in 
length,  nearly  an  inch  in  breadth,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  width  })ostcriorly. 

5.  Crocodilus  humilis,  Leidy. 

.The  species  is  founded  on  ten  specimens  of  shed  crowns  of  teeth,  apparently 
of  a  small  species  of  crocodile.  The  largest  specimen  is  7  J  lines  long  and  3^ 
lines  in  diameter  at  base,  which  is  nearly  circular.  Another  specimen  is  1  lines 
long  and  2.y  lines  in  diameter  at  base ;  and  a  third  specimen  is  6  lines  long  and 
Sj  lines  in  diameter  at  base.  These  are  all  moderately  curved  conical,  nearly 
circular  in  transverse  section,  with  the  two  usual  internal  acute  ridges,  and  with 
the  intervening  surfaces  slightly  striate  or  nearly  smooth.  The  crown  of  a  pos- 
terior tooth  is  compressed,  mammillarj'  in  form,  2\  lines  long  and  2\  wide  at 
base,  with  the  summit  obtuse,  and  the  sides  finely  and  longitudinally  rugose. 

6.  Trionyx  foveatds,  Leidy. 

The  species  is  founded  on  fragments  of  several  costal  and  sternal  plates.  The 
exterior  surface  of  the  costal  plates  is  covered  with  pits,  excepting  close  to  the 
margins  ;  and  the  pits  are  small  and  round  at  the  vertebral  extremity,  and  gradu- 
ally increase  in  size  outwardly  and  become  antero-posterioidy  oblong  oval  and 
reniform.  A  vertebral  fragment  of  a  third  or  fourth  costal  plate,  a  little  over  an 
inch  in  length,  is  11  lines  wide  and  2  lines  thick.  Small  fragments  of  the  sternal 
plates  present  an  exterior  surface  covered  with  broken  vermicular  ridges  and 
tubercles  separated  by  wide  intervals.  Fragments  of  a  hyposternal  plate  are  3 
lines  in  thickness. 

1.  Lepidotus  occidentalis,  Leidy.  " 

A  species  proposed  on  five  specimens  of  thick  lozenge-shaped  scales,  with  the 
root  prolonged  in  the  direction  of  the  long  diameter.  The  enamelled  surf  ice  of 
the  scales  is  smooth  and  shining.  The  largest  one  has  its  sides  about  4  lines 
long,  the  smallest  one  about  2^  lines  long. 

8.  Lepidotus  Haydeni,  Leidy. 

A  species  proposed  on  a  single  specimen  of  a  thick  oblong  square  scale,  the 
long  sides  of  which  measure  5  lines,  and  the  short  sides  3^  lines.  The  root  pro- 
jects forward  from  one  of  the  long  sides,  and  the  enamelled  surface  of  the  scales 
is  covered  with  parallel  square  lines. 

This  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Hayden,  who  collected  the  remains  char- 
acterized in  this  paper ;  and  which  remains,  I  suspect,  indicate  the  existence  of  a 
formation  like  that  of  the  Wealden  of  Europe. 


Notice  of  a  new  Fossil  Genus  belonging  to  the  Famili/  Blastoidea,  from  the  Devonian 

strata  near  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

By  B.  F.  Shumard,  M.  D.,  and  L.  P.  Yandell,  M.  D. 

The  remarkable  Crinoid,  now  for  the  first  time  brought  to  the  notice  of  Palae- 
ontologists, was  discovered  by  us  as  early  as  1847,  in  a  gray  sub-crystalline 
limestone  on  Bear  Grass  Creek,  near  Louisville,  Kentucky,  associated  with 
characteristic  fossils  of  the  Devonian  system.  At  that  time  we  had  observed 
only  detached  jjlates  of  the  genus,  which  did  not  permit  us  to  recognize  its  most 


74  [March, 

important  peculiarities,  and  Tve  regarded  it  as  hAng  merely  a  species  of  Pcntre- 
miLcs  (tiay.)  analogous  to  (/'.  Eta-acrinuH)  Verneuili  (Rcjumer.)  Afterwards, 
through  the  politeness  of  8.  A.  Casseday,  Esq.,  of  Louisville,  we  were  put  in 
possession  of  two  individuals  in  a  more  perfect  state  of  preservation,  and  these, 
with  some  specimens  since  found  by  ourselves,  have  furnisEed  the  material 
from  which  we  are  enabled  to  add  a  new  and  interesting  genus  to  the  farail}' 
Blastoidea. 

Eleutherocrincs,  Noi\  Gen. 

Agreeable  to  the  plan  pursued  by  Messrs.  D'Koniiick  and  Le  Hon,  we  give  as 
the  formula  of  the  genus — 

Bufiul pin'ca,  3. — (hie  small,  two  irregular  and  very  much  elongated. 

Radial  picccx,  1  x  i>- — -Four-forked,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length,  one  short 
and  not  forked. 

Interradial  pieces,  1 X  5. — Small. 

Fseudoambulacral  areas,  5. — Four  linear  extending  nearly  the  entire  length  of 
the  caly.K,  one  short,  sub-triangular,  situated  on  the  summit  plane. 

Column,  none. 

Ovunal  aj.>ertures,  8  (?) 

Generic  characters. — The  calyx  is  of  an  elliptical  form,  truncated  at  summit  and 
sub-triangular  at  base. 

The  base  is  very  irregular  in  form,  sub-triangular  at  its  lower  part,  and  pro- 
longed on  one  of  its  sides  to  a  remarkable  length,  It  consists  of  three  pieces, 
one  of  which  is  small,  lozenge-shaped  ;  the  other  two  are  precisely  alike,  very 
large  and  prolonged  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  cal^x.  These  latter  pieces  are 
joined  together  in  the  median  line  by  a  straight  suture,  with  which  their  exter- 
nal edges  are  sub-parallel,  except  the  inferior  fifth,  which  exhibits  a  small  angu- 
lar fold,  directed  obliquely  forwards  to  articulate  with  the  inferior  edges  of  the 
single  basal  piece.  The  superior  edge  of  this  fold  is  also  emarginated  to  receive 
the  extremity  of  an  elongated  radial  piece. 

Radial  pieces. — Four  are  non-symmetrical,  occupy  nearly  the  entire  length  of 
the  calyx,  and  are  channelled  almost  to  the  base  for  the  reception  of  the  pseudo- 
ambulacraj.  The  middle  -air  alternate  with  the  single  basal,  the  exterior  ones 
repose  on  the  emarginated  edges  of  the  fold  of  the  large  basals.  The  fifth  radial 
piece  scarcely  exceeds  one-half  the  length  of  the  others,  though  it  is  much 
wider.  It  rests  on  the  upper  edges  of  the  large  basals  and  between  the  superior 
half  of  two  of  the  long  radials.  Its  upper  edge  reaches  to  the  level  of  the  sum- 
mit plane.     The  surface  is  destitute  of  a  pseudo-ambulacral  groove. 

Interradial pieces,  five,  small,  alternating  with  the  radials.  Three  of  them  are 
somewhat  lozenge-shaped  ;  two  irregular  in  form,  articulate,  with  the  short 
radial  piece. 

Fseudoambulacral  areas,  four  are  linear,  commence  at  the  central  summit,  open- 
ing and  descend  nearly  to  the  base  ;  the  fifth  is  triangular  and  lies  horizontally 
on  the  summit  jilane  just  within  the  edge  of  the  short  radial  piece. 

Ovarial  apertures.  Only  eight  of  tnese  openings  are  visible  in  the  specimens 
under  examination  ;  two  are  situated  at  the  extremity  of  each  lozenge-shaped 
interradial,  each  pair  being  divided  by  a  mesial  se{)lum  ;  but  at  the  extremity  of 
each  irregular  interradial  there  is  apparently  merely  a  simple  round  opening 
without  any  visil)le  septum.  No  anal  opening  is  to  be  seen  in  our  specimens. 
Moulh  nearly  central. 

Column.  No  trace  of  an  aperture  or  articular  facet  exists  at  the  base  to  indi- 
cate that  the  genus  possessed  a  column. 

Electherochinos  Cassed.\yi.  Nov.  sp. 
The  body  of  this  species  is  of  an  ellipsoidal  form,  truncated  at  summit,  sub- 
triangulai  below,  and  flattened  on  that  portion  of  the  circumference  occupied 
by  the  large  basals  and  short  radial.  The  surface  of  all  the  principal  pieces  is 
marked  with  numerous  delicate  striaj,  slightly  tlexuous  and  running  in  a  direc- 
tion nearly  parallel  with  the  edges. 


185G.J         -  75 

Basal  pieces.  The  outer  long  ones  descend  lower  than  the  middle  pair  and 
tlie  extremities  of  their  pseudoambulacral  lields  are  nearer  the  inferior  extremi- 
ties of  the  pieces.  Their  internal  limb  is  narrow,  lanceolate  and  obliquely  trun- 
cated above ;  the  external  one  is  broadest,  obtusch'  triangular,  and  beni  back- 
wards at  nearly  right  angles,  to  unite  with  the  long  basals  and  short  radial,  form- 
ing with  these  a  Hattened  convex  surface,  whose  transverse  diameter  equals  the 
total  width  of  the  calyx.  The  middle  pair,  or  those  standing  over  the  small 
basal,  are  more  regular  in  form  than  the  outer  ones,  their  branches  narrow  and 
equal.  Thp  internal  edges  of  all  the  branches  of  the  long  radial  pieces  are  limit- 
ed by  a  fine  carina,  terminating  below  in  a  triangular  projection,  on  which  rest 
the  extremity  of  a  pseudoambulacral  field.  The  lateral  sutures  are  also  marked 
by  a  fine  carina.  The  short  radial  piece  is  sub-pentagonal  and  angulated  in  the 
middle ;  its  length  and  breadth  about  equal.  Below  it  rests  by  a  double  con- 
cave edge  on  the  extremities  of  the  long  basals  ;  the  lateral  edges  are  arched,  the 
outline  of  the  superior  edge  somewhat  V-shaped. 

Interrad'ud  pieces.  The  three  regular  ones  are  swelled  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  and  terminate  below  in  three  salient  angles  ;  the  lateral  edges  are  strongly 
crenulated.  The  irregular  pieces  are  situated  on  either  side  of  the  short  radial. 
They  are  scarcely  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  others,  and  only  one  of  the  lat- 
eral edges  is  crenulated. 

Pseudoambulacral  areas.  The  four  linear  areas  are  convex,  and  project  above 
the  plane  of  the  interradial  plates.  The  pore  pieces  are  transverse,  sub-pentago- 
nal and  finely  crenulated  at  their  internal  edges.  Their  surfaces  are  deeply  in- 
dented, and  their  number  on  each  side  of  a  field  amounts  to  about  thirty-five. 
The  supplementary  pore  pieces  are  sub  triangular  and  very  minute.  The  fifth 
or  anomalous  area  is  small,  triangular,  and  situated  on  the  summit  plane  just 
within  and  a  little  below  the  superior  edge  of  the  short  radial  piece.  The  pore 
pieces  are  transverse,  wide,  and  amount  to  about  seven  on  each  side  of  a  field. 
Their  form  and  that  of  the  supplementary  pore  pieces  cannot  be  well  made 
out  in  the  specimens  on  hand.  The  apertures  situated  at  the  extremities  of  the 
pieces  amount  to  about  fourteen  for  the  entire  field. 

The  Eleulherocrinus  Cassedayi  is  the  only  known  species  of  the  genus. 

References  to  Plate  II. 
Fig.  1.     Profile  view  of  a  specimen  four  times  enlarged. 

2.  Opposite  view  of  the  same,  exhibiting  the  form  of  the  short  radial, 

and  the  prolonged  part  of  the  long  basals. 

3.  Basal  view. 

4.  Summit  view,  showing  the  anomalous  pseudo-ambulacral  field. 

5.  A  portion   of  one  of  the  linear  pseudo-ambulacral  fields,  very  much 

enlarged. 


The  report  of  the  Corresponding  Secretary  for  February  and  March 
was  read  and  adopted. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Elwyn,  it  was  Resolved,  That  the  members  of  the 
Methodist  Conference,  about  to  convene  in  this  city,  be  invitrd  to  visit 
the  Museum  of  the  Academy  on  public  days,  during  the  session  of  the 
Conference. 


ELECTION. 


Mr.   James  E.    Caldwell,  Dr.  Charles    M.   Cresson   and  Mr.   A.  J. 
Brasier,  all  of  Philadelphia,  were  elected  Mrmbers,  and 

Dr.   F.  V.  Hayden,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  elected  a  Correspondent. 


76  [March, 

April  \st. 
Mr.  Orb,  President,  in  the  Cbair. 

Letters  were  read 

From  the  Iinpcri:il  Society  of  Naturalists  of  Moscow,  dated  Feb.  17, 
185(i,  announcing  the  celebration  of  its  semi-centennial  anniversary. 

From  Mr.  J.  H  Ilauch,  dated  Burlington,  Iowa,  March  11, 
185G,  acknowledging  the  receipt  ot  his  notice  of  election  as  a  Corres- 
pondent. 

From  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  of  New  York,  dated  March 
20,  1856,  acknowledging  receipt  of  part  2,  vol.  3,  Lew  series,  of  the 
Journal. 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  New  York  State  Library,  dated  Albany, 
]\Iarch  26,  1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Academy. 

From  the  University  of  Wurtzburg,  dated  Dscember  21,  1855, 
acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Journal,  vol.  3,  part  1,  and  Proceed- 
ings, vol.  7,  Nos.  2 — 7. 

From  Mr.  T.  M.  Peters,  dated  Moulton,  Alabama,  March  18,  1856, 
transmitting  the  donation  to  Museum,  acknowledged  this  evening. 

From  the  Philadelphia  Annual  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  dated  March  31,  1856,  returning  acknowledgments  for  the 
invitation  from  the  Academy  to  visit  the  Museum. 

Dr.  Leidy  read  a  paper,  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled 
"  Notices  of  three  extinct  Fishes."  Referred  to  Mr.  I.  Lea,  Dr.  Wil- 
son and  Dr.  Bridges. 

Mr.  Lea  presented  a  paper,  intended  for  publication  in  the  Journal, 
entitled  "  On  the  Sandstone  Fossils  of  the  Connecticut  river,  by  James 
Deane,  M.  D. ;"  which  was  referred  to  Mr.  Lea,  Dr.  Leidy  and  Mr. 
Messehert. 

Mr.  Lea  also  presented  the  following  papers  for  publication  in  the 
Proceedings,  viz  :  "  Descriptions  of  new  Fresh-water  shells  of  Califor- 
nia," "  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Triquetra  Klein,"  and  "  Descrip- 
tion of  a  now  genus  of  Naiades,"  all  of  which  were  referred  to  Dr. 
Bridges,  Dr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Ilunson. 


April  8th. 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings, 
entitled  "  Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  Mammalia  discovered  by  Dr.  F. 
V.  riayden  in  Nebraska  Territory;"  which  was  referred  to  Dr.  Wilson, 
Prof,  llalderaan  and  Mr.  Lesley. 

Mr.  Cassin  presented  the  following,  which  were  unanimously  adopted. 

Resolved,  That  the  7th  vol.,  and  so  much  as  is  published  of  the  8th 

vol.  of  the  Proceedings  of  this  Academy,  and  the  last  two  Nos.  of  the 

Journal   of  the  Academy,  be  presented  to  Sandwith  Drinker,  Esq.,  o 

Canton,  China. 


1856.]  77 

Resolved,  That  so  much  'as  is  published  of  the  8th  vol.  of  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  this  Academy  and  the  last  two  Nos.  of  the  Journal,  be  pre- 
sented to  W.  VV.  Wood,  Esq.,  of  Manilla. 


April  l^th. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair, 

Letters  were  read — 

Frum  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  dated  Washington,  March  1,1856, 
acknowledging  reciipt  of  last  No.  of  the  Journal. 

From  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  dated  Worcester,  Mass., 
April  1st  and  8th,  1856,  ar.knowhdging  receipt  of  Proceedings,  vol.  7, 
ami  No.  1,  vol.  8,  and  transmitting  in  exchange  their  publications  an- 
nounced this  evening. 

From  the  Koyal  Library  of  the  University  of  Gottingen,  dated  17th 
Dec,  1855  J 

From  the  University  Library  of  Heidelberg,  dated  8th  Jan.,  1856  ; 

From  the  University  of  Jena,  dated  5th  Jan.,  1856; 

From  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Dantzic,  dated  20th  Dec,  1855; 
and 

From  the  Wurteraberg  Natural  History  Society,  dated  20th  Dec, 
1S55  ;  severally  acknowledging  receipt  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Academy. 

A  paper  was  presented  from  Robert  Kennicott,  Esq.,  intended  for 
pubiiciitiou  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled,  "  Description  of  a  new  Snake 
frjm  Illinois  j"  which  was  referred  to  Dr.  Hallowell,  Dr.  Leidy,  and 
Dr.  Coise. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings  a  paper  en- 
titled, "  Descriptions  of  thirty  new  species  of  Acephala  and  G.istero- 
poda  from  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  Nebraska  Tc  rritory,  by  F.  B. 
Meek,  ami  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D."  Referred  to  Mr.  Le;.,  Dr.  Leidy, 
and  Dr.  Hallowell, 

Dr.  Leidy  also  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings  the  fol- 
lowing : 

"  Notice  of  tlie  Remains  of  a  species  of  Seal  from  the  Post-Pliocene 
Deposit  of  the  Ottowa  River,  U.  C"  and 

"iNotices  of  several  genera  of  extinct  Mammalia  previously  less  per- 
fectly characterized  ;"  both  of  which  were  refered  to  Dr.  Le  Conte,  Mr. 
Lesley,  and  Mr.  Vans. 

iVIr.  Lea  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled, 
"  Descriptions  of  twenty  five  new  species  of  Exotic  Unioues."  Referred 
to  Dr.  Wilson,  Mr.  Hansoo,  and  Dr.  Bridges. 

Mr.  Lea  read  some  notes  from  a  paper  he  is  preparing  for  the  Journal  of  the 
Academy  on  thr  New  Red  Sandstone  Formation  of  Pennsylvania,  and  stated 
that  he  had,  during  a,<\  excursion  last  i^ummer,  found  in  the  darli  shales  of  that 
Formation,  near  Phoenixville,  on  the  Schuylkill,  the  tooth  of  a  Sauroid  Reptile, 
which  he  thus  characterised. 

6 


78  [April, 

Centemodon*  sulcatus.  Tooth  smooth,  rather  thick,  slightly  curved,  with 
trenchant  edges,  rounded  on  the  exterior  portion,  sulcate  on  the  lower  part  near 
the  base,  ccrered  with  very  minute  distinct  stri?e  from  the  point  to  the  base, 
which  strice  cross  the  sulcations  in  slightly  oblique  lines.  Length  sixteen- 
twentieths  of  an  inch,  greatest  breadth  four  twentieths  of  an  inch  ;  pulp  cavity 
large. 

On  comparing  this  tooth  with  C/epsi/saurus  Pe/wsi/lvanicus,  which  he  had  de- 
scribed from  the  same  Red  Sandstone  Formation  in  Lehigh  county,  it  will  be 
found  to  differ  very  widely.  The  edge  is  not  serrate  on  any  part  like  that  genus, 
nor  is  it  so  large  or  so  attenuate.  The  form,  too  is  more  compressed.  It  differs 
from  the  teeth  of  Bathygnathus  boreaUs,  Leidy,  from  the  New  Red  Sandstone  of 
Nova  Scotia,  in  size,  being  smaller  and  being  more  attenuate,  as  well  as  in 
having  a  trenchant  smooth  edge  and  not  a  serrate  edge.  It  is  about  the  size  and 
approaches  the  form  of  Prof.  Owen's  figure  of  Labyrinthodon,  plate  63,  A.  f.  2,  of 
Odontographia,  but  it  is  more  flattened. 

Mr.  Lea  als:  stated  that  in  thegreenish  and  blackish  shales  of  the  same  locality 
he  found  two  species  of  Posidonia,  which  genus  is  so  characteristic  of  this  portion 
of  the  formation  and  existing  in  immense  quantities.  As  they  seem  to  differ 
from  that  figured  by  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  in  his  Elementaiy  Geology,  as  coming 
from  Oolitic  coal  shale  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  Mr.  Lea  proposed  the  names  of 
P.  ovata  and  P.  parva,  the  first  being  about  seven-twentieths  of  an  inch  in 
transverse  diameter.  The  latter  is  more  rotund,  and  about  three-twentieths  of 
an  inch  in  transverse  diameter,  both  being  covered  with  numerous  minute  con- 
centric costffi  over  the  whole  disc. 

Near  to  this  locality  and  superimposed,  Mr.  Lea  obtained  a  specimen  of  impure 
dull  red  limestone,  which  contained,  on  a  partially  decomposed  surface,  im- 
pressions presenting  the  appearance  of  Foot-marks,  somewhat  like  Chelkhnus 
Duncani,  Owen,  figured  by  Sir  Wm.  Jardine  in  his  Ichnology,  for  which  Mr.  Lea 
proposed  the  provisional  name  of  Chelkhnus  Wymaniamis,  after  Professor  Wj* man, 
of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

From  the  same  formation  and  locality  were  procured  the  impressions  of  plants, 
some  of  which  belong  to  the  Conifera.  One  of  the  cones  was  nearly  six  inches 
long  and  full  an  inch  wide.  These  were  accompanied  by  other  plants  of  very 
obscure  character,  covering  large  portions  of  the  surface  of  some  of  the  layers. 

Mr.  Lea  also  mentioned  that  he  had  observed  the  same  Red,  Black  and  Gray 
Shales  at  Gwinnedd,  on  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  where  he  found  the 
same  Posidonicp,  and  some  of  the  same  obscure  plants,  impressions  of  which 
covered  the  surfaces  of  many  of  the  rocks.  A  single  specimen  was  obtained 
of  a  plant  with  long  leaves  some-whatrasemhling Xoeygerathia  cuneifolia,  Broguiart, 
which  is  from  the  Permian. 

In  the  Black  Posidonia  Shales  was  found  a  single  Ganoid  scale,  which  is  more 
like  Pyyopteris  matidibitlaris,  Agas. ,  from  the  Marl  Slate  (Lower  Permian)  than 
any  other  which  had  come  under  Mr.  Lea's  notice.  There  were  other  obscure 
forms  observed,  which  have  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  found  to  be  analogous  to 
any  known  forms,  but  which  Mr.  Lea  hoped  to  be  able  to  make  out  when  he 
should  figure  all  the  specimens  and  describe  them  more  at  large  for  the  Journal 
of  the  Academy. 


Jpril  2'ld. 

Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

A  paper  was  presented  from  J.  S.  Newberry,  M.  D.,  intended  for  pub- 
lication in   the   Proceedings,    entitled,  "  Descriptions    of  several  new 

*  KivTM/za  aculeus  and  hic,v(  dens. 


1856.] 


79 


penera  and   species  of  Fossil   Fishes  from   the  Carboniferous   Strata  of 
Ohio."     Referred  to  Drs.  Le  Conte,  Leidy,  and  Hallowell. 

Mr.  Samuel  Ashraead,in  presenting  the  very  fine  collection  of  Marine 
Alga5  made  by  himself  during  the  past  winter  at  Key  "West,  Florida, 
stated  that  he  was  indebted  to  Prof.  Bailey,  of  West  Point,  for  his  as- 
sistance in  determining  a  number  of  the  species. 


Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committees  on  Mr.  Lea's  papers,  read  1st  inst. ;  on  Dr.  Lcidy's 
paper,  read  8th  inst.;  on  Mr.  Kennicott's  paper,  read  15th  inst;  on  a 
paper  by  Messrs.  Meek  and  Hayden,  read  same  date  ;  on  Dr.  Leidy's 
papers,  of  same  date;  on  Mr.  Lea's  paper,  of  same  date;  and  on  Dr. 
Newberry's  paper,  read  22d  inst.;  severally  reported  in  favor  of  publi- 
cation in  the  Proceedings. 

Description  of  a  New  Sub-Genus  of  Naiades. 
By  Isaac  Lea. 

Family  NAIADES. 

Sub-genus  Plagiodon. 

Testa  ?equivalvis,  insequilatera,  oblique  trigona,  valde  inflata  ;  dentibus  cardi- 
nalibus  crenulatis,  compressis,  transversis,  curtis,  in  utraque  valva  duplicis  ; 
dentibus  lateralibus  nullius  ;  ligamentum  vix  extrorsum  ;  impressio  muscularis 
antica  composita. 

This  sub-genus  is  proposed  forafluviatile  shell,  which  is  nearer  to  MonocondT/lcea, 
D'Orbigny,  than  to  Margaritana,  Schumacher ;  and  may  be  considered  properly 
so  interposed  as  a  link  to  connect  them. 

Plagiodon   isocardiodes. 

Testa  Iffivi.  rotnndo-trigona,  globosa,  ventricosissima,  ad  lateris  planulatis, 
valde  inquilaterali,  antice  brevissima,  umbonibus  tuniidis,  valvulis  subtenuibus  ; 
natibus  valde  elcvatis,  incurvis,  terminalis ;  epidermide  subrugosa,  tenebroso- 
olivacea;  dentibus  cardinalibus  crenulatis,  compressis,  transversis,  curtis,  in 
utraque  valva  duplicis  ;  margarita  alba  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Rio  Plata.     Mr.  E.  Verreau,  Paris. 


Description  of  a  Ncio  Species  of  Triquetra,  Klein  (Hyria,  Lamarck.') 

By  Isaac  Lea. 

Triquetra  lanceolata. 

Testa  laevi,  transversissimii,  subcompressa,  lanceolata,  valde  inequiTaterali? 
postice  acuto-angulata  :  antice  caudiitim  producta ;  valvulis  crassis ;  natil)us 
parvis,  prominulis,  ad  quartam  anteriorem  partem  positis  ;  epidermide  striata, 
tenebroso-fusca  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  subgrandibus  crenulatisque  j  lateralibus 
praelongis  rectisque  ;  margarita  alba  et  argentea. 

Hab.     China  ?     Mr.  Asa  Fitch. 


80  [April 

Description  of  New  Fresh  xcaier  Shells  from  CaHfornia. 

By  Isaac  Lea. 

Familj-  LYMN^ANA. 
Genus  Pompholyx. 
Testa  rotundo-gibbosa,  subtus  retrorsa,   superne  planulata,  non   umbilicata; 
spira   depressa,   apertura   amplissima,  subrotuada,  effusa ;  labro   acuto ;  labio 
incrassato,  planulato  ;  operculum  nullum. 

PoMPHOLYX  EFFUSA.  Testa  parva,  striata,  rotundo-gibbosa,  subtenul,  efFusa, 
luteo-cornea;  anfractibus  trinis,  superne  planulatis,  inferne  convexis  ;  apertura 
subrotunda,  dilatata,  intus  albida,  maculata. 

Hah.     Sacramento  River,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

Melania  Shastaensis.  Testa  striata,  subcjlindracea,  subtenui,  tenebroso- 
cornea,  fasciata ;  spira  elevata  ad  apice  plicata ;  suturis  valde  impressis  ;  an- 
fractibus convexis  ;  apertura  parva,  ovata,  intus  albida;  columella  laevi,  incur  vata 
et  recurvata. 

Uah.     Shasta  and  Scott  Rivers,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

Melania  niguixa.  Testa  lasvi,  parva,  conica,  sublenui,  nigricanti,  polita ; 
spira  subelevata ;  suturis  impressis  ;  anfractibus  regulariter  convexis  ;  apertura 
parva,  ovata,  superne  angulata',  intus  tenebroso-purpurea;  columella  iucurva, 
purpurea. 

Uah.     Clear  Creek,  Shasta  County,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

Physa  triticea.  Testa  subfusiformi,  pellucida,  polita,  rufo-castanea  ;  spira 
brevi,  subacuta ;  suturis  subimpressis  ;  anfractibus  quaternis,  subconstrictis ; 
apertura  elongata,  intus  lineata. 

Hah.     Shasta  County,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

Planorbis  Traskii.  Testa  magna,  tenebroso-cornea,  subcylindracea,  minute, 
crebre  et  regulariter  striata,  superne  late  et  profunditer  umbilicata  ;  inferne 
magis  excavata ;  anfractibus  quinis,  superne  acute  carinata  ad  peripheriam,  in- 
ferne obtuse  carinata  ;  apertura  auriculseformi. 

Hah.     Kern  Lake,  Tulan  County,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

Lymn>ea  proxima.  Testa  acuto-conica,  subtenui,  crebre  et  irregulariter  striata, 
cornea,  minute  perforata;  spira  subelevata,  ad  apicem  acuminata  ;  suturis  valde 
impressis;  anfractibus  septenis,  convexis;  apertura  subiuflata,  subelliptica,  intus 
fasciata,  columella  paulo  plicata. 

Hah.     Arroya  San  Antonio,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

Ancylus    patelloides.     Testa   magna,    crassa,    elliptica,   maculata,    oblique 
conica  ;  striis  crebris,  minutis  ;  apice  submediali. 
Hah.     Sacramento  River,  California.     Dr.  Trask. 

The  following  species,  heretofore  described,  were  part  of  the  "  envoi  "  made 
by  Dr.  Trask. 

Margaritana  margaridfera^  Lea. 
Alas.falcata,  Gould. 
Alas.  Yitho'vsis,  Trask. 

From  Klamath  and  Yuba  Rivers. 

I  received  specimens  of  this  shell  from  Prof.  Xuttall  in  1837,  brought  by  him 
from  Columbia  River.  I  thought  then,  and  I  still  think,  there  were  not  characters 
sufficiently  distinct  in  them  to  form  a  new  species.  The  observations  published 
at  the  time  (Tran.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  v.  6,  p.  97)  are  still  in  accordance  with  my 
opinions,  after  having  had  many  specimens  from  various  localities  under  exami- 
nation The  purple  in  the  nacre  is  stronger  than  any  I  have  seen  from  other 
localities,  but  this  with  the  other  differences  would  not  I  think  warrant  its  being 
considered  more  than  a  mere  variety  of  M.  margaritifera. 


1856.] 


81 


Anodonta  WaMamatsnsis,  Lea.  Tr.  Am.  P.  S.v.  6,  p.  78.=.4.  iriangulata,  Trask. 
A.  roliindovata,  Trask.     From  Sacramento  River. 

Anodonta  angulata.  Lea.  Tr.  Am.  P.  S.  v.  6,  p.  97.=.4.  feminalis,  Gould.  A. 
Randall),  Trask.     From  upper  San  Joaquin. 

Helix  Oreffonensis,  Lea.  Trans.  Am.  P.  S.  v.  6,  p.  100.  Point  Cypress,  Monterey 
County. 

Jlelix  Nickliniana,  Lea.  Trans.  Am.  P.  S.  v.  6,  p.  100.  Tomales  Bay  and 
,  Deadman's  Island. 

Helix  CaUforniensis,  Lea.  Trans.  Am.  P.  S.  v.  6,  p.  99.  Point  Cypress, 
Monterey  County. 

Lt/mneea  exigua,  Lea.     Trans.  Am.  P.  S.  t.  9,  obs.  v.  3.     San  Antonio  Arroya. 

Lt/mncea  pallida,  Adams.  Journal  Boston  Nat.  Hist.  See.  v.  3.  San  Antonio 
Arroj'a. 

Physa  heterosfropha,  Say.     Nicholson's  Ency.  Am.  Edition.     Los  Angeles. 

Melania  occata,  Hinds.     Voy.  of  the  Sulphur,  pi.  15,  f.  5.     Sacramento  River. 

3Ielania  scminalis,  (Faludina,  Hinds.)  Voy.  Sulphur,  pi.  16,  fig.  22.  Sacra- 
mento River. 

Planorbis  (rivoli.s,  Say.  Nicholson's  Ency.  Am.  Ed.  Hern  Lake.  Slightly 
varies  from  the  Michigan  specimens. 

Planorbis  ammon,  Gould.  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  5,  p.  129.  Lagoons, 
Sacramento  Valley. 


Descriptions  of  twenty-eight  new  species  of  AcephaJa  and  one   Gasteropod,  from  the 
Cretaceous  formations  of  Nebraska  Territory. 

By  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D. 

Pholadomya  undata.  Shell  oval  or  ovate,  moderately  ventricose,  anterior 
end  rounded,  posterior  extremity  rounded  chiefly  from  below,  cardinal  border 
nearly  straight ;  base  somewhat  broadly  curved  ;  beaks  rather  elevated,  incurved, 
placed  between  the  centre  and  the  anterior  end ;  surface  (of  cast)  ornamented 
by  numerous,  regular,  distinct,  concentric  undulations,  which  are  crossed  by 
much  smaller  radiating  costse,  scarcely  marked  in  the  depressions  between. 
Length  about  one  inch. 

As  we  have  not  seen  the  hinge  of  this  species,  we  refer  it  with  doubt  to  the 
above  genus.     The  radiating  costaj  are  about  equal,  the  spaces  between,  and  in 
consequence  of  being  marked  only  on  the  concentric   undulations,  and  not  in 
the  intermediate  depressions,  furnish  a  character  by  which  even  fragments  of 
the  species  may  be  at  once  identified. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  Judith  River,  in  a  sandstone  supposed  to  be 
same  as  No.  1  of  the  series. 

GoNiOMYA  AMERICANA.  Our  Specimens  of  this  interesting  shell  are  too  imper- 
fect to  give  a  clear  idea  of  its  form,  though  the  direction  of  the  lines  of  growth 
indicate  an  oblong  or  very  narrow  oval  outline,  with  a  narrowly  rounded  ante- 
rior and  subtruncate  posterior.  Laterally  the  valves  must  have  been  considerably 
compressed.  The  beaks  are  small,  not  much  elevated,  and  placed  in  advance 
of  the  centre.  On  the  two  extremities  the  costse,  which  are  quite  distinct,  tra- 
verse the  shell  obliquely  backwards  from  near  the  hinge  to  the  base,  while  those 
originating  immediately  in  front  and  behind  the  beaks,  converge  and  meet  at 
various  distances  down  the  sides  of  the  shell,  so  as  to  form  arched  or  convex 
angles  of  from  20°  to  30°.  Surface  ornamented  bj'  fine  irregular  lines  of  growth, 
crossed  by  regular,  equi-distant,  radiating  rows  of  minute  transparent  granules, 
placed  at  regular  distances  from  each  other.  These  granules  are  so  small  as  to 
be  scarcely  visible  without  the  aid  of  a  strong  magnifier,  under  which  they  look 
like  minute  drops  of  melted  amber. 

In  its  surface  markings  this  species  resembles  G.  Dubois  of  Prof.  Agassiz, 
(^Eludes  critiques  sur  les  Moliusques  fossiles,  tab.  1.)  but  in  our  species  the  con- 
verging costa;  continue  to  meet  at  the  same  acute  angles  as  far  as  they  can  be 
traced  towards  the  points  of  the  beaks,  while  on  the  beaks  of  G.  Dubois  and 


82  [April, 

other.allied  species,  these  angles  are  truacated,  and  the  opposite  costae  united 
by  horizontal  bars.  Perfect  specimens  would  probably  shovr  other  differences. 
This  is,  we  believe,  the  first  species  of  this  genus  found  in  America.  According 
to  Prof.  Bvonn,  (Index  Palaion(olofficus,)  five  species  have  been  hitherto  described 
from  the  whole  cretaceous  sj^stem,  two  of  which  were  from  the  Neocomien,  two 
from  the  green  sand,  and  one  from  the  true  chalk. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  Trading  Post,  No.  5  of  the  series. 

SoLEN  SUBPLICATUS.  Shell  very  thin  and  fragile,  elongated,  cardinal  and  basal 
margins  straight  and  parallel ;  buccal  extremity  obliquely  truncate,  anal  end 
rounded  from  below,  both  ends  gaping  ;  beaks  nearly  at  the  anterior  extremity, 
not  distinct  from  nor  rising  above  the  hinge  line.  Six  to  eight  broadly  rounded, 
very  faint  plications  radiate  from  behind  the  beaks  obliquely  backwards  to  the 
posterior  margin,  to  which  they  appear  to  have  imparted  a  slightly  waved  out- 
line ;  surface  marked  with  faint  lines  of  growth,  and  minute  transverse  closely 
arranged  striae,  which  do  not  radiate  from  the  beaks,  but  traverse  the  shell  at 
right  angles  to  its  longitudinal  diameter.  Length  1-15  inches  ;  breadth  -26  inch  ; 
heiglit  '42  inch. 

The  fine  transverse  striae  on  this  shell  are  only  visible  under  a  high  magnify- 
ing power,  and  appear  to  have  been  as  well  marked  on  the  inside  as  on  the  ex- 
terior, distinct  impressions  of  them  being  left  on  internal  cast. 

Locality  aiid position.     Moreau  river,  No.  5  of  the  series. 

Tellina  gracilis.  Shell  elliptical,  moderately  compressed,  extremely  thin 
and  fragile  ;  buccal  margin  rounded  ;  posterior  end  contracted,  subtruncate,  and 
having  a  broad  obsolete  ridge  passing  from  the  beaks  obliquely  backwards  to 
the  postero-basal  margin  ;  cardinal  border  convex  before  and  concave  behind 
the  beaks ;  lower  border  forming  a  regular  elliptical  curve  ;  beaks  rather  de- 
pressed, and  located  a  little  behind  the  centre;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines 
of  growth.     Length  -90  inch  ;  breadth  of  left  valve  -IT  inch  ;  height  -60  inch. 

The  above  description  is  made  out  from  a  single  left  valve,  so  attached  to  the 
matrix  as  to  show  only  external  characters. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  the  Judith,  in  a  sandstone  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  1  of  the  series. 

Tellina  eqoilateralis.  Shell  elliptical,  compressed,  moderately  thick,  ex- 
tremities rounded  ;  anterior  end  slightly  broader  than  the  posterior  ;  beaks  small, 
not  elevated,  located  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  ;  surface  marked  with  fine 
'regular  concentric  lines.  Length  of  right  valve  1-15  inches  ;  breadth  -12  inch  ; 
height  "57  inch. 

We  have  of  this  species  but  one  right  valve,  showing  none  of  its  internal 
characters.  The  position  of  its  beaks,  as  well  as  its  much  greater  thickness, 
preclude  the  idea  of  its  being  an  opposite  valve  of  the  last. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  preceding. 

Tellina  ?  Cheyenensis.  Shell  ovate,  compressed,  very  thin  ;  anterior  extre- 
mity rounded ;  posterior  end  subtruncate  or  rounded  from  above,  and  very 
obtusely  angular  below ;  base  forming  an  elliptic  curve ;  beaks  somewhat 
elevated,  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle,  surface  ornamented  with  fine 
Hues  of  growth  and  numerous  small  regular  concentric  wrinkles,  becoming  mere 
lines  near  the  beaks  and  on  the  extremities.  Length  -88  inch  ;  breadth  -36  inch ; 
height  -61  inch. 

We  have  only  seen  the  outside  of  this  specimen. 

Locality  and  position.     Forks  of  Cheyenne  River,  No.  4  of  the  series. 

Tellina  scitdla.  Shell  elliptical,  small,  thin,  much  compressed,  curved  so 
as  to  be  convex  on  the  left,  and  slightly  concave  on  the  right  sides ;  extremities 
narrowly  rounded,  the  anterior  end  being  wider  than  the  posterior;  beaks  small, 
nearly  central  ;  base  forming  a  regular  elliptic  curve  ;  surface  polished,  and 
marked  with  distinct  lines  of  growth.  Length  -50  inch  ;  breadth  -13  inch  ;  height 
•30  inch. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  River,  No.  5  of  series. 


1856.] 


83 


Tellisa  subelliptica.  Shell  small,  ovate  or  elliptical,  thin,  mnch  compressed  ; 
anterior  extremity  rounded;  posterior  end  somewhat  rounded  or  subtruncate  ; 
beaks  small,  not  much  elevated,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  centre;  surface' rather 
faintly  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth.  Length  -50  inch;  breadth  -12  inch  ; 
height  -32  inch. 

This  species  is  chiefly  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  more  broadly  rounded 
extremities,  less  distinct  lines  of  growth,  and  greater  thickness. 

Locality  and  position.     Cherry  Creek,  Upper  part  of  No.  5  of  the  series. 

Tellina  PttOUTt.  Shell  ovate,  much  compressed,  very  thin  and  fragile  ;  ex- 
tremities rounded  :  posterior  cnu  somewhat  contracted,  and  having  a  broad, 
indistinct  ridge  passing  from  the  beaks  obliquely  backwards  to  the  postero- 
inferior  margin,  the  outline  of  which  it  may  have  slightly  modified  ;  cardinal 
border  convex  before,  and  concave  behind  the  beaks  ;  umbones  nearly  central, 
elevated,  somewhat  gibbous,  closely  approximate ;  surface  ornamented  with  fine 
but  distinct  lines  of  growth  ;  internal  laminaj  of  the  shell  marked  with  faint, 
very  fine  radiating  lines  ;  sinus  of  the  palleal  impression  oblong,  obtuse  or  sub- 
truncate  at  the  extremity,  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell.  Length  2*42 
inches;  breadth  -83  inch  ;  height  1-GO  inches. 

We  have  not  seen  the  hinge  of  this  shell.  The  species  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  H. 
A.  Prout,  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  only  speci- 
men we  have  seen. 

Locality  and  position.     Fort  Benton,  No.  4  of  the  series, 

Cytherea  Deweyi.  Shell  subcircular  or  slightly  oval,  somewhat  compressed; 
beaks  moderately  elevated,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  centre  ;  surface  ornamented 
by  distinct  irregular  lines  of  growth  ;  lunule  small,  narrow,  oval  or  broad  lan- 
ceolate, not  very  distinctly  impressed  ;  muscular  impressions  shallow,  anterior 
one  narrow  ovate  ;  posterior  broad  ovate,  acutely  angular  above  ;  palleal  im- 
pression having  a  rather  deep  triangular  sinus,  forming  at  the  ajiex  an  angle  of 
55°;  border  smooth.     Length  -96  inch  ;  breadth  -51  inch  ;  height  "85  inch. 

Specimens  slightly  more  elongated,  but  apparently  identical  with  this,  occur 
on  the  Yellow-stone  River  in  a  bed  we  have  considered  the  upper  part  of  No.  4, 
but  which  may  represent  No.  5.  This  species  is  dedicated  to  Prof.  Chester 
Dewey,  of  Rochester  University,  N.  Y. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  River,  No.  5  of  the  series. 

Cytherea  Nebrascensis.  Shell  subcircular,  much  compressed  ;  beaks  somewhat 
elevated,  small,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  centre ;  ligamentary  cavity  long  and 
very  narrow  lanceolate ;  surface  marked  with  rather  faint  lines  of  growth.  Length 
•VO  inch ;  breadth  -28  inch  ;  height  -GO  inch. 

The  much  more  compressed  form  of  this  shell  will  serve  to  distinguish  it  at 
once  from  the  last. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  preceding. 

CoRBULA  VE?iTRicosA.  Shell  Small,  very  thin,  subglobose,  nearly  equivalve  ; 
anterior  end  broadly  rounded ;  posterior  extremity  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
narrow  prolongation ;  beaks  elevated,  ventricose,  a  little  behind  the  centre  of 
the  globose  part  of  the  shell;  surface  marked  with  distinct  irregular  lines  of 
growth  ;  cardinal  tooth  of  right  valve  prominent,  flattened  ;  posterior  muscular 
impression  deep  ;  palleal  impression  having  a  broad  triangular  sinus.  Length 
•55  inch  ;  breadth  -26  inch  ;  height  -27  inch. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

CoRBULA  MoREAUENSis.  Shell  Small,  subovate,  ventricose,  rounded  in  front, 
suddenly  contracted  and  somewhat  attenuate  behind  ;  beaks  prominent,  situated 
behind  the  middle  of  the  broadest  part  of  the  shell,  rather  inclined  backwards  ; 
surface  ornamented  with  strong,  regular,  elevated  concentric  lines,  nearly  equal- 
ling the  spaces  between.  Length  about  -27  inch  ;  breadth  -10  inch  ;  height  '16 
inch. 

We  have  not  yet  seen  the  left  valve  of  this  shell,  nor  the  interior  of  the  right, 


84  [April, 

from  which   the  above  description  is  made  out.     The  species  may  be  distin- 
guished from  the  hist  by  its  much  stronger  and  more  regular  concentric  lines. 
Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

CoRBULA?  GREGARiA.  Shell  Very  small,  somewhat  triangular,  subglobose  ; 
right  valve  more  ventricose  than  the  left ;  beaks  nearly  central,  gibbous,  that  of 
the  I'ight  valve  elevated  considerably  above  the  left,  incurved  ;  surfiice  polished 
and  marked  with  a  few  faint,  irregular,  concentric  Avrinkles,  indicating  stages 
of  growth  ;  hinge  having  under  the  beaks  a  single  prominent  tooth  in  each  valve  ; 
anterior  muscular  attachment  indistinct,  posterior  raised  upon  a  strongly  pro- 
jecting lamina;  palleal  impressions  scarcely  sinuous.  Length  -13  inch  ;  breadth 
•10  inch;  lieight  -13  inch. 

It  is  with  much  doubt  we  refer  this  little  shell  to  the  genus  Corbvla.  In  the 
inequality  of  its  valves,  as  well  as  in  the  character  of  its  hinge,  it  agrees  ex- 
actly with  that  genus,  but  we  have  seen  no  species  of  Corhula  having  either  of 
the  muscular  attachments  raised  upon  a  projecting  plate,  as  in  this  shell.  In 
this  respect  it  is  more  like  Cordilla  of  Deshays,  but  it  appears  to  want  the  spoon 
shaped  projection  of  the  hinge  of  that  genus  ;  and  it  is  the  posterior,  instead  of 
the  anterior  muscular  attachment  that  here  forms  a  projecting  plate.  We  sus 
pect  it  belongs  to  an  undescribed  genus. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow-stone  River,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
mouth,  where  it  is  found  in  vast  numbers  compacted  together  in  concretions,  in 
the  upper  part  of  No.  4  of  the  series. 

AsTARTE  GREGARIA.  Shell  Small,  subtriangular,  rounded  below  and  at  the 
extremities,  nearly  equilateral,  valves  moderately  convex  ;  beaks  much  elevated, 
rather  pointed,  incurved,  approximate,  slightly  turned  forward  ;  escutcheon 
narrow  lanceolate ;  lunule  somewhat  broadly  lanceolate  or  narrow  ovate, 
not  very  distinctly  impressed  ;  surface  ornamented  by  small,  but  distinct  con- 
centric undulations,  and  much  finer  lines  of  growth  ;  border  smooth  ;  muscular 
impressions  shallow.     Length  -21  inch  ;  breadth  -14  inch  ;  height  -21  inch. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow  stone  River,  from  a  bed  probably  near  the  top 
of  No.  4,  if  not  in  No.  5  of  the  series.     Abundant. 

NocDLA  sciTULA.  Shell  ovate,  rather  ventricose,  rounded  in  front,  somewhat 
contracted  and  narrowly  rounded  behind  ;  umboual  region  gibbous  ;  beaks 
prominent,  incurved,  approximate,  located  in  advance  of  the  middle ;  surface 
marked  with  distinctly  elevated,  regular  concentric  lines,  about  equal  to  the 
spaces  between,  and  stronger  on  the  middle  than  towards  the  extremities  of  the 
valves ;  dorsal  border  marked  by  a  distinct  longitudinal  groove  behind  the 
beaks.     Length  -39  inch  ;  breadth  -21  inch  ;  height  -22  inch. 

From  N.  ventricosa  of  Hall  and  Meek,  (see  vol.  5,  new  series.  Trans.  Am.  Acad. 
Arts  and  Sciences,)  to  which  it  bears  some  resemblance,  this  may  be  distin- 
guished by  its  beaks  being  located  nearer  the  anterior  end,  and  by  its  larger 
size  and  comparatively  smaller  concentric  lines. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  River,  No.  5  of  the  series. 

Ndcdla  Evansi.  Shell  elongate,  narrow  elliptical,  thin,  moderately  convex  ; 
cardinal  margin  nearly  straight,  marked  with  a  distinct  longitudinal  groove  on 
each  valve  ;  extremities  rounded,  posterior  end  compressed  and  slightly  gaping; 
inferior  border  forming  an  elliptical  curve,  with  sometimes  a  fiiint  impression 
near  the  middle;  beaks  very  small,  not  much  elevated,  located  in  advance  of 
the  centre  ;  surface  polished  and  marked  with  faint  lines  of  growth  ;  muscular 
impressions  indistinct ;  teeth  of  the  hinge  numerous,  closely  interlocked.  Length 
•72  inch  ;  breadth  -22  inch  ;  height  -32  inch. 

Dedicated  to  Dr.  John  Evans,  U.  S.  Geologist  of  Oregon  Territory. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  River,  No.  5  of  the  series. 

NucuLA  EQuiLATERALis.  Our  Specimens  of  this  shell  are  only  casts.  The 
species  may  be  characterized  as  follows  :  subelliptical,  rather  convex  ;  extremi- 
ties narrowly  rounded  ;  beaks  central,  somewhat  elevated ;  umbonal  region  gib- 
bous; muscular  impressions  comparatively  large,  distinct,  but  not  deep;  border 


1856.]  85 

smooth  ;  teeth  of  the  hingje  numerous,  short,  obtuse,  closely  interlocking.  Length 
•64  inch  ;  breadth  -21  inch  ;  height  -25  inch. 

Even  casts  of  this  species  maj-  always  be  known  from  the  last,  by  the  central 
position  of  the  beaks  and  more  narrowly  rounded  extremities. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Nucni-A  SUBPLANA.  Shell  small,  oral,  compressed  ;  anterior  end  obliquely 
subtruncate  from  the  beaks  a  little  more  than  half  way  down;  posterior  ond 
round,  base  broadly  rounded  ;  beaks  prominent,  compressed,  located  about  half 
way  between  the  centre  and  the  anterior  end  ;  surface  (of  cast)  having  a  few 
faint  indications  of  concentric  undulations  ;  teeth  of  hinge  moderately  long  ; 
border  smooth.     Length  -25  inch ;  breadth  -09  inch  ;  height  -20  inch. 

Of  this  little  Nucula  we  have  only  seen  casts.  It  may  be  known  from  other 
species  from  these  formations  by  its  short  compressed  form  and  elevated  beaks. 
It  is  rare. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow-stone  River,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above 
mouth,  in  a  bed  supposed  to  be  upper  part  of  No.  4  of  series. 

NuccLA  CANCELLATA.  Shell  rather  large  and  thick,  ovate  or  subtriangular, 
ventricose,  pearly  within  ;  anterior  end  short,  obliquely  truncate,  posterior  end 
longer,  narrowly  rounded ;  umbonal  region  gibbous  ;  beaks  somewhat  elevated, 
slightly  incurved  ;  escutcheon  lanceolate  ;  lunule  ovate,  flattened,  but  scarcely 
impressed  ;  surface  ornamented  by  numerous  flatlj^  rounded,  simple,  closely  ar- 
ranged, radiating  costs,  which  are  crossed  by  small,  irregular,  concentric 
wrinkles,  and  finer  indistinct  lines  of  growth  ;  border  neatly  crenulated.  Length 
•93  inch  ;  breadth  -50  inch  ;  height  -65  inch 

This  beautiful  Nucula  resembles  in  its  surface  markings  N.  pectenata  of  Sow- 
erby,  (Min.  Conch,  vol.  2,  page  209,  fig.  6,  V,)  but  differs  in  the  form  and  depth 
of  its  lunule,  which  is  rather  narrow  ovate  and  ver}'  shallow,  while  in  Sowerby's 
species  it  is  distinctly  cordate  and  deeply  impressed.  The  muscular  impressions, 
though  large,  are  much  more  shallow  than  in  N. pectenata.  The  radiating  costee  of 
our  species  become  obsolete  on  the  lunule  and  escutcheon,  and  are  about  five 
times  as  broad  as  the  grooves  between,  near  the  border.  The  anterior  muscular 
impression  is  bordered  by  a  distinct  ridge,  which  extends  nearly  up  to  the  beaks.  ' 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  River,  No.  5  of  the  series. 

Nucula  planomarginata.  Shell  ovate,  somewhat  compressed,  pearly  within  ; 
anterior  end  very  short,  obliquely  truncate ;  posterior  end  long  and  narrowly 
rounded,  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  forming,  from  the  beaks  backwards,  ellip- 
tical curves ;  beaks  much  elevated  ;  surface  unknown  ;  muscular  impressions 
faint ;  border  smooth.     Length  -95  inch  ;  height  •GO  inch  ;  breadth  -26  inch. 

We  have  only  seen  internal  casts  of  this  species,  the  shell  being  always  left 
adhering  to  the  matrix,  from  which  we  infer  the  surface  was  ornately  marked. 
It  may  be  at  once  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  more  compressed  form  and 
smooth  border. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Pectcnculina  parvula.  Shell  very  small,  obliquely  oval,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, inequilateral  ;  buccal  end  and  base  rounded  ;  anal  extremity  rounded 
and  slightly  extended  obliquely  downwards ;  cardinal  border  short,  and  having 
a  narrow,  well  defined,  longitudinally  striate  area  on  each  valve  ;  beaks  small, 
not  much  elevated,  about  midway  between  the  centre  and  the  anterior  end  ; 
surface  polished  and  marked  with  lines  of  growth,  sometimes  crossed  by  faint 
indications  of  radiating  costae  ;  hinge  having  in  each  valve  three  or  four  teeth 
on  each  side  of  the  central  triangular  ligamentary  pit ;  interior  marked  with 
faint  radiating  grooves  terminating  in  distinct  crenulations  at  the  border.  Length 
•18  inch  ;  breadth  -10  inch  ;  height  •IS  inch. 

This  little  shell  might,  upon  a  hasty  examination,  be  mistaken  for  Cardium 
varum,  (Evans  and  Shumards  unpublished  MS.),  but  it  possesses  all  the  cha- 
racters of  the  above  genus.  The  shell  is  often  so  translucent  that  the  internal 
radiating  grooves  are  seen  through  it. 

Locality  and  position.     Yellow-stone  River,  No.  5  of  the  series. 


86  [April, 

Arca  (cucull/Ea)  cordata.  Shell  thick  and  strong,  subovate,  somewhat 
triangular  or  cordiform,  very  ventricose,  abruptly  rounded  before,  obliquely 
subtruncate  behind,  and  forming  a  broad  curve  below;  uniboncs  gibbous,  much 
elevated,  incurved,  located  near  the  anterior  end ;  ligamentary  area  very  short, 
deeply  excavated,  grooved  and  finely  striated  longitudinally  ;  surface  marked 
with  strong  imbricating  lines  of  growth  and  indistinct  radiating  costffi.  Length 
2-03  inches;  breadth  1-77  inches  ;  height  1-9G  inches.  Length  of  ligamentary 
area  1-25  inches  ;  breadth  of  do.  -30  inches. 

This  species,  in  its  thickness  and  general  appearance,  approaches  Cucullcea 
Ifebrascensis,  (Owen,)  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  shorter  buccal  extremity, 
more  elevated,  approximate  and  incurved  beaks,  and  especially  by  its  much 
shorter  and  narrower  ligamentary  area.  There  is  in  our  specimen  a  distinct 
sulcus  starting  from  before  the  beak  of  each  valve,  and  extending  obliquely 
downwards  to  a  point  a  little  behind  the  middle  of  the  shell,  where  it  dies  out 
before  reaching  the  border.  When  viewed  on  either  end,  this  shell  presents  a 
beautiful  cordate  form. 

Locality  and  position.     Moreau  Trading  Post,  No.  5  of  series. 

Arca  (cucdll/Ea)  Shumardi.  Shell  oval,  ovate,  somewhat  globose,  rather 
thin,  obliquely  subtruncate  behind,  rounded  before,  and  forming  an  elliptic  curve 
below  ;  umbones  very  gibbous,  oblique,  moderately  elevated,  incurved,  and 
located  a  little  in  advance  of  the  centre  ;  surface  ornamented  by  distinct  lines  of 
growth,  crossed  by  numerous,  rather  indistinct  radiating  costaj  ;  ligamentary 
area  straight,  narrow,  moderately  excavated,  grooved  and  striated  longitu- 
dinalljr ;  hinge  having  in  each  valve  three  or  four  transversely  striated,  oblique, 
lateral  teeth  on  each  side,  and  small,  irregular,  intermediate  transverse  ones  in 
the  centre  ;  border  smooth.  Length  (specimen  about  four  times  the  medium 
size)  1'67  inches;  breadth  1-28  inches;  height  1-40  inches. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  and  beautiful  bivalves  found  in  the  creta- 
ceous rocks  of  the  upper  Missouri  country.  It  varies  much  in  form,  some  of  the 
specimens  being  more  nearly  of  an  ovate  form,  in  consequence  of  the  anal  region 
being  extended,  and  the  beaks  more  oblique,  while  others  are  shorter  and  more 
rotund.  These  two  forms  are  quite  well  enough  marked  to  constitute  a  specific 
distinction,  if  they  were  not  connected  by  numerous  intermediate  ones.  As  these 
differences  are  not  due  to  age  or  size,  we  are  inclined  to  regard  them  as  sexual. 
In  old  shells  the  radiating  costas  are  usually  obsolete.  In  some  specimens  a 
single  raised  line  maj'  be  seen  passing  from  behind  the  beak  of  the  right  valve 
to  the  posterior  border,  following  the  direction  of  the  raised  edge  of  the  poste- 
rior muscular  impression.  This  is  rarely  seen  on  the  left  valve.  We  dedicate 
the  species  to  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard,  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Mytilus  attexuatus.  Shell  much  elongated,  slightly  arcuate  ;  extremities 
compressed  and  rounded  ;  anterior  end  narrow ;  beaks  nearly  terminal ;  surface 
(of  cast)  faintly  marked  with  lines  of  growth.  Length  1-90  inches  ;  breadth  -50 
inch  ;  height  -50  inch. 

From  M.  Galpiniamts  and  M.  Meckii,  (Evans  and  Shumard,)  this  species  may 
be  known  by  its  much  greater  proportional  length  and  less  gibbous  beaks. 
Having  only  seen  casts,  we  know  nothing  of  its  surface  markings. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Aaicula?  fibrosa.  Shell  ovate,  subtriangular,  very  oblique,  pointed  at  the 
beaks,  somewhat  rounded  below;  beaks  small,  acute,  placed  at  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity, and  scarcely  rising  above  the  hinge  ;  right  and  left  valves  alike,  con- 
vexly  arched  from  the  beaks  to  the  base  ;  posterior  wing  somewhat  flattened 
and  apparently  broadly  rounded  ;  surAxce  ornamented  by  strong,  rounded,  radi- 
ating plications,  which  bifurcate  very  irregularly,  and  are  crossed  bj'  strong 
concentric  undulations,  so  as  to  give  the  surface,  which  is  otherwise  smooth,  a 
subnodose  appearance.  Some  of  our  specimens  must  have  been  as  much  as  two 
inches  in  length  when  perfect. 


1856.] 


87 


It  is  with  much  doubt  we  place  this  shell  in  the  above  genus,  as  we  have  in 
none  of  our  specimens  seen  any  indications  of  an  anterior  wing.  It  is  also 
worthy  of  note,  that  the  substance  of  the  shell  is  composed  of  an  internal 
lamellar,  and  an  external  fibrous  portion,  like  Finna,  from  which,  however,  it 
differs  in  having  a  posterior  wing-like  expansion.  The  radiating  costae  are  faint 
or  wanting  on  the  wing. 

Locality  and  position.     Forks  of  Cheyenne  River,  No.  4  of  series. 

Inoceramus  ventricosus.  Shell  ovate,  oval  or  oblong,  extremely  inflated, 
very  thin  and  fragile,  structure  entirely  fibrous  ;  cardinal  border  straight ;  ante- 
rior end  rounded,  posterior  end  apparently' subtruncate,  base  broadly  curved ; 
umbonal  region  remarkably  gibbous  ;  beaks  oblique,  located  at  the  anterior 
extremity  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  regular  imbricating  lines  of  growth,  and 
occasionally  with  a  few  faint  irregular  con'  entric  undulations.  Length  about 
4-30  inches  ;  breadth  (of  right  valve)  I'TO  inches  ;  height  2-T5  inches.  Thickness 
of  thickest  part  of  shell,  near  the  hinge,  -12  inch ;  do.  of  thinnest  part  near  border 
•03  of  an  inch. 

The  most  striking  characteristics  of  this  species  are  its  remarkably  ventricose 
form,  extreme  thinness  and  entirely  fibrous  structure,  there  being  no  internal 
lamellar  portion,  as  is  generally  the  case  in  this  genus.  In  our  specimens  the 
calcareous  matter  has  been  replaced  by  ferruginous  and  silicious  matter,  so 
as  to  preserve  the  original  structure  of  the  shell  perfectly.  If  the  left  valve  is  as 
gibbous  as  the  right,  the  transverse  diameter  of  the  shell  must  be  considerably 
greater  than  its  height.  The  beak  of  one  of  our  specimens  appears  to  have  been 
truncated.     We  have  only  seen  right  valves. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  Judith  River,  in  sandstone,  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  No.  1  of  the  series. 

Pecten  Nebrascensi.s.  Superior  valve  suborbicular,  moderately  compressed, 
ornamented  by  twelve  to  fifteen  strongly  elevated  costae  about  equal  to  the 
spaces  between  ;  surface  marked  with  very  fine,  closely  arranged  concentric  lines, 
crossed  by  equally  fine  crowded  radiating  striie ;  buccal  ear  (imperfect  in  our 
specimens)  apparently  triangular,  rather  distinctly  marked  with  radiating  costae, 
crossed  by  concentric  striie  stronger  than  on  the  body  of  th«  valve ;  aunal  ear 
smaller,  triangular,  concave  on  the  margin,  and  marked  with  distinct  concen- 
tric lines.     Length  and  breadth  -49  inch. 

From  F.  venustus  of  Dr.  Morton,  (Synopsis,  pi.  5,  fig.  5,)  to  which  this  species 
appears  to  be  closely  allied,  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  fine  radiating  striae. 
In  some  of  the  specimens  the  costaj  occasionally  bifurcate,  while  the  radiating 
strife  never  run  exactly  parallel  to  the  costae,  but  pass  very  obliquely  along 
their  sides.  These  striae  are  so  fine  as  to  be  invisible  without  the  aid  of  a  lens. 
We  have  not  seen  the  inferior  valve. 

Locality  and  position.  Yellow-stone  River,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
its  mouth,  in  a  bed  supposed  to  represent  No.  5  of  the  series. 

Natica  subcrassa.  Sh^ll  obliquely  oval  or  oblong,  thick ;  spire  rather  short  ; 
volutions  three  to  three  and  a  half,  convex  ;  suture  distinct  or  somewhat  grooved  ; 
surface  marked  with  strong  lines  of  growth,  which  rise,  on  the  body  whorl,  into 
distinct  imbricating  wrinkles  ;  outer  lip  bevelled  ;  inner  lip  rather  thick,  and 
nearly  covering  the  small  umbilicus  ;  aperture  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptical,  nearly 
as  obtusely  rounded  above  as  below.  Length  -95  inch  ;  breadth  -87  inch  ;  apical 
angle  about  93°. 

It  is  possible  there  may  have  been  other  surface  markings  than  those  men- 
tioned above,  as  all  our  specimens  are  so  worn  that  fine  lines  would  have  been 
obliterated,  had  they  existed.  The  species  may  be  known  from  those  found 
in  the  higher  members  of  the  series  in  this  region,  by  its  stronger  lines  of  growth, 
and  greater  thickness. 

Locality  aiid position.  Mouth  of  Judith  River,  from  a  sandstone  supposed  to 
be  the  same  as  No.  1  of  the  series,  where  it  is  associated  with  Tellina  gracilis, 
and  T.  equilateralis. 


88  [April, 

Notices   of  Remains  of  Extinct   Mam-naUa,   discovered  hy  Dr.    F.   V.  Hayden,  in 

Nebraska  Territory. 

Bj  Joseph  Leidy,  M  D. 

PACHYDERMATA. 

1.  Leptochokrus  spectabilis,  Leidy. 

The  genus  and  species  are  proposed  upon  a  small  frag:ment  of  the  lower  jaw 
of  an  apparent  suilHne  animal,  containing  two  molar  teeth,  which  appear  to  be 
the  first  and  second  true  molars.  The  crowns  of  these  teeth  have  the  general 
form  of  the  correspondi^.g  ones  of  the  Peccary,  and  they  are  composed  of  four 
tubercles  or  lobes  confluent  into  a  thick  base,  with  a  ridge  anteriorly  and  pos- 
teriorly, and  between  the  outer  lobes  externally.  Of  the  four  lobes  that  postero- 
internal is  the  largest,  the  external  pair  are  nearly  equal,  and  the  antero-internal 
one  is  smallest.  The  inner  lobes  are  trilateral,  and  the  outer  ones  are  much  like 
the  corresponding  lobes  of  ruminants.  The  aims  of  the  crescentoid  summits  of 
the  outer  lobes  join  the  inner  lobes  ;  that  most  anteriorly  joining  the  antero-iii- 
ternal  lobe,  while  the  other  three  join  the  postero-internal  lobe. 

Antero- posterior  diameter  of  first  true  molar  2i  lines. 

Transverse,  do.  do.         do.  2        " 

Antero-posterior,        do.  second      do.  3        " 

Transverse,  do.  do.         do.  2j     " 

Discovered  in  the  Mauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska. 

RUMINANTIA. 

2.  Leptaochbnia  decora,  Leidy. 

In  Dr.  Hayden's  collection  there  are  several  specimens  from  the  valley  of 
White  River,  Nebraska,  consisting  of  fragments  of  upper  and  lower  jaws  with 
teeth,  which  belonged  to  a  ruminating  animal  allied  to  the  Camel. 

One  of  the  fragments  contains  the  left  superior  true  molars  and  the  last  pre- 
molar. The  true  molars  have  their  crowns  more  nearly  square  than  in  either 
the  Camel  or  Lama,  and  the  anterior  folds  of  their  outer  lobes  are  produced  rela- 
tively much  more  outwardly  and  forwards  than  in  either  of  the  latter.  The 
surfaces  between  the  folds  are  concave  and  directed  much  more  obliquely  back- 
ward than  in  the  Camel.  The  last  premolar  is  bilobed  and  holds  the  same  relation 
of  position  of  its  outer  face  to  the  true  molars  as  in  the  Camel. 

In  several  fragments  of  lower  jaws  containing  the  last  two  true  molars,  and 
in  another  with  the  anterior  two  true  molars,  these  teeth  have  a  strong  resem- 
blance to  the  corrt-sponding  teeth  of  the  Camel. 

Another  fragment  of  a  lower  jiw  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden,  on  Bear  Creek, 
Nebraska,  appears  to  belong  to  the  same  animal  as  the  former,  though  this  may 
not  be  the  fact.  It  contains  the  alveoli  for  three  incisors,  a  canine,  and  three 
premolars.  The  incisive  alveoli  are  in  close  relationship  as  in  the  Lama.  Tne 
canine  is  separated  from  the  former  by  a  hiatus  of  less  than  one  line,  and  it  has 
nearly  the  form  of  the  corresponding  tooth  in  the  Camel.  Posterior  to  the 
canine  and  separated  from  it  by  a  hiatus  of  less  than  two  lines,  there  is  a  portion 
of  the  first  premolar,  which  appears  to  have  had  nearly  the  same  form  as  the 
canine.  The  succeeding  two  premolars  are  separated  from  the  first  by  a  hiatus 
of  a  little  more  than  four  lines.  These  are  inserted  by  two  fangs,  are  in  close 
contiguity,  and  have  broad,  laterally  compressed,  pyramidal  crowns,  bearing 
considerable  resemblance  to  the  premolars  of  the  Musks. 

Length  of  series  of  upper  true  molars  and  last  premolar 
Antero-posterior  diameter  of  second  true  molar 
Transverse  do.  do. 

Length  of  series  of  lower  true  molars 
Antero-posterior  diameter  of  last  true  molar     . 
Depth  of  lower  jaw  below  do. 

Depth  of  lower  jaw  below  second  premolar       . 
Breadth  of  crown  of  third  premolar 
Breadth  of  crown  of  second  premolar 


.       5      do. 

.      5^    do. 

.     15f    do. 

.       7      do. 

11      do. 

10      do. 

4i    do. 

4      do. 

1856.]  89 

CETACEA  HERBIVORA. 

3.  TscHYROTHERiUM  ANTiQUUS,  Leidy. 

This  genus  and  species  are  proposed  upon  numerous  fragments  of  bones,  con- 
sisliugottwo  vertebral  bodies,  the  half  of  h  ihinl  specimen,  several  transverse  pro- 
cessi^s,  and  portions  of  ribs,  discovered  ny  Dr.  Hayden,  in  an  out-Iyer  of  a  lignite 
formation,  between  the  Moreau  and   Grand  rivers,  Nebraska. 

The  bones  are  as  dense  and  heavy  as  those  of  tUaiiutin-,  to  which  the  genus  ap- 
pears to  be  most  nearly  allied.  The  vertebral  bodies,  apparently  posterior  dorsal, 
are  transversely  oval  in  outline,  and  are  perforated  at  the  sides  and  lower  pan 
by  large  canals  converging  towards  their  centre.  The  anterior  and  posterior 
articular  surfaces  are  slightly  depressed,  as  are  also  the  sides  of  tht  body.  The 
upper  part  of  the  latter,  on  each  side  of  the  position  of  the  spinal  canal,  presents 
a  large,  rujfged  concavity,  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  diameter,  aj  jiarently 
for  articnlating  with  the  transverse  processes.  These  latter  are  antero-posieriorly 
flattened,  cylindrical  and  curved.  Their  vertebral  extremity  is  furni^h^d  with  a 
convex  rugi^ed  surface,  corresponding  to  the  concavities  on  the  vertebral  bodies, 
and  above  this  surface  is  a  smooth  one  forciing  the  side  of  the  ventbral  canal, 
and  overhung  by  an  abutment  fv    the  articular  and  spinous  processes. 

The  ribs  are  cylindroid  and  tapering  towards  the  broken  ends  of  the  speci- 
mens, and  they  are  quite  as  uense  in  structure  as  those  of  Manafus. 

Length    of    vertebral    bodies         ...  1^  inches. 

Transverse  didineter  of    do.  .  .  .  2f       " 

"Vertical  do.  do.  .  .  .  2        " 

RODENTIA. 

4.     Steneofiber  nebeascensis,  Leidy. 

This  species  is  established  upon  several  specimens,  consisting  of  a  much  mu- 
tilated skull  and  several  fragments  of  upper  a'ld  lower  jaws   with   teeth.     The 
skull  i^ppears  to  have  the  same  form  as  that  of  Steneofiber  viciacensis,  but  is  be- 
tween a  fourth  and  third  less  in  size.  The  dental  formula  is  the  same  as  in  the  lat- 
1  —  1  4—4 

ter,  that  is,  in.    m    =  20.     The  molar  teeth   resemble   those   of  S. 

1_1  4—4 

viciacensis. 

L-^ngth  of  skull  of  <S.  nebrascensis  .  •  2J  inches. 

Length  of  lower  jaw         ....  If       " 

Len^iili  of  u(>per  malar  series       ...  7  lines. 

Length  of  lower  molar  series       .  .  .  8     " 

From  the  valley  of  Wuite  River,  Nebraska. 

5.  IsCHYROMYS  TYPUS,  Leidy. 

A  new  genus  and  species  estatlished  upon  the  greater  portion  of  a  skull  and 
two     fragmeais    of    lower    jaws.      Tbe    cranium    bears    considerable  resem- 
blance   of  form    to   that  of  Steneofiber.     Foriuula   of    dentition   as    follows  : — 
1  —  1         5—5 

in. m.  =   22.     The  molars  have    cuboidal  crowns  and  are    in- 

1—1         4—4 
serte  I  by  distinct  fangg.     The  upper  ones  bear  some  resemblance  to  those  of 
Aretomy» ;  but  the  lower  ones  are  more  like  those  above. 

Esnmated  length    of  skull  .  .  .  2|  inches. 

Length  of  upper  molar  series        ...  7^  lines. 

Length  of  lower  molar  series         .  .  .  8       "} 

From  the  Bad  Lauds  of  Nebraska. 

6.     Palabolagus  Haydeni,  Leidy. 

The  genus  and  species  are  founded  upon  numerous  small  fragments  of  jaws, 
containing  molar  teeth,  of  a  rodent   allied  to  the   Hires.     The  formula  of  the 

6     6 

molar  dentition  is  the  same  as  in  the  latter,  .     The    molars  are    con- 

5—5 


90  [April, 

structed  like  those  of  the  Flares.  The  first  inferior  rmlar  is  bi-lobed  and  not  tri- 
lobed  as  in  the  bitter  The  number  of  incisors  cannot  be  ascertained  in  the 
specimens.  Those  inferior  have  miuh  longer  roots  than  ia  the  Hares,  as  they 
extend  buck  beneath  the  molar  teeth. 

Length  of  superior  molar  series  4^  lines,  G  lines,  7  lines. 

Length  of  inferior  molar  a  Ties  5  lines,  8  lines. 

Found  in  the  Mauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska. 

T.  EuMYS  ELEQANS,  Leidj. 

The  genus  and  species   are  founded  upon  a  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw,  con- 
taining the  middle  molar,  and  the  fangs  of  two  others.     The  estimated  size  of 
the  skull  would  be  about  that  of  the  Rat,  (^Mus  decumanus),  and  the  animal  also 
appears  to  belong  to  the  same  family.  The  molar  series  of  the  lower  jaw  consists 
of  three  teeth,  and  they  have  exserted  crowns  inserted  by  distinct  roots. 
Length  of  lower  molar  series,  -----         3|  lines. 
Depth  of  lower  jaw  below  middle  molar,  -         -         -         2|  lines. 
Discovered  in  the  Mauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska. 

CARNIVORA. 

8.  Amphicyon  ?   GRACILIS,  Leidy. 

A  small  species  of  this  genus  is  probably  indicated  by  a  specimen  in  Dr. 
Hayden's  collection,  consisting  of  a  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw  containing  two 
teeth,  of  which  one  corresponds  in  form  with  the  antepenultimate  molar  of 
Amphicyon  m  ijor  DeBl.  or  of  A.  veUia  Leidy,  and  the  other,  being  the  tooth  in 
advance,  has  nearly  the  same  form  as  the  corresponding  tooth  in  the  wolf.  The 
length  of  the  crown  of  the  antepenultimate  tooth  is  2|  lines,  its  breadth  4J  lines; 
and  the  depth  of  the  lower  jaw  is  5  lines. 

The  specimen  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden,  in  association  with  remains  of 
AnchUherium,  Ilyopotamus,  Hyaenodon,  etc.  in  Nebraska. 


Notice  of  the  remains  of  a  species  of  Seal,  from  the  Post-pliocene  deposit  of  the   Ottawa 

River. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

E.  Billings,  Esq.,  of  Ottawa,  West  Canada,  recently  sent  to  the  Academy,  for 
the  inspection  of  its  members  and  for  description,  a  specimen  consisting  of  a 
slab  or  portion  of  a  concretion  of  indurated  clay,  containing  sofne  imbedded 
bones,  which  Mr.  B.  observes,  in  a  letter  accompanying  the  specimen,  "  appear 
to  him  to  be  those  of  the  extremities  of  a  small  animal  of  aquatic  habit."  Mr. 
B.  further  states,  "  the  specimen  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Peter  McArthur,  in  a 
bed  of  bin }  clay  containing  boulders  and  marine  shells  and  fishes.  The  locality 
is  in  the  township  of  Gloucester,  county  of  Carleton,  Canada  West,  about  nine 
miles  east  of  the  city  of  Ottawa.  From  this  city  the  river  Ottawa  runs  easterly 
for  about  sixty  miles,  in  a  channel  excavated  through  a  bed  of  the  glacial  drift, 
composed  in  some  places  of  clay,  and  in  others  of  sand,  gravel  and  boulders. 
Where  the  specimen  was  discovered,  the  bank  of  the  river  is  of  clay  about  thirty 
feet  high,  at  the  time  of  low  water.  The  water  washes  out  of  the  bank  nume- 
rous nodules  of  the  clay,  which  are  consolidated  into  a  pretty  hard  kind  of  stone. 
Many  of  these  nodules,  when  split  open,  are  found  to  coatain  shells,  or  the  skele- 
tons of  fishes,  often  beautifully  preserved.  The  species  of  shells  found  up  to  the 
present  time  are  Tellina  grocniandica,  Mylihis  edulis,  Saxicava  rugosa,  and  a  small 
rostrated  one  like  a  Lcda ;  and  of  fishes  two  species,  3Iollottis  viUosus  and  Cyclop- 
teris  lumpiis.  They  also  contain  leaves  of  trees,  broken  twigs  and  grass,  showing 
that  there  was  land  at  no  great  distance.  There  is  a  ridge  of  low  metamorphic 
hills  on  the  north  shore  of  the  river,  extending  for  a  great  distance  parallel  with 
and  near  the  stream.  On  the  soath  side  the  country  is  level,  and  underlaid  with 
lower  Silurian  rocks,  Utica  slate,  Trenton,  Black  River,  Bird's-eye  and  Chazy 
limestones,  with  here  and  there  a  strip  of  the  lower  rocks  brought  up  to  the 


1856.]  91 

surface  by  undulation?.  I  think  there  was  an  ancient  Tallev  excavated  in  these 
rocks  before  the  period  of  the  drift,  that  it  was  filled  up  during  that  period,  and 
that  the  river  is  now  cleaning  it  out  again." 

The  bones  referred  to  prove,  on  examination,  to  be  those  of  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  hinder  extremities  of  a  young  seal,  but  whether  of  a  species  distinct 
from  those  now  found  living  in  the  neighboring  seas,  is  a  question  only  to  be 
determined  by  careful  comparison  with  the  corresponding  parts  of  the  recent 
animals.  The  soft  distal  extremities  of  the  tibia  and  fibula  are  crushed  together. 
The  bones  of  the  ankle  and  foot  are  well  preserved,  but  the  epiphyses  of  the 
latter  are  separated  and  only  partially  developed.  The  matrix  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  bones,  is  marked  by  the  impressions  of  the  hairs  and  skin  which  enveloped 
them. 

Mr.  Logan,  in  a  report  on  the  "  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,"  (1850,  '51,  p.  8,) 
refers  the  deposit,  in  which  the  above  described  specimen  was  found,  and  simi- 
lar deposits  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  its  tributaries,  to  the  post-tertiary  period ; 
and  he  further  observes,  that  in  these  deposits,  '•  the  remains  of  whales,  seals, 
and  two  species  of  fishes,  and  many  ma:ine  shells  of  those  species  still  inhabit- 
ing the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  are  found  ;"  from  which  remarks,  together  with 
those  of  Mr.  Billings,  and  the  appearance  of  the  fossil  itself,  we  are  inclined  to 
suspect  the  seal  of  the  Ottawa  has  its  descendants  yet  sporting  on  the  sea  border 
of  the  Canadas. 

Independent  of  all  other  considerations,  the  specimen  is  interesting,  as  ex- 
hibiting the  same  process  at  the  present  geological  period,  which  for  so  many 
S'lccessive  ages  has  preserved  the  remains  of  vegetables  and  animals,  which  are 
now  examined  by  the  palaeontologist  as  so  many  iconographic  illustrations  of 
life  in  the  history  of  cur  planet. 

Plate  in.  Representation,  two-thirds  the  size  of  nature,  of  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  bones  of  the  hinder  extremities  of  a  young  seal,  partially  imb.dded 
in  one-half  of  a  concretion  of  indurated  claj',  from  a  post-jiliocene  deposit  of  the 
Ottawa  River,  Canada. 


Notices  of  several  genera  of  extinct  Mammalia.,  previously  less  perfectly  characterized. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

CARNIVORA. 

1.  Delmctis,  Leidy. 

Skull  intermediate  in  form  to  that  of  Felis  and  Machairodus.     Orbits  more  open 
posteriorly  than  in  either  of  these   genera;  and  the  anterior  extremity  of  the 
lower  jaw  constructed  as  in  the  latter.     Formula  of  dentition  as  in  Putorius,  viz. 
3—3       1—1  2—2  1—1  1—1 

in. c. p.  m. car.  m. tub.  m. =  32. 

3—3       1—1  3—3  1—1  1—1 

Incisors  relatively  as  well  developed  as  in  Felis,  with  the  lower  ones  arranged 
as  in  Putorius.  Canines  like  those  of  Machairodus.  First  premolars  small,  those 
succeeding  robust  with  the  upper  pair  bilobed,  and  the  lower  ones  trilobed. 
Carnassial  molars  like  those  of  3Iachairodus prima;vus.  Lower  tubercular  molar 
like  that  of  Putorius ;  the  upper  one  thickest  at  its  outer  part. 

Deinictis  felina,  Leidy.  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  vii,  127,  156.  A  unique  species,  with  the 
skull  about  the  size  of  that  of  Machairodus  primcevus,  or  about  a  fiifth  smaller 
than  the  Panther,  (Felis  concolor.) 

Locality.     Mauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska. 

PACHYDERMATA. 

2.  Hyracodon,  Leidy. 

Skull  without  horns;  with  the  cranium  surmounted  by  a  long  and  narrow 
sagittal  crest ;  orbits  better  defined  from  the  temporal  fossae  than  in  Rhinoceros  ; 
nasal  bones  articulating  with  the  intermaxillaries,  and  deeply  notched  at  their 


92  [April, 

free  ends.     Lower  jaw  intermediate  in  form  to  that  of  Rhinoceros  and   Tapirus. 
Formula  of  deutition  as  in  the  hitter,  viz., 

3—3       1—1  4—1  3—3 

in. c. ]}.  m. t.  m. =  44. 

3—3       1— I  4—4  3—3 

The  incisors  and  canines  are  arranged  in  semicircles  as  in  Tapirus^  differ 
little  in  size,  and  have  simple  conical  crowns.  The  premolars  and  molars  resem- 
ble those  of  Acerotherium  incmvum. 

Hyracodon  nebrascen'sis,  Leidy. 

Rhinoceros  nebrascensis,  Leidy.  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  v,  121;  vii,  157;  Owen's  Rep. 
Geol.  Surv.,  Wise.  556;  Anc.  Fauu.  Nebr.  86. 

Acerathcrium  ?iebrascense,  Leidy.     Pr.  A.  N.  S.  v,  331. 

A  unique  species,  possessing  a  greater  number  of  teeth  than  any  other  known 
member  of  the  Rhinoceros  family.     It  was  about  the  size  of  the  common  hog. 

Locality,     ilauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska. 

3.  TiTANOTHERiUM,  Leidy. 
Formula  of  dentition  as  follows: 

2—2       1—1  4—4  3—3 

in. c.  p.  m. t.  m. = 

?  — ?       1—1  4—4  3—3 

The  molars  are  separated  from  the  canines  by  wide  intervals.  The  latter  teeth 
have  short,  robust,  couoidal  crowns.  Outer  lobes  of  the  premolars  like  those  of 
Rhinoceros,  the  inner  ones  isolated  from  the  former  and  connate.  Outer  lobes 
of  the  true  molars  like  those  of  Falceotherium ;  the  inner  ones  three  in  number, 
of  which  the  intermediate  one  is  conical  and  is  the  largest,  and  the  others  are 
triliedral,  as  in  Chalicotherium. 

TiTANOTHERiUM  Proutii,  Leidy.     Auc.  Faun.  Nebr.  72  ;  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  vii,  157. 

Paloiothe.rium,  Cuv.     Prout.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Arts  iii,  248. 

Palceoiheriunil  Proutii,  Owen,  Norwood,  and  Evans.  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  v,  66  ;  Leidy, 
Ibidem  122  ;  Owen's  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Wise.  551.  ," 

Rhinoceros  1  americanus,  Leidy.     Pr.  A.  N.  S.  vi,  2. 

Eolherium  americanum,  Leidy.     Pr.  A.  N.  S  vi,  392. 

Palccotherium  giganteum,  Leidy.     Anc.  Faun  Nebr.  78. 

A  unique  species,  and  one  of  the  largest  of  pachyderms.  Length  of  the  upper 
dental  series  in  a  straight  line  17  inches;  transverse  diameter  of  second  true 
molar  3j  inches,  antero-posteiior  diameter  the  same. 

Locality.     Mauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska. 


Description  of  Twenty-five  New  Species  of  Exotic  Uniones. 
By  Isaac  Lea. 

Unio  Hainesianus.  Testji  alata,  laevi,  subrotundata,  subinflata,  valde  insequi- 
laterali,  valvulis  crassis  ;  natibus  prominentibus,  angulatis ;  epiderraide  luteo- 
fusca  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  crassis,  crenulatis  elevatisque;  lateralibus  longis, 
crassis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita  alba  et  iridescente. 

Uab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  Myersiancs.  Testa  bialata,  Iffivi,  triangulari,  subcorapressa,  inequi- 
laterali,  postice  angulata ;  valvulis  crassis  ;  natibus  prominulis  epidermide  tene- 
broso-fusca  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  longis  creuulatisque  ;  lateralibus  pras- 
longis,  lamellatis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita  colore  salmonis  tincta. 

Hub.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

UiVio  HofSKi.  Testa  bialata,  L-evi,  triangulari,  compressa,  valde  ina;qnilaterali, 
postice  obtuse  angulatii,  valvulis  subcrassis  ;  natibus  prominulis;  epidermide 
fusca ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  lamellatis;  lateralibus  praelongis,  lamellatis 
subcurvis(iue  ;  margarita  colore  salmonis  tincta. 

Uab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 


1&5&.] 


98 


Ujfio  GRAViDUS.  Testa  alati,  \m\i,  triaugulari,  valdc  inflata,  valde  inaequi- 
iaterali ;  valvulis  teuuibus  ;  natibus  elevatis,  tumidis  ;  epidermide  lutea,  iiitida  ; 
deutibus  cardiualibus  prffilongis,  valde  laraellatis  ;  lateralibus  lougis,  lamellatis 
subcurvisque  ;  margarita  creruleo-alba  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 


') 


Uxio  iNORNATUS.     Testa  IfBvi,  elliptica,  inflatd,  subfequilaterali,  postice    sub- 
aBgulata ;    valvulis    sub-pcUucIdis   tenuibusque  ;    natibus    subpromineiitibus ; 
epidermide   olivacea,   substriata  ;  deutibus   cardinalibus  longis  lamellatisque 
lateralibus  longis  recti.?,  lamellatisque  ;  margarita  cseruleo-alba  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  lutens.  Testa  Itcvi,  elliptica,  inflata,  subaequilaterali,  postice  obtus^ 
angulata  ;  valvulis  crassis  ;  natibus  subprominenlibus ;  epidermide  lutea,  polita  ; 
deutibus  cardinalibus  crassis  brevisque ;  lateralibus  brevis,  subcrassis  sub- 
rectisque  ;  raargai-ita  alba  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Newville  Burmah.     Mrs.  Vinton. 

'Unio  eximius.  Testa  alat&,,  plicate,  obovati,  compress^,  valde  iufequilaterali, 
postice  rotundati ;  valvulis  tenuissimis  ;  natibus  prOminulis  ;  epidermide  virido" 
lutea,  obsolete  radiata ;  deutibus  cardinalibus  lamellatis  tenuisque  ;  lateralibus 
longis,  lamellatis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita  ca?ruleo-alba  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam,     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  TukiDULUS.  Testa  Isevi,  obliqua,  inflatS,,  postice  angulata,  valde 
insequilaterali ;  valvulis  subcrassis ;  natibus  ptominentibus  ;  epidermide  tene- 
broso-olivacea,  striata  ;  deutibus  cardinalibus  longis  lamellatisque  ;  lateralibus 
prfelongis  subcurvisque  ;  margaritS,  albi  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  rosticcs.  Test!  tuberculata,  elliptica,  inflata,  inaequilaterali,  postice 
subangulata;  valvulis  subcrassis;  natibus  subprominentibus ;  epidermide 
oUvacea,  substriata ;  deutibus  cardinalibus  longis  lamellatisque ;  lateralibus 
longis,  lamellatis  subrectisque  ;  margarita  alba  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

tlNio  SAGITTARIUS.  Testa  Iffivi,  valde  transversa,  valde  inaequilaterali,  subin- 
flata,  subcylindracea,  postice  aculo-angulata ;  valvulis  subtenuibus  ;  natibus  vix 
prominenlibus ;  epidermide  virido-olivacea,  striata  ;  deutibus  cardinalibus 
longis,  rectis lamellatisque;  lateraliblis  prjelongis -subrectisque ;  margarita  alb&  et 
iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siatn.     S.  H.  House,  ll.  D.' 

Unio  substriatus.  Testa  leevi,  elliptica,  subinflata,  subaequilaterali ;  postice 
angulata,  antice  rotundata;  valvulis  crassiusculis ;  natibus  subprominentibus 
granulatisque ;  epidermide  olivacea  eradiata  et  rugoso-striata;  deutibus  cardi- 
nalibus longis,  rectis  lamellatisque  ;  lateralibus  longis,  rectis  lamellatisque  ; 
margarita  argentea  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam,     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  scobinatus.  Testa  plicata,  transversa,  in  medio  compressa,  valde 
inlcquilaterali,  postice  angulata,  ad  basim  emarginata ;  valvulis  subcrassis ; 
natibus  parvis,  prominulis,  ad  apiccm  undulatis  ;  epidermide  viridi  et  lutea, 
minute  striata;  dentibus  cardinalibus  obliquis,compressis  ;  lateralibus  praelongis, 
in  uterque  valvis  dupiicis  subrectisque  ;  margarita  alba  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Siam.     T.  R.  Ingalls,  M.  D.,  S.  R.  Hou^e,  M.  D, 

Unio  humilis.  Testa  plicata,  transversa,  subinflata,  subaequilaterali,  sub- 
cylindracea, postice  biangulata;  valvulis  tenuibus,pfellucidis;  natibus  prominulis, 
Jjerplicatis  ;  epidermide  virido-lutea,  striata ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  lamellatis 
Voctisque  ;  lateralibus  longis  lamellatisque ;  margarita  caeruleo-alba  et  irides- 
'<;ente. 

Hob.    iSiam.     S.  R.  Hous«,  M,  D. 


91  lAmii^y 

Vmo  PSASELTjg.  Testa  plicata,  transversa,  inflata,  subemargiaata,  valde 
inaequilaterali,  postice  obtuse  aagulata  ;  valTulis  crassis  ;  natibus  pai-vis,  promi- 
nulis,  ad  apicem  undulatis  ;  epidermide  viridi  et  lutea,  polita  ;  dentibus  cardi- 
nalibus  brevis  subcrassisque  ;  lateralibus  prelongis,  duplicis  in  uterque  valvis 
subcurvisque  ;  margarita  alba  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  Verreauianus.  Testa  sulcata,  oblonga,  inflst.^,  suberearginata,  subsequi- 
laterali,  postice  obtuse  angulata  ;  valvulis  crassis  ;  natibus  parvis,  subpromi- 
nentibus  undulatisque ;  epidermide  luteo-brunea,  striata  dentibus  cardinalibus- 
magnis,  obliquis,  compressis  crenulatisque ;  lateralibus  longiSj  rectis  lamella- 
tisque  ;  margarita  salmonia  colore  tinctd  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Cape  of  Good  Hope.     Mr.  E.  Verreau. 

ITnio  Africanus.  Testa  lasvi,  elliptica,  subcompressa,  snbemarginata,  valde 
insequilaterali,  postice  obtuse  angulata;  valvulis  subtenuibus  ;  natibus  parvis, 
prominulis  undulatisque  ;  epidermide  luteo-olivacea  et  polita ;  dentibus  cardi- 
nalibus parvis,  obliquis,  compressis  sublamellatisque  ;  lateralibus  praelongis 
subrectisque  ;  margarita  salmonis  colore  tincta  et  valde  iridescente. 

Hab.     Cape  of  Good  Hope.     Mr.  E.  Verreau. 

Ux!0  Shurtleffianus.  Testa  minute  plicata,  elliptica,  inreqttilaterali,  sub- 
cylindracoa,  postice  obtuse  angulata,  antice  rotundata,  ad  latus  subplanulata  ; 
valvulis  subcrassis  ;  natibus  prominulis,  ad  apices  minute  undulatis  ;  epidermide 
virido-lutea ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  sublongis,  compressis  geminisque;  lateralibus 
longis  subrectisqu.e  ;  margarita  salmonis  colore  tincta  et  iridescente. 

Hab.  Sina  River,  India,  Major  Le  Conte.  Abmednugger,  luvlia.  S.  Sliurtleff, 
M.  D. 

U.vio  EFFtJLGBNS.  Testa  sulcata,  elliptica,  subinflata,  insequilaterali,  postice' 
obtuse  angulata;  valvulis  subcrassis;  natibus  prominulis;  epider.nide  tenebroso- 
fuscd,  polita ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  parvis  crenulatisque ;  lateralibus  longis 
curvisque ;  margarita  casruleo-alba. 

Hab.     Brazil.     B.  W.  Budd,  M.  D. 


*! 


Unio  Dunkerianus.  Testa  plicata,  transversa,  subinflata,-  valde  inaequilaterali, 
postice  obtuse  angulata ;  valvulis  subtenuibus  ;  natibus  prominulis,  costie 
divaricatis ;  epidermide  tenebroso-fusca  politaque  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  longis 
compressisque  ;  lateralibus  praslongis,  lamellatis  rectisque  ;  margarita  caeruleo- 
albS.  et  valde  iridescente. 

Hab.  River  Macaco ii,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  Prof.  Dunker.  New  Grenada, 
Mr.  E.  Verreau. 

Unio  Shuttleworthii.  Testa  sulcata,  oblonga,.  transversa,  valde  inrequi- 
laterali,  subcompressa.,  postice  obtuse  biangulata,  ad  latus  planulata  ;  valvulis 
subcrassis  ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  bruneo-nigricante  ;  dentibus  cardi- 
nalibus parvis ;  lateralibus  longis  subcurvisque ;  margarita  purpurea  et 
iridescente. 

Hab.     Australia.     R.  J.  Shuttleworth,  Esq.     Berne,  Switzerland. 

» 

Unio  nucleus.  Testa  plicata,  quadrata,  inflata,  subssquilaterali,  postice 
angulata  ;  valvulis  crassis ;  natibus  prominentibus,  perplicatis  ;  epidermide 
virido-fusca,  minuti.?sime  perstriata  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  crassis  brevisque  ; 
lateralibus  crassis,  brevis,  duplicis  in  uterque  valvis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita 
caeruleo-alba  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  Whhatleyand's.  Testa  laevi,  elliptica,  inflata,  injequilaterali ;  valvulig 
crassis  ;  natibus  prominulis,  costis  elevatis,  epidermide  tenebroso-oliva,  rugoso- 
striata;  dentibus  cardinalibus  magnis,  crassiusculis,  subdivisis ;  lateralibus 
longis  crassisque  ;  margarita  vol  alba  vel  carnei  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Rio  Plata,  M.  A.  D'Orbigny.     Rio  Negro.     C.  M.  Wheatley,  Esq, 


1856.]  95 

Unio  Buojvnii.  Testa  Irevi,  obovata,  valde  compressa,  valde  in?cqinlaterali  ; 
valvulis  sabcrassis;  natibus  proiuinulis,  costis  divaricatis;  epidermide  tenebroso- 
viridi,  striata;  dentibus  cardinalibns  submagnis,  in  utraque  valvis  duplicis  ; 
lateralibus  lamellatis,  sublongis  curvisque  ;  margarita  alba. 

Hab.     Mocha?  Asia.     Capt.  George  Brown. 

Unio  suavidicus.  Testa  IsEvi,  oblonga,  subcompressa,  valde  insequilaterali, 
antice  rotvindata,  postice  tnmcata,  natibus  subpromincntibus,  costis  elevatis  ; 
epidermide  luteo-oliva,  minute  striata  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  parvis,  compressis, 
crcnulatis,  in  utraque  valvis  duplicis,  lateralibus  longis,  lamellatis  subrectisque; 
margarita  ca.'ruleo-alba  et  iride'scente. 

Hab.     River  Amazon.     Mr.  E.  Verreau,  Paris. 

Unio  umbrosus.  Testa  Insvi,  elliptica,  subinflata,  ina?quilaterali ;  valvulis 
subcrassis  ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  castanea,  polita,  transverse  fasciata; 
dentibus  cardinalibus  magnis,  subelevatis  ;  lateralibus  longis,  lamellatis  sub- 
curvisque  ;  margariti  vel  purpurea  vel  rosei  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Medellin  River,  Mexico.     M.  Burrougb,  M.  D. 


Description  of  a  nere  Snake  from  Illinoig. 
By  Robert  Kennicott.  • 
Regina  Kirtlandii. 

The  body  of  this  species  is  somewhat  trigonal  in  cross  sections,  (flattened  on 
the  abdomen.)  and  tapers  gently  from  the  middle  to  either  extremity.  .There  is 
no  distinction  of  neck,  and  the  very  small  head  calls  to  mind  that  of  the  Colultr 
amoenus  of  Say.  It  is,  however,  much  larger,  and  the  scales  are  very  strongly 
coirinated.  The  carinie  are  found  on  all  the  longitudinal  rows  of  scales,  of  which 
there  are  nineteen  exclusive  of  the  belly  scales ;  the  external  row  is  almost  as 
sharply  keeled  as  those  on  the  back,  even  to  the  tip  of  the  tail.  The  dorsal 
scales  are  narrow  and  elongated,  the  sides  nearly  parallel  except  near  the  ends. 

As  already  stated,  the  head  is  very  small.  The  vertical  plate  is  sub-hexago- 
nal, the  two  anterior  sides  forming  a  very  obtuse  angle  ;  the  external  edges  are 
slightly  convergent  posteriorly.  The  nostrils  in  the  middle  of  the  two  plate.?. 
Tb.ere  is  one  ante-orbital  and  two  post-orbitals ;  there  are  six  labials  above  and 
seven  below,  in  addition  to  the  rostrals. 

The  ground  color  of  this  snake  is  a  light  purplish  brown,  with  four  rows  of 
large  nearly  circular  blotches  covering  the  whole  back  and  sides.  They  are 
arranged  so  as  to  alternate  ;  the  outer  blotches  on  the  outer  row  are  a  little 
larger  than  those  on  the  two  central  ones,  and  are  of  the  width  of  four  or  five 
scales.  The  belly  is  of  a  pale  brick  red,  (fading  to  brownish  yellow  in  alcohol.) 
with  a  well  defined  blotch  of  black  near  the  exterior  of  each  scale.  These  give 
rise  to  a  series  of  very  well  defined  round  black  spots  on  either  side  of  the  abdo- 
men ;  and  there  is  also  an  obscure  series  of  dark  blotches  on  the  anterior  edge 
of  the  scales  in  the  exterior  dorsal  row.  The  dots  in  this  series  are  separated 
by  intervals  of  two  unmarked  scales.  The  spots  of  this  row  alternate  with  those 
of  the  larger  series  immediately  above. 

On  separating  the  scales,  the  skin  is  seen  to  be  colored  like  the  adjacent  scales. 
It  is  black  in  the  dark  blotches  and  very  light  in  the  intermediate  space,  giving 
rise  to  the  appearance  of  whitish  edges  to  the  scales. 

There  are  thus  four  series  of  large  spots  on  the  back  and  sides,  two  on  the 
belly,  and  two  in  the  exterior  dorsal  rows,  making  eight  in  all.  The  last  men- 
tioned row  is  sometimes  very  obscure,  the  others  are  always  distinct. 

I  refer  this  serpent  to  the  genus  Regina  of  B.  and  G.,  although  it  is  different 
in  some  respects  from  the  other  known  species.  It  is  somewhat  like  the  R.  rigida^ 
but  is  differently  marked  ;  the  latter  having  the  two  abdominal  rows  close  to- 
gether on  the  middle  of  the  belly,  instead  of  being  separated.     Neither  is  there 


96  .  [April 

any  indication  in  R.  rigida  of  the  four  series  of  dorsal  blotches.  In  fact,  there 
is  no  North  American  species  more  strongly  marked  than  this. 

Abdominal  scales  133,  the  last  one  divided ;  subcaudal  59.  Dorsal  ro"vvs  of 
scales  19.     Length  19^  inches,  of  which  the  tail  measures  4i  inches. 

As  yet,  this  species  has  only  been  detected  in  Northern  Illinois,  where  it  is 
rarely  met  with.  The  few  specimens  obtained  have  been  found  iu  the  woods, 
generally  under  logs. 

This  snake  is  rather  sluggish,  and,  like  Regiiia  Grahaviii  of  B.  and  G  ,  is  not 
very  pugnacious. 

In  giving  to  this  serpent  the  name  of  Dr.  Kirtland,  as  a  slight  token  of  the 
respect  due  him,  to  whose  enthusiastic  and  untiring  devotion  to  Science  the 
West  owes  so  much,  I  would  also  make  some  expression  of  my  personal  grati- 
tude to  the  honored  teacher,  whose  kind  encouragement  and  instruction  led  me 
to  study  Nature,  by  dedicating  to  him  his  pupil's  first  contribution  to  Science 


Descripiion  of  several  new  genera  and  species  of  Fossil  Fishes,  from  the  Carboniferous 

Strata  of  Ohio. 

By  J.  S.  Newberry,  M.  D. 

MECOLEPIS  Newberry. 

Ileterocercal  lepidoids  o?  small  size.  Body  fusiform.  Head  obtuse.  Tail 
elongated.  Lobes  very  unequal.  Fins  small  and  provided  with  delicate  fulcra. 
Dorsal  opposite  anal  or  nearly  so,  both  set  far  back  in  body.  Cranial  surface 
ornamented  by  corrugations,  tubercles  or  granulations.  Opercular,  maxillary 
and  hyoid  plates  ornamented  with  convoluted  corrugations  of  the  surface  in 
various  patterns. 

Scales  smooth,  or  ornamented  ;  posterior  margin  of  lateral  scales  all  or  in  part 
serrated.  Scales  of  median  line  above  and  below  characteristically  angled  or 
crenulatcd.  Two  rows  of  scales  on  sides  extending  back  to  near  anal  fin,  re- 
markably high,  vertical  2  to  5  times  longitudinal  diameter. 

Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  passing  the  upper  part  of  lower  row  of  high  scales. 

Teeth  conical,  short,  en  brosse. 

The  peculiar  group  of  fishes  to  which  I  have  given  the  generic  name  of  Me- 
eolepis,  apparently  represents  the  Palceonisci  in  the  ichthyic  fauna  of  the  locality 
where  they  occur.  From  Ambli/pterus  and  Elonichtlii/s  they  may  readily  be  dis- 
tinguished by  their  small  fins  all  bearing  fulcra.  With  Palceoniscus  their  affini- 
ties are  closer,  but  the  ensemble  of  characters  presented  by  the  large  number  of 
specimens  which  I  have  examined,  seem  to  separate  them  from  that  genus. 
Among  these  diagnostic  characters  the  most  conspicuous  are  their  small  size, 
posterior  position  of  dorsal  fin  and  especially  the  high  lateral  scales. 

1.  M.  coRRUGATrs  Ncwb.  Body  fusiform,  robust.  Length  3  in.  4  lines  ; 
breadth  10  lines.  Length  of  head  8  lines.  Anterior  lateral  scales  2  J  times  as 
high  as  long.  Cranial  plates  ornamented  by  convolutions  of  fine,  thread-like 
corrugations.  Maxillary  bones,  oi:>ercular  and  hyoid  plates  corrugated  much  as 
superior  surface  of  head.  Scales  smooth,  except  a  few  on  the  anterior  dorsal 
surface,  which  are  finely  striate  and  punctate.  Posterior  margins  of  lateral 
scales  as  far  back  as  anal  and  dorsal  fins  serrated.  Scales  of  tail,  like  most  of 
those  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces,  plain  on  surface  and  margins.  Ante- 
rior margin  of  anal  fin  opposite  centre  of  dorsal  fin;  longest  rays  of  anal  fin  when 
collapsed  just  reaching  base  of  caudal  fin. 

2.  M.  TUBERcuLATUs  Newb.  Body  fusiform.  Eutire  length  3  inches.  Head 
6  lines.     Tail  8  lines. 

Cranial  plates  strongh'  tuberculated;  tubercles  rounded  elongated  and  reni- 
form.  Surfaces  of  opercular,  maxillary  and  hyoid  bones  covered  with  linear 
parallel  corrugations. 

Surface  of  all  the  scales  of  the  body  smooth,  except  a  few  on  the  anterior 


1856.]  97 

dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces, -whicli  are  sometimes  finely  punctate.  Lateral  scales 
nearly  5  times  as  high  as  long.  Posterior  margins  of  lateral  scales  bearing  a 
few  serrations. 

Anal  fin  opposite  dorsal. 

Radial  formula, 

D.  5;  C.  14;  A.  8?;  V.  6;  P.  ? 

3.  M.  GBANCLATUS  Ncwb.  Body  fusiform,  robust.  Length  3  inches,  breadth 
1  lines.     Head  6  lines  long.     Tail  9  lines. 

Head  tubercled  above,  tubercles  elongated,  with  granulations  between.  Oper- 
cula,  maxillaries  and  hyoid  plates  threaded. 

Scales  apparently  thinner  and  more  delicate  than  those  of  any  other  species. 
Those  on  anterior  portion  of  body  granulated,  and  having  a  faint  double  waved 
line  along  anterior  margin.     Posterior  border  serrated. 

Lateral  scales  4  times  as  high  as  long. 

Radial  formula,  * 

D.  G;  C.  14;  A.  8;V.  5?;  P.  9? 

4.  M.  LINEATUS  Newb.  Body  fusiform,  robust.  Length  3  inches  ;  breadth  8 
lines. 

Cephalic  bones  all  ornamented  with  thread-like  lines,  as  in  M.  corruffaius,  and 
without  tubercles. 

Scales  of  anterior  portion  of  abdomen  covered  with  concentric  thread-lines. 
Margins  of  lateral  scales  ornamented  in  the  same  manner. 

Lateral  scales  lower  than  in  any  other  species  yet  discovered,  greatest  vertical 
diameter  only  twice  longitudinal. 

Scales  of  abdomen  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

5.  M.  ovoiDEUs  Newb.  Fish  small,  robust.  Body  ovoid.  Length  1  inch  6 
lines  ;  breadth  6  lines.     Length  of  head  4J  lines. 

Cranial  surface  corrugated  and  finely  granulated;  opercula  and  lower  parts  of 
head  ornamented  by  thread-like  corrugations. 

Scales  of  anterior  portion  of  abdomen  granulated,  of  sides  serrated. 
Lateral  scales  3^  times  as  high  as  long. 

6.  M.  oRNATissiMus  Ncwb.  Fish  small,  fusiform,  slender.  Length  2  inches; 
breadth  5  lines. 

Cranial  surface  sparsely  tubercled,  tubercles  somewhat  radiated.  Spaces  be- 
tween tubercles  finely  granulated.  Opercula,  maxillaries  and  hyoid  bones  granu- 
lated and  corrugated.  All  the  scales  of  the  body  and  tail  ornamented  with 
granulations,  strias  or  denticles.  * 

Lateral  scales  4  times  as  high  as  long,  with  a  double  lipe  of  appressed  denticles 
on  anterior  border,  and  acute  serrations  of  posterior  margin. 

Fins  all  relatively  longer  than  in  other  species.  Dorsal  fin  nearly  opposite 
anal. 

v.  M.  INSCL'LPTUS  Newb.  Body  fusiform,  slender.  Length  2  in.  6  lines, 
breadth  5  lines. 

Cranial  plates  ornamented  with  elongated  tubercles,  spaces  between  tubercles 
granulated.  Sides  and  under  surface  of  head  marked  by  raised  lines  and  fine 
granulations. 

Scales  on  anterior  half  of  body  highly  ornamented.  Lateral  scales  3J  times 
as  high  as  long,  and  having  a  doubled  wave  line  along  anterior  margin,  with 
acicular  denticulations  of  posterior  border. 

Scales  of  abdomen  having  entire  surface  covered  with  appressed  denticles. 
Scales  of  tail  and  posterior  portion  of  body  plain. 

Dorsal  fin  opposite  anal. 

8.  M.  SERRATUS  Newb.  Small,  robust.  Length  1  in.  6  lines.  Head  4  lines. 
Tail  5  lines.     Breadth  of  body  5  lines. 

Head  finely  tubercled  above.  Opercula,  maxillaries  and  hyoid  plates  marked 
by  fine  linear  corrugations. 


98  [z\PRlL, 

Highest  scales  of  sides  3  times  as  high  as  long.  All  lateral  scales  quite  into 
the  tail,  strongly  and  sharply  serrate  on  posterior  margin.  Surface  of  anterior 
scales  wrinkled  from  the  serrations  forward. 

Anterior  margin  of  anal  fin  opposite  posterior  margin  of  dorsal. 

ELOXICHTHYS  Giebel.  J 

E.  PELTiGEKUS,  Newb.  Body  short,  compressed.  Length  5  inches.  Height 
1  in.  6  lines.  Breadth  1  inch.  Cephalic  bones  all  ornamented  by  paral- 
lel convolutions  of  thread  lines.  Scales  all  covered  by  similar  raised  lines, 
which  cross  them  diagonally  downward  and  backward,  terminating  in  serrations 
of  the  posterior  margins. 

About  the  middle  of  the  interval  between  the  occiput  and  dorsal  fin,  on  toe 
median  line,  begins  a  row  of  oval  scales,  four  times  as  large  as  the  scales  of  the 
sides;  ornamented  in  the  same  manner,  extending  in  a  single  row  along  the  me- 
dian line  to  the  dorsal  fin,  and  behind  the  dorsal  fin  to  the  tail,  where  they  are 
transformed  into  the  large  striated  fulcra,  which  overlie  the  prolongation  of  the 
vertebral  to  its  termination. 

These  abnormal  scales  of  the  dorsal  line  are  a  striking  peculiarity  in  the 
species,  and  have  suggested  the  name  given  it. 

CCELACANTHUS  Agass. 

1.  C;  ROBUSTUS  Newb.  Body  robust,  1  foot  6  inches  in  length.  Upper  sur- 
face of  cranium  covered  with  small  closely  approximated  tubercles;  maxillaries 
and  opercula  threaded  with  fine  parallel,  sometimes  interrupted  lines.  Margins 
of  opercula  in  mature  specimens  wavy. 

Scales  elliptical,  thin,  7  to  9  lines  in  length,  nearly  half  the  surfiice  exposed; 
exposed  portion  covered  with  thread-like  lines  similar  to  those  of  the  opercula 
and  maxillaries,  and  which  converge  toward  the  posterior  angle  of  the  scale. 

C.  OKNATUS,  Newb.  Body  fusiform,  slender,  scarcely  wider  than  head.  Size 
small,  not  exceeding  4  to  5  inches  in  length.  Upper  surface  of  head  ornamented 
with  tubercles,  which  are  much  larger  and  more  remote  than  in  preceding 
species.  Opercula  and  maxillaries  threaded,  and  like  the  scales  having  stronger 
markings  than  in  the  larger  species. 

Radial  formula, 

A.  D.  8  ;  P.  D.  5  ;  C.  24  ? ;  A.  6  ;  V.  ?  ;  P  ? 

C.  BLEGANS  Newb.'  Body  fusiform,  robust,  6  to  8  inches  in  length.  Cranial 
Hurface  covered  with  closely  apprQximated  tubercles.  Surface  of  opercular  and 
maxillary  bones  threaded.  All  the  ornamenting  of  head  relatively  stronger  than 
in  C.  robvMus,  but  less  so  than  in  C.  ornatus.  Scales  similar  in  form  and  mark- 
ings to  those  of  both  these  species,  but  more  delicate  than  either.  Anterior 
dorsal  fin  slightly  in  advance  of  ventrals.  Posterior  dorsal  as  much  forward  of 
anal  fin. 

Pvadial  formula.     A  D.  7  ?  ;  P  D.  5 ;  C.  22 ;  A.  6 ;  A^  9  ? 

PYGOPTERUS  Agass. 

P.  scuTELLATUS  Newb.  Body  fusiform,  slender,  15  to  18  inches  in  length. 
Head  depressed.  Snout  pointed.  Both  jaws  thickly  set  with  couical.  slender, 
acute,  striated  teeth  of  unequal  size.  Scales  very  small  and  thick,  higher  than 
long.  Head  and  anterior  portion  of  body  covered  with  articiilated  plates  orna- 
mented with  strong,  radiating,  raised  lines.  None  of  my  specimens  show  the 
form  of  the  caudal  fin. 

This  fish  presents  such  striking  differences  in  its  scales  and  plates  from  all 
described  species  of  I'ygopterus^  that  I  have  hesitated  about  placing  it  in  that 
genus.  It  would  seem,'  however,  to  have  much  in  common  with  P.  Grcmockii 
Agass.,  not  yet  fully  described. 


1856.]  '^9 

RHIZODUS  Owen. 

R.  LANCiFER  Newb.  Teeth  striated  below.  Section  elliptical,  smooth  toward 
ithe  summit,  where  they  are  very  much  compressed,  with  a  lenticular  sectiom 
and  cutting  edge  on  both  sides.  Form  of  summit  of  tooth  like  that  of  a  lance 
head.  Near  the  apex  of  the  tooth  the  cutting  edge  of  one  side  is  slightly  gib- 
bous, an  apparent  tendency  toward  a  barbing  o/  the  point,  as  in  some  species 
of  Lcpidosteus. 
^  As  usually  found,  the  plicated  base  of  the  tooth  has  mostly  disappeared,  the 
solid  point  alone  remaining  ;  this  is  about  an  inch  in  length.  The  entire  tooth 
•was  more  than  twice  that  length. 

R.  iNCURYDS  Newb.  Head  massive.  Superficial  bones  strongly  tuberculated. 
Tubercles  elongated,  vermicular,  sometimes  becoming  elevated  lines  of  a  line  in 
breadth,  and  having  a  radiated  arrangement.  Jaws  strong,  both  thickly  set 
.with  strong  ancipital  curved  teeth.  These  teeth  are  striated  below,  ellipti- 
cal in  section,  and  toward  the  summit  curved  backward  toward  the  throat.  They 
are  of  difi'erent  sizes,  as  in  all  allied  fishes.  The  smaller  teeth  are  G  to  9  lines  in 
length  and  thickly  set;  the  larger  ones  are  much  fewer  in  number,  and  more 
than  twice  as  long.  One  of  the  larger  teeth  is  placed  near  the  extremity  of  the 
lower  dentary  bone  of  each  side,  as  in  R.  gracilis  McCoy. 

E.  ANGUSTCS  Newb.  Laniary  teeth  elongatied,  slender,  finely  striated  at  base, 
smooth  above,  with  cutting  edges.  Subordinate  teeth  half  the  length  of  the 
larger  ones.  Conical,  acute,  striated  at  base,  with  a  circular  section  throughout. 
Surface  of  jaw  coarsely  tubercled. 

In  this  diversity  of  form  in  the  teeth,  this  species  differs  from  R.  gracilis 
McCoy  and  from  R.  Mibbcrii  Ag.,  as  well  as  from  the. other  species  I  have  found 
in  Ohio.  In  R.  incurvus  N.,  however,  the  teeth  have  a  section  so  nearly  circular 
Xhat  there  seems  no  good  reason  for  separating  them  ;by  generic  distinctions. 

Of  all  the  species  of  Rhizodus,  which  I  have  found,  I  probably  have  scales  and 
perhaps  vertebrae  and  cranial  plates,  but  as  yet  have  been  unable  to  find  these 
organs  connected  with  the  teeth. 

DIPLODUS  Agass. 

D.  coMPRESsus  Newb.  Teeth  of  moderate  size,  base  small.  Lateral  denticles 
■unequally  spreading,  compressed,  with  acute  points  and  strongly  crenulated 
edges.  Central  denticle  very  small,  acute,  compressed,  finely  crenulated  on 
■margin, 

D.  GRACILIS  Newb.  Tooth  as  large  as  D.  gibboaus  Agass.  Base  very  small. 
Lateral  denticles  long,  curved,  slender,  divergent  towards  the  points,  much  less 
■compressed  than  in  preceding  species,  less  acute,  and  less  conspicuously  crenu- 
Sate  on  margins.  Median  denticle  small,  subulate,  scarcely  ci;enulate  on  margins. 

D.  LATUS  Newb.  Teeth  very  large  and  very  robust.  Lateral  denticles  neariy 
straight,  and  on  the  same  plane,  divergent,  ^  to  k  as  broad  at  base  as  long, 
.compressed.  Each  margin  strongly  crenulated.  Middle  cone  obsolete,  or  re- 
duced to  a  simple  knob.     Base  of  tooth  large,  under  surface  flat. 

Ail  the  specimens  of  Diplodus  from  Ohio  which  have  come  under  my  observa- 
■tion,  ntmbering  some  hundreds,  have  crenulated  margins,  in  that  respect  pre- 
:Senting  a  striking  difference  from  the  species  described  by  Agassiz. 

CLADODUS  Agass. 

C.  acumjNatus  Newb.  Central  denticle  elongated,  conical,  acute ;  lateral 
•denticles  very  acute,  compressed.     Base  small  and  thin. 

CHIRODUS  McCoy. 

C.  ACUTUS  Newb.  Teeth  as  long  as  C.  pes-ranx  McCoj,  hut  more  slender 
nhraughauL     Denticles  more  .acute^ 


100  [Apri2^ 

1 

CLIMAXODUS  McCoy. 

C.  BEEVis  Newb.  Teeth  oval,  in  form,  shorter  than  C  imhricaius  McCoj. 
Eidges  which  cross- the  surface  more  remote,  with  sharp  crests  and  sinuous  out- 
line. 

PLEURACANTHUS  Agass. 

P.  BiSERiALis  Newb.  Spine  straight,  strong,  tapering  rapidly  to  a  moderately 
acute  termination.  Length  four  inches ;  diameter  at  base  4  lines.  Anterior 
face  rounded  ;  posterior  face  nearly  flat.  Entire  surface  finely  striated  longitu- 
dinally. Sides  flattened,  joining  posterior  surface  at  right  angles.  At  angle  oa 
each  side  a  double  row  of  small,  closely  set,  acuminate,  depressed  hooks.  On 
the  ujiper  part  of  the  spine  the  hooks  are  arranged  in  a  single  row.  Side  of  spine 
at  base  of  the  hooks  marked  by  a  distinct  longitudinal  furrow. 

P.  ARCUATUS  Newb.  Spine  slightly  curved  backward,  rapidly  tapering  to  an 
acute  point.  Anterior  surface  rounded  ;  posterior  face  nearly  flat.  At  angle 
formed  by  the  junction  of  sides  with  posterior  face  is,  on  each  side,  a  single  row 
of  closely  set,  acuminatCj  depressed  hooks.  Anterior  surface  marked  with  fine 
longitudinal  striae. 

P.  DILATATUS  Ncwb.  Spine  short,  robust,  one  inch-  six  lines  long,  straight, 
acuminate  at  summit,  largest  n«ar  middle,  contracted  at  base;  Anterior  face 
rounded  ;  posterior  face  flattened,  and  bearing  at  the  angles  on  either  side  a 
row  of  minute  depressed  hooks.     Surface  smooth. 

COMPSACANTHUS  Newb. 

Spines  of  small  size-,  very  neat  in  form  and  finish.  Section  at  all  points  cir- 
cular. A  single  row  of  relatively  large,  remote,  depressed  hooks  it  set  along  ths 
posterior  median  line. 

Of  this  genus  I  have  probably  but  one  species. 

C.  LJJvis  Newb.  Spine  slender,  curved,  acuminate,  having  a  circular  section 
at  all  points  ;  upper  two-thirds  furnished  with  a  single  row  of  depressed  acumi- 
nated hooks  remotely  set  along  median  line  of  posterior  surface. 


On  motion  of  Mr.  Cassin,  a  Committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a 
list  of  Correspondents  for  publication.  The  following  compose  the 
Committae :     Mr.  Cassia;  Dr.  Le  Coate  and  Dr.  Leidy. 


ELECTION. 


Dr.  R.  A.  Penrose  and  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Patterson,  of  Philadelphia,  wer®- 
elected  Members,  and  Mr.  P.  B.  Meek,  of  Albany,  was  ekcted  a  Coi-res- 
jjondent. 


1856.]  101 

May  m,  1856. 

Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  Darand  presented  for  publication  in  the  Journal  a  paper,  enti- 
tled, "  Plantse  Kaneauae  Arcticee  et  Polaris.  An  Enumeration  of  the 
Plants  collected  by  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  U.  S.  N.,  in  his  first  and  second 
voyages  to  the  Polar  Regions,  with  descriptions  and  remarks  ;"  which 
was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Drs.  Zantziuger,  Bridges,  and 
Uhler. 

Dr.  Hallowell  remarked  that  the  most  abundant  of  the  urotleles  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Philadelphia,  is  the  Plethodon  (Desmognathus,  Bd.)  niger, 
which  may  be  said  to  exist  by  thousands.  It  is  found  under  stones  along  the 
borders  of  rivulets  near  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  is  very  quick  in  its 
movements,  its  capture  demanding  close  attention  and  much  activity.  It  appears 
to  be  endowed  with  a  higher  degree  of  vitality  than  the  other  caducibranchiates 
with  which  it  is  associated.  Its  transformation  is  sooner  effected  ;  specimens  one 
inch  and  a  half  in  length,  being  without  gills,  while  the  larvaj  of  Pseudotriton 
ruber  are  found  more  than  three  inches  in  length. 

The  Salamandra  quadrimaculata  of  Prof.  Holbrook  is  identical  with  this 
animal ;  the  red  spots  are  observed  in  quite  young  specimens  as  well  as  those 
more  matnre,  but  disappear  with  age.  It  is  very  abundant,  a  large  proportion 
of  the  specimens  being  thus  spotted. 

The  urodeles  most  frequentlj^  met  with  in  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia 
after  the  niger  are  Pseudotriton  ruber  and  Plethodon  erythronotus.  The  former 
occurs  in  the  same  localities  with  the  niger,  but  is  much  less  active,  though 
perhaps  more  tenacious  of  life.  The  young  are  of  a  bright  red  color  spotted 
with  lilack  ;  as  age  advances  the  color  deepens,  resembling  Spanish  brown 
(maculata,  Green,)  and  in  very  old  specimens  is  of  an  almost  purple  color  ;  the 
younger  larvfe  are  white,  the  older  olive  colored  with  dark  spots. 

At  the  present  time,  April  28th,  1856,  the  females  of  both  Plethodon  niger 
and  Pseudotriton  ruber  are  distended  with  eggs,*  as  many  as  seventy  being 
counted  in  the  ovaries  of  the  former.  They  are  of  a  yellow  color,  about  a  line 
in  diameter;  none  are  to  be  seen  in  the  oviducts  ;  the  number  of  eggs  is  not 
always  the  same  in  both  ovaries,  being  sometimes  considerably  greater  in  one 
than  the  other.  The  eggs  in  many  of  the  specimens  of  Pseudotriton  ruber  are 
immature,  perfectly  white  and  quite  small.  In  the  stomach  of  one  of  the 
latter  a  large  lumbricus  was  found,  in  another  the  remains  of  a  coleopterous 
insect,  and  in  a  third  the  tail  and  posterior  extremities  of  a  Salamander,  proba- 
bly a  young  Plethodon  niger. 

Spelerpes  (Cylindrosoma,  Tsch.)  bilineata,  is  found  in  the  same  neighborhood, 
and  also  Plethodon  erythronotus,  the  latter  under  stones,  at  some  distance  from 
the  water,  associated  with  Plethodon  cinereus.  In  one  specimen  the  stripe  along 
the  back  was  of  a  beautiful  pink  color. 


Mai/  13//i. 
/  Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  Mr.  F.  B.  Meek,  dated  Albany,  10th  May,  1856,  acknowledging 
his  election  as  a  Correspondent  of  the  Academy. 

From  Mr.  Edward  Tuckerman,  dated  Amherst,  od  May,  1856,  trans- 
mitting the  collection  of  Plants  acknowledged  at  the  last  meeting. 

From  E.  Billings,  Esq.,  dated  Ottawa,  West  Canada,  6th  May,  1856, 

*  June  26th,  females  of  niger  in  same  condition. 

PROCEED.    ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  OF  PmLADELPHIA,  VOL.  VHI.,  NO.  III.  8 


102  [May, 

transmittlns  the  first  numbers  of  the  "  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geolo- 
gist/'  and  desiring  exchange.  Tiiis  letter  was  referred  to  the  Committee 
on  Proceedings. 

From  Mr.  Abraham  Sager,  dated  Ann  Harbor,  Michigan,  5th  May, 
185G,  transmitting  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper,  entitled, 
''Descriptions  of  Articulata,  supposed  to  be  new;"  which  was  referred 
to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Drs.  Leidy,  Hallowell,  and  Bridges. 

Mr.  Isaac  Lea  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings, 
entitled,  "  Descriptions  of  four  New  Species  of  Exotic  Uniones;"  which 
was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Drs.  Wilson  and  Bridges,  and 
Mr.  Hanson. 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Smith  remarked  in  relation  to  the  specimens  of  iron 
ore  presented  by  himself  this  evening,  that  the  three  leading  varieties 
of  the  ore,  known  as  the  Baltimore  ore,  were  shown  in  the  specimens. 
The  bed  lies  on  the  west  side  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  runs  parallel  with  it, 
and  is  about  fifty  miles  long.  It  is  of  white  clay  underlying  the  Eocene 
deposit.  The  ore  lies  in  nodules  like  the  brown  hsematite.  In  the  most 
valuable  bed,  this  ore  is  associated  with  large  quantities  of  mineral 
charcoal,  which  seems  to  be  always  in  broken  masses.  Mr.  S.  bad  never 
seen  any  traces  of  plants.  There  is  no  other  deposit  of  iron  ore  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  iron  made  from  this  ore  is  remarkable  for  its  great 
strength.  Mr.  S.  considered  the  deposit  as  remarkable,  being  the  only 
one  of  which  he  was  aware,  in  which  the  lithoid  carbonate  of  iron  exists 
out  of  the  coal  measures. 


May  20lh. 
Mr.  Ord,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Dr.  Bridges,  referring  to  the  specimens  of  lithoid  carbonate  of  iron 
exhibited  at  the  last  meeting,  gave  the  following  as  the  probable  theory 
of  the  formation  of  this  ore.  Iron  pyrites  by  exposure  would  be  con- 
verted into  a  sulphate  of  the  protoxide  with  some  sesquioxide  of  iron. 
By  contact  with  lime  these  oxides  would  be  precipitated,  the  protoxide 
rapidly  becoming  sesquioxide.  The  contact  of  organic  matter  would 
reduce  the  sesquioxide  again  to  protoxide,  which  would  combine  with 
the  carbonic  acid  evolved  during  the  fermentation  of  the  organic  matter. 

Mr.  Cassin  announced  the  arrival  in  this  country  and  the  presence 
this  evening  of  the  Baron  Von  Miiller,  who  proposes  to  visit  Texas, 
Mexico,  and  Central  America,  and  who  is  desirous  of  afibrding  to  the 
Academy  any  aid  in  his  power. 

Dr.  Leidy  remarked  that  he  had  just  returned  from  a  visit  to  St. 
Louis,  and  thought  that  the  members  would  be  gratified  to  learn  that 
an  "  Academy  of  Science  "  had  been  organized  in  that  city,  whose  ob- 
jects were  similar  to  our  own.  The  Academy  commences  under  the 
most  promising  prospects ;  and  it  occupies  a  highly  favorable  position 
in  our  country  for  the  formation  of  a  cabinet  of  natural  history.  It 
has  recently  received  a  large  and  very  valuable  collection  of  fossils,  ob- 
tained by  Dr.  F.  V.  Ilayden  from  the  region  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 


1856.] 


103 


The  collection  consists  of  numerous  remains  of  Mammalia  and  Clielonia 
from  the  Mauvaises  Terres  of  Nebraska,  a  large  number  of  mollusca 
from  the  cretaceous  beds,  and  an  extensive  series  of  plants  from  a  ter- 
tiary formation.  Dr.  C  A.  Pope,  with  his  usual  liberality,  has  granted 
the  Academy  the  use  of  a  large  hall  furnished  with  cases,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  a  museum,  in  the  Medical  College.  The  president  of  the 
Academy,  than  whom  none  could  be  more  worthy,  is  Dr.  George  Engle- 
man.  In  conclusion,  Dr  L.  offered  in  furtherance  of  the  objects  of 
the  new  Academy  the  following  : 

Resolved,  That  this  Academy  present  to  the  Academy  of  Science  of 
St.  Louis  the  second  series  of  the  Journal  and  the  Pioceedings. 

Mr.  Lea  announced  the  death  of  Dr.  John  C.  Warren,  of  Boston,  a 
Correspondent  of  the  Academy,  setat.  79  years. 

Dr.  Leidy  offered  the  following  resolution  which  was  adopted  : 

Resolved,  That  the  State  Medical  Society,  shortly  to  hold  its  session 
in  this  city,  be  invited  to  visit  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  on  the  last 
Wednesday  of  this  month. 


Mai/  27th. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committee  on  Mr.  Durand's  paper,  read  6th  inst.,  reported  in 
favor  of  publication  in  the  Journal. 

The  Committee  on  Mr.  Lea's  paper,  read  13th  inst.,  reported  in  favor 
of  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 

Description  of  four  New  Species  of  Exotic  Uniones. 
By  Isaac  Lea. 

Unio  Coloradoensis.  Testa  lasvi,  elliptica,  infJata,  valde  ma?quilaterali ;  val- 
"vulis  crassis  ;  natibus  elevatis  magiiisque;  epidermide  luteo-castanea,  obscure 
radiata  et  polita  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  magnis,  duplicis,  acuminatis  crenatu- 
latisque ;  lateralibus  magnis  praelongis,  lamellatis  subcurvisque ;  margarita 
}>urpurea  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     Rio  Colorado,  Texas.     B.  W.  Budd,  M.  D, 

Unio  Nuttalliaiv-cs.  Testa  Ifevi,  elliptica,  subinflata,  inajquilaterali ;  valvulis 
tenuibus ;  natibus  prominulis ;  epidermide  olivacea,  eradiata,  valde  polita; 
dentibus  cardinalibus  parvis,  rectis,  compressis  crenulatisque  ;  lateralibus  sub- 
curtis,  subrectis  lamellatisque  ;  margarita  salmonis  colore  tincta  et  iridescente. 

Ilab.     India.     Prof.  Thomas  Nuttall. 

Unio  Cambodiensis.  Testa  Isevi,  elliptica,  subinflata,  inaequilaterali ;  valvulis 
subtenuibus;  natibus  prominentibus,  ad  apicem  undulatis  ;  epidermide  castanea, 
eradiata,  polita  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  longis,  rectis  lamellatisque  ;  lateralibus 
sublongis,  lamellatis  subrectisque  ;  margarita  albd  et  iridescente. 

JIab.     Takrong  river  at  Korat,  Cambodia.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Unio  Newcombianus.  Testa  corrugato-sulcata,  rotundata,  subconipressa, 
inaequilaterali  ;  valvulis  crassis  ;  natibus  elevatis  prominentibusque  ;  epidermide 
tenebroso-olivacea,  corrugata  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  submagnis,  duplicis  snb- 
compressisque  ;  lateralibus  subbrevis,  crassis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita  alba. 

Ilab.     Lake  Nicaragua.     W.  Newcomb,  M.  D. 


104  [June, 

The  liepnrt  of  the  Correponding  Secretary  for  the  last  month  was  read 
and  adopted. 


June  3c?. 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists  of  Moscow,  dated  August 
13th,  1855  ; 

From  the  Royal  Imperial  Greological  Institute  of  Vienna,  dated  23d 
September,  1855  ; 

From  the  Senckenberg  Natural  History  Society,  dated  February, 
1856  ;  and 

From  George  Frauenfeld,  dated  Vienna,  12tli  December,  1855,  seve- 
rally announcing  donations. 

From  Prof.  Karl  Koch,  Secretary  of  the  Society  for  the  Advancement 
of  Horticulture,  dated  Berlin,  6th  February,  1856,  acknowledging  the 
receipt  of  the  Proceedings,  transmitting  donations,  and  desiring  ex- 
change.    Referred  to  the  Publication  Committee. 

From  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Amsterdam,  dated  15th 
January,  1856 ;  and 

From  the  K.  L.  C.  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Breslau,  dated  30th 
January,  1856,  severally  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Journal  and 
Proceedings. 

From  the  Royal  Bavarian  Academy  of  Sciences,  dated  Munich, 
January  20th,  1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  publications  of 
the  Academy,  and  requesting  a  duplicate  set. 

From  the  Senckenberg  Natural  History  Society,  dated  February, 
1856,  acknowledging  donations. 

From  the  Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis,  dated  24th  May,  1856, 
requesting  donations  of  works  on  Natural  History. 

Mr.  Isaac  Lea  read  a  paper,  entitled,  "Description  of  thirteen  species 
of  Exotic  Peristoraata;"  which  was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting 
of  Drs.  Hallowell,  Corse,  and  J.  A.  Meigs. 


June  \Qth, 
Vice-President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

A  letter,  dated  September,  1855,  was  read  from  Jas.  R.  Eckert  and 
Frederick  S.  Eckert,  Executors  of  the  Estate  of  the  late  James  Read, 
presenting  his  herbarium  and  certain  botanical  works. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Journal,  entitled,  ''  A 
Commentary  on  the  'Synopsis  Fungorum  in  America  Boreali  media de- 
gentiura,  by  L.  I),  de  Schweinitz.'  By  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  M.  A., 
F.  L.  S.,  and  the  Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis,  F.  A.  A.  A.  S. ;"  which  was  re- 
ferred to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Zantzinger,  Mr.  Durand,  and 
Dr.  Bridges. 


1856.]  105 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled, 
"  Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Accphala  and  Gasteropoda  from  the 
Tertiary  formations  of  Nebraska  Territory,  with  some  general  remarks 
on  the  Geology  of  the  country  about  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  river. 
By  F.  13.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D. ;"  which  was  referred  to  a 
Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Leidy,  Mr.  Lea,  and  Mr.  Charles  E.  Smith. 

Dr.  Leidy  announced  that  the  skeleton  of  the  White  Bear  presented 
by  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  had  been  mounted  and  placed  in  the  Museum. 

Dr.  Leidy  observed  that  A.  Vogt,  a  frog  and  leech  catcher,  who  fre- 
quently accompanied  Dr.  Hallowell  and  himself  when  in  pursuit  of  ob- 
jects of  Natural  History,  informed  them  that  the  severe  cold  of  the 
previous  winter  had  destroyed  great  numbers  of  frogs  and  turtles.  Dr. 
L.  also  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  house-flies  were  much  less  nume- 
rous this  season  than  last ;  a  fact  which  he  was  inclined  to  attribute  to 
the  destruction  of  their  larvse  by  the  severe  and  protracted  cold  of  the 
preceding  winter  months. 

Dr.  Bridges  thought  that  the  shade  trees  of  our  city  suffered  less  than 
usual  from  the  span-worm. 

On  leave  granted,  Dr.  Leidy  offered  the  following,  which  was  unani- 
mously adopted  : 

Resolved,  That  casts  in  plaster  of  the  skulls  of  Bootherium  cavi/rons 
and  Megalom/x  Jejfersoiiu,  be  presented  to  the  Boston  Natural  History 
Society,  the  British  Museum,  and  the  Zoological  Museums  of  the  Jardin 
des  Plantes,  Paris,  and  of  Berlin,  Prussia. 


June  17th. 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  George  Gibbs,  dated  Fort  Steilacoora, 
Washington  Territory,  May  Gtli,  1856,  acknowledging  his  election  to 
membership. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled, 
"  Contributions  to  the  Ichthyology  of  the  Western  Coast  of  the  United 
States,  from  specimens  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
By  Charles  Girard,  M.  J).;"  which  was  referred  to  a  Committee  con- 
sisting of  Drs.  Wilson  and  Hallowell,  and  Mr.  Vaux. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled, 
"Ceratites  Americanus.  By  Prof.  L.  Harper,  of  the  University  of 
Mississippi  •/'  which  was  referred  to  Dr.  Leidy  and  Messrs.  Lea  and  A. 
H.  Smith. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled, 
"  Examination  of  the  Meteoric  Iron  from  Xiquipilco,  Mexico.  By  W. 
J.  Taylor;"  which  was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr.  Yaux, 
Dr.  Genth,  and  Mr.  S.  Ashmead. 

Dr.  Hallowell  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper, 
entitled,  "  Description  of  two  New  Species  of  Urodeles  from  Georgia;" 
which  was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Major  Ls  Conte,  and 
Drs.  Bridges  and  Leidy. 


106  [June, 

Dr.  Hallowell  remarked  that  we  had  recently  received  Ihrough  Mr.  Vogt,  a 
large  collection  of  living  specimens  of  Siernothaerus  odoratus,  Holb.,  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Poiladelphia,  more  than  thirty  in  number.  Many  of  them 
present  important  characteristics  not  hitherto  noticed.  The  larger  as  well  as  a 
number  of  the  smaller  specimens,  are  of  a  chocolate  brown  or  olive  color 
above  upon  tbe  carapax,  with  numerous  blacii  spots,  the  sternum  brown,  micgled 
with  yellow  ;  iris  golden  ;  upper  part  of  head  olive,  with  numerous  small  dark 
colored  macukc  ;  two  yellow  vittte,  passing  one  above,  the  other  beneath  the  eye; 
barbels  in  both  sexes.  The  differences  between  the  male  and  the  female  are 
strongly  marked,  and  may  be  presented  as  follows  : 

Male.  Female. 

Sternum  more  narrow  and  more  con-  Shorter  (^  an  inch)  carapax  higher, 
cave;  tail  much  larger;  shell  more  broader  and  more  oval ;  outline  of  disk 
depressed,  especially  in  its  posterior  oval,  somewhat  compressed  at  the  sides; 
half:  portion  of  sternum  behind  ab-  snout  more  acute ;  gular  plate  more 
dominal  plates,  more  quadrangular  in  elongated  ;  anal  scutes  longer,  posterior 
shape.  axillary  plates  larger. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  carapax  4J  Dimensions.  Length  of  carapax  4 
inches  (Fr.);  breadth  at  middle  3  inches;  inches;  breadth  3  inches;  length  of 
length  of  sternum  3  inches;  greatest  sternum3inches31ines;greatestbreadth 
breadth  2  inches.  2  inches,  3  lines. 

Posterior  part  of  sternum  slightly  moveable  in  both,  much  less  moveable  than 
the  anterior ;  both  male  and  female  provided  with  scales  upon  the  posterior  part 
of  the  hinder  extremities  ;  carapax  of  both  sexes  spotted. 

Habilat.     Found  abundantly  near  Philadelphia. 

Young.     Differences  betiveen  male  and  female. 
Male.  Female. 

Carapax  of  male  more  tectiform ;  Carapax  much  depressed  at  its 
narrow  in  front,  broader  posteriorly;  middle  ;  more  rounded  at  the  sides  and 
outline  of  shell  less  distinctly  oval ;  broader  anteriorly  ;  snout  of  female 
portion  of  sternum  posterior  to  ab-  more  acute;  sternum  longer;  anal  scutes 
dominal  plates  more  quadrangular,  tail_  longer, 
much  larger.  Dimensions.     Length  of  carapax    SJ 

Dimensions.  Length  of  carapax  3  inches;  greatestbreadth  2  inches  7  lines; 
inches  7  lines;  greatest  breadth  2Hnch-  length  of  sternum  2  inches,  7  lines  ; 
es;  length  of  sternum  2  J  inches;  greatest  greatest  breadth  2  inches  5  lines;  greatest 
breadth  2  inches  5  lines;  greatest  length  length  of  portion  of  carapax  behind 
of  posterior  part  of  carapax  behind  ab-  abdominal  plates  1  inch  3]  lines  ;  dis- 
dominal  plates  1  inch  1  line  ;  distance  tance  between  posterior  margin  of  anal 
between  posterior  margin  of  anal  scutes  scutes  and  posterior  margin  of  marginal 
and  posterior  margin  of  marginal  plates  plates  6  lines. 
72  lines. 
'  Both  sexes  ash  color,  brown  or  olive  above,  with  numerous  dark  colored  spots; 
sternum  yellow,  or  black,  or  brown  mingled  with  yellow  ;  soft  parts  beneath 
ash  mingled  with  white,  yellowish  or  reddish  mingled  with  yellow  ;  head  olive 
colored;  two  yellow  vittae,  one  passing  above,  the  other  beneath  the  eye ;  iris 
golden  ;  barbels  in  both  sexes  and  scales  upon  the  posterior  part  of  the  hinder 
extremities. 

Habitat.  Same  as  former  ;  hybernate  in  great  numbers  together,  Mr.  Vogt 
having  turned  out  239  from  one  hole.  They  are  associated  in  hybernating  with 
Tropidonotus  sipedon  and  ordinatus,  and  Rana  pipiens  or  Bull  frog  ;  never  with 
the  Chelonura  serpentina,  or  snapper,  which  is  always  found  alone. 

Younger  specimens.  Shell  strongly  carinated  and  marked  with  dark  colored 
radiating  lines  resembling  in  form  those  of  Unio  radiata ;  no  spots;  contour  of 
shell  in  females  oval ;  specimens  2\  inches  and  2  lines  in  length. 

The  varieties  indicated  above  may  be  described  as  follows: — 

Type.  Predominating  color,  dusky  ash  above,  with  marblings  of  yellow,  more 
especially  along  the  sides  ;  head  olive,  with  a  few  small  yellow  spots  ;  no  yellow 


1856.] 


107 


lines  above  or  beneath  the  eyes  ;  pupil  black  ;  iris  golden ;  sternum  black,  seve- 
ral of  the  plates  tipped  with  yellowish  ;  marginal  scutes  narrow,  except  the  t(  ur 
posterior,  which  are  broad  (Adult.)  In  younger  specimens  the  yellow  lines 
above  and  below  the  eyes  are  manifest;  shell  ash,  spotted  with  black  ;  sternum 
yellow,  mingled  v^ith  black,  sometimas  without  spots;  very  young  specimens 
with  radiating  lines  of  black  upon  ttie  carapax  ;  length  of  shell  3  inches  10  lines. 

Var.  a.  Carapax  olive,  with  numerous  black  spots ;  posterior  terminal  mar- 
ginal plates  larger  than  the  others  ;  an  orange-colored  line  above  and  one  below 
the  eyes  ;  iris  golden  ;  sternum  yellow  and  black  mingled  ;  soft  parts  ash  colored, 
with  a  tinge  of  red  and  yellow;  younger  specimens  presenting  the  same  general 
appearance;  shell  inclining  to  brown  above;  sternum  yellow.  (K.  guttatum, 
LeConte.) 

Length  of  shell  3  inches  7  lines. 

Var.  /?.  Shell  dark  Spanish  brown  above,  with  numerous  dark  colored  spots; 
sternum  black,  mingled  with  yellow ;  soft  parts  greyish. 

Length  of  shell  4  inches  4  lines. 

The  Kinosternum  guttatum  of  Major  LeConte  appears  to  be  a  variety  of 
Staurotypus  odoratus,  var.  a.  Dr.  Holbrook's  plate  represents  a  young  ash- 
colored  female.  Schoepf's  figure  is  also  that  of  a  female  more  advanced  but  not 
fully  grown.   (Tab.  24,  ,g.)     Hist.  Testudinum.     Erlangae,  1752.* 

We  believe  Dumeril  and  Bibron  to  be  right  in  putting  the  animal  above  de- 
scribed in  the  genus  Staurotypus. 

Cinosternon  penusylvanicum  differs  from  Staurotypus  odoratus  in  the  much 
greater  mobility  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  sternum,  the  animal  being  able 
to  close  itself  up,  almost  like  a  box  tortoise,  in  the  greater  extent  therefore  to 
which  the  sternum  covers  the  ventral  surface,  in  the  marked  differences  in  the 
shape  of  the  sternal  scutes,  which,  with  the  exception  of  the  abdominal,  are  more 
or  less  triangular  in  penusylvanicum,  in  the  larger  size  of  the  inguinal  plates, 
in  the  shape  and  coloration  of  the  head,  in  the  form  and  arrangement  of  the 
posterior  marginal  plates,  and  in  the  configuration  of  the  carapax. 

Staurotypus-j-  belongs  to  the  family  of  Elodites  of  Dum.  and  Bib.,  orPaludine 
Turtles,  which  are  placed  immediately  after  the  Chersites  or  Land  Tortoises. 
These  are  subdivided  into  two  subfamilies — the  Cryptoderes  and  Pleuroderes — 
the  first  having  the  power  of  withdrawing  the  neck  under  the  middle  of  the  cara- 
pax. It  comprises  seven  genera,  viz.:  Cistuda,  Emys,  Tetronyx,  Platysternon, 
Emysaurus,  Staurotypus  and  Cinosternon. 

The  second  sub-family,  or  that  of  the  Pleuroderes,  which  have  the  power  of 
withdrawing  the  neck  to  one  of  the  sides  of  the  anterior  opening  of  the  carapax, 
and  never  completely  between  the  arms  and  under  the  middle  of  the  carapax,  as 
in  the  Cryptoderes.  comprises  a'so  seven  genera,  viz.,  Peltocephalus,  Poducne- 
mis,  Pentonyx,  S/ernotheerus,  Platemys,  Chelodina,  Chelys.  It  will  be  observed, 
therefore,  that  Staurotypus  and  Sternothjierus  belong  to  different  subfamilies,  for 
which  reason  we  prefer  to  designate  this  animal  as  Dumeril  and  Bibron  have  done 
by  W  agler's  name  of  Staurotypus,  the  latter  being  a  Cryptodere  ;  besides,  Sterno- 
th^erus  has  no  nuchal  plate,  and  is  destitute  of  axillary  and  inguinal  plates. 
The  marginal  scutes  are  24  in  number.  The  sternum  is  not  cruciform,  as  in 
Staurotypus,  the  anterior  valve  (the  only  one)  and  the  abdominal  plates  en- 
closing the  animal  leaving  the  posterior  parts  more  or  less  exposed,  the  poste- 
rior part  of  the  sternum  being  immoveable,  or  nearly  so,  as  in  Staurotypus. 
Dumeril  and  Bibron  also  point  out  an  anatomical  difference  of  importance  be- 
tween the  Cryptoderes  and  Pleuroderes,  viz.,  that  in  the  latter  the  pelvis  is  solidly 
fixed  to  both  the  sternum  and  carapax  ;  whereas,  in  the  former,  it  is  "  articulated 
to  the  internal  face  of  the  carapax  by  a  cartilaginous  symphisis,  corresponding  to 
the  sacral  bf^ne,  being  entirely  free  towards  the  sternum,  permitting  several  of 

*  Mr.  Gray,  Major  LeConte  and  the  Prince  de  Canino,  place  it  in  Cinosternon  ; 
Prof  Holbrook  and  Mr.  Bell,  in  Sternothaerus. 

f  2Tay/)oc,  cross,  and  tutto;,  type — sternum  cruciform. 


108  [June, 

these  Chelonians  to  move  slightly  this  portion  of  their  bony  apparatus."  The 
celebrated  authors  above  mentioned  describe  but  two  species  of  Staurotypus, 
viz.,  triporcatus  and  odoratus.  Of  the  former  we  have  a  specimen  from  the 
river  Medelin,  in  Mexico,  the  carapax  of  which,  measures  11  inches  (Fr.)  in  length 
and  7  in  breadth,  being  much  larger  than  the  specimen  in  the  Jardin  des  Plantes. 
The  sternum  is  cruciform  and  has  but  7  pUites,  there  being  eleven  in  odoratus. 
but  when  we  consider  that  these  animals  correspond  in  the  shape  of  the  head, 
the  general  configuration  of  the  shell,  and  the  form  of  the  sternum,  these  differ- 
ences may  be  considered  specific,  and  not  generic.  The  following  are  the  cha- 
racters of  Siaurotypus,  Cinosternon  and  Sternothaerus,  as  given  by  Dumeril  and 
Bibron,  (Tome  ll/pp.  354,  361  and  39G.) 

Sub-Fam.  CRYPTODERID.E. 

Gen.  Staurotypus,  Wagler. 

Head  subquadrangular,  pyramidal,  covered  in  front  by  a  single,  very  thin 
plate;  jaws  more  or  less  hooked  ;  barbels  under  the  chin  ;  23  marginal  scutes  ; 
sternum  ihick.  cruciform,  moveable  ia  front,  provided  with  eight  or  eleven  scuta  ; 
the  axillary  and  inguinal  plates  contiguous,  placed  upon  the  sterno-costal  su- 
tures ;  anterior  feet  with  five  nails,  posterior  with  four  only.     Two  species. 

Cinosternon,  Wagler. 

Head  subquadrangular,  pyramidal ;  a  single  rhomboidal  plate  upon  the  cra- 
nium ;  jaws  slightly  hoolied  ;  barbels  under  the  chin  ;  scales  of  the  shell  slightly 
imbricated  ;  23  marginal  scutes  ;  sternum  oval,  moveable  in  front  and  posteriorly 
upon  a  fixed  piece,  provided  with  eleven  scales,  with  short,  narrow,  subhorizon- 
tal  wings  ;  a  very  large  axillary,  an  inguinal  still  larger  ;  tail  long,  (in  the  males,) 
unguiculated.  (Staurotypus  with  a  larger  sternum,  and  the  posterior  part  of 
the  sternum  movable.)     Three  species. 

Sub-Fam.  PLEURODERID.E. 

Gen.  SternothvErus,  Bell. 

Head  depressed,  provided  with  plates  ;  jaws  not  denticulated  ;  no  nuchal  plate  ; 
sternum  large,  with  very  narrow  lateral  prolongations;  anterior  portion  of  the 
plastron  rounded,  moveable;  five  nails  to  each  extremity.  (Three  species,  all 
from  Madagascar.     We  have  three  shells  of  this  genus  from  W.  Africa.) 


Oa  leave  granted,  Dr.  Le  Conte  offered  the  following,  which  was 
unanimously  adopted : 

Resolved,  That  a  special  vote  of  thanks  be  presented  by  the  Academy 
to  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  U.  S.  Navy,  for  his  numerous  and  valuable  dona- 
tions to  the  Museum  of  the  Academy. 


June  24  ^/i. 
Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committee  on  Messrs.  Berkeley  and  Curtis'  paper,  read  10th  inst. 
reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Journal. 

The  Committees  on  Mr.  Sager's  pnpor,  read  May  13th;  on  Mr.  Lea's 
paper,  read  June  od ;  on  Messrs.  Meek  &  Hayden's  paper,  read  10th 
inst.;  on  Prof.  Harper's  paper,  read  17th  inst.;  and  on  Mr.  Taylor's 
and  Dr.  Hallo  well's  papers,  read  same  date,  severally  reported  in  favor 
of  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 


1856.]  109 

Descriptions  of  three  Myriapoda. 

By  Ab.  Sager. 

CRASPEDOSOMAD^,  Gray. 

Gen.  Reasia?  Gr. 

Sp.  R.  SPiNOSA,  Nob.  Body  consists  of  sixty  or  sixty-one  segments,  exclusive 
of  the  head  and  ultimate  bivalve  scale.  Segments  all  marked  with  sharp  longi- 
tudinal ridges,  the  size  of  which  vary  considerably.  On  each  side  and  between 
the  mesial  line  and  stigmata,  are  seven  nearly  equal  ridges,  that  border  the 
mesial  line  somewhat  lower  than  the  rest.  On  the  sides  are  three  larger  ones 
terminated  with  spines,  between  which  there  are  two  smaller  and  spineless  ones; 
the  superior  spinous  ridge  is  semi-double  and  connected  with  the  stigmata  ; 
below  these  are  nine  or  ten  smaller  ridges,  gradually  diminishing  as  they  ap- 
proach the  basis  of  the  feet;  anterior  and  posterior  segments  about  equal  to  the 
adjoining  ones,  head  glabrous  ;  eyes  a  black  triangular  patch  at  the  outer  base 
of  the  antennae  ;  body  cylindrical,  chesnut  brown,  with  a  paler  dorsal  line 
covering  the  two  dorsal  ridges,  and  a  pale  lateral  line  covering  the  series  of  the 
stigmata ;  feet  and  antennte  rufous.  Differs  from  the  Reasia  of  Gray  in  eyes, 
in  a  triangular  instead  of  a  linear  spot,  and  from  the  Cylindrosoma  of  the  same 
author  in  the  distinctness  of  the  ridges  and  not  having  a  reniform  eye  spot. 

Nearly  allied  to  the  Julus  lactarius  of  Say. 

Gen.  Stenonia,  Gr. 

Sp.  S.  HispiDA,  Nob.  Body  composed  of  seventeen  double  segments,  dis- 
tincly  divided  on  the  dorsal  mesial  line.  Body  depressed,  margins  of  segments 
quite  prominent  and  curved  forwards  near  the  head,  in  the  middle  and  poste- 
riorly transverse  or  curved  slightly  backwards.  Surface  of  each  segment  covered 
with  five  rows  of  distinct  tubercles,  arranged  somewhat  in  quincuncial  order. 
From  the  direction  of  the  tubercles  the  lateral  and  posterior  margins  of  each 
segment  appear  serrated.  First  cervical  segment  smaller  than  the  next,  rounded 
anteriorly,  straight  and  narrower  behind,  and  obliquely  truncated  on  the  sides. 
The  posterior  segment  about  equal  to  the  next  in  length,  is  triangular,  the  apex 
armed  with  a  stiff  hair.  Color  pale  red  above,  feet  and  ventral  surface  flesh 
colored. 

Length  Q'".     Under  decayed  logs. 

Gen.  Strigamia,  Gr. 

Sp.  S.  fulva,  Nob.  Body  somewhat  depressed,  slightly  narrowed  towards 
the  extremities,  smooth  above,  rough  and  villous  on  the  sides  and  beneath  ;  feet 
hairy  ;  posterior  pair  equal  in  length  and  twice  as  large  as  the  next;  antennal 
segments  obconical,  except  the  last,  which  is  elliptical,  and  as  long  as  the  two 
preceding  ones.  Alternate  dorsal  scut«  form  a  slight,  obtuse,  lateral  process. 
Color  fulvous  tibove,  fawn  colored  on  the  sides  and  beneath. 

Approximates  closely  to  the  Geophilus  rubens  of  Say. 


Description  of  Thirteen  New  Species  of  Exotic  Peristomata. 
By  Isaac  Lea. 

Paludina  Hainesiaxa.  Testa  ventricoso-conoidea,  subglobosa,  ponderosa, 
solida,  viridi-palida,  arctissime  umbilicata,  Icevi ;  spira  obtusa,  ad  apicem  carnea ; 
suturis  valde  impressis  ;  anfractibus  senis,  convexis,  ultimo  amplo ;  apertura 
magna,  subrotundata,  intus  albida ;  columella  alba,  crassa,  incurvata. 

Hab.  Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.D. 


-) 


Paludina  umbilicata.  Testa  oarinata,  obtuse  conoidea,  viridi-brunea,  sub- 
tenui,  umbilicata,  Ijevi ;  spira  obtusa,  babylonica  ;  suturis  linearibus  ;  anfractibus 
senis,  carinatis,  superne  planulatis  ;  apertura  subrotundata,  intus  albida ;  um- 
bilico  spiraliter  carinato  ;  columella  incurvata. 


Hab.  Takroug  River,  Siam.     W.  A.  Haines. 


110  [June, 

Paludixa  chinensis.  Testa- carinata,  pyramidata,  rufo-castaned,  subcrassa, 
arctissime  ambilicata,  striata  ;  spira  elevata  ;  suturis  impressis  ;  anfractibus  sep- 
tenis,  planulatis,  in  medio  carinatis,  superne  geniculata  ;  apertura.  subrotunda, 
incurvata ;  labro  angulato. 

Hub.  China.     W.  A.  Haines. 

Paludina  Swainsoniana.  Testa  globosa,  subsolida,  tenebroso-viridi,  arctis- 
sime unibilicata,  laevi ;  spira  obtusa  ;  suturis  valde  impressis  ;  anfractibus  instar 
quinis,  convexis  ;  apertura  rotundata,  intus  albida. 

Hab.  Siam.     T.  R.  lugalls,  M.D. 

Paludina  Ingallsiana.  Testa  carinata,  obtuse  conoidea,  tenebroso-viridi, 
tenui,  umbilicata,  nitida ;  spira  obtusa  ;  suturis  linearibus,  anfractibus  senis, 
subplanulatis,  minutissime  et  transverse  striatis;  apertura  rotundato-elliptica, 
inferne  subangulata,  intus  cceruleo-alba. 

Hab.  Siam.     T.  R.  Ingalls,  M.D. 

BiTHiNiA  SiAMENSis.  Testa  ovato-concoidea,  palido-olivacea,  tenui,  diaphana, 
nitida,  lajvi,  arctissime  umbilicata  ;  spira  subelevata  ;  suturis  linearibus  ;  anfrac- 
tibus iustar  senis,  convexis  ;  apertura  ovato-rotundata,  incrassata,  superne  an- 
gulata,  intus  albida. 

Operculo  calcareo,  extrinsecus  striis  concentricis,  intus  granulato. 

Hab.  Takrong  River,  Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.D. 

BiTHiNiA  GLOBULA.  Tcsta  globosa,  palido-olivacea,  tenui,  diaphana,  laevi ; 
imperforata ;  spira  depressa,  ad  apice  obtusa ;  suturis  impressis  ;  anfractibus 
quaternis,  ventricosis  ;  apertura  rotundata,  incrassata,  subreflexa,  superne  angu- 
lata,  intus  albida  ;  columella  incrassata. 

Operculo  calcareo  Ijevi,  marginata. 

Hab.  India.     W.  A.  Haines.  <t 

Paludomus  maculata.  Testa  ovato-conica,  virido-lutea,  brunneo-maculata, 
crassa,  imperforata,  lajvi ;  suturis  valde  impressis  ;  anfractibus  instar  quinis, 
convexis  ;  apertura  subrotunda,  intus  alba  ;  columella  per  alba,  callosa. 

Hab.  Abmednugger,  India.     S.  ShurtlefT,  M.D. 

Ampollauia  aurostoma.  Testa  subglobosa,  lutea,  transversim  vittata,  crassa, 
arete  perforata,  Isevi ;  spira  obtusa;  suturis  vix  profundis  ;  anfractibus  instar 
senis,  convexis  ;  apertura  rotundo-elliptica,  subreflexa,  intus  aurantia  et  obsolete 
vittata  ;  umbilico  arete  compresso  ;  columella  crassa. 

Operculo  corneo,  pellucido,  subtriangulari. 

Hab.  Cartliagena.     Col.  Totteu,  J.  C.  Troutwine,  Esq. 

Ampullaria  TUBiEPORMis.  Tcsta  elongato-globosa,  tenebroso-fusca,  trans- 
versim vittata,  tenui,  pellucida,  late  umbilicata,  Isevi ;  spira  emersa  ;  suturis 
valde  profundis;  anfractibus  instar  quinis,  valde  convexis;  apertura  magna, 
subrotunda,  dilatata,  luteo-albida,  intus  brunneo-vittata  ;  umbilico  magno  ;  co- 
lumella subcallosa. 

Eah. ?     M.  Burrough,  M.D. 

Ampullaria  gracilis.  Testa  regulariter  elliplica.  luteo-olivacca,  transversim 
pervittata,  subtenui,  arete  umbilicata,  laevi,  nitida  ;  spira  emersa;  suturis  paulis- 
per  impressis  ;  anfractiVjus  instar  senis,  subconvexis  ;  apertura  ovata,  intus  tene- 
broso-brunnea  et  obsolete  vittata;  labio  acuto  ;  umbilico  acte  compresso  ;  colu- 
mella hcvi. 

Hab.  Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.D. 

Ampullaria  turp.inis.  Testa  turbinata,  luteo-viridi,  transversim  vittata,  sub- 
crassa, imperforata,  Isjvi ;  spira  valde  depressa;  suturis  paulisper  impressis; 
anfractibus  instar  quinis.  valde  convexis  ;  apertura  pergrandi,  elongato-ovata, 
vel  alba  vel  lutea,  intus  vittata  ;  labio  acuto  ;  columella  valde  incurvata,  incras- 
sata. 

Hab.  Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.D. 


1856.]  Ill 

AssiMiNEA.  CARiXATA.  Testa  rcgulariter  conica,  lutea,  vittata,  subcrassa  ura- 
bilicata,  laevi ;  spira  ad  apicera  acuta  ;  suturis  paulisper  impressis,  infra  lineatis  ; 
anfractibus  instar  septenis,  planulatis  ;  apertura  elliptica,  subcanuliculata,  iutus 
vittata  ;  umbilico  spiraliter  carinato  ;  columella  incurvataad  basim  subangulata. 

Hah.  Siam,     S.  R.  House,  M.D. 


'  Desa-iptions  of  New  Species  of  Acephala  and  Gasteropcda.,  from  the  Tertiary  forma- 
tions of  Nebraska  Territory,  loith  some  general  remarks  on  the  Geology  of  the 
country  about  the  sources  of  the  3fissouri  River. 

By  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D. 

That  portion  of  the  great  Tertiary  basin  from  which  the  fossils  described  in 
the  following-  paper  were  obtained,  occupies  an  extensive  area  of  country  near 
the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri,  chiefly  between  the  46th  and  49th  parallels  of 
north  latitude,  and  the  100th,  and  108th  degree  of  longitude  west  from  Green- 
wich. According  to  the  Barometrical  measurements  made  by  the  party  charged 
with  the  exploration  of  the  proposed  northern  route  of  the  Pacific  railroad,  this 
district  varies  in  its  elevation  from  1800  to  2700  feet  above  the  present  flow  of 
the  tidal  wave.* 

In  regard  to  the  geographical,  topographical,  and  phj'sical  features  of  this 
country,  its  native  tribes,  its  botany,  zoology,  &c.,  much  interesting  information 
was  long  since  laid  before  the  public  by  the  reports  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  and 
Long's  expeditions,  by  Mr.  Catlin,  the  Prince  of  New  Wied,  Mr.  Nuttall  and 
others.  More  recently,  much  information  of  a  similar  nature  has  been  added  by 
the  report  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Survey.  All  these  enterprising  travellers 
mention  the  occurrence  of  sandstones,  clays,  lignite,  &c.,  but  without  giving  us 
much  information  in  regard  to  the  age  of  these  formations,  the  extent  of  country 
occupied  by  them,  or  as  to  the  character  of  their  organic  remains. 

In  1849  Dr.  John  Evans  traced  a  great  Lignite  formation  from  below  Fort  Clark, 
along  the  Missouri  to  a  point  twenty  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Stone; 
and  in  1850  Mr.  Thaddcus  A.  Culbertson,  who  visited  this  country  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  saw  this  formation  at  two  or  three 
points  above  Fort  Union.  In  a  map  accompanying  a  highly  interesting  memoir 
on  the  geology  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Territories,  published  recently  by  Mr.  A.  K. 
Isbister,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London,  a  large  area  about 
the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  is  colored  as  Tertiary,  but  so  as  to  convey  an  in- 
correct idea  of  the  extent  of  country  occupied  by  it.  About  the  same  time,  Mr. 
Jules  .Marcou  published  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of  France,  a 
memoir  on  the  Geology  of  the  United  States  and  the  British  Provinces,  accom- 
l^anied  by  a  map,  on  which  he  colors  nearly  all  the  country  about  the  headwaters 
of  the  Missouri  as  New  Red  Sandstone,  surmounted  along  the  west  shore  of  that 
stream  by  Cretaceous  outliers.  Between  this  and  the  Black  Hills  he  brings  up 
to  Cannon-ball  River,  from  the  White  River  basin,  a  continuous  belt  of  Tertiary. 
West  of  this  he  places  a  belt  of  Jurassic,  and  along  the  supposed  position  of 
the  Black  Hills  he  runs  a  stripe  of  Eruptive  and  Metamorphic  rocks,  flanked  on 
the  east  and  west  by  Carboniferous  formations.  On  the  west  side  of  the  Black 
Hills  he  colors  another  extensive  district  of  Jurassic.  In  all  this  Mr.  Marcou 
is  certainly  mistaken,  excepting  in  regard  to  the  Eruptive  and  Metamorphic  rocks 
of  the  Black  Hills ;  there  may  also  be  Carboniferous  formations  tliere,  but 
they  have  not  yet  been  recognized  as  far  north  by  two  or  three  hundred  miles, 
as  laid  down  by  him. 

Leaving  for  a  future  occasion  all  local  and  other  details,  we  now  propose  to 
give  a  brief  general  sketch  of  the  extent  and  boundaries,  as  far  as  we  can,  of 
that  porticn  of  the  great  Tertiary  lignite  formation  from  which  our  fossils  were 
collected,  with  a  few  remarks  wpon  its  probable  age,  and  relations  to  the  White 
river  basin,  as  well  as  to  the  Cretaceous  formations  upon  which  it  reposes. 

*  Some  points  not  crossed  by  these  explorers  may  be  a  few  hundred  feet  higher. 


112  [June, 

Ascending  the  Missouri  from  Fort  Pierre,  we  find  on  reaching  a  point  five  miles 
below  Heart  river,  about  the  47th  parallel  north,  that  the  Cretaceous  formations 
which  are  so  conspicuous  for  many  hundred  miles  along  the  river  below,  pass 
by  a  gentle  north  or  north-west  dip  beneath  the  water  level,  to  be  succeeded  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  by  Tertiary.  Although  this  is  the  first  point  where  the 
Tertiary  beds  come  down  to  the  water  level,  they  are  known  to  occupy  the  higher 
country  back  from  the  river,  on  the  west  side,  as  far  south  as  the  vicinity  of 
Sau-acanna  or  Moreau  river,  and  still  further  west  they  go  as  far  south  as  some 
of  the  north-west  branches  of  the  Cheyenne.  Cannon-ball  river,  Watahoo,  and 
other  small  tributaries,  however,  cut  down  to  the  Cretaceous  beds  some  little 
distance  back  from  the  Missouri.  On  the  east  side  of  the  ]\lissouri  the  Tertiary 
is  bounded  on  the  south,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Cannon-ball  river,  by  a 
range  of  upper  Cretaceous  hills  bearing  off  to  the  north  east.  South  of  the 
Moreau,  a  similar  range,  known  as  Fox  Hills,  extends  from  near  the  Missouri  to 
about  the  102°  of  west  longitude,  where  it  is  interrupted  by  a  small  tributary 
of  the  Cheyenne.  West  of  this  small  stream,  the  same  range  of  upper  Cretaceous 
hills,  known  perhaps  by  other  local  names,  bears  round  to  the  north-west, 
crossing  the  head  branches  of  the  Little  Missouri  so  as  to  strike  the  Yellow  Stone 
river  about  ten  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Powder  river  ;  forming  nearly  all  this 
distance  the  south  and  south-west  boundaries  of  that  portion  of  the  great  Ter- 
tiary basin  lying  in  the  immense  bend  formed  by  the  Missouri  and  Yellow  Stone 
rivers.  To  comprehend  how  this  range  of  hills  could  traverse  the  country  in 
this  way,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  Black  Hills  are  laid  down  on  most 
of  the  published  maps  of  this  country  as  extending  a  long  distance  too  far  north. 

Returning  to  the  point  near  Heart  river,  from  which  we  first  set  out,  we  find 
on  ascending  the  Missouri,  that  the  Cretaceous  strata  again  rise  to  view  at  a  few 
points  not  far  below  Fort  Clark,  but  even  here  the  country  on  each  side  is  com- 
posed of  Tertiary.  It  was  at  one  of  these  localities  the  Prince  of  Kew  Wied 
collected  a  nearly  entire  skeleton  of  Mosasaurus  Maximiliani  (Goldf.)  From  the 
vicinity  of  Fort  Clark  we  know  of  no  other  place  where  the  Cretaceous  beds 
make  their  appearance  until  about  twelve  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Milk  river, 
(lat.  47°  N.  long.  104°  W.)  the  country  on  both  sides  of  the  Missouri  all  this 
great  distance  being  made  up  of  Tertiary  formations,  the  northern  and  eastern 
limits  of  which  are  unknown  to  us.  Immediately  along  the  margins  of  Milk 
river,  Cretaceous  beds  are  seen  on  both  sides  as  far  up  as  we  have  any  knowledge 
of  the  country,  though  the  higher  country  back  from  the  river  is  Tertiary.  From 
the  point  below  the  mouth  of  this  stream  on  the  Missouri,  where  the  Cretaceous 
beds  first  make  their  appearance,  they  are  seen  to  rise  higher  and  higher  as  we 
ascend  the  ?iIissouri,  in  consequence  of  their  inclination  to  the  east  or  north-east. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  Missouri,  between  it  and  Milk  river,  the  higher  portions 
of  the  country  back  from  the  Missouri,  are  also  composed  of  Tertiary  beds. 

The  same  formations  likewise  occupy  nearly  all  the  country  between  the  Mis- 
souri and  Yellow  Stone,  as  far  west  as  the  vicinity  of  Muscleshell  river,  where 
they  thin  out  on  the  summits  of  Cretaceous  hills.  The  hills,  however,  near  the 
Missouri,  between  Milk  and  Muscleshell  rivers,  are  also  mainly  Cretaceous,  the 
Tertiary  being  for  the  most  part  worn  away  by  atmospheric  agencies. 

On  both  sides  of  the  Yellow  Stone,  only  Tertiary  strata  are  seen  from  near  the 
mouth  of  Powder  river  as  far  up  as  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Horn.  How  far  be- 
yond this  they  extend  we  do  not  know,  though  we  have  received  Tertiary  fossils 
from  intellisfent  traders,  collected  as  far  up  the  Big  Horn  as  one  of  its  tributaries 
known  as  Little  Horn  river.  From  another  point  as  far  west  on  the  Yellow 
Stone  as  Rose  river,  we  received  a  few  Cretaceous  fossils.  As  to  the  limits  of 
the  Tertiary  up  Powder  and  Tongue  rivers,  we  have  no  definite  information. 
The  traders  say  the  same  kind  of  lignite  beds  seen  along  the  Yellow  Stone,  occur 
along  the  l)anks  of  the  former  as  much  as  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  above  its 
mouth. 

The  foregoing  hasty  sketch  is  given  more  with  a  view  of  showing  the  extent 
of  country  occupied  by  this  great  Tertiary  lignite  formation,  than  with  any 
hope  of  conveying  a  definite  idea  of  its  precise  limits.     If  it  should  prove  to  be 


1856.]  113 

only  a  part  of  the  same  extensive  fresh  water  lignite  formation  observed  by  Sir 
John  Richardson  on  the  Saskatchawan,  of  which  we  have  little  doubt,  then  it 
is  highly  probable  the  Lignite  and  Goal  formations  mentioned  by  Mr.  Isbister  as 
flanking  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  form  of  a  continuous 
belt  from  the  Saskatchawan  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  belong  to  the  same  epoch. 

For  the  most  part,  these  deposits  in  Nebraska  consist  of  beds  of  gray,  yel- 
lowish, whitish,  and  blue  sand,  sandstone,  clay,  &c.,  with  alternating  strata  of 
lignite  of  variable  purity,  and  carbonaceous  matter  mingled  with  much  sand 
and  clay.  These  beds  of  lignite  often  take  fire  spontaneously,  from  heat  gene- 
rated in  the  decomposition  of  iron  pyrites,  and  burn  for  many  years  at  a  time, 
sending  forth  suffocating  sulphurous  vapors,  and  causing  such  an  intense  degree 
of  heat  as  to  fuse  the  contiguous  clay  and  sand  into  masses  presenting  every  de- 
gree of  compactness,  from  that  of  obsidian  to  light  vesicular  lava.  In  some  of 
the  argillaceous  beds,  great  numbers  of  beautiful  fossil  plants  are  found,  a  fine 
series  of  which  was  collected  and  placed  for  investigation  in  the  hands  of  Dr. 
J.  S.  Newberry,  the  well  known  fossil  botanist  of  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  remains 
of  Mollusca  collected  from  these  formations,  over  a  wide  extent  of  countrj-,  pre- 
sent a  remarkable  uniformity  of  character,  and  as  maybe  seen  by  the  following 
paper,  are  all,  excepting  a  few  land  shells,  referable  to  genera  usually  found  in 
fresh  and  brackish  waters.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  most  nearly  allied 
living  representatives  of  many  of  these  species  are  now  found  inhabiting  the 
streams  of  Southern  Africa,  Asia,  China,  and  Siam,  apparently  indicating  the 
existence  of  a  tropical  climate  in  these  latitudes  at  as  late  a  period  as  the  Tertiary 
epoch.* 

Although  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these  deposits  hold  a  rather  low  position 
in  the  Tertiary  System,  we  have  as  yet  been  able  to  arrive  at  no  very  definite 
conclusions  as  to  their  exact  synchronism  with  any  particular  minor  subdivision 
of  Tertiary,  not  having  been  able  to  identify  any  of  the  Mollusca  found  in 
them  with  those  of  any  well  marked  geological  horizon  in  other  countries. 
Their  general  resemblance  to  the  fossils  of  the  Woolwich  and  Reading  series  of 
English  geologists,  as  well  as  to  those  of  the  great  Lignite  formations  of  the 
south-east  of  France,  would  seem  to  point  to  the  lower  Eocene  as  their  jjosition. 
Yet  it  may  be  possible  these  resemblances  have  resulted  from  the  action  of  pre- 
cisely similar  causes  at  a  somewhat  later  period. 

It  is  a  little  remarkable  that  these  formations  differ  in  many  respects  from 
those  of  the  White  river  basin  lying  so  near  on  the  south.  In  the  first  place  they 
generally  contain  more  sand,  are  usually  characterized  by  beds  of  lignite,  and 
as  yet  have  furnished  no  remains  of  Mammalia  ;  while  the  White  river  basin  is 
more  argillaceous,  appears  to  be  destitute  of  lignite,  and  is  well  known  to  be  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  repositories  of  extinct  mammalian  remains  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  In  addition  to  this,  not  one  of  the  species  of  Mollusca  in  our  col- 
lection from  the  Lignite  formations,  is  identical  with  any  of  those  described  by 
Dr.  Evans  and  Dr.  Shumard  from  the  White  river  basin. 

Formations  immediately  beneath  the  Tertiary  in  this  district. 
It  would  seem  that  the  change  of  physical  conditions  which  closed  the  Cre- 
taceous epoch  and  ushered  in  the  Tertiary,  in  this  part  of  the  world  at  least,  was 
gradual, — not  violent.  We  find  that  even  while  the  Cretaceous  conditions  still 
existed,  (during  the  deposition  of  No.  5  of  the  seriesf )  the  approaching  close  of 
that  state  of  things,  and  tlie  coming  of  the  Tertiary  era,  were  foreshadowed  by 
the  introduction  of  Fasciolaria^  Pleurotoma,  and  Belemnitella,  with  many  shells  of 
other  genera,  quite  as  near  in  their  specific  affinities  to  Tertiary  as  to  Cretaceous 

*  We  are  under  many  obligations  to  Dr.  Isaac  Lea,  of  Philadelphia,  for  the 
privilege  of  comparing  our  fossil  species  with  analogous  forms  in  his  magnifi- 
cent collection  of  recent  shells. 

I  For  a  section  of  the  rocks  of  this  country  see  a  paper  by  James  Hall  and  F. 
B.  Meek  in  the  Memoirs.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.  vol.  5,  New  Series.  Likewise  a 
paper  by  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden  in  Proceed.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  March 
1856. 


114 


[June, 


forms  ;  while  the  sea  was  gradually  becoming  more  shallow,  as  is  shown  by  the 
increase  of  gasteropoda.  We  even  know  from  the  presence  of  a  few  remains  of 
lycopodiaceous  plants,  and  an  occasional  unbroken  leaf  of  some  exogenous  tree, 
that  there  was  dry  land  at  this  time  somewhere  not  very  far  away.  Gradually, 
as  we  ascend  in  the  series,  the  strictly  marine  animals  disappear,  and  we  meet 
with  Ostrea,  Corbula,  and  Ceriihium,  mingled  in  the  same  bed  with  Mclania,  Palu- 
dina,  Physa,  Cyrena^  &c.,  all  of  Tertiary  types;  while  a  little  higher  in  the 
series,  we  find  at  some  places  only  the  remains  of  land  and  fresh  water  mollusca. 
From  the  above  facts,  especially  the  presence  of  Pleurotoma,  Fasciolaria,  and 
Belemnitclla,  in  this  upper  member  of  the  Cretaceous  system  of  this  country, 
we  cannot  think  it  represents  any  part  of  the  Green  Sand  of  English  geologists. 
Numerous  well  marked  Cretaceous  forms  show  it  cannot  be  Tertiary,  conse- 
quently we  think  it  must  represent  some  portion  of  the  true  Chalk.  We  are  by 
no  means  inclined,  however,  to  adopt  the  views  of  M.  Alcide  D'Orbiguy, 
who  regards  all  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  the  United  States  and  Western 
Territories  as  referable  to  a  later  epoch  than  the  Green  Sand,  as  the  next  suc- 
ceeding formation  below  that  of  which  we  have  just  been  speaking,  (No.  4  of 
the  series),  is  characterized  by  numerous  fossils  of  unquestionable  Green  Sand 
type.  We  think  confusion  has  been  created  in  tracing  out  the  parallelism  be- 
tween American  and  European  Cretaceous  formations,  by  fossils  from  different 
positions  in  this  country  having  been  mingled  together  and  described  as  if  they 
occurred  in  the  same  bed. 

Formations  at  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous  Scries  of  this  district. 

As  previously  stated,  near  the  mouth  of  Milk  river,  Cretaceous  strata  which 
are  not  seen  for  a  long  distance  below  this  on  the  Missouri,  again  rise  to  vievi'. 
They  consist  of  the  upper  two  members  of  the  series  (No.  5  and  No.  4)  which, 
in  consequence  of  their  inclination  to  the  east,  are  found  to  rise  higher  and 
higher  as  we  ascend  the  river,  so  that  nearly  all  the  hills  close  to  the  Missouri, 
between  Milk  and  Muscleshell  rivers,  consist  of  these  formations.  Some  four  or 
five  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Muscleshell  river,  a  lower  rock, — a  sandstone, — 
rises  above  the  water  level.  This  is  probably  No.  1  of  the  series.  No.  2  and  No. 
3  not  being  represented  here.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  out  of  two  species  of 
Mactra^  two  of  Tellina,  two  of  Inoceramus,  one  of  Pholodomya,  two  of  Nat/ca,  and 
one  Bacuiite,  found  in  this  rock,  not  one  is  known  to  occur  in  any  of  the  higher 
formations,  and  some  of  these  species  are  not  unlike  Neocomicn  forms. 

In  consequence  of  the  increasing  inclination  of  the  strata,  this  last  mentioned 
sandstone  rises  in  the  vicinity  of  North  Mountain  river  as  much  as  250  feet  above 
the  Missouri.  Here,  or  near  this,  begins  a  wild  and  desolate  region,  known  as 
the  Mauvaises  Torres  or  Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith.  At  various  places  in  these  Bad 
Lands  a  sandstone  similar  to  No.  1  was  seen  alternating  with  beds  of  clay  and 
lignite,  all  of  which  are  upheaved  and  much  distorted.  It  was  found  impossible 
to  devote  to  the  examination  of  these  formations  time  enough  to  determinetheir 
relations  to  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  strata  of  this  region,  without  running 
the  risk  of  being  cut  off  from  the  party  and  murdered  by  the  Indians.  Amongst 
a  few  fossils  that  were  collected  here,  however,  Prof.  Leidy  finds  teeth  which 
he  refers  to  two  or  three  genera  of  large  Saurians  allied  to  the  Iguanodon, 
Megalosaurus,  &c.  There  arc  also  in  the  collection  from  some  of  these  beds,  one 
or  two  species  of  Unio,  one  or  more  of  Cyclas  or  Cyrcna,  and  a  few  crushed 
specimens  of  Gasteropoda  like  Paludina  and  Mclania.  From  these  facts,  we  are 
strongly  inclined  to  think  with  Prof.  Leidy,  there  may  be  here,  at  the  ba.'  e  of  the 
Cretaceous  System,  a  fresh  water  formation  like  the  Wealden.  In  as  much,  how- 
ever, as  there  certainly  are  some  outliers  of  fresh  water  Tertiary  in  these  Bad 
Lands,  we  would  suggest  that  it  is  barely  possible  these  remains  may  belong  to 
that  ei)och,  though  the  shells  appear  to  be  all  distinct  species  from  those  found 
in  the  Tertiary  at  all  the  other  localities  in  this  region. 

We  remember  seeing  in  1853,  between  the  mouth  of  Big  Sioux  and  Piatt 
rivers  on  the  Missouri,  some  exposures  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Bad  Lands 
of  the  Judith,  excepting  that  there  appeared  to  be  no  beds  of  Lignite.     We  saw 


1856.]  115 

no  fossils  ill  these  beds,  but  were  at  that  time  impressed  with  the  opinion  that 
they  belonged  to  the  lower  part  of  No.  1,  which  is  well  exposed  a  little  higher 
up  the  river  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sioux,  but  soon  dips  beneath  the  water 
level  to  be  seen  no  more  between  there  and  the  far  distant  point  already  men- 
tioned, near  the  mouth  of  Muscleshell  river.* 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SPECIES. 

CyCLAS    FORMOSA. 

Shell  small,  oval,  oblique,  scarcely  ventricose  ;  cardinal  margin  straight 
buccal  end  rounded  ;  anal  extremity  obliquely  truncate  ;  basal  margin  semi-el- 
liptical or  broadly  rounded  ;  beaks  obtuse,  tumid,  rising  somewhat  above  the 
hinge,  nearly  touching,  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle ;  surface  orna- 
mented by  very  fine,  regular,  distinct,  concentric  wrinkles.  Length  .11  inch  ; 
breadth  .08  inch  ;  height  .14  inch. 

Locality.     Three  miles  above  Fort  Union. 

Cyclas  pragilis. 

Shell  small,  subcircular,  slightly  oblique,  scarcely  ventricose,  very  thin  and 
fragile  ;  extremities  and  base  rounded  ;  posterior  end  wider  than  the  anterior  ; 
beaks  moderately  elevated,  tumid,  slightly  in  advance  of  the  centre  ;  surface  ap- 
parently marked  with  fine  indistinct  lines  of  growth.  Length  .24  inch  ;  breadth 
about  .13  inch  ;  height  .22  inch. 

All  our  specimens  of  this  species  being  more  or  less  worn,  it  is  possible  the 
lines  of  growth  may  be  more  distinct  on  perfect  specimens.  Sometimes  the 
posterior  slope,  from  a  little  behind  the  beaks,  appear  to  have  been  obliquely 
subtruncate. 

Locality.     Same  as  last. 

Cyclas  subellipticds. 

Shell  small,  elliptical-ovate,  somewhat  ventricose,  thin  and  fragile  ;  posterior 
end  narrower  than  the  anterior,  both  narrowly  rounded  ;  base  semi-elliptical  or 
semi-ovate  ;  cardinal  border  apparently  rounding  gradually  to  both  extremities ; 
beaks  not  much  elevated,  pointed,  incurved,  not  oblique,  located  near  the 
middle ;  surface  indistinctly  marked  with  lines  of  growth.  Length  -24  inch  ; 
height  -14  inch. 

The  beaks  are  so  near  the  middle,  and  curved  so  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the 
longitudinal  diameter  of  the  shell,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  determine,  especially 
from  the  examination  of  mutilated  specimens,  which  is  the  posterior,  or  which 
the  anterior  end.  As  we  have  only  seen  imperfect  specimens,  we  are  not  sure 
the  surface  markings  are  indistinct  on  unworn  shells. 

Ijocality.     Three  miles  above  Fort  Union. 

Cyrena  Moreauensis. 

Shell  ovate,  nearly  elliptical,  compressed,  extremities  rounded;  anterior  end 
narrower  than  the  posterior,  base  semi-ovate,  most  promincntbehind  the  middle; 
beaks  not  much  elevated,  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  centre  ;  surface  marked 
with  fine  distinct  lines  of  growth  ;  cardinal  edge  rather  thick,  and  having  under 
the  beaks  three  diverging  central  teeth  in  each  valve,  the  anterior  of  which  is  the 
smallest ;  lateral  teeth  two,  (in  the  left  valve)  long,  parallel  to  the  cardinal  edge, 
and  fitting  into  corresponding  grooves  in  the  other  valve  ;  muscular  impressions 
deep.     Length  about  -90  inch  ;  breadth  -36  inch ;  height  -66  inch. 

Each  of  the  cardinal  teeth  has,  in  its  upper  end,  a  small  notch  which  is  occu- 
pied, when  the  valves  are  closed,  by  a  small  projection  between  the  teeth  of  the 
other  valve.  The  anterior  lateral  tooth  appears  to  be  larger  and  approaches  the 
central  teeth  more  nearly  than  the  posterior.  Our  specimens  are  generally  more 
or  less  worn,  and  thickly  coated  with  firmly  adhering  sand. 

*  The  foregoing  remarks  are  based  upon  the  observations  and  collections  of 
Dr.  Hayden. 


116  [June, 

Locality.  Near  Moreau  river,  in  a  sand  bed,  associated  with  bones  of  Titano- 
thcrium?     Probably  a  distant  outlier  of  the  White  river  bone  beds. 

Ctrena  inteemedea. 

Shell  oval-ovate,  compressed,  rather  thin ;  estremities'rounded  ;  base  semi- 
elliptical  ;  beaks  moderately  elevated,  not  gibbous,  placed  nearly  half  way  from 
the  middle  to  the  anterior  end  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth,  oc- 
casionally rising  into  obscui-e  concentric  wrinkles  ;  edge  of  the  cardinal  border 
thin  ;  cardinal  teeth  close  under  the  beaks,  posterior  one  very  oblique.  Length 
•76  inch  ;  breadth  -22  inch  ;  height  -68  inch. 

Thisspecies  approaches  some  varieties  of  C.^M?«?),of  Deshay's(Coq.foss.  page 
ll^,)  but  is  more  inequilateral,  the  posterior  end  being  comparatively  longer, 
the  beaks  are  also  less  elevated.     From  the  last  it  will  be  distinguished  by  its 
shorter  and  more  rounded  form,  more  elevated  beaks,  and  much  thinner  cardinal 
edge. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Cyrena  occidentalis. 

Shell  sub-triangular,  very  thick,  rather  ventricose ;  anterior  end  and  base 
rounded,  posterior  end  sloping  abruptly  fi'om  the  beaks,  and  ventrically  sub- 
truncate  at  the  extremity  ;  beaks  located  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle,  and 
elevated,  pointed,  incurved,  and  approximate  ;  surface  marked  with  strong 
lines  of  growth.     Length  1  inch;  breadth  -71  inch;  height  1  inch. 

Appears  to  be  intermediate  between  C  cordata  of  Morris  {Proceed.  Geol.  So- 
ciety, vol.  10,  joZ.  Ijfifjs.  7,  8,  9,)  and  C.  antiqua  of  Ferussac,  {see  Deshays'  Coq.  foss., 
pi.  18,  figs.  19,20,21)  both  of  which  are  Eocene  species.  From  the  first,  it  dif- 
fers in  being  relatively  higher  ;  its  posterior  end  is  also  shorter,  and  more  dis- 
tinctly subtruncate.  From  the  latter,  it  differs  in  being  less  elevated,  not  so 
concave  in  front  of  the  beaks,  nor  so  regularly  arcuate  on  the  posterior  slope 
from  the  beaks  to  the  base.  In  front,  it  presents  the  same  symmetrical  cordate 
outline  common  to  both  these  species. 

Locality.     Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith. 

CORBDLA    SUBTRIGONALIS. 

Left  valve  subtrigonal,  very  convex,  obliquely  truncate  from  the  beaks  to  the 
extremities,  the  two  slopes  diverging  at  an  angle  of  95'';  basal  margin  rounding 
up  abruptly  in  front,  and  converging  towards  the  postei-ior  slope  at  an  angle  of 
about  48°;  beaks  elevated,  located  in  advance  of  the  middle ;  surface  marked  by 
faint  lines  of  growth,  and  having  below  the  middle  three  or  four  concentric 
wrinkles,  which  become  stronger  towards  the  extremities.  The  right  valve  is 
much  more  compressed,  and  without  concentric  folds.  Length  -74  inch  ;  breadth 
•25  inch  ;  height  -55  inch. 

The  larger,  or  left  valve  of  this  species,  has  an  obscure  ridge  passing  from  the 
beaks  obliquely  backwards  and  downwards  to  the  posterior  extremity,  along 
which  the  valve  is  abruptly  deflected  towards  the  hinge  margin.  This  and  the 
foUowino-  species  may  have  possessed  other  surface  markings  not  now  preserved, 
the  specimens  being  all  considerably  worn,  as  if  they  had  been  exposed  to  the 
action  of  waves  on  a  beach. 

Locality.  Mouth  of  the  Judith,  associated  with  Oslrea  svbtrigonalis  (Evans  and 
Shumarci),  also  Melania,  raludina,  and  other  fresh  water  shells. 

CORBULA   PERDNDATA. 

PJo-ht  valve  sub-trigonal,  rather  compressed,  obliquely  sub-truncate  from  the 
beaks  toward  both  extremities,  the  slopes  diverging  at  an  angle  of  about  82°  ; 
basal  margin  rounding  up  in  front,  straight  towards  the  posterior ;  beaks  small, 
much  elevated,  and  placed  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle;  surface  ornament- 
ed by  five  or  six  strong,  elevated,  concentric  folds,  otherwise  apparently  smooth. 
Length  ^32  inch;  breadth  -13  inch;  height  -27  inch. 

The  left  valve  of  this  species  is  yet  unknown  to  us. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 


1856.]  117 

CORBULA   MACTRIPORMIS. 

Shell  subtriangular,  scarcely  ventricose  ;  right  valve  a  little  larger,  thicker 
and  more  gibbous  than  the  left ;  extremities  narrowly  rounded  ;  posterior  end 
longer  than  the  anterior,  slightly  truncate  at  the  extremity,  and  having  an  ob- 
tuse ridge  passing  from  the  beaks  obliquely  backwards  to  the  lower  posterior 
edge  ;  base  semi-ovate,  most  prominent  in  advance  of  the  middle ;  beaks  con- 
siderably elevated,  pointed,  incurved,  and  directed  forward  ;  surface  marked  with 
fine  line's  of  growth.     Length  -64  inch  ;  breadth  about  -33  inch  ;  height  -50  inch. 

The  tooth  of  the  right  valve  is  thick,  and  located  immediately  under  the 
beaks,  while  that  of  the  left  is  flattened,  and  placed  a  little  behind  them. 
The  lateral  edges  of  the  cardinal  border  of  the  left  valve,  as  well  as  its  basal 
margin,  which  are  sharp  and  prominent,  fit  into  a  distinct  groove  in  the  edge  of 
the  opposite  valve.  The  muscular  im  jressions  are  indistinct,  and  the  sinus  of 
the  palleal  impression  triangular,  very  broad  and  shallow. 

Locality.  Fort  Clark,  where  it  is  associated  with  Melania,  Paludina,  &c. 

Unio  priscus. 

Shell  ovate,  rather  compressed,  very  thin  and  fragile ;  anterior  extremity 
short,  rounded  ;  posterior  end  narrower,  contracting  with  a  regular  curve  from 
above,  and  having  at  the  extremity  below  a  very  obtusely  rounded  angle  ;  car- 
dinal border  broadly  arcuate ;  basal  margin  nearly  straight  behind  the  middle, 
rounding  up  in  front ;  beaks  very  small,  rising  little  above  the  hinge,  located 
about  one-sixth  the  entire  length  of  the  shell  behind  the  front,  and  ornamented 
with  small  regular  concentric  wrinkles  ;  surface  of  other  portions  of  the  shell 
smooth,  or  only  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth.  Length  2-78  inches;  breadth 
unknown  ;  height  1-63  inches. 

Has  much  the  aspect  externally  of  an  Anodonta,  but  a  fragment  in  our  collec- 
tion shows  enough  of  the  hinge  to  prove  it  to  be  a  Unto,  without  exhibiting  the 
details  of  the  teeth.  Judging  from  the  beaks,  young  specimens  not  more  than 
half  an  inch  in  length  must  be  beautifully  ornamented  with  regular  concentric 
wrinkles.  It  is  usually  found  in  a  crushed  condition  between  the  laminae  of 
clay. 

Locality.  Yellowstone  River,  forty  miles  above  the  mouth. 

BULIMUS  ?    TERES. 

Shell  small,  sinistral,  much  elongated,  terete ;  volutions  ten  to  ten  and  a  half, 
narrow,  closely  wound,  and  increasing  very  gradually  from  the  apex,  slightly 
convex  near  the  summit  of  the  spire,  but  flattened  lower  down  ;  suture  very 
faintly  impressed  between  the  lower  volutions,  but  becoming  more  distinct  to- 
wards the  apex ;  surface  marked  with  fine,  regular  lines  of  growth,  passing 
straight  across  the  whorls  at  right  angles  to  the  suture  ;  aperture  ovate,  acutely 
angular  above,  rounded  below  ;  lip  thin.  Length  -76  inch;  breadth  -19  inch; 
apical  angle  slightly  convex,  divergence  18°. 

A  few  dextral  shells  were  found  associated  with  the  above,  which,  as  far  as 
we  have  been  able  to  see,  diifer  from  them  in  no  other  respect.  It  is  possible, 
however,  they  may  belong  to  a  distinct  species,  though  we  are  now  inclined  to 
regard  them  as  merely  a  variety  of  the  same.  This  and  the  following  species 
are  evidently  closely  related  to  a  shell  described  by  M.  Matheron,  from  the  Ter- 
tiary lignites  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  south-east  of  France.  (See  Melania 
adcula,  p,  219,  pi.  36,  fig.  25  ;  Catalogue  Methodique,  &c.)  Like  some  of  ours,  his 
is  a  sinistral  shell,  and  has  much  the  same  general  appearance,  but  it  is  even 
more  elongated,  and  has  nearly  twice  as  many  volutions.  We  doubt  very  mnch 
the  propriety  of  referring  such  forms  to  the  genus  Melania.,  as  they  appear  to  us 
to  have  much  more  the  aspect  of  land  shells.  Unfortunately  all  our  specimens 
have  the  aperture  more  or  less  broken  or  distorted,  as  was  the  case  with  those 
studied  by  M.  Matheron.  The  spire  looks  very  like  Clausilia,  but  the  aperture 
was  evidently  more  like  Bulimus  or  Achatina.     It  is  not  improbable  they  may 

9 


118  [June, 

form  a  distinct  group,  holding  an  intermediate  position  between  Clausilia  and 
Bulimus. 

Locality.  Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

BULIMCS?    VBRMICOLUS. 

Shell  small,  sinistral^  greatly  elongated,  cylindrical ;  volutions  about  thirteen, 
narrow,  closely  wound,  increasing  very  gradually  from  the  apex,  somewhat  con- 
vex near  the  summit  of  the  spirefbut  flatteaed  lower  down;  suture  very  faintly 
impressed  between  the  lower  volutions,  bat  becoming  more  distinct  above  ;  sur- 
face marked  with  fine  regular  Hues  of  growth  passing  straight  across  the  whorls 
at  right  angles  to  the  suture;  aperture  unknown.  Length  about  -60  inch; 
breadth  -13  inch  ;  apical  angle  slightly  convex,  divergence  13°. 

This  is  very  near  the  last,  and  may  be  only  a  variety  of  the  same.  It  differs, 
however,  in  being  more  nearly  cylindrical  in  form;  the  volutions  are  more  nu- 
merous, more  closely  wound,  and  do  not  increase  so  rapidly  from  the  apes, 
while  the  suture  is  less  oblique,  especially  between  the  lower  volutions. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Bulimus  limneaformis. 

Shell  narrow  ovate,  rather  thick;  spire  conical,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  volutions 
Sve  to  five  and  a  half,  convex  ;  suture  distinct ;  surface  marked  with  faint  lines 
of  growth  ;  aperture  ovate,  angular  above,  rounded  below;  outer  lip  apparently 
a  little  obtuse,  or  abruptly  bevelled  ;  inner  lip  very  thin  on  the  body  whorl  above, 
thicker  and  slightly  reflexed  below;  columella  regularly  curved.  Length -42 
inch  ;  breadth  -ZO  inch;  length  of  aperture  -20  inch,  breadth  of  do. -10  inch.; 
apical  angle  corvex,  divergence  38°. 

From  the  same  locality  and  position  we  have  a  single  specimen  agreeing  in 
ail  respects  with  the  above,  excepting  that  the  volutions  are  much  flatter  and 
the  suture  less  distinct.  This  may  be  another  species,  but  without  seeing  more 
specimens  we  are  unable  to  satisfy  ourselves  it  is  not  a  variety  of  the  same. 

Locality.  Fort  Clark. 

Bulimus  Nebrascensis. 

Shell  ovate  ;  spire  rather  short,  conical,  obtuse  at  the  apex  ;  volutions  fonr 
and  a  half,  convex  ;  suture  distinctly  impressed ;  surface  polished  and  marked 
with  nearly  obsolete  lines  of  growth  ;  outer  lip  apparently  sharp  ;  inner  lip  very 
thin  above,  thicker  and  slightly  reflexed  below ;  aperture  narrow  ovate,  acutelj' 
angular  above,  somewhat  narrowly  rounded  below.  Length  -27  inch  ;  breadth 
-13  inch;  length  of  aperture  -15  inch,  breadth  of  do.  -07  inch;  apical  angle  cob- 
vex, divergence  47°. 

It  is  possible  this  may  be  only  a  variety  of  the  last,  which  it  resembles  in  many 
respects.  It  differs,  however,  in  being  a  relatively  thinner  shell,  has  one  whorJ 
less,  the  spire  is  comparatively  shorter,  and  the  apical  angle  is  considerably 
greater. 

Locality  and  position.    Same  as  last. 

Pupa  helicoides. 

Shell  very  small,  oval  or  ovate;  spire  moierately  elevated,  apparently  obtuse 
at  the  point ;  volutions  five,  convex,  increasing  gradually  from  the  apex  ;  surface 
marked  with  strong  lines  of  growth,  which  cross  the  whorls  obliquely  ;  suture 
distinctly  impressed  ;  aperture  very  oblique,  subcircular,  rounded  on  the  lower 
and  outer  sides,  nearly  straight  next  the  body  whorl ;  lip  slightly  reflexed  ;  um- 
bilicus quite  small.  Length  -12  inch  ;  breadth  -08  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  -05 
inch,  breadth  of  do.  .04  inch. 

So  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  see  from  examining  distorted  specimens  of 
this  species,  it  is  without  teeth.  In  this,  as  well  as  in  many  other  respects,  it 
appears  to  have  been  very  much  like  the  recent  /*.  simplex  (Gould,)  but  is  about 


1856.]  110 

three  times  as  large,  aud  differs  in  baviag  stronger  and  more  elevated  linea  of 
growth.     It  may  be  an  elevated  Helix. 
Loc  dity.  Three  miles  above  Fort  Union. 

LlMN^A   TENUICOSTA. 

Shell  small,  turrited,  very  slender  ;  spire  acutely  elevated  ;  volutions  four  to 
four  and  a  half,  vertically  flattened,  (or  slightly  convex,)  increasing  rapidly  in 
the  direction  of  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  shell,  and  each  so  much  smaller 
than  the  succeeding  one  below  it,  as  to  form  a  shoulder  or  offset  at  the  suture  ; 
surface  ornamented  by  sharply  elevated,  equidistant,  linear  folds  parallel  to  the 
minute  lines  of  growth  ;  suture  very  oblique,  rather  strongly  impressed  ;  aper- 
ture unkiown.  Length -29  inch;  breadth -08  inch ;  apical  angle  regular,  di- 
vergence about  26°. 

This  exceedingly  slender,  delicate  little  Limnea,  is  not  apt  to  be  confounded 
•with  any  other  fossil  or  recent  species  with  which  we  are  acquainted.  Its  at- 
tenuated form,  vertically  flattened  whorls,  and  peculiar  linear  folds,  are  charac- 
ters by  which  it  will  be  easily  identified.  None  of  our  specimens  show  the 
aperture,  though  it  must  be  narrow,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  spire.  It  is  ii 
very  rare  shell. 

Locality.  Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

PhYSA   liONGIUSCULA. 

Shell  elongate  ovate  ;  spire  slender,  rather  elevated,  acute  at  the  apex;  whorls 
about  six,  flattened  or  slightly  convex  ;  suture  not  very  distinct ;  surface  marked 
with  fine,  straight,  nearly  obsolete  lines  of  growth,  which  cross  the  whorls  at 
right  angles  to  the  suture  ;  aperture  apparently  narrow  ;  outer  lip  meeting  the 
body  whorl  at  an  acute  angle  above.  Length  -59  inch ;  breadth  -27  inch ;  apical 
angle  regular,  divergence  43°. 

Our  specimens  are  too  imperfect  to  show  the  exact  form  of  the  aperture, 
though  it  appears  to  have  been  narrow,  very  acutely  angular  above,  and  nar- 
rowly rounded  below.  The  lines  of  growth  are  faint,  and  the  substauce  of  tiie 
shell  thin.  This  species  quite  closely  resembles  some  varieties  of  P.  hypnorun 
(Lin.,)  but  the  body  volution  is  relatively  wider,  the  spire  somewhat  less  ele- 
vated, and  the  aperture  narrower. 

Locality.  Three  miles  above  Fort  Union. 

Physa  rhomboidea. 

Shell  small,  oval,  narrowing  abruptly  from  the  middle  towards  both  extremi- 
ties ;  spire  rather  short,  conical,  pointed  ;  volutions  four  and  a  half,  slightly  con- 
vex, last  one  large,  but  scarcely  ventricose  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of 
growth  ;  suture  distinct ;  aperture  narrow,  acutely  angular  above,  narrowly 
rounded  below  ;  inner  lip  closely  spread  upon  the  body  whorl  above,  and  forrti- 
ing  a  fold  below  the  deeply  impressed  umbilical  region.  Length  -26  inch  ; 
breadth  -10  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  -15  inch,  breadth  of  do.  -07  inch  ;  apical 
angle  nearly  regular,  divergence  57"' 

The  smaller  size,  less  elongated  form  and  shorter  spire,  will  serve  to  distiii- 
guish  this  species  from  the  last.  From  the  same  bed  we  have  a  few  other  specv 
mens,  which  have  a  relatively  wider  and  more  oblique  aperture,  and  a  more 
ventricose  body  whorl,  but  they  are  so  nearly  identical  in  other  respects  with 
this,  that  we  can  only  regard  them  as  a  variety  of  the  same. 

Locality  and  position.  Same  as  last. 

Physa  Nebrascensis. 

Shell  large,  ovate,  thin  ;  spire  rather  short;  whorls  about  five,  flattened  or 
slightly  convex ;  suture  very  oblique,  not  strongly  impressed  ;  surface  marked 
with  coarse  lines  of  growth ;  aperture  narrow,  acutely  angular  above,  narrowly 
rounded  below  ;  columella  impressed  in  the  umbilical  region,  and  having  a  kimd 


120  [June, 

of  fold  at  its  junction  with  the  outer  lip  below.  Length  about  1  inch  ;  breadth 
•57  inch;  length  of  aperture  -55  inch,  breadth  of  do.  -26  inch. 

It  is  probable  the  above  description  will  have  to  be  modified  somewhat,  when 
perfect  specimens  are  obtained,  as  all  those  we  have  seen  are  more  or  less 
broken. 

Locality.  Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Physa  subelongata. 

Shell  elongate  ovate  ;  spire  elevated,  acute  at  the  apex  ;  volutions  about  six 
and  a  half,  nearly  flat ;  suture  oblique,  linear,  scarcely  distinct ;  surface  faintly 
marked  with  lines  of  growth;  aperture  unknown;  columella  twisted  into  a  kind 
of  fold  below  the  impressed  umbilical  region.  Length  1-16  inches  ;  breadth  -53 
inch  ;  length  of  aperture  about  -57  inch  ;  apical  angle  very  convex,  divergence 
49''. 

This  Physa  belongs  to  the  same  type  as  two  or  three  elongated  species  de- 
scribed by  Matheron,  from  the  Great  Lignite  formations  of  the  south  of  France, 
(^Catalogue  Methodique,  &c.,  pi.  36.)  It  differs,  however,  from  his  P.  Gardanennis, 
which  it  most  neirly  resembles,  in  having  much  flatter  volutions,  a  le-s  dis- 
tinctly impressed  suture,  and  relatively  smaller  body  whorl.  Our  specimen  is 
so  much  broken  and  worn,  that  if  there  were  other  markings  than  those  pre- 
served they  would  have  been  obliterated. 

Locality.  Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith.  ■ 

Planorbis  subumbilicatus. 

Shell  very  small,  subdiscoidal ;  spire  flat ;  volutions  two  and  a  half  to  three, 
nearly  cyliudrical ;  surface  marked  with  very  fine,  rather  indistinct  lines  of 
growth  ;  sutures  strongly  defined ;  umbilicus  large,  showing  the  volutions  to  the 
apex  ;  aperture  round  or  obliquely  a  little  oval.  Larger  diameter  -IS  inch ; 
smaller  do.  -14  inch. 

Locality.  Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Planorbis  convolutus. 

Shell  large,  discoidal,  nearly  equally  concave,  and  exhibiting  all  the  whorls  on 
both  sides  ;  volutions  slightly  embracing,  very  strongly  separated  by  the  sutures, 
more  broadly  rounded  on  the  right  than  on  the  left  side  ;  surface  (of  cast) 
having  faint  undulations  parallel  to  the  obsolete  lines  of  growth,  which  pass 
round  very  obliquely  forward  from  the  right  to  the  left ;  aperture  ovate,  nar- 
rower on  the  left  than  the  right  side,  slightly  concave  within,  for  the  reception 
of  the  succeeding  whorl  ;  right  lip  projecting  considerably  beyond  the  left. 
Greater  diameter  1.01  inch  ;  smaller  do.  .32  inch. 

In  its  general  appearance  this  species  approaches  P.  rotundatus  of  Brong.,  but 
is  much  less  compressed.  It  differs  also  in  the  form  of  the  aperture,  which  is 
wider  than  high,  while  that  of  P.  rotundatus  is  higher  than  wide  (See  Deshays' 
Coq.  foss.  pi.  9,  fig.  7  and  8.) 

Locality.     Little  Horn  river. 

Velletia  (Ancylus)  minuta. 

Shell  minute,  ovate  or  elliptical-pattiform,  exceedingly  thin  and  fragile;  ex- 
tremities rounded ;  anterior  end  apparently  a  little  wider  than  the  posterior ; 
apex  moderately  elevated,  obtuse,  nearer  the  posterior  end  than  the  middle, 
turned  to  the  left ;  front  slope  convex ;  posterior  and  postero-sinistral  slopes 
concave,  dextral  convex ;  surface  marked  with  fine  concentric  striic.  Length 
.08  inch  ;  breadth  .06  inch  ;  height  .03  inch. 

Resembles  Velletia  elegaiis  of  Edwards,  {Ancylus  elegans  of  Sowerby,  Min.  Conch, 
pi.  533)  but  is  much  smaller,  and  wants  the  radiating  striae  of  that  species. 

Locality.     Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Paludina  mcltilineata. 
Shell  conical-ovate,  rather  thin  ;  spire  elevated  ;  volutions  six  to  six  and  a 
half,  rounded  convex,  increasing  gradually  from  the  apex  ;  suture  strongly  im- 


1856.]  /  121 

pressed  ;  surface  ornamented  by  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of  growtli,  which  are 
crossed  by  numerous  small,  thread-like,  revolving  lines  ;  aperture  comparatively 
small,  obliquely-ovate  ;  inner  lip  thin  and  reflexed  below  so  as  to  partly  cover 
the  small  umbilical  perforation.  Length  1  inch  ;  breadth  .71  inch  ;  length  of 
aperture  .47  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence  54  to  60°. 

Sometimes  the  lower  volution,  which  generally  forms  less  than  half  the  entire 
length  of  the  shell,  is  slightly  flattened  above  the  middle,  so  as  to  leave  an  ob- 
scure angle  a  little  below  the  suture.  On  the  upper  half  of  the  volutions  the 
revolving  lines  are  separated  by  spaces  from  two  to  five  times  their  width,  but 
decrease  in  size  and  become  closely  crowded  on  the  lower  part  of  the  last  whorl, 
excepting  near  the  umbilicus,  where  they  are  again  stronger,  more  distant,  and 
minutely  flexuous.     On  worn  specimens  the  revolving  lines  are  often  obscure. 

Locality.     Fort  Clark. 

Paludina  vetula. 

Shell  conical-ovate,  not  very  thick  ;  spire  relatively  small,  moderately  elevated; 
volutions  about  five  and  a  half,  convex,  narrow,  increasing  gradually  from  the 
apex,  last  one  large  and  ventricose ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth, 
which  are  crossed  by  obscure  revolving  lines  ;  suture  strongly  impressed,  very 
slightly  oblique ;  aperture  narrow  ovate  ;  umbilical  perforation  closed  or  \cvj 
small.  Length  about  .81  inch  ;  breadth  .60  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  .40  inch  ; 
breadth  of  do.  .24  inch  ;  apical  angle  nearly  regular,  divergence  60°. 

Associated  with  this  species  a  few  specimens  about  one  third  larger  were  found, 
which  have  a  more  elevated  spire,  in  consequence  of  which  the  divergence  of 
the  apical  angle  is  some  four  or  five  degrees  less.  The  revolving  lines  also  ap- 
pear stronger.  It  is  very  difficult  to  determine,  without  a  larger  number  of  in- 
dividuals in  a  better  state  of  preservation,  whether  they  are  a  variety  of  this 
species  or  whether  they  may  not  be  identical  with  the  last.  It  is  even  possible  a 
more  extensive  collection  may  prove  both  these  to  be  only  varieties  of  the  last, 
though  as  we  now  see  them,  they  present  quite  a  different  aspect,  especially  the 
smaller  variety,  which  has  a  more  slender  and  much  less  elevated  spire,  with 
more  depressed  whorls,  smaller  umbilical  perforation,  and  much  less  distinct  re- 
volving lines.  The  body  whorl  is  also  relatively  larger  and  much  more  extended 
below. 

Locality.     Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith. 

Paludina  Leai. 

Shell  conical-ovate,  oblique  ;  spire  not  much  elevated,  pointed  at  the  apex  •, 
volutions  five  and  a  half  to  six,  convex,  sometimes  ventricose,  last  one  obscurely 
angular  below  the  middle  ;  suture  well  defined  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines 
of  growth,  which  are  crossed  by  extremely  fine,  nearly  obsolete  revolving  striae, 
and  at  regular  intervals  by  revolving  rows  of  minute,  shallow  punctffi  ;  aperture 
broad  ovate,  obtusely  angular  above,  rounded  below  ;  outer  lip  thin  ;  inner  lip 
thin  above,  thicker  and  slightly  reflexed  below  the  small  umbilical  pit ;  columella 
deeply  arcuate.  Length  .97  inch  ;  breadth  .75  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  .47  inch ; 
breadth  of  do.  .40  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence  65°  to  80°. 

This  shell  varies  so  greatly  in  the  elevation  of  its  spire,  and  the  divergence  of 
its  apical  angle,  that  its  varieties  might  be  mistaken  for  three  or  four  distinct 
species.  We  have  satisfied  ourselves,  however,  by  examining  a  large  number  of 
specimens,  that  all  these  varieties  are  connected  by  a  regular  series  of  interme- 
diate forms.  In  some  individuals  the  upper  volutions  are  slightly  flattened  on 
top  immediately  below  the  suture,  in  others  they  are  rounded  convex,  while  in 
a  few  instances  all  the  whorls  are  more  or  less  depressed,  so  as  to  give  the  shell 
a  subtrochiform  aspect.  Generally  the  fine  revolving  stria3  and  rows  of  minute 
punctae  are  nearly  obsolete,  and  they  are  never  visible  without  the  aid  of  a  good 
lens. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  this  species  is  so  nearly  allied,  both  in  form  and 
surface  markings,  to  a  Paludina  now  inhabiting  the  streams  of  Southern  Asia, 
{P.  Bengalensis,  of  Lea)  as  to  give  rise  to  a  doubt  whether  or  not  they  really  are 


122  [June, 

distinct.  By  comparison,  however,  with  authentic  specimens  of  the  latter  in  the 
cabinet  of  Dr.  Lea,  at  Philadelphia,  we  find  his  species  is  generally  larger  and 
slightly  more  elongated  than  ours,  and  the  body  volution  more  rounded  and 
I'iss  extended  below. 

We  name  this  species  after  Dr.  Isaac  Lea,,  the  well  known  conchologist,  who 
first  made  known  one  of  its  nearest  living  representatives. 

Locality.     Fort  Union. 

Paludina  retosa. 

Shell  obli([uely  obovate  ;  spire  depressed  conical,  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  volutions 
fjur  and  a  half  to  five,  convex,  last  one  large,  obliquely  depressed  above,  and 
obscurely  angular  below  ;  suture  well  defined  ;  surface  marked  with  distinct 
oblique  lines  of  growth,  and  faint  traces  of  extremely  fine  revolving  striae; 
aperture  (broad  ovate?)  obtusely  angular  above,  rounded  below;  pillar  lip 
thin  above,  thicker  and  closely  folded  back  upon  the  deeply  arcuate  columella 
below.  Length  .84  inch  ;  breadth  .64  inch ;  apicial  angle  very  convex,  diver- 
gence about  90°. 

It  is  barely  possible  this  may  be  one  of  the  extreme  varieties  of  the  last ;  it 
differs  however  from  any  of  the  forms  we  have  considered  referable  to  that 
species,  in  having  a  much  less  elevated  and  more  obtuse  spire.  The  lines  of 
growth  also  pass  round  the  volutions  much  more  obliquely,  and  the  body  volu- 
tion is  relatively  larger.     None  of  our  specimens  have  the  aperture  entire. 

Locality.     Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Paludina  Consadi. 

Shell  elongate-trochiform,  thick  ;  spire  raher  elevated,  acute  at  the  apex; 
volu'ions  apparently  about  six,  flai,  last  one  more  or  less  angular  below  the 
middle,  and  obliquely  extended  below  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth, 
crossed  by  delicate,  nearly  obsolete,  revolving  lines  ;  suture  linear ;  sperture  sub- 
circular,  or  broad  ovate,  obtusely  angular  above,  (broadly  rounded  below?); 
columella  profoundly  depressed  in  the  umbilical  region  ;  umbilicus  none.  Lergth 
about  1  inch  ;  breadth  -70  inch  ;  length  of  aperture  -44  inch  ;  apical  angle  slight- 
ly convex,  divergence  54°. 

In  young  specimens  the  angle  on  the  lower  part  of  the  body  whorl  is  quite  dis- 
tinct, and  modifies  the  form  of  the  aperture,  but  is  more  obscure  in  older  shells. 
Like  P.  Leui  (of  this  paper),  this  species  also  has  its  near  living  representntives 
amongst  .Asiatic  species,  of  which  .  Fra"cif>ci  (Turbo  Francisci  of  Wood,)  is  aa 
example.     We  nume  it  in  honor  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad,  of  Trenton  New  Jersey. 

Locality.     Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith. 

Paludina  peculiaris. 

Shell  trochiform,  rather  thin,  oblique  ;  spire  conical,  acute  at  apex;  volutions 
(five  and  a  halt?)  flattened  convex,  last  one  distinctly  angular  a  little  below  the 
middle  ;  surface  marked  with  fine,  rather  indistinct  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by 
neaily  obsolete,  exceedingly  fine  revolving  striae;  suture  moderatelj  dtfined  ; 
aperture  round  ovate,  or  sub-quadrate. 

Our  specimens  of  this  species  arc  imperfect  at  both  extremities  ;  some  of  them 
have  a  breadth  of  53  inch,  and  indicate  a  length  of  about  -f  0  inch  The  apical 
angle  of  a  specimen  consisting  of  the  lower  two  whorls  is  47°;  but  as  it  waa 
probably  greater  near  the  apex,  the  mean  may  have  been  as  great  as  50°.  In 
form  and  general  appearance  it  is  very  much  like  the  last,  and  may  possibly 
prove  to  be  onl,  a  variety  ot  that  species;  it  is,  however,  a  thinner  shell,  and  the 
voluii'ms  are  more  convex. 

Locality.     Fort  Claik. 

Paludina  trochiformis. 

Shell  trochiform,  thin  ;  spire  conical,  pointed  at  the  apex  ;  volutions  five  and  a 
half  to  i-ix,  nearly  flat,  and  ornamented  by  two  slightly  elevated  revolving  ririges; 
last  whorl  strongly  angular  below  the  middle  ;  surface  marked  with  ver\  fine  lines 
of  growth,  and  exceedingly  slender,  raised,  revolving  lines  ;  suture  linear,  scarce- 


1856.]  123 

If  distinct ;  aperture  sub-quadrate,  or  rounded  ovate,  more  angular  above,  broad- 
ly rounded  below ;  lip  thin,  reflexed  on  the  colutnf-llar  side  below,  but  leaving  a 
small  umbilical  groove;  columella  strongly  arcuate.  Length  -S*]  inch;  breadth 
•73  inch  ;  apical  angle  convex,  divergence  73°  to  77°.  ^ 

This  interesting  shell  is  so  unlike  the  usual  forms  of  PalUdina,  that  we  would 
have  referred  it  to  that  genus  with  much  doubt,  had  it  not  been  for  the  fact  that 
we  have  from  the  same  bed  some  intermediate  gradations  between  it  and  the 
risual  typical  forms  of  the  genus.  One  of  these,  P.  Leidyi  of  ih'S  paper  must  be 
(judging  from  the  upper  volutions,)  in  its  young  state,  almost  exactly  like  this, 
both  in  form  and  surlace  markings,  yet  at  maturity,  its  last  volution  loses 
almost  entirely  the  angular  outline  characterizing  this  species  at  all  stages  of  its 
growth.  We  have  seen  fragments  of  this  species  indicating  a  size  at  least  three 
times  as  great  as  that  of  the  specimen  from  which  the  above  measurements  were 
taken. 

P.  cingulata  of  Matheron  (see  Catalogue  Methodique,  &c.,  p.  223,)  from  the 
Lignite  formations  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  resembles  this  more  than  any 
fossil  species  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  but  ditFersin  the  surface  markings. 
Amongst  recent  species  it  has  two  or  three  closely  allied  representatives,  now  in- 
Ijahitingthe  rivers  of  China  and  Siam,  of  which  P. pyrimidata  (Phillippi)  is  an 
exam  [lie. 

LoculHy.     Ten  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Palt'dina  Leidyi. 

Shell  very  large,  conical-ovate,  oblique,  thin  ;  spire  elevated  ;  upper  volutiona 
flattened,  and  ornamented  by  two  indistinct  revolving  ridges ;  lower  ones  more 
rounded,  last  rather  ventri-ose,  and  obscurely  angular  below  ;  suture  linear  and 
scarcely  distinct  above,  but  well  defined  between  the  lower  whorls ;  surface 
marke(l  with  distinct  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  very  fine,  elevated  revolving 
lines,  generally  obsolete  on  the  lower  volutions;  aperture  apparently  ovate;  in- 
ner lip  spread  upon  the  body  whorl,  but  leaving  partly  uncovered  a  small,  d(!ep, 
oblique  umbilical  pit.  Length  about  1  86  inches;  breadth  1-32  inches;  apical 
angle  convex,  divergence  65°. 

The  most  remarkable  ftatures  about  this  fine  Paludina,  are  is  large  size,  and 
the  peculi'irity  of  having  the  lower  volutions  smoothly  rounded,  or  more  or  less 
convex,  while  those  nearest  the  apex  are  flattened  and  ornamented  by  two  ob- 
scure revolving  ridges.  The  angle  on  the  lower  part  of  the  last  whorl  is  very- 
obscure  near  the  aperture,  but  becomi°s  more  distinct  higher  up,  and  must  be 
quite  conspicuous  on  young  shells.  Unfortunately  we  have  no  specimens  with 
the  aperture  entire.  (Jnr  best  specimen  consists  of  four  volutions,  and  judging 
from  the  appearance  of  the  broken  apex,  it  must  have  had  about  two  more. 

We  name  this  species  after  Prof  Joseph  Leidy,  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Localiiij.     Ten  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Valvata  parvula. 

Shell  very  small,  much  depressed  or  subdiscoidal  ;  spire  rising  little  above 
the  body  whorl  ^  volutions  about  three,  nearly  cylindrical,  and  having  near  the 
middle,  on  the  upper  and  lower  sides,  a  distinct  linear  carina  ;  surface  marked 
with  strong  regular  lines  of  growth  ;  sutures  distinct ;  umbilicus  wide  and  deep, 
showing  all  the  volutions  to  the  apex,  aperture  round  or  transversely  oval. 
Height  .05  inch  ;  breadth  .10  inch. 

Frnm  V.  tricarinata  (Say,)  some  varieties  of  which  this  resembles  more  than 
any  spec  es  known  to  us,  it  differs  in  having  a  wider  umbilicus,  less  elevated 
spire,  and  much  stronger  lines  of  growth. 

Localvy. — Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Melania  minutdla. 
Shell  minute,  elongate  conical ;  volutions  seven  to  seven  and  a  hilf,  convex, 
increasine  gradually  from  the  apex  and  flattened  obliquely  outwsrd  fiom  above, 
near  two-thirds  of  the  way  down,  whence  they  round  abruptly  in  to  the  suture 


124 


[June, 


below,  so  as  to  form  an  obscure  angle  below  the  middle  ;  suture  very  distinct ; 
surface  faintly  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth  ;  aperture  ovate  or  sub-rhom- 
boidal,  angular  above,  widest  near  the  middle,  very  narrowly  rounded  and  ob- 
scurely sinuate  on  the  inner  side  below;  columella  somewhat  less  arcuate  than 
the  outer  side  of  the  aperture  ;  lip  thin  and  slightly  refiexed  at  its  junction  with 
the  lower  part  of  the  columella.  Length  -16  inch  ;  breadth  -05  inch  ;  length  of 
aperture  -04  inch,  breadth  do.  -03  inch  ;  apical  angle  regular,  divergence  20"  to 

This  beautiful  little  Melania  approaches  very  near  in  size  as  well  as  in  form, 
M.  spina,  a  Miocene  species  described  by  M.  Grataloup  {Conch.  Melan.  10,  t.  5, 
fig.  6  and  7,)  but  differs  in  having  fewer  and  more  convex  volutions. 

Locality.     Three  miles  below  Fort  Union. 

Melania  Anthonyi. 

Shell  very  small,  conical-ovate  ;  spire  not  much  elevated  ;  volutions  five  to  five 
and  a  half,  slightly  convex,  increasing  somewhat  rapidly  from  the  apex,  last  one 
rather  large  and  obtusely  angular  below;  surface  marked  witb  fine,  indistinct 
lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  extremely  fine,  nearly  obsolete,  revolving  striae  ;  suture 
well  defitied;  aperture  ovate,  angular  above,  widest  a  little  telow  the  middle, 
narrowly  rounded  and  very  faintly  sinuate  on  the  inner  side  below;  lip  thin, 
elighily  reflexed  on  the  lower  and  inner  side,  but  leaving  open  a  small  umbilical 
perf  )ration  ;  columella  regularly  arcuate.  Length  -18  inch  ;  breadth  -10  inch  ; 
length  of  aperture -OG  inch;  breadth  of  do. -01  inch  ;  apical  angle  slightly  convex, 
div.  rgence  41°. 

Without  a  very  careful  examination  with  a  good  lens,  in  a  favorable  light,  (he 
extremely  fine  revolving  strias  on  this  neat  little  shell  would  be  overlooked.  In 
form  it  is  almost  an  exact  miniature  of  M.  Xebrascensis  of  this  paper,  but  a  care- 
ful comparison  with  the  young  of  that  species  of  its  own  size,  shows  it  to  be  quite 
different.  In  addition  to  this,  it  occurs  in  great  abundance  at  localities  where 
no  authentic  specimens  of  that  species  were  met  with.  We  have  no  doubt  of 
its  being  an  adult  shell.  We  name  it  after  Mr.  John  G.  Anthony,  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  to  whom  we  are  under  obligations  for  suggestions  in  regard  to  it  and  two 
or  three  other  species  described  in  this  paper. 

Licaliiy.     Yellow  stone  river,  thirty  miles  above  the  mouth. 

Melania  mcltistriata. 

Shell  small,  elongate-ovate  ;  spire  conical,  somewhat  elevated,  acute  at  the 
apex  ;  volutions  five  and  a  half  to  six,  convex  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  indis- 
tinct lines  of  growth,  and  exceedingly  fine,  closely  arranged  revolving  striae  ; 
suture  well  defined  ;  aperture  narrow-oval,  or  ovate,  contracted,  but  scarcely 
sinuous  below;  columella  regularly  curved.  Length  -23  inch  ;  breadth  12  inch  ; 
length  of  aperture  -10  inch  ;  breadth  of  do.  -06  inch  ;  apical  angle  regular,  diver- 
gence 39°. 

This  may  be  distinguished  from  the  last  by  its  more  elevated  spire,  and  more 
elongated  body  whorl,  which  is  never  angular  below.  The  aperture  is  also 
narrower,  and  the  columella  imperforate.  From  the  young  of  M.  Nebr^iscensis 
of  its  own  size,  it  differs  in  bemg  more  elongated,  and  in  having  one  or  two  more 
whorls.  The  revolving  striae  are  also  more  uniform,  and  so  very  fine  as  to  be 
only  visible  by  the  aid  of  a  strong  mHgnifier. 

Locality.     Ten  miles  above  Fort  Union. 

Melania  Nebbascensis. 
Shell  elongate-ovate  ;  spire  conical,  not  very  much  elevated,  acute  at  the  apex ; 
volutions  about  six,  flattened  convex;  surface  marked  by  fine  lines  of  growth, 
crossed  by  numerous  more  or  les^  elevated  revolving  lines,  some  of  which,  on  the 
middle  of  the  whorls,  are  sometimes  so  much  larger  than  the  others  as  to  form 
distinct  carinas;  suture  strongly  impressed;  aperture  ovte,  angular  above, 
narrowly  rounded  and  very  faintly  sinuous  below  ;  outer  lip  prominent  below  the 
middle  ;  columella  regularly  curved.     Length  -78  inch  ;  breadth  -42  inch  ;  length 


1856.]  125 

of  aperture -37  inch;  breadth  of  do.  -21  inch;  apical  angle  convex  or  nearly 
regular,  dlvprgence  (variable)  44°. 

This  sppcies  presents  numerous  varieties  of  forna,  apparently  dependent  upon 
age.  In  younger  individuals  the  spire  is  relatively  less  elevated,  the  whorls  more 
rounded  and  the  aperture  larger  and  more  oblique.  In  its  surface  njHrkitigs  it 
also  varies  greatly,  even  in  specimens  of  the  same  size.  The  carinoe  formed  by 
the  laiger  revolving  lines  being  in  some  specimens  quite  distinct,  while  in  others 
they  are  scarcely  larger  than  the  finer  revolving  lines  which  may  be  seen  by  the 
aid  of  a  lens  to  form,  with  the  lines  of  growth,  a  delicate  sub-cancellate  surface 
on  all  parts  of  the  shell.  On  other  specimens,  all  these  surface  markings  are 
almost  euiirely  wanting. 

Locality.     Ten  miles  above  Fort  Union. 

Melania  convexa. 

Shell  rather  large,  much  elongated,  sub-cylindrical  or  terete  ;  volutions  (about 
ten?)  fi'it,  closely  wouud,  and  increasing  very  gradually  from  the  apex;  surface 
ornamented  by  fine  lines  of  growth,  ciossed  by  distinct,  regular,  thread-like,  re- 
volving: lines,  and  extremely  fine,  nearly  obsolete  revolving  striae  ;  suture  general- 
ly indistincr;  aperture  apparently  ovate  ;  lip  thin,  having  a  broad  very  shallow 
sinus  helow  \h^.  suture,  and  another  near  the  base  of  the  columella.  Length 
about  1-60  inches  ;  breadth  -48  inch;  length  of  aperture -45  inch  ;  apical  angle 
convex,  divergence  21°. 

Our  b^st  specimen  of  this  interesting  species  consists  of  seven  volutions,  and 
appears  to  have  lost  two  or  three  others  from  the  apex ;  the  aperture  is  also  dis- 
torted. Tbe  larger  revolving  lines,  about  seven  of  which  may  be  counted  on 
the  .second  volution,  are  quite  distinct,  and  near  one-third  as  wide  as  tbe  spaces 
between,  while  the  liner  revolving  strias  are  closely  crowded,  and  so  small  as  to 
be  only  seen  by  the  aid  of  a  good  lens.  The  divergence  of  the  apical  angle,  be- 
low the  middle  of  an  adult  shell,  is  noc  more  than  13",  while  above,  (and  in 
yout)g  shells,)  it  is  as  mufh  as  28°  to  30°. 

In  tlie  last  number  of  tbe  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  we  described  a  shell 
resembling  this  very  closely  in  form,  from  the  Yellow  Sione  river,  where  it  was 
found  associated,  in  a  loose  mass,  with  fragments  of  an  Ostrea  and  a  small  Cre- 
taceaus  species  of  Oardnim,  (C.  rarum,  Evans  and  Shumard).  Our  specimens 
being  worn  and  imperfect,  we  supposed,  from  its  associates,  it  must  be  a  marine 
shell,  and  referred  it  to  tbe  genus  Turrilella,  under  the  name  of  T.  convex  i  We 
now  think  it  may  possibly  be  a  specimen  of  this  species,  from  the  junction  of  tbe 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  beds. 

Locality.     Bad  Lands  of  the  Judith. 

Cerithium  Nebrascensis. 

Shell  elongate-conical,  very  slender,  whorls  (nine?)  convex,  and  ornamented 
by  three  revolving  rows  of  sharply  elevated  granules,  placed  upon  obscure 
vertical  folds;  surface  marked  with  very  fine  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  much 
stronger,  elevated,  thread-like,  revolving  lines,  two,  three,  or  more  ot  which 
may  be  counted  between  each  row  of  granules,  suture  distinct;  aperture  ap- 
parently nearly  circular,  but  teiminating  below  on  the  inner  side,  in  a  small 
notch.  Length  about  1  inch  ;  breadth  -29  inch  ;  apical  angle  regular,  diver- 
gence 19°. 

On  the  lower  part  of  the  body  whorl  there  are  three  or  four  small  revolving 
lines,  two  of  the  upper  of  which  are  sometimes  granular,  making  on  this  whorl 
five  rows  of  granules.  Between  these  and  the  next  row  above,  one  of  the  revolv- 
ing liiif^s  is  also  minutely  granular.  Inform  and  general  appearance,  this  re- 
semhl  it:  two  or  three  species  described  by  Deshays,  from  tbe  Paris  basm,  but  on 
close  cmnparison,  we  find  it  quite  distinct  from  them  all.  Amongst  existing 
species,  it  appears  to  be  nearest  C.  granulosum,  and  estuary  species  from  the 
Western  coast  of  Africa. 

Locality.     Near  head  waters  of  Little  Missouri. 


126  [June, 

We  are  under  obligations  to  Prof.  James  Hall,  of  Albany,  New  York,  for 
the  free  use  of  his  extensive  collection  of  books  on  Palaeontology,  as  well  as 
for  occasional  sugestions  while  investigating  the  Nebraska  fossils,  described  in 
this  and  our  former  papers. 

Correction. 

In  a  paper  communicated  by  us  to  the  Academy  in  March  last,  and  published 
in  the  preceding  number  of  the  Proceedings,  we  referred  to  the  genus  Pyrula 
a  shell  (P.  Z?a!rf/f,  page  66),  which  we  have  since  satisfied  ourselves  belongs 
more  correctly  to  the  genus  Busycon  of  Bolten  ;.  we  now  change  the  name  to 
Bmycon  Bairdi. 


Ceratites  Americanus. 
By  Professor  L.  Harper,  University  of  Mississippi. 

The  Ceratites,  a  Cephalopodus  mollusk,  subgenus  of  Ammonites,  has  been 
discovered  in  Europe  long  ago.  All  the  European  species,  without  any  excep- 
tion, belong  to  the  new  red  sandstone  or  Triassic  formation.  Twenty-one  species 
have,  according  to  Bronn,  been  placed  in  the  St.  Cassian  formation  in  Tyrol,  to 
which  the  lowest  place  in  the  Trias  has  most  probably  to  b^i  assigned.  One 
species  is  found  in  the  St.  Cassian  rocks  and  also  in  the  Muschelkalk  ;  one  in 
the  Bunter  sandstein  and  the  Muschelkalk,  and  of  the  remaining  eight  species, 
three  belong  certainly  and  five  probably  to  the  Muschelkalk  of  the  Trias.  The 
Cerrttiips  were  therefore  considered  as  characteristic,  and  belonging  exclusi^-ely 
to  the  nciv  red  sandstone  formation,  and  exclusively  a  European  fossil,  until  a 
few  years  ago  L.  V.  Bach,  the  late  great  German  Geologist,  discovered  a  Cera- 
tites in  the  cretaceous  rocks  of  the  Caucassus,  which  he  called  Ceratites  Syriacus. 
No  species  of  the  Ceratites  has  heretofore  been  found  on  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica. 

About  three  years  ago,  in  summer,  1853,  when  I  was  in  the  State  of  Alabama, 
I  examined  the  bed  of  the  Tuscaloosa  or  Black  Warrior  River,  near  the  little 
village  of  Erie  in  Greene  County,  about  12  miles  above  the  confluence  of  the 
Tombigbee  and  Black  Warrior  rivers,  between  the  32d  and  33d  degrees  of  north 
latitude,  where  the  river  cuts  through  the  lowest  part  of  the  cretaceous  forma- 
tion of  our  southern  State^",  corresponding  most  probably  to  the  Turonien  ot 
D'Orhigny.  The  bluff  of  the  river  consists  here  entirely  of  different  strata  of 
green  sand,  divided  in  several  parts  by  thin  seams  of  a  hard  co'  glomerate  of 
peroxide  of  iron  and  green  sand,  and  is  from  50  to  95  feet  high.  The  river  was 
then  unusually  low,  and  more  than  one-half  of  its  bed  perfectly  dry  and  acces- 
sible. 

On  a  sand-bank  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  immediately  below  a  very  deep 
place,  were  found,  among  other  evidently  cretaceous  fossils,  three  specimens  of 
a  smalJ  Ammonite,  which,  after  a  careful  examination,  I  immediately  recognized 
to  be  a  species  of  Ceratites,  in  which  opinion  I  was  later  confirmed  by  as  high 
an  authority  as  Prof.  L.  Agassiz,  of  Cambridge,  who  pronounced  it  to  be  a  new 
species  of  Ceratites,  closely  allied  to  Ceraticus  Syriacus  of  L.  V.  Btich. 

This  bfiog  the  first  Ceratites  ever  found  on  the  continent  of  America,  I  pro- 
pose for  it  the  name  of 

Ceratites  americanus. 

Testa  compressa,  disco  baud  dissimili,  paulisper  deneata  ad  aperturam,  val- 
deque  at.tenua'a  ad  apicern,  et  pra3cipue  subito  accrescente  a  medio  usque  ad 
apenuram;  aufractibus  duabus,  secundo  amplecto  primi  ventre  et  tanquara  in 
Btriam  posito  ;  apertu-a  semi-ovata ;  loborum  numero,  in  vita,  sex,  toti- 
demquf»  sidhe,  loho  ventrali  attamen  nonnihil  indistincto  ;  lobis  dentibus  tribns 
raunitis,  qui  magnitudinis  causa  etiam  lobi  secundarei  vocarentur;  septis  angu- 
larihus  dorso  relrorsum  flexis  ;  siphunculo  dorsali. 

The  two  specimens,  still  in  my  possession  and  here  represented,  are  both  very 


1856.] 


127 


much  water-wore.  They  are  both  flat  and  discoid,  No.  2  more  so  than  No.  1  ; 
both  taper  very  much  towards  the  apex,  and  increase  especially  rapidly  from 
the  middle  towards  the  aperture.  Both  consist  of  at  must  two  whorls,  the 
dorsal  part  of  the  second  being  more  than  half  overlapped  by  the  ventral  part  of 
the  first,  and  lying,  as  it  were,  in  a  groove.  They  have  ap[)arently  six  lobes  and 
as  many  saddles,  the  lobes  being  provided  with  three  teeth,  which,  on  account 
cf  their  size,  might  rather  be  called  sscondary  lobes.  The  septa  are  angular 
and  bent  backwards  on  the  back.  The  siphuncle  is  dorsal,  as  seen  on  fig.  A, 
where  it  is  broken  out  and  has  left  a  groove.  In  No.  1  the  latter  half  of  the 
second  whorl  is  broken  out  and  a  hole  is  left.  The  size  of  both  specimens  is 
very  nearly  the  same.  No.  I  measures  in  length  58-3  millimetres,  in  width  50-  s., 
and  in  thickness  31.  No.  2  measures  in  length  51-  s.  millimitres,  in  width  46, 
and  in  thickness  26. 

No.  2. 


No.  1. 


I  was  first  inclined  to  recognize  in  the  three  ppecimens  two  different  species, 
hut  the  somewhat  different  appearance  seems  to  have  been  caused  by  the  attri- 
tion which  they  have  undergone. 

The  question  arises  here,  from  which  formation  these  Ceratites  come  ?  The 
circumsrances  that  they  have  been  found  in  the  lower  cretaceous  formation,  that 
carbonate  of  lime  is  the  fossillizer,  and  that  they  are  closely  allied  to  Ceratites 
Syriacus  of  the  cretaceous  formation  of  Asia  Minor,  are  indeed  strong  reasons 
to  pronounce  them  to  be  cretaceous  fossils,  but  this  seems  to  me  still  somewhat 
doubtful. 


128  [June, 

When  I  first  saw  them,  I  was  not  aware  that  Ceratites  had  ever  been  found  in 
any  other  but  in  the  Triassic  formation,  and  the  discovery  astonished  me  in  a 
high  degree.  I  was  indeed  induced  to  believe  that  they  indicated  the  presence 
of  the  Trias  somewhere  not  very  far  from  the  place  where  they  were  found,  until 
I  saw  that  L.  V.  Buch  found  Ceratites  in  the  cretaceous  rocks. 

It  is  true  the  specimeos  alluded  to  were  found  on  a  sand-bank  in  the  Black 
Warrior  River,  where  it  cuts  through  the  lowest  part  of  the  cretaceous  formation 
of  our  southern  States,  just  below  a  very  deep  place  of  the  river  ;  but  are  they 
not  marked  out  of  a  formation  underlying  the  upper  secondary  and  reactied  by 
the  water  of  the  river  in  that  deep  place  ?  If  these  Ceratites  were  a  fossil  belong- 
ing to  the  cretaceous  formation,  even  to  the  very  lowest  part  of  it,  specimens  of 
them  must  and  would  have  been  found  before  and  after  my  finding  them.  There 
are  a  great  many  places  in  Alabama,  as  well  as  in  Mississippi  and  Tennessee, 
where  the  lower  part  of  the  cretaceous  rocks  crops  out,  where  it  is  cut  through 
by  rivers  and  gullies,  and  where  it  has  often  and  carefully  been  examined  and 
searched  for  fossils,  but  never,  neither  before  nor  afterwards,  have  specimens  of 
Ceratites  been  found. 

I  have  myself  carefully  examined  a  good  many  such  outcrops  in  Alabama, 
even  the  one  where  the  Ceratites  were  found ;  as  State  Geologist  of  Mississippi, 
and  for  more  than  two  years  engaged  in  the  geological  survey  of  this  State,  1 
have  examined  very  nearly  all  the  outcrops  of  the  lower  cretaceous  formation, 
which  is  here  still  better  developed  than  in  Alabama  ;  I  have  made  it  a  particular 
point  to  search  carefully  for  Ceratites,  but  never  again  have  I  succeeded  to  find 
another  specimen  of  the  Ceratites;  nor  have  I  ever  heard  that  any  one  of  the 
many  amateurs  that  collect  fossils  has  ever  seen  or  found  one. 

That  the  above  described  specimens  of  Ceratites  have  been  washed  out  of  a 
formation  underlying  the  cretaceous  rocks  in  Alabama,  seems  to  me  the  more 
probable,  first,  as  there  is  in  that  State  between  the  carboniferous  and  creta- 
ceous formation  an  area  occupied  by  an  intermediate,  undetermined  formation, 
extending  from  Autuga  County  through  parts  of  Bibb,  Tuscaloosa  and  Pi>  kens 
to  Fayette  County,  which  has  been  laid  down  in  the  geological  chart  of  thai 
State  of  1849  (by  a  typographical  error,  as  I  understand,)  as  iertiari/.  hat -which, 
although  in  many  places  covered  by  drifted  tertiary  sands  and  clay,  is  by  no 
means  tertiary.  It  goes  under  the  lower  cretaceous  rocks  and  is  overlapped  by 
them,  is  clearly  visible,  not  only  in  the  northern  part  of  the  town  of  Eutaw,  but 
also  at  Finch's  Ferry,  on  the  Black  Warrior,  in  Greene  County.  What  forma- 
tion this  is  seems  difiicult  to  decide,  it  being  devoid  of  fossils.  It  must,  of  course, 
be  one  of  the  older  formations,  intermediate  between  the  coal  and  the  lime,  and 
I  should  not  at  all  be  astonished  if  a  careful  examination  should  give  the  resul: 
of  its  classification  among  the  Poikilitic  rocks,  to  which  its  variegated  clay  bears 
indeed  great  resemblance.  Another  reason  which  renders  it  more  probable  that 
the  Ceratites  have  been  worked  out  of  a  formation  wnderlying  the  cretaceous 
formation,  is  that  nearly  all  the  Artesian  wells  in  Greene  County,  in  Alabama, 
contain  a  great  deal  of  chloride  of  sodium  and  give  really  salt  water.  It  is  not 
very  probable  that  this  chloride  of  sodium,  very  seldom,  if  ever,  comes  from  the 
salt-bearing  cretaceous  formation. 


Examination  of  the  Meteoric  Iron  from  Jiiquipilco,  Mexico^ 
By  W.  J.  Taylor. 

The  meteoric  iron  from  Xiquipilco,  Mexico,  appears  to  have  been  first  men- 
tioned in  the  Gazeta  de  Mexico  in  1'784.  It  is  stated  there  that  small  pieces  of 
native  iron,  from  a  few  ounces  to  fifty  pounds  in  weight,  were  very  numerous, 
which  were  sought  for  by  the  Indians  after  heavy  rains,  who  used  them  for 
manufacturing  agricultural  implements. 

In  a  dissertation  on  metallic  meteorites  by  Prof.  W.  S.  Clark,  the  following 
notices  of  its  literature  are  given  :  Ann.  des  Mines  t.  2,  ser.  1,  p.  337.  Gazeta 
de  Mexico  1784—85,  vol.  i.,  pp.  146,  200.     Klaproth  Beitrage  zur  chemischen 


1856.]  129 

Xenntniss  der  Mineral  Kiirper,  B.  4,  S.  101.  Sonnenscbmit,  Beschriebungder 
vorzii/lichsten  Bergsrerke.  Reviere  in  Mexico  1804,  S.  192  and  288.  Cbaldni, 
(U.  F   M.  S.  336.)     Partsch,  (D.  M.  S.  99.) 

In  the  examiuation  made  by  M.  Berthein  he  failed  to  detect  the  presence  of 
cobalt,  but  it  is  mentioned  by  Prof.  Clark  that  Manross  had  found  it  in  a  speci- 
men from  the  cabinet  of  Prof.  Wohler ;  my  examination  confirms  in  this  respect 
that  of  M.  Manross. 

To  the  kindness  of  W.  S.  Vaux,  Esq.,  I  am  indebted  for  the  material  for  this 
investigation  ;  Mr.  Vaux  has  in  his  magnificent  cabinet  the  principal  portion  of 
a  mass  which  weighed  over  ten  pounds.  It  was  originally  about  six  inches 
long,  with  an  average  diameter  of  three  inches  ;  the  lump  was  oblong  with 
rounded  ends,  the  whole  beiug  covered  with  a  thin  crust  of  limonite. 

A  cross  section  cut  from  this  lump  has  been  carefully  polished  and  etched 
by  strong  nitric  acid,  which  gives  a  most  beautiful  surface  of  about  three  and  a 
half  inches  in  length  by  two  and  a  half  in  breadth,  covered  with  the  greatest 
complexity  of  widmannstellian  figures  which  almost  defy  description. 

The  surface  is  crossed  by  bands  about  one-tenth  to  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 
In  breadth  ;  these  apparent  bands  are  cross  sections  of  different  planes,  as  i8 
readily  perceived  by  their  different  refractive  powers. 

On  changing  the  position  of  the  specimen  those  that  are  a  bright  silvery- 
white  in  one  direction,  become  a  dull  gray  in  another,  and  vice  versa. 

There  are  several  systems  of  bands,  which  preserve  a  parallelism  among 
themselves  and  cross  other  systems  at  various  angles,  forming  trapezoids,  rhombs 
and  triangles.  These  several  fields  and  their  characteristic  etchings  will  be 
described  in  detail  at  some  future  time.  Along  the  bands  or  planes  thin  lami- 
nae of  schreibersite  have  been  observed,  as  in  other  meteoric  irons. 

Imbedded  in  one  side  of  the  large  lump  (just  described)  was  a  globule  of 
pyrrhi'tine,  which  looks  as  if  it  had  been  dropped  into  the  iron  when  it  was  in  a 
semi-fluid  state.  This  globule  appears  to  have  been  about  an  inch  in  diameter; 
it  was  in  part  decomposed,  but  a  small  portion  of  the  mineral  was  separated 
sufficiently  pure  for  the  determination  of  its  specific  gravity  and  analyses.  On 
dissolving  it  in  hydrochloric  acid,  thin  laminae  of  schreibersite  separated  with 
minute  portions  of  chromic  iron. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth,  I  have  been  permitted  to  make  the 
following  analyses  in  his  laboratory  : 

Pyrrhotine  dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  gave 

Sulphur,  -        -        _        -        . 

Iron,   ------ 

Nickel, 

Cobalt,         -         _         -         -         - 
Silicon,     --.--. 
Phosphorus,  -         -        -        - 

99-27         " 
No.  2.  Dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  gave — 

Iron,         ..._.-         58'25  per  cent. 
A  residue  remained,  which  was  dissolved  after  being  treated  with  hydrochloric 
acid  and  chlorate  of  potash  ;  it  consisted  of — 

Copper,        .-.---       012  per  cent. 
The  remainder  consisted  principally  of  chromic  iron,  with  a  small  portion  of 
schreibersite. 

The  specific  gravity  was  found  to  be  4-822.  The  ratio  of  sulphur  to  the  metals 
vas  found  to  be 

Sulphur,  2-102  Iron,     2*066  ">  , 

Nickel  and  Cobalt,     0-245  )  "''^"^ 
It  will  be  seen  that  the  composition  corresponds  with  that  of  pyrrhotine,  con- 
sidering its  formula  to  be  FeS,  if  we  disregard  the  few  impurities  which  were 
found  with  it. 
The  meteoric  iron  was  first  treated  in  a  flask  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  the 


33-76  per 

cent. 

57  95 

6-70 

-56 

-05 

•25 

130  [June, 

gas  evolved  wa3  passed  through  a  solutioa  of  ammonia  chloride  of  copper,  but 
not  a  trace  of  sulphur  could  be  detected  in  this  manner. 

Id  the  5th  supplement  to  Rammelsberg's  Handworterbuch  der  Chemischen 
Mineralogie,  th's  meteoric  iron  is  mentioned  as  passive,  experiments  having  been 
made  by  Prof.  Wohler ;  but  the  piece  belonging  to  Mr  Vaux  is  evidently  active, 
throwing  down  metallic  copper  from  a  neutral  solution  of  its  sulphate.  ThJf! 
experiment  was  repeated  with  great  care  with  confirmatory  results. 

No.  1  was  dissolved  in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  a  slight  precipitate  was  obtained 
by  hydrosulphuric  acid,  which,  on  a  careful  examiualioa  before  the  blow-pipe, 
was  found  to  be  copper  with  a  trace  of  tin. 

Iron,         -         -         -         -         -         -         90V2  per  cent. 


Niciiel, 

8-49 

Cobalt, 

•44 

Schreibersite,  chromic  iron,  &c.,  - 

•.^8 

Silicon,    .-_--- 

•25 

Phosphorus,          .         •         -         .         . 

•18 

The  phosphorus  was  estimated  in  a  separate  portion,  which  was  first  oxydixed 
by  nitric  acid  and  fused  in  a  platinum  crucible  with  carbonate  of  soda. 

No.  2  was  dissolved  in  nitric  acid.     It  gave — 

Iron,         -         -         -         -         -         -         90  37  per  cent. 

Nickel, 7-79 

Insolublo  residue,      -         -         -         -  191         " 


Description  of  two  new  species  of  Urodeles,  frovi  Georgia. 

By  Edward  Hallowell,  M.D. 

Sub-Fam.  BOLITOGLOSSID.^. 

PSEUDOTRITON  MARGISATUS,  nob. 


') 


Char.  Head  small,  depressed,  rounded  in  front;  eyes  lateral,  oblique,  not 
prominent,  looking  upward  and  outward  ;  gape  of  the  mouth  extending  a  short 
distance  behind  the  posterior  commissure  of  the  eye;  maxillary  teeth  small, 
internal  nares  small  and  circular;  a  transverse  row  of  vomerine  teeth  on  each 
side  passing  beliind  the  internal  nares,  continuous  with  several  rows  of  longi- 
tudinal palatine  teeth  diverging  posteriorly,  so  as  to  leave  a  wide  interspace  in 
the  shape  of  the  letter  Y  reversed  ;  tongue  small,  circular,  bolitoglossal,  free  hX 
the  edges,  and  supported  upon  a  small  central  pedicel ;  body  slender,  cylindrical  ; 
extremities  slender;  toes  4 — 5  ;  tail  somewhat  compressed,  longer  than  body. 

Color.  Dark  ash  color  above,  almost  black,  shaded  obscurely  with  yellow  ; 
a  lateral  band  of  dusky  white  margined  with  black  on  each  side  near  the  abdo- 
men, exteoding  from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  extremities  ;  under  parts  dnsij 
white,  very  minutely  spotted  or  blotched  with  black. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  3  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  2  lines  ;  length  of  rect 
and  body  to  vent  1  inch  4  lines,  (Fr.  ;)  length  of  tail  1  inch  4  lines.  Total  length 
2  inches  II  lines. 

Hibitnt.  Liberty  County,  Georgia.  One  specimen  in  Mus.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc, 
presented  by  Major  Le  Conte. 

PSECDOTRITON    FLAVISSIMCS,  nob. 

Char.  Head  of  moderate  size,  rounded  above;  snout  truncate;  eyes  ratbfT 
prominent,  latero-superior,  oblique,  looking  upward  and  outward  ;  tongue  small, 
circular,  raushroom-shaped,  supported  upon  a  central  pedicel,  the  edges  free; 
internal  nares  rather  small,  ovoid  or  subcircular  in  shape;  maxillary  teeth 
minute,  sharp-pointed,  the  points  directed  backward;  vomerine  and  palatine 
teeth  as  in  marginalus;  body  more  robust  than  in  the  former  species,  more  or 
less  compressed  upon  the  sides  ;  extremities  slender:  tail  compressed,  of  nearlj 
Bame  length  as  body,  (about  a  line  longer.) 


1856.]  131 

Color.  Yellow  above,  incllulog  to  brown,  with  very  numerous  small  black 
spots;  under  parts  of  a  brighter  yellow  throughout,  without  spots. 

Dimen&ions .  Length  of  head  4  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  3  lines;  length  of  neck 
and  body  1  inch  1\  lines,  (Fr.  ;)  ol  tail  1  inch  5  lines  ;  total  length  3  inches  1 
lines. 

Ilabitat.  With  the  preceding  in  Georgia.  One  specimen  in  Mus.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc,  presented  by  Mnjor  Le  Cunie,  U.  S.  A. 


Contributions  to  the  Ichthyology  of  the    Western   Coast  of  the    United  States,  from 
specimens  in  the  museum  of  the  Smithsonion  Institution. 

By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D. 

Two  years  have  scarcely  elapsed  since  I  communicated  to  the  Academy  de- 
scriptions of  various  fishes  collected  upon  different  points  of  the  Pacific  coast  of 
North  America.  Dnring  that  period  the  indefatigable  researches  of  several  oifi- 
ccs  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  and  naturalists  attached  to  the  surveys  made  under 
orders  from  the  General  Government,  have  brought  to  light  nuxny  new  and  in- 
teresting members  of  that  class  of  animals,  and  of  which  I  propose  now  to  give 
a  brief  account,  extracted  from  final  Reports,  made  to  the  officers  in  charge  of 
these  surveys. 

It  has  also  been  deemed  advisable  to  mention  such  changes  as  have  been  made 
in  the  generic  position  of  several  species  previously  described,  either  by  me  or 
others,  in  order  to  give  a  more  correct  idea  of  the  Reports  just  alluded  to. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  while  I  was  engaged  in  those  investigations  of  our 
Western  fishes,  two  naturalists,  Drs.  W.  0.  Ayers  and  W.  P.  Gibbons,  both  resi- 
dents of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  had  (without  any  knowledge  of  what  I  was  doing,) 
described  a  certain  number  of  species,  some  of  which  we  already  know  have 
proved  identical  with  my  own.  The  law  of  priority  in  their  publication  will 
decide  upon  the  names  to  be  finally  adopted  in  the  nomenclature.  So  far  I  have 
been  unwilling  to  settle  upon  any  identifications  without  the  specimens  to  go  by, 
in  order  to  avoid  confusion  as  well  as  complicate  the  sj'nonymy.  Drs.  AyreK 
and  Gibbons,  both,  have  shown  an  earnest  desire  to  furnish  me  with  authentic 
specimens  of  the  species  which  they  have  described,  and  I  am  happy  to  say  that 
from  the  former  I  have  been  favored  by  a  good  many  up  to  this  day,  as  will  be 
seen  further  on. 

For  reference  to  the  species  described  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  some  of  which  havf 
appeared  in  my  papers,  it  is  but  just  to  say  that  such  identifications  as  were  at- 
tempted by  me,  were  made  from  the  accounts  published  at  that  time.  As  far  a.s 
genera  are  concerned  I  feel  confident  that  no  error  was  committed  ;  in  regard  to 
the  species  I  entertain  certain  doubts  which  can  not  be  removed  by  the  docu- 
ments at  our  command.  I  have  sought  to  do  justice  to  the  subject  from  the  very 
beginning,  and  rather  than  introduce  any  changes  in  their  present  nomencla- 
ture I  send  them  before  the  world  as  they  now  stand. 

With  the  above  preliminaries  I  proceed  into  the  subject. 

The  species  formerly  described  by  me  under  the  genus  Lahrax  were  found, 
upon  further  examination,  to  constitute  a  genus  by  itself,  the  relationship  of 
which  being  more  those  of  Serranus  than  of  Labrax,  and  it  is  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  former  that  it  ought  to  be  placed  in  the  ichthyic  method.  From  Serranus 
it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  outline  of  the  spinous  dorsal  fin,  and  the  rela- 
tive development  of  the  canine  taeth,  which  are  so  small  as  to  have  suggested 
the  idea  that  the  species  belonged  to  Labrax. 

The  new  genus  we  will  henceforth  call 

FARALABRAX, 

and  characterise  as  follow :  "  General  physiognomy  that  of  Labrax,  but  the  first 
dorsal  fin  is  contiguous  to  the  second  as  in  Serranus.  The  profil  of  the  body  is 
subfusiform  the  caudal   fin  subtruncated   or  slightly  emarginated   posteriorly. 


132  [June, 

The  head  is  subconical,  the  lower  jaw  a  little  longer  than  the  upper,  the  mouth 
rather  large  ;  card-like  teeth  upon  the  premaxillaries,  dentaries,  vomer  and  pala- 
tines, with  a  row  of  small  canine  teeth  along  the  edges  of  the  jaws.  Tongue 
smooth.  Small  and  homogenous  spines  upon  the  outer  curve  of  the  preopercle. 
Two  small  and  inconspicuous  spines  upon  the  margin  of  the  opercle.  Edge  of 
suborbital,  entire  ;  humerus  denticulated  ;  opercular  apparatus  and  cheeks  cover- 
ed with  scales,  smaller  on  the  cheeks  than  on  the  opercles.  Gill  openings  con- 
tinuous under  the  throat ;  branchiostegal  rays,  six  in  number.  Scales  minutely 
serrated  posteriorly." 

Paralabrax  nebulifer  and  P.  clathratus 
are  the  two  species. 

Dr.  Ayres's  Centrarchus  maculosus  is  my  C.  interruptus. 

A  new  and  interesting  member  of  the  group  TrachinidoB,  we  inscribe  into  the 
method  under  the  appellation  of 

HOMALOPOMUS, 

"  Thegeneral  aspect  of  which  is  elongated,  the  mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  long- 
est ;  upper  and  lower  jaws  provided  with  canine  teeth ;  card-like  teeth  on  the 
vomer.  Palatines  toothless ;  tongue  smooth.  Dorsal  fins  separated ;  anterior, 
small  and  subtriangular ;  posterior,  extending  mostly  to  rest  of  space  towards 
the  caudal.  Anal  fin  longer  than  deep,  situated  far  back.  Opercular  apparatus 
spineless  and  scaly  ;  cheeks  smooth  and  scaleless.  Upper  surface  of  head  cover- 
ed with  minute  scales.  Scales  covering  the  body  of  moderate  development  with 
posterior  margin  entire,  and  smooth.  Gill  openings  continuous  under  the  head  ; 
branchiostegals,  six  in  number." 

A  single  species  is  known,  several  specimens  of  which  were  examined,  all  of 
which  were  collected  at  Astoria,  Oregon  Territory,  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge, 
U.  S.  A.,  to  whom  I  take  pleasure  in  dedicating  it. 

HoMALOPOMUS    TROWBRIDGII 

has  the  "snout  pointed,  the  mouth  deeply  cleft,  and  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
raaxillaries  extending  to  the  vertical  line  of  the  posterior  edge  of  the  puj)il.  The 
eyes  are  large.  The  tips  of  the  pectoral  fins  reach  as  far  as  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  anal  fin.     The  color  is  greyish  brown  above,  and  silvery  grey  beneath." 

In  the  Cottoid  group  there  are  glorious  additions.  In  the  first  place  I  have 
had  the  great  satisfaction  of  identifying,  from  actual  specimens,  the  Coitus  asper  of 
Sir  John  Richardson,  and  to  describe  it  comparatively  with  the  other  members 
of  the  same  genus. 

Amongst  the  truly  marine  representatives  I  will  first  introduce  a  type  which 
seems  to  bear  much  closer  affinities  to  the  fresh  water  genera  than  was  anticipa- 
ted. 

In  naming  it 

OLIGOCOTTUS, 

allusion  is  made  chiefly  to  its  diminutive  size.  We  have  full  evidence  that  the 
specimens  before  us  are  adults,  and  consequently  have  not  hesitated  in  the  se- 
lection of  that  name.  We  are  aware,  however,  that  further  search  might  bring 
to  notice  other  species  not  quite  so  small  and  still  of  the  same  generic  stamp. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  etymology  of  a  name  is  of  but  little  avail  towards  eluci- 
dating the  history  of  the  object  it  designates.  The  natural  characters  of  the 
genus  will  read  as  follows  :  "Head  smooth,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  spines 
upon  the  preopercle  and  snout.  Upper  jaw  slightly  the  longest.  Teeth  upon 
the  premaxillaries,  dentaries,  front  of  vomer  and  palatines.  Gill  openings 
continuous  under  the  throat ;  branchiostegals  six.  Dorsal  fins  contiguous. 
Caudal  posteriorly  rounded.  Insertion  of  ventrals  backwards  the  base  of  pec- 
torals. Origin  of  anal  fin  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  second  dorsal. 
Skin  smooth,  lateral  line  continuous  for  the  whole  length  of  the  body." 


1856.]  188 

OlIGOCOTTUS    MACCLOSnS. 

being  the  only  species  known  at  present,  we  will  characterize  it  by  saying : 
"  that  the  mouth  is  moderately  cleft ;  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary 
extending  to  a  vertical  line  intersecting  the  pupil.  A  stoutish  bicuspid  processus 
on  the  convexity  of  the  preopercle.  Two  acute  nasal  spines.  Anterior  dorsal 
lower  than  the  second  or  posterior.  Yellowish  brown  above,  mottled  or  varie- 
gated with  blackish ;  along  the  dorsal  region  a  series  of  blotches  of  a  deeper  hue; 
lower  half  of  the  sides  vermiculated.  Abdomen  of  a  bright  saffron  or  yellow 
hue  in  the  male.  Inferior  surface  of  head  with  traces  of  black  markings  ;  throat 
and  abdomen  unicolor,  as  also  the  ventrals  and  anal.  Dorsals,  caudal,  and 
pectorals  transversally  barred." 

It  has  been  observed  on  several  points  of  the  coast  between  the  bay  of  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  to  Puget  Sound,  W.  T.  In  1854,  a  few  dried  up  specimens  were 
taken  near  Presidio  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  but  their  precarious  state  of 
keeping  did  not  permit  us  to  classify  them.  The  same  was  the  case  with  those 
collected  at  Fort  Steilacoom  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley.  It  is  but  very  recently  that 
well  preserved  specimens,  collected  by  B.  Samuels,  in  Tomales  Bay,  Cal.,  having 
reached  us,  we  have  been  prepared  to  determine  their  position  in  the  ichthyic 
method. 

The  fish  mentioned  by  Dr.  Ayres  under  the  name  of  Acanthocottusinermis  jiroyes 
to  be  my  Leptocottus  armatus. 

Next  in  order  is  another  and  entirely  new  genus,  for  which  the  name  of 

LEIOCOTTUS, 

has  been  selected,  more  particularly  in  reference  to  its  smooth  aspect.  Its  char- 
acters are  :  "  head  pei'fectly  smooth  :  spines  upon  the  preopercle  only.  Mouth 
moderately  cleft :  jaws  equal.  Teeth  upon  the  premaxillaries,  dentaries  and 
front  of  the  vomer ;  none  on  the  palatines.  Barbules  upon  the  maxillaries. 
Gill  openings  continuous  under  the  throat ;  branchiostegal  rays  five.  Dorsals 
nearly  contiguous  upon  their  bases.  Ventrals  inserted  backwards  of  the  base 
of  tlie  pectorals.  Caudal  posteriorly  subtruncated.  Skin  perfectly  smooth, 
bearing  neither  prickles  nor  scales.  Lateral  line  well  marked  and  continuous 
from  head  to  tail." 

The  species  which  has  come  under  my  observation  has  so  much  of  the 
aspect  of  Trigla  that  the  specific  name  of 

Leiocottus  hirundo 

suggested  itself  for  it."  The  snout  is  declivous  and  rather  pointed;  the  poste- 
rior extremity  of  the  maxillary  is  provided  with  two  or  three  barbules  and 
reaches  a  vertical  line  drawn  a  little  beyond  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  Su- 
perior regions  blackish  brown ;  abdomen  whitish  beneath ;  inferior  part  of  tail 
yellow." 

It  was  collected  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A.  at  the  island  of  San 
Miguel,  Cal. 

Dr.  Ayres'  Ilemitriptcrus  marmoratus,  is  my  Scorpj^nichthys  marmoratus, 

Clypcocottus  robustus  of  the  same  author,  is  my  Aspicottus  bison. 

The  species  described  by  me  as  Scorpcenichthys  lateralis  was  subsequently  re- 
ferred by  Dr.  Ayres  to  a  new  genus  of  his  under  the  denomination  of  Calycilepi- 
dotus  lateralLi,  together  with  another  species  at  that  time  unknown  to  me,  under 
the  name  of  C.  spi/iosus.  On  a  former  occasion  Dr.  Ayres  had  announced  the 
presence  of  two  species  of  hemilepidoti  in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  for  which 
he  proposed  the  names  of  II.  nebulosus  and  H.  spinosus.  My  Scorpcemchihys 
lateralis  was  subsequently  identified  by  himself  to  his  If.  nebulosus,  and  it  was 
then  that  the  genus  Calycilepidotus  appeared  with  two  species:  C.  spinosus  and 
C.  lateralis. 

G.  spinosus  I  have  carefully  examined,  and  I  am  satisfied  that  its  proper  place 
is  in  the  genus  Ilemilepidotus,  as  characterised  by  Cuvier.  In  order,  however, 
to  furnish  reliable  data  to  go  upon,  I  must  be  permitted  to  offer  a  diagnosis  of 
of  that  genus  as  it  now  stands. 

10 


134  [June, 

Hemilepidotus. 
''  Head  rough  and  prickly,  with  membranous  flaps  on  various  parts;  opercu- 
lar apparatus  spinous.  Mouth  moderately  cleft;  jaws  equal.  Teeth  upon  the 
premaxillaries,  dentaries,  front  of  vomer  and  palatines.  Gill  openings  sepa- 
rated beneath  by  an  isthmus  ;  branchiostegals,  six  on  either  side.  Dorsal  fins 
contiguous.  Caudal  rounded  posteriorly.  Insertion  of  ventrals  opposite  the 
base  of  pectorals.  Longitudinal  bands  of  scales  alternating  with  nacked  areas ; 
scales  themselves  finely  denticulated." 

Hemilepidotus  spinosus 
•'  has  membranous  flaps  on  the  upper  surface  and  sides  of  the  head.  The  eyes 
are  quite  large.  The  posterior  free  extremity  of  the  maxillary  extends  to  a 
vertical  line  drawn  at  the  posterior  rim  of  the  pupil.  Dorsal  band  of  scales 
composed  of  six  rows  or  series  ;  lateral  band  of  seven,  five  below  and  two  above 
the  lateral  line.  Ground  color  dark  reddish  brown,  with  darker  transverse  bands 
and  blotches." 

Specimens  labelled  by  Dr.  Ayres  were  collected  in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco, 
Oal.,  by  Dr.  John  S.  Newberrv  ;  others  in  Humboldt  Bav,  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trow- 
bridge, U.  S.  A.  " 

So  much  for  Calycilepidotus  spinosus  :  it  is  a  true  Hemilepidotus. 

As  to  C.  lateralis,  the  second  species  of  Dr.  Ayres'  genus,  a  careful  study  has 
convinced  me  that  it  is  not  specifically  identical  with  my  Scorpcenichthys  lateralis. 
Subsequent  investigations  of  more  perfect  si^ecimens  have  convinced  me  of  the 
propriety  of  removing  the  latter  from  the  genus  Scorpsenichthys,  and  since  I  had 
uo  specimens  of  Hemilepidotus  nebulosus,  Ayres,  {Calycilepidotus  lateralis,  Ayres, 
non  mihi)  by  which  to  determine  its  generic  affinities,  I  have  been  compelled  to 
institute,  under  the  name  of 

Artedius, 
a  new  genus  to  receive  two  species,  the  one  above  referred  to,  and  formerly  de- 
scribed by  me  as  Scorpcenichlhys  lateralis,  and  another  which  so  far  had  remained 
unnoticed.  The  following  are  its  characters  :  "  Head  rough,  with  supra-orbital 
membranous  flaps.  Spines  upon  the  preopercle  only.  Mouth  moderately  cleft ; 
lower  jaw  slightly  overlapped  by  the  upper.  Teeth  upon  the  premaxillaries, 
dentaries,  front  of  vomer,  and  palatines.  Gill  openings  continuous  under  the 
throat ;  branchiostegals  five  on  either  side.  Dorsal  fins  separated.  Caudal  sub- 
truncated  posteriorly.  Insertion  of  ventrals  opposite  the  base  of  the  pectorals. 
A  dorsal  band  of  pectinated  scales." 

Artedius  lateralis. 

Scorpcenichthys  lateralis,  Grd.,  has  the  "  surface  of  the  head  smooth.  Preopercle 
armed  with  a  flat  bicuspid  spine.  Band  of  dorsal  scales  narrow,  originating  at 
the  thoracic  arch  and  extending  to  near  the  terminus  of  the  base  of  the  second 
dorsal.  Anterior  margin  of  first  dorsal  situated  in  advance  of  the  thoracic  arch. 
Deep  chesnut  brown  above,  maculated  with  yellowish  ;  beneath  yellowish." 

Specimens  collected  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  Cal..  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U. 
S.  A. 

Artedius  notospilotus 
is  characterised  by  the  "  surface  of  the  head  being  subtuberculous  and  scaly. 
Preopercle  armed  with  a  flat  tricuspid  spine.  Anterior  margin  of  first  dorsal 
situated  in  advance  of  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal  band  of  scales,  which  is  broad 
and  extends  from  the  thoracic  arch  to  near  the  terminus  of  the  base  of  the  second 
dorsal.  Olivaceous,  with  a  series  of  saddle-like  black  patches.  Abdomen  dull 
yellow  or  white." 

Collected  by  E.  Samuels  in  Tomales  Bay,  Cal. 

Sebastes  ruber,  Ayres,  is  my  Sebastes  rosaceus. 

Sebasies  nebulosus,  Ayres,  is  my  Sebastes  pasciatus. 

Sebastes  variabilis,  Ayres  (not  Cuvier)  is  my  Sebastes  auriculatus. 


1856.]  135 

Sebastes  melanops, 


.1, 


is  a  species  hitherto  nudcscribed,  and  which  we  thus  characterise  :  "  Upper  sur- 
face of  head  generally  spineless.  Posterior  extremity  of  maxillary  reaching  a 
vcrticalline  drawn  interiorly  to  the  posterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  Origin  of  dorsal 
fin  opposite  or  else  slightly  in  advance  of  the  base  of  the  pectorals.  Upper  re- 
gions blackish  brown ;  sides  brownish,  spotted  with  black ;  beneath  greyish 
brown." 

Specimens  were  collected  at  Cape  Flattery,  W.  T.,  and  at  Astoria,  0.  T..  bv 
Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A. 

A  fine  addition  to  the  group  of  Heterolepids  instituted  in  1854  with  two  genera. 
Chirus  and  Ophiodon,  is  the  new  genus 

OPLOPOMA, 

characterised  by  an  "  elongated  body,  membranous  flaps  above  the  orbits,  and 
spines  on  the  preopercle.  The  snout  is  conical ;  the  mouth  large,  and  the  lower 
jaw  the  longest.  Canine  teeth  upon  the  premaxillaries,  dentaries,  front  of  vomer 
aud  the  palatines.  Gill  openings  continuous  ;  branchiostegals  six  on  eitherside. 
Dorsal  fins  contiguous.  Caudal  posteriorly  subcrescentic  or  else  concave.  In- 
sertion of  ventrals  a  little  posterior  to  the  pectorals.  Body  covered  by  small 
cycloid  scales." 

Oplopoma  pantheeina, 

the  only  species  hitherto  known,  has  the  "  upper  surface  and  sides  of  the  bead 
granular.  The  preopercular  spines  are  few,  small  and  blunt.  Posterior  ex- 
tremity of  maxillary  extending  beyond  the  orbit.  Origin  of  anterior  dorsal 
situated  in  advance  of  the  convexity  of  the  i^reopercle.  Scales  extending  over 
the  base  of  both  the  caudal  and  pectoral  fins.  Blackish  brown  above,  reddish 
brown  beneath.     Dorsal  and  lateral  regions  spotted  with  black." 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  at  Cape 
Flattery,  W.  T. 

Gastbrosteus  serratus,  Ayres,  I  have  investigated  carefully,  and  found  speci- 
fically distinct  from  its  congeners. 

I  describe  another  speeies  akin  to  it  and  G.  plebeius. 

Gasterosteus  inteemedius 

having  the  "  body  plated  all  over ;  the  peduncle  of  the  tail  keeled.  Dorsal 
spines  three,  moderate  in  development  and  inconspicuouslj-  serrated  upon  their 
edges  ;  anterior  one  inserted  immediately  behind  the  base  of  the  pectorals.  In- 
sertion of  ventrals  irnder  the  second  dorsal  spine  ;  their  own  spine  being  serrated 
upon  both  edges,  more  conspicuously  above  than  below,  and  their  extremities 
not  extending  as  far  as  the  tips  of  the  ossa  innominata.  Posterior  margin  of 
caudal  concave." 

Inhabits  Cape  Flattery,  W.  T.,  where  it  was  collected  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge, 
U.  S.  A. 

Finally,  under  the  name  of 

Gasterosteus  pugetti, 
I  introduce  a  new  species  in  which  the  "  body  is  only  plated  in  part.  Dorsal 
spines  three,  slender,  not  serrated  upon  their  edges  ;  anterior  inserted  immedi- 
ately behind  the  base  of  pectorals.  Insertion  of  ventrals  in  advance  of  the 
second  dorsal  spine ;  their  own  spine  being  slender,  crenated  upon  its  edges  and 
extending  beyond  the  tips  of  the  os.w  innorainata.  Posterior  margin  of  caudal 
slightly  emarginated." 

Fort  Steilacoom,  Puget  Sound,  W.  T. ;  collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A. 

Leiostomus  lineattts,  Ayres,  has  come  within  my  observation.  The  species  is 
characteristic.     Specimens  of  it  were  brought  home  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry. 

Leptogunellus  gracilis,  Ayres,  I  have  likewise  examined  on  specimens  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Newberry  and  labelled  by  Dr.  Ayres. 


136 


[June, 


GOBIUS   NEWBERRTI 

is  a  small  and  very  gi-aceful  species  of  Goby,  hitherto  undescribed.  The  average 
size  of  many  specimens  observed  is  about  two  inches  or  less,  the  head  forming 
the  fourth  of  the  total  length.  The  first  dorsal  is  contiguous  to  the  second  at 
its  base,  and  is  considerably  lower  than  the  latter.  The  mouth  is  deeply  cleft, 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary  extending  to  a  vertical  line  passing 
posteriorly  to  the  orbit.  The  origin  of  the  anal  is  situated  a  little  behind  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  second  dorsal :  both  fins  terminate  evenly,  as  far  as  con- 
cerns the  tips  of  the  posterior  rays.  The  caudal  forms  the  fifth  of  the  total 
length.  The  ground  color  is  olivaceous,  but  the  upper  regions  appear  blackish 
with  isolated  spots  of  the  ground  color  ;  the  inferior  regions  are  unicolor. 
Atherina  storeri,  Ayres,  is  my  Atherinopsis  californiensis. 

Rhacocheilus  toxotes,  Agass.,  was  identified  on  a  specimen  collected  by  E. 
Samuels  in  Tomales  Bay. 

Hysterocarpus  traskii.  Gibbons,  could  be  recognized  on  a  specimen  collected 
at  Fort  Reading  by  Drs.  J.  F.  Hammond  and  John  S.  Newberry.  Another  speci- 
men from  the  same  locality  had  no  irregular  transverse  bands  of  black,  but  was 
almost  unicolor. 

Another  species  of  viviparous  fish, 

Embiotoca  argyrosoma, 
is  easily  distinguished  from  its  congener  by  the  brilliant  argentine  tint  of  its 
entire  body,  though  made  a  little  darker  along  the  dorsal  region  by  a  greyish  or 
pinkish  hue.  The  general  form  is  elongated;  the  head  rather  small,  subconical, 
rounded  anteriorly,  and  contained  four  times  and  a  half  in  the  total  length. 
The  caudal  is  deeply  forked.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  anal  extends  a 
little  more  posteriorly  than  the  dorsal.  The  tips  of  the  pectorals  reach  a  ver- 
tical line  passing  beyond  the  origin  of  the  anal.  Specimens  were  collected  at 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A. 

Osmerus  elongatus,  Ayres,  has  been  collected  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  by  Dr. 
John  S.  Newberry.     The  specimens  were  identified  by  Dr.  Ayres. 

A  most  important  (I  was  almost  goingto  say  unexpected)  discovery  of  a  white 
fish  was  made  by  the  party  on  the  R.  R.  Survey  of  California  and  Oregon,  com- 
manded by  Lt.  R.  S.  Williamson.  And  since  it  is  different  from  its  hitherto 
known  congener,  we  will  call  it 

COREGONUS   WILLIAMSONI, 

as  commemorative  of  that  Survey.  Its  head  is  rather  small,  being  contained 
about  five  times  in  the  total  length,  which  measures  eleven  inches.  The  mouth 
is  very  small  and  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary  does  not  extend  as  far 
back  as  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  The  scales  are  large  ;  eighteen  rows  of 
them  may  be  counted  between  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  and  the  inser- 
tion of  the  ventrals  :  nine  above  the  lateral  line,  and  eight  below  it.  The  lateral 
line,  itself,  is  perfectly  straight.  The  caudal  fin  forked  as  usual.  The  pectorals 
are  rather  small.  I  have  alluded  to  the  color  in  saying  it  was  a  white  fish  ;  add 
to  it  a  bluish  grey  hue  along  the  back.  It  was  collected  by  Dr.  Newberry  in 
the  Des  Chutes  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Columbia. 

In  adding  a  second  species  to  the  genus  Platichthys,  the  diagnose  of  this 
genus  must  be  modified  so  as  to  read :  "  eyes  on  either  the  right  or  left  side," 
for 

Platichthys  umbrosus, 
which  is  the  new  species  referred  to,  hag  its  eyes  on  the  right,  whilst  in  the 
species  formerly  described,  they  are  on  the  left.  It  can  also  readily  be  distin- 
guished from  its  congener  in  having  the  body  completely  covered  with  scales, 
on  the  surface  of  some  of  which  prickles  or  asperities  are  observed.  The  speci- 
men before  us  measures  seven  inches  and  a  half,  is  of  a  uniform  blackish  brown 
hue  on  the  right  side  and  light  brown  on  the  left.  It  was  collected  by  Lt.  W. 
P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Cape  Flattery,  W.  T. 


1856.]  137 

I  have  likewise  a  second  species  to  add  to  my  genus  Pleuronichthys,  taking 
this  opportunity  of  correcting  a  lapsus  lingiice  which  occurred  in  the  diagnosis  of 
its  generic  characters  :  "  teeth  very  inconspicuous,  occupying  the  colorless  side 
of  the  jaws,"  instead  of  both  sides  of  the  jaw.  That  this  was  a  mere  accident 
will  appear  obvious  by  reading  the  characters  given  to  Parophrys,  in  which  an 
allusion  is  made  to  the  true  state  of  things  in  Pleuronichthys. 

Pleuronichthys  suttulatus, 
appears  to  be  a  smaller  species  than  its  congener  ;  it  is  also  deeper,  less  elon- 
gated, hence  more  of  a  subcylindrical  general  form.  The  eyes  are  situated  on  the 
right  side.  The  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  not  quite  even  with  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  orbit,  and  in  that  respect  the  generic  diagnosis  will  undergo  a 
slight  modification.  The  largest  specimens  observed  measure  a  little  over  three 
inches.  The  ground  color  appears  greyish  black,  over  which  are  scattered  light 
spots  ajipearing  like  as  many  drops  irregularly  dispersed.  Specimens  were  col- 
lected in  Tomales  Bay  by  E.  Samuels. 

A  specimen  of  Ophidium,  in  a  too  precarious  state  of  preservation  to  be  de- 
termined specifically,  was  found  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  at  S.  Farallones,  near 
San  Francisco.  Another  was  collected  by  Dr.  Suckley  at  Shoalwater  Bay,  W. 
T.,  apparently  of  the  same  species. 

We  have  also  to  mention  a  Sandlaunee,  under  the  name  of 

Ammodytes  personatus, 
the  general  aspect  of  which  is  shorter  than  its  congeners,  although  theform  and 
outline  of  the  body  are  not  materially  different.  We  perceive  no  teeth  on  the 
palat.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary  extends  to  a  vertical  line  which 
intersects  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  The  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  situated 
anteriorly  to  the  tips  of  the  pectorals.  The  base  of  the  caudal  fin  is  black. 
Specimens  were  collected  at  Cape  Flattery,  W.  T.,  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridsre. 
U.  S.  A. 

Syngnathus  californiensiSj  Storer, 

was  received  from  Monterey,  Cal.,  through  the  care  of  A.  S.  Taylor.  The 
specimen  is  somewhat  imperfect ;  it  is  the  largest  of  those  which  we  have  ex- 
amined from  the  Pacific  coast. 

AcciPBNSBR  acutirosteis,  Ayres, 

was  brought  home  by  Dr.  Newberry,  the  specimen  having  been  labelled  by  Dr. 
Ayres  in  San  Francisco,  where  the  specimen  was  procured. 

AciPENSER  MEDiROSTRis,  Ayrcs,  was  received  in  the  same  manner  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

AoiPENSER  TRANSMONTANUS,  Rich.,  from  the  Columbia  river,  has  been  collected 
by  Dr.  Suckley. 

We  conclude  by  referring  to  a  ray  of  a  remarkable  genus, 

Rhinoptera  vespertilio, 
which  was  caught  in  Tomales  Bay,  by  E.  Samuels.  The  specimen  before  us 
measures  nineteen  inches  and  a  half  from  the  extremity  of  the  mouth  to  the 
tip  of  the  tail,  six  inches  and  three  quarters  being  the  length  of  the  body  and 
head  together.  The  width  from  the  tip  of  one  pectoral  fin  to  the  other  is  twelve 
inches.  There  is  a  small  dorsal  fin  situated  upon  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
tail,  followed  by  a  flattened  spear  shaped  spine,  serrated  upon  its  edge.  The 
tail  is  very  attenuated,  flagelliform,  tapering  into  a  filiform  extremity.  The 
cephalic  region  is  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  body.  Its  anterior  outline  is  round- 
ed. The  eyes  are  very  prominent  and  somewhat  raised  above  the  surface  of 
the  head.  The  respiratory  apertures,  five  in  number  are  transversally  elonga- 
ted and  arranged  upon  an  open  curve.  The  lips  are  fringed.  The  color  is  of 
an  uniform  bluish  slate  above ;  dull  whitish  beneath. 


138  [June, 

Mr.  Ord,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  appointed  to  procure  subscrip- 
tions to  the  Wilson  Monument  Fund,  reported  that  he  had  received 
and  transmitted  in  the  name  of  the  President  and  Members  of  the 
Academy,  the  sum  of  $280.  From  persons  not  members,  he  had 
received  and  transmitted  the  sum  of  $35.  The  report  was  adopted  and 
the  Committee  discharged. 

Mr.  Cassin,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  appointed  to  prepare  a  cor- 
rect list  of  the  Correspondents  of  the  Academy,  reported  progress  and 
requested  a  continuance;  which  request  was  granted. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  presented  his  report  for  the  last  month. 

ELECTION. 

Dr.  Charles' S.  Boker,  Mr.  John  McAllister,  Jr.,  and  Dr.  Samuel  S. 
Garrigues,  all  of  Philadelphia,  were  elected  Members. 


Dr.  Morris*  stated  Ibat  Alexis  St.  Martin,  on  whom  Dr.  Beaumont  perforoiecl 
his  celebrated  series  of  experiments,  is  now  in  town,  and  has  been  submitted 
to  some  experiments  at  the  Pennsylyania  College  by  Dr.  F.  G.  Smith,  in  the 
presence  of  a  few  physicians.  On  Monday  last,  after  breakfasting  on  bread  and 
butter  and  coffee,  he  partook  at  lOj,  A.  M.,  of  beefsteak ;  at  the  expiration  of 
two  hours  the  fluid  contents  of  the  stomach  were  withdrawn  by  means  of  a 
catheter.  They  had  a  decidedly  acid  reaction,  but  whether  from  chlorohydric 
or  lactic  acid,  I  was  unable  to  ascertain  from  the  small  cfuantity  forwarded  to 
me  for  examination.  The  meat  was  rapidly  being  converted  into  chyme  ;  small 
flocculi  floated  in  the  fluid  and  collected  at  the  bottom,  much  paler  than  natural. 
On  being  subjected  to  the  microscope,  the  cellular  tissue  had  nearly  all  disap- 
peared, while  the  muscular  fibres  exhibited  all  stages  of  disintegration ;  some 
were  found  nearly  of  the  usual  color,  some  paler  and  with  the  transverse  striae 
beautifully  marked.  As  the  latter  became  less  evident,  longitudinal  striation 
exhibited  itself,  Avhile  a  minute  punctation  took  the  place  of  the  transverse  striae. 
As  the  digestive  process  advanced,  the  whole  fibril  became  granular,  but  the 
longitudinal  striation  remained  as  long  as  there  was  any  evidence  of  the  struc- 
ture. This  goes  to  confirm  the  view  of  the  minute  anatomy  of  the  muscles 
maintained  by  Kolliker,  in  opposition  to  Todd  and  Bowman's  disc  theory.  The 
nuclei  of  the  ruptured  gastric  cells,  epithelium  from  the  mouth,  esopha- 
gus and  stomach,  with  numerous  fat  granules,  completed  the  microscopic 
appearances.  This  morning,  at  \()\  A.  M.,  he  partook  of  bread,  and  the  fluid 
being  withdrawn  as  before  at  the  end  of  two  hours,  presented  the  following  ap- 
pearances :  The  supernatant  fluid  resembled  a  starch  solution,  but  on  close 
examination  gave  the  faintest  possible  evidence  of  starch  by  the  iodine  test, 
which  I  am  disposed  to  regard  as  due  mainly  to  the  dextrine  present.  Trom- 
mer's  test  gave  abundant  proof  of  the  presence  of  the  latter,  or  of  grape  sugar, 
or  both,  and  also  indicated  by  the  purplish  hue  of  the  liquid  on  the  addition  of 
sulphate  of  copper  and  potassa  to  the  fluid,  the  presence  of  a  protein  body.  The 
remnants  of  the  bread,  fully  disintegrated,  subsided  to  the  bottom,  and  showed 
abundant  evidence  of  starch.  So  far  as  this  experiment  goes,  it  confirms  the 
views  generally  held  as  to  the  action  of  the  saliva  upon  amylaceous  bodies,  in 
contravention  to  those  advanced  by  Lehmann,  as  to  the  active  part  played  by 
the  intestinal  fiuid  (the  secretion  of  the  intestinal  mucous  membrane)  in  diges- 
tion. The  greater  part  of  the  bread  had  disappeared,  giving  place  to  grape 
sugar,  in  consequence  of  the  almost  momentary  action  of  the  saliva,  and  leaving 
mainly  the  function  of  absorption  to  be  performed  by  the  intestinal  mucous 
membrane. 

•This  communication  being  mislaid,  could  not  be  introduced  into  its  proper 
place,  under  date  of  May  6th. 


1856.]  1S9 

July  ]s<,  1856. 
Dr.  J.  Carson  in  the  Chair. 

A  letter  was  read  from  Rudolph  C.  Burlag,  Consul  of  the  Nether- 
lands, dated  New  York,  June  26th,  1856,  enclosing  a  letter  from  The 
Society  for  the  Succor  of  Drowned  Persons,  of  Amsterdam,  dated  March 
21st,  1856,  transmitting  their  publication  acknowledged  this  evening. 

Dr.  Uhler  remarked,  that  the  specimen  of  Dewe;^lite  presented  by 
himself  this  evening,  has  exactly  the  composition  of  the  precious  ser- 
pentine and  resembles  chalcedony. 

On  leave  granted.  Dr.  Rand  moved  that  the  Committee  on  Mr.  Gri- 
rard's  paper,  entitled  **  Contributions  to  the  Ichthyology  of  the  western 
coast  of  the  United  States,"  be  allowed  to  present  their  report.  The  mo- 
tion was  adopted.  The  Report  of  the  Committee  in  favor  of  publica- 
tion in  the  forth-coming  number  of  the  Proceedings,  was  then  received 
and  adopted.* 


July  Sth. 
Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  special  vote 
of  thanks  of  the  Academy. 

From  H.  Gr.  Bronn,  dated  Heidelburg,  5th  January,  1856,  ai?know- 
ledging  the  receipt  of  the  Journal  of  the  Academy,  (N.  S.  Vol.  iii., 
No.  1,)  and  a  copy  of  Dr.  Leidy's  paper  on  the  Extinct  Sloth  Tribes  of 
North  America  ;  also  transmitting  donations. 

From  the  Zoologische  Botanischen  Verein  of  Vienna,  dated  12th 
December,  1855,  transmitting  donations. 

From  the  Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists  of  Moscow,  dated  March 
29,  1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Proceedings,  (Vol.  vii.. 
No.  1,)  of  the  Academy. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled 
"  On  a  new  Genus  and  Species  of  Urodela,  from  the  collections  of  the 
U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition,  under  Com.  Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N.,  by 
Charles  Grirard,  M.  D. ;"  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr. 
Cassin,  Dr.  Brinton,  and  Dr.  Bridges. 

Mr.  Lea  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper  enti- 
tled "  Description  of  fifteen  new  species  of  Exotic  Melaniana,  by  Isaac 
Lea ;"  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr.  Vaux,  Dr.  Leidy  and 
Mr.  Gliddon. 

Dr.  Leidy  mentioned  that  the  skin  of  the  Musk  Ox,  deposited  by 
Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  the  skeleton  of  an  Owl,  presented  by  the  same,  the 
skin  of  the  Llama,  presented  by  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  and  the  skeleton 
of  the  large  specimen  of  Chelonura  serpentina,  presented  by  Mr.  Tiffany, 
of  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.,  had  been  mounted  and  placed  in  the  collection. 

*  See  page  131. 

PROCEED.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  OP  PHILADELPHIA,  VOL.  VIII.  NO.  IV.  11 


140 


[July, 


Mr.  Ord  transmitted  a  letter  from  Matthew  Bsrr,  dated  Paisley,  21st 
June,  1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  ^64  lis.  7d.  as  a  contribu- 
tion to  the  Wilson  testimonial  fund. 

Dr.  Leidy  stated,  that  in  consequence  of  the  unsatisfactory  results  of  bis  in- 
vestigations, wliich  had  formed  the  subject  of  "A  Memoir  on  the  Extinct  Dico- 
tylinas  of  America,"*  from  the  time  of  writing  that  memoir  he  had  been  col- 
lecting material,  both  recent  and  fossil,  towards  a  more  positive  determination 
of  the  number  of  extinct  species  of  Dicotylinae.  The  results  of  his  subsequent 
investigations  appear  to  be  as  follows : 

1.  The  extent  of  variation  in  the  characters  of  the  skull,  and  especially  of  the 
teeth,  is  as  great  in  different  individuals  of  the  recent  Dicoiyles  torquaivs,  as  it 
is  in  all  the  extinct  genera  and  species  heretofore  indicated  by  Dr.  Le  Conte  and 
himself. 

2.  The  evidence,  so  far  as  it  has  been  derived  from  osteological  characters, 
appears  to  refer  all  the  extinct  genera  and  species  of  North  American  Dicoty- 
linse,  as  heretofore  indicated,  to  one  single  species. 

The  name  of  the  latter  and  its  synonyma  are  as  follows  : 

DicoTTLES  coMPRESsus,  Leidy. 

Syn.  Platigonus  compressus  ;  Hyops  depressifrons  ;  Proiochoervs prismaiiciis ;  Di- 
eotyUs  depressifrons  ;  Dicoiyles  costatus,  Le  Conte.     Euchoerus  macrops,  Leidy. 


July  \btJi. 

Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled 
'<  New  species  of  Plyla,  by  John  Le  Conte,"  which  was  referred  to  a 
Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Hallowell,  Mr.  Cassin  and  Dr.  J.  A.  Meigs. 


July  ^9lh. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The   Committee  on  Dr.  Girard's  paper,  read  8th  inst,,  reported  in 
favor  of  publication  in  the  Proceedings ;  which  report  was  adopted. 

On  a  New  Genus  and  Species  of  Urodela,  from  the  collections  of  the  U.  S.  Expl. 
Exped.,  under  Comm.  Charles  Wilkes^  U.  S.  N. 

By  Charles  Gieard,  M.  D. 

A  species  of  this  group  was  collected  in  Oregon  by  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition, showing  such  a  striking  external  resemblance  with  Aneides  lugubris,  that 
upon  a  first  examination  we  referred  it  to  the  latter  genus.  A  closerexamination  of 
its  structure  made  us  acquainted  with  an  ensemble  of  characters  which  has 
induced  us  to  establish  a  genus  distinct  from  Aneides  :  by  the  shape  of  the  mouth, 
which  is  linear,  instead  of  being  undulating;  by  the  maxillary  teeth,  which  are 
exceedingly  minute,  and  the  disposition  of  the  vomero-palatine  teeth,  upon  a 
double  ogee,  instead  of  an  obtuse  angled  triangle. 

HEREDIA. 
Head  subelliptical,  broader  than  the  body ;  snout  blunt  and  rounded,  protru- 
ding beyond  the  lower  jaw.   Cleft  of  the  mouth  oblique  and  rectilinear.  Maxil- 
lary teeth  exceedingly  minute,  scarcely  perceptible.  Vomero-palatine  teeth  dis- 

•  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  x.,  323. 


1856.]  141 

posed  upon  a  double  ogee  extending  from  the  middle  line  of  the  palate  along 
the  anterior  inner  edge  of  the  orbit.  Sphenoid  teeth  forming  two  elongated 
patches.  Tongue  large,  elliptical,  attached  by  an  elongated  central  pedicel,  and 
free  upon  its  posterior  third.  Eyes  large.  Limbs  slender,  anterior  ones  longest ; 
four  fingers  ;  five  toes,  all  free  and  tapering.  Tail  subcylindrical,  slightly  com- 
pressed, tapering  towards  the  tip.    Skin  exteriorly  smooth  and  soft. 

Herbdia  oregoxensis. — Tail  longer  than  the  body  and  head  together.  Fingers 
and  toes  slender  and  free,  inner  one  very  small.  Skin  smooth,  uniform  dark  brown 
above,  lighter  beneath. 

The  Secretary  read  a  note  from  Dr.  Wm.  S.  Zantzinger,  dated  29th 
July,  1856,  stating  that  he  was  about  to  remove  from  the  city,  and 
consequently  tendered  his  resignation  as  Librarian  of  the  Academy. 
The  resignation  was  accepted. 


ELECTION. 


Baron  John  William  Yon  Miiller,  of  Stuttgart,  was  elected  a  Corres- 
pondent, and  Mr.  Alfred  Cope  and  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Grobrecht,  both  of 
Philadelphia,  were  elected  members  of  the  Academy. 


AuguHt  bth. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Dr.  Hallowell  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper 
entitled  "  Notes  on  the  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  by  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D. ;"  also 
a  paper  entitled  "On  several  new  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  by  Edward  Hallowell, 
M.  D."  Both  these  papers  were  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of 
Dr.  Leidy,  Mr.  Cassin  and  Mr.  Schafhirt, 

Dr.  Hallowell  exhibited  numerous  specimens  of  the  larvae  of  Bufo  Ame- 
ricanus.  These  were  caught  by  Dr.  Leidy  on  the  16th  of  June,  along  the  banks 
of  the  Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia.  They  are  nine  lines  in  length,  including 
the  tail,  of  a  slate  color  above,  with  dark  colored  spots ;  the  under  parts  are 
whitish  mingled  with  gray.  The  reason  why  the  tadpoles  of  the  toad  are  not 
more  often  seen,  is  probably  on  account  of  their  small  size.  Specimens  of  the 
perfect  animal  were  also  exhibited  ;  these  were  six  lines  in  length,  of  a  grey 
color  above,  with  numerous  small  dark  colored  spots,  containing  each  one  or 
more  minute  reddish  colored  ones  ;  these  smaller  spots  were  also  distributed 
over  the  body  ;  under  parts  whitish  ;  the  perfect  specimens  were  found  July  7th, 
1856,  among  stones   quite  close  to  the  river. 

Dr.  Hallowell  also  exhibited  a  number  of  specimens  of  Rana  halecina,  Kalm, 
found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia,  both  male  and  female.  The  females 
appear  to  be  of  a  somewhat  lighter  color  than  the  males,  and  have  fewer  spots. 
The  latter  are  all  provided  with  a  vocal  sac,  one  on  each  side,  communicating 
with  a  small  circular  opening,  not  quite  a  line  in  diameter,  beneath  the  lower 
jaw  near  its  angle,  nearly  opposite  the  eustachian  foramina. 

Dumeril  and  Bibron,  in  their  Erpetologie  Generale,  tom.  viii.,  p.  353,  remark, 
that  in  comparing  the  Rana  esculenta  of  Europe,  and  the  Rana  halecina,  the 
first  thing  to  be  observed  is,  that  the  Rana  halecina  is  not  provided  at  the  angles 
of  the  mouth  with  those  slits  which  permit  the  males  to  extend  their  vocal  sacs, 


142  [August 

■which  is  the  case  in  the  common  frog  of  Europe.  Dr.  Holbrook  also  states,  in 
presenting  the  distinctive  characters  between  the  two  animals,  that  in  Rana 
halecina  "  there  are  no  openings  on  the  sides  of  the  jaws,  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth, 
out  of  which  the  vocal  vesicles  pass  when  distended  with  air,  as  in  the  Rana 
esculenta."  So  far  from  this  being  the  case,  it  is  the  only  frog  in  the  United 
States  which  appears  to  possess  the  sexual  characters  above  mentioned.  Both 
authors  quote  among  the  synonyms  of  halecina,  the  Rana  utricularia  of  Harlan, 
which  is  the  male  halecina  with  distended  vocal  A^esicles.  The  error  has  arisen 
from  the  fiict,  as  stated  to  me  by  Dr.  Holbrook,  that  the  males  of  a  species  found 
in  the  Southern  States  resembling  the  halecina,  do  not  possess  the  vocal  vesi- 
cles. "We  have  latelj^  received  from  Florida  a  male  specimen,  found  by  our 
fellow  member,  Mr.  Ashmead,  in  a  sulphur  spring,  near  the  St.  John's  River, 
about  three  hundred  miles  from  Key  West,  which  is  totally  destitute  of  these 
vesicles.  It  resembles  very  much  the  halecina,  but  differs  from  it,  in  having 
a  more  acute  snout,  with  a  much  more  slender  body  and  extremities;  the 
general  color  is  darker,  the  black  spots  more  numerous,  and  the  markings  upon 
the  thighs  are  different;  it  should  be  remembered  however,  that  this  description 
is  based  upon  a  single  specimen.  A  more  important  character  exists  in  the 
presence  of  a  broad  and  very  distinct  and  well  marked  row  of  pores  along  the 
upper  part  of  each  flank,  in  the  true  halecina,  and  their  presence  also  above 
the  orbits,  upon  the  back  part  of  the  head  and  neck,  and  various  parts  of  the 
body ;  these  all  appear  to  be  wanting  in  the  Southern  species.  Dumeril  and 
Bibron  very  consistently  place  the  animal  they  describe  in  the  second  division 
of  the  Ranidse,  including  those  "without  pores  about  the  neck,  upon  the  belly, 
and  none  upon  the  flanks.''  We  do  not  observe,  however,  in  the  specimen 
before  us,  that  the  thumbs  are  decidedly  truncate. 
We  would  propose  the  name  of  Rana  oxyrhynchus  for  the  Southern  species. 

Rana  oxyrhynchus,  nob. 

Char.  Plead  narrow,  acute,  longer  than  broad;  body  and  extremities  slender, 
the  posterior  quite  long;  four  or  five  palatine  teeth  on  each  side,  very  distinct, 
between  the  internal  nares;  the  patches  near  to  each  other,  but  a  considerable 
distance  from  the  former ;  tympanum  rather  small ;  eustachian  foramina  of  mode- 
rate size;  tongue  narrow  ;  scarcely  a  trace  of  webs  to  the  anterior  toes;  poste- 
rior reaching  just  beyond  the  proximal  extremity  of  the  third  phalanx  of  fourth 
toe;  third  finger  the  longest;  fourth  toe  much  longer  than  either  of  the  others  ; 
thumbs  not  remarkably  swollen  at  their  base ;  subarticular  tubercles  not  very 
distinct;  no  rows  of  pores  upon  the  sides,  and  none  visible  upon  the  head  or 
other  parts  of  the  body. 

Color.  Dark  olive,  inclining  to  black  above  ;  two  black  bands  on  each  side 
reaching  from  the  eye  to  the  extremity  of  the  snout ;  a  narrow  white  band  ex- 
tending from  the  latter  on  each  side  beneath  the  t^^mpanum,  in  contact  with  it, 
and  terminating  just  above  the  shoulder  ;  another  narrow  white  line,  the  cuticle 
here  being  slightly  elevated,  passing  from  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  thigh,  near  the  middle  ;  two  dark  oval  spots  upon  the  head 
between  the  eyes,  and  upon  the  back  ;  fifteen  or  sixteen  black  oval  spots,  each 
surrounded  by  a  narrow  white  margin,  between  the  lateral  dorsal  vittae  ;  ante- 
rior extremities  black  spotted  above  ;  posterior  presenting  upon  their  upper  sur- 
face several  transverse  bars  of  black  margined  with  white,  the  posterior  siirface 
mottled  with  the  same  colors  ;  legs  and  tarsi  spotted  with  black  ;  ground  color 
greyish  above  ;  sides  of  body  greyish,  marbled  and  spotted  with  black  and  white 
spots  and  markings;  under  surface  of  animal  white  throughout;  (from  a  speci- 
men in  spirits.) 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  11  lines:  greatest  breadth  7  ;  length  of  head, 
neck  and  body  1  inch  10  lines  ;  length  of  thigh  1  inch ;  of  leg  1  inch  1  line;  of 
tarsus  and  foot  to  extremity  of  largest  toe  1  inch  7  lines ;  total  length  5  inches. 

Habitat.     Florida. 

It  is  a  subject  of  doubt,  whether  the  animal  figured  in  Prof.  Holbrook's  work 
be  the  true  halecina  or  not;  for  in  his  description  he  says  "  a  second  line  of  yel- 


1856.]  US 

lowish  white  extends  from  the  nose  to  the  shoulder  ;  the  latter  is  less  extensive 
in  the  male  animal,  ending  at  the  Tocal  sac  " — Vol.  iv.  p.  91.  And  jet,  at  the  end 
of  the  chapter  on  Rana  halecina,  it  is  stated  as  above  mentioned,  that  "  there 
are  no  openings  at  the  sides  of  the  jaws,  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  out  of  which 
the  vocal  vesicles  pass  when  distended  with  air."  Except  that  the  sacs  are  not 
represented,  the  figure  would  correspond  sufficiently  well  with  the  R.  halecina  of 
Kalm.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  R.  esculenta  (R.  viridis,  Roesel,  fluvia- 
tilis,  Rondeletius)  is  different  from  halecina,  although  resembling  it  very  much. 
One  of  the  most  important  differences  consists  in  the  presence  in  the  former, 
upon  the  back,  of  numerous  tubercles,  each  penetrated  by  one  or  more  pores, 
giving  it  a  somewhat  toad-like  appearance  ;  another  is  the  absence  in  the  escu- 
lenta of  the  conglomerated  pores  upon  the  neck  and  other  parts  of  the  upper 
surface  of  the  animal.  Of  the  latter  we  have  at  least  fifty  specimens  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Academy. 

Oq  leave  granted,  Mr.  Cassin  offered  the  following  Preamble  and 
Resolutions,  which  were  unanimously  adopted  : 

Whereas,  The  resignation  of  William  S.  Zantzinger,  M.  D.,as  Libra- 
rian of  this  Academy,  has  been  presented  on  account  of  his  removal 
from  this  city  : 

Resolved,  That  in  accepting  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Zantzinger  as  Li- 
brarian, the  members  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia are  deeply  sensible  of  the  loss  the  Society  has  sustained  in  thus 
parting  with  an  esteemed  associate,  and  an  efl&cient  and  faithful  officer 
and  member. 

Resolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Academy  be  presented  to  Dr.  Zant- 
zinger,  as  a  testimony  of  bis  valuable  services  as  Recording  Secretary, 
Librarian  and  Member  of  the  Committee  on  Proceedings. 

Resolved,  That  the  Committee  on  Proceedings  and  the  Publication 
Committee  of  this  Academy,  be  directed  to  present  in  the  name  of  the 
Academy  complete  setts  of  all  its  publications,  or  so  much  thereof  as 
he  may  require  to  complete  copies  that  he  may  have,  and  to  continue  to 
send  the  same  to  him  as  published,  gratuitously. 


August  llth. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Smith  exhibited  a  specimen  of  amygdaloidal  trap  from 
Lake  Superior,  in  which  the  zeolitic  matter  filling  the  cavities  is  en- 
crusted and  partially  replaced  by  green  carbonate  of  copper. 

Dr.  Bridges  suggested  that  the  zeolitic  matter  might  have  been  dis- 
solved by  a  solution  of  carbonic  acid;  and  the  oxide  of  copper  dissolved 
by  the  same  agent,  and,  impregnating  the  soil,  would  more  or  less 
replace  the  mineral. 

Dr.  Rand  announced  the  death  of  J.  Madison  Rush,  late  Lieutenant 
U.  S.  N.,  and  member  of  this  Academy,  in  the  35tb  year  of  his  age. 
Lieut.  Rush  was  drowned  in  the  Red  Lake  River,  Minnesota  Territory, 
on  the  20th  of  Julv. 


144  [August, 

August  19th. 
Mr.  Cassin  in  the  Cliair. 

Mr.  Cassin  presented  a  paper  entitled,  "Descriptions  of  New  Species 
of  African  Birds  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  collected  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Duchaillu  in  Equatorial 
Africa.  By  John  Cassin."  Referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of 
Drs.  Wilson,  Morris  and  Rand. 

Mr.  Cassin  also  announced  the  reception  of  a  collection  of  Mammals, 
Birds  and  Shells  from  Mr.  P.  B.  Duchaillu,  who  had  begun  his  labors 
in  Western  Africa. 


August  2Qth. 

Vice  President  Bridges  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committees  on  Mr.  Lea's  paper,  read  July  8th;  on  Major 
Le  Conte's  paper,  read  July  15th ;  on  Dr.  Hallowell's  papers,  read 
August  5th  ;  and  on  Mr.  Cassin's  paper,  read  August  19th,  severally 
reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 

Description  of  Fifteen  new  species  of  Exotic  Melaniana. 
By  Isaac  Lea. 

Melania  Verreauiana.  Testa  laevi,  pyramidata,  crassa,  tenebroso-castanea, 
spira  valde  elevata  ;  suturis  linearibus  ;  anfractibus  planulatis  ;  apertura  sub- 
grandi,  ovata,  intus  paulisper  brunnea  ;  columella  alba  incurvaque. 

Hab.     Sandwich  Islands.     M.  E.  Verreau,  Paris. 

Melania  fraterna.  Testa  plicata,  pyramidata,  subcrassa,  tenebroso-brunnea  ; 
spira  elevata;  suturis  irregulariter  impressis  ;  anfractibus  subplauulatis,  trans- 
versim  lineis  impressis,  regulariter  cinctis,  costellis  verticallibus ;  apertura  parva, 
subovata,  intus  albida ;  labro  acuto ;  columella  contorta,  superne  incrassata, 
inferne  subemarginata. 

Hab.  . 

Melania  Hainesiana.  Testa  Isevi,  pyramidata,  subtenui,  corned ;  spira  sub- 
elevata ;  suturis  linearibus,  impressis  ;  anfractibus  planulatis,  in  medio  angu- 
latis ;  apertura  subgrandi,  subrhomboidea,  ad  basim  angulata,  intus  coeruleo- 
albida ;  labro  acuto,  angulato  ;  columella  albida  tortaque. 

Hab.     India.     W.  A.  Haines,  New  York. 

Melania  Housei.  Testa  laevi,  acuto-conoidea,  tenui,  cornea,  flammis  longitu- 
dinalibus  ferrugineis  ornata  ;  spira  subelevata  ;  acuminata,  suturis  impressis, 
canaliculatisque ;  anfractibus  planulatis,  instar  duodecim ;  apertura  parva, 
ovata,  intus  albida ;  columella  alba  tortaque. 

Operculo  tenebroso-fusco. 

Hab.     Korat,  Takrong  River,  Siara.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Melania  Ningpoensis.  Testa  perplicata,  striis  transversis  crebris  decussata? 
conoidea,  tenui,  pallida  cornea,  subdiaphana  ;  spira  subelevata  ;  suturis  valde 
impressis  ;  anfractibus  instar  novem,  subconvexis,  inferne  transversim  costatis  ; 
.apertura  parva,  subrotundata,  intus  alba  ;  columella  alba. 

Operculo  tenui,  pallido-corneo. 

Hab.     Ningpo,  China.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 


1856.]  145 

Melania  Myersiana.  Testa  pHcata,  conoidea,  tenui,  disphana,  rufo-cornea ; 
Spira  subelevata;  suturis  impressis ;  anfractibus  instar  octo,  subconvexis,  striis 
exilissimus  impressis  ;  apertura  ovata,  superne  angulata,  ad  basim  unifasciata  ; 
labro  acuto  ;  columella  albida. 

Hab.    Fegee  Islands.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 

Melania  bullata.  Testa  striata,  obtuso-conoidea,  valde  inflata,  crassa,  nigra  ; 
spira  curta,  truncata ;  suturis  paulisper  impressis;  anfractibus  convesis,  striis 
transversis  subdistantibus,  impressis  ;  apertura  grandi,  subovata,  superne  angu- 
lata et  incrassata,  intus  albida  ;  labro  acuto ;  columella  incurva  tortaque. 

Hab.     Brazil.     W.  A.  Haines." 

Melania  LTRiEFORMis.  Testa  plicata,  conoided,  subcrassa,  tenebroso-fusca ; 
spira  curta  ;  suturis  irregulariter  impressis  ;  anfractibus  convexiusculis,  superne 
regulariter  costata,  inferne  transversim  striata  ;  apertura  parva,  elliptica,  intus 
albida;  labro  acuto  ;  columella  incurva  tortaque. 

Hab.     Manilla.     W.  Newcomb,  M.  D. 

.  Melania  affinis.     Testa  crebri-striata,  conoidea,  subtenui,  tenebroso-fusca  ; 
spira  subelevata  ;  suturis|impressis  ;   unfractibus  convexis,  ad  apicem  plicata 
apertura  parva,  elliptica,  intus  albida ;  labro  acuto  ;  columella  laevi  et  incurva. 
Hab.    Manilla.     W.  Newcomb,  M.  D. 

Melania  australis.  Testa  crebri-plicata,  attenuata,  tenui,  nigracanti ;  spira 
elevata  ;  suturis  impressis  ;  anfractibus  planulatis,  superne  canaliculatis  ;  aper- 
tura parva,  elliptica,  superne  obtuso-angulata,  intus  tenebrosa;  labro-acuto ; 
columella  alba  tortaque. 

Hab.     Manilla.     W.  Newcomb,  M.  D. 

Melania  Newcombii.  Testa  striata,  acuto-conoidea,  tenui,  cornea ;  spira  sub- 
elevata ;  suturis  impressis  caaaliculatisque ;  anfractibus  iustar  novem,  subcon- 
vexis, striis  exilissimus  impressis  ;  apertura  parva,  elliptica,  intus  albida  ;  labro 
acuto ;  columella  albida. 

Operculo  tenebroso-fusco. 
,    Hab.     Oahu,  Sandwich  Islands.     W.  Newcomb,  M.  D. 

Melania  Mauiensis.  Testa  cancellata,  inferne  transvrese  striata,  conoidea, 
acuminata,  subcrassa,  cornea  ;  spira  elevata  ;  suturis  irregulariter  impressis  ; 
anfractibus  denis,  planulatis,  ad  apicem  crebri  plicata;  ajjertura grandi,  ovata, 
superne  angulata,  intus  coerulea  alba  ;  labro  expanse,  acuto  ;  columella  torta. 

Hab.     Maui,  Sandwich  Islands.     W.  Newcomb,  M.  D. 

Melania  Boninensis.  Testa  cancellata,  conoidea,  tenui,  tenebroso-cornea ; 
spira  subelevata  ;  suturis  paulisper  impressis  ;  anfractibus  planulatis,]  instar 
septenis  ;  apertura  parva,  ovata,  superne  angulata,  intus  albida  ;  labro  acuto  ; 
columella  torta. 

Hab.    Bonin  Islands.     M.  Burrough,  M.  D. 

Melania  rubida.  Testa  striata,  conica,  crassd,  ferruginea ;  spira  subelevata, 
acuminata;  suturis  impressis  ;  anfractibus  undenis,  planulatis,  ultimo  inflatis, 
ad  apicem  carinatis;  apertura  subgrandi,  rotunda,  intus  rubicundula ;  labro 
acuto  ;  columella  incrassata. 

Hab.     Mexico.     Hon.  J.  R.  Poinset. 

Pachyohilus  parvum.  Testa  striata,  obtuso-conoidea,  crassa,  ferruginea ; 
spira  curta ;  suturis  impressis ;  anfractibus  senis,  convexis,  striis  transversis 
exilissimus  impressis ;  apertura  grandi,  subrotunda,  intus  alba ;  labro  expanse, 
valde  incrassato  ;  columella  incrassata. 

Operculo  diaphano,  elliptico. 

Hab.     Siam.     S.  R.  House,  M.  D. 


146  [August, 


Description  of  a  neiv  species  of  Hylafrom  Georgia. 
By  John  Le  Conte. 

During  the  last  spring,  whilst  I  was  residing  in  the  lower  country  of  Georgia, 
it  was  my  good  fortune  to  meet  with  three  specimens  of  the  animal  described 
below.  One  of  them  was  taken  in  the  water  of  a  pine  barren  pond,  another 
was  found  in  a  cavity  of  a  sand  pit,  and  the  third  upon  a  tree  in  the  forest. 

This  Hyla  is  remarkable  for  its  size,  approaching  in  this  respect  to  those 
found  in  tropical  regions.  Two  of  them  were  of  a  greenish  dusky  ;  the  second, 
who  had  concealed  himself  in  a  hole  in  the  sand,  was  of  a  bright  pea  green,  but 
in  the  space  of  half  an  hour  changed  to  the  color  of  the  others,  thus  showing  a 
complete  possession  of  the  faculty  of  changing  color  at  will,  so  remarkable  in 
many  of  the  Batrachia. 

There  yet  remain  undiscovered  and  undescribed,  in  Georgia,  three  species  of 
this  genus,  which  have  as  yet  eluded  my  search.  The  notes  of  these  are  re- 
markably distinct  from  those  of  others  ;  I  may  hereafter  be  fortunate  enough 
to  obtain  them. 

Hyla  gratiosa. 

Coarsely  granulate  both  above  and  beneath.  Color  above  varying  at  the  will 
of  the  animal  from  bright  green  to  cinereous  and  to  greenish  dusky,  with  round- 
ish spots  or  irregular  blotches  of  darker,  or  speckled  with  variously  shaped 
dots  of  the  same,  all  of  them  with  some  few  small  yellow  irregularly  disposed 
spots  on  the  back  and  sides.  Beneath  whitish,  more  or  less  inclining  to  yellow 
or  orange.  Upper  lip  white,  or  white  varied  with  green  or  dusky  ;  lower  lip 
sometimes  whitish,  at  others  of  the  color  of  the  back  :  in  some  a  white  line  ex- 
tends from  the  upper  lip  along  the  side  to  the  insertion  of  the  hind  leg,  in  others 
the  sides  are  variegated  with  rounded  spots  of  darker,  and  no  line  visible.  Irids 
black  varied  with  golden  ;  tympanum  copper-colored,  a  considerable  depression 
between  the  nostrils  and  the  eyes.  Chin  varied  with  dusky  or  green,  with  a 
slight  fold  at  the  bottom  ;  transverse  space  between  the  arms  smooth,  without 
any  granulations.  Arms  and  legs  barred,  with  darker,  yellowish  or  reddish  on 
the  under  side,  the  former  smooth  beneath,  the  latter  granulate  on  the  poste- 
rior half;  the  under  side  of  the  posterior  half  of  the  thighs  is  smooth.  Disks  of 
the  toes  very  large. 

Length  of  head  and  body  2-5  inches  ;  humerus  -6 ;  autibrachium  -6;  hand  -75; 
femur  1-2  ;  tibia  1-15  ;  foot  1-6. 


Notes  on  the  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

By  Edwaed  Hallowell,  M.  D. 

It  is  not  surprising  that,  among  the  reptiles  of  the  Academy,  which  it  has 
required  more  than  forty  years  to  bring  to  its  present  although  incomplete  con- 
dition, and  which  is  now  for  the  first  time  in  process  of  classification  and 
arrangement,  there  should  be  many  new  species  that  do  not  appear  to  exist 
even  in  the  large  European  collections.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  some  of 
these  may  be  mere  varities,  or  they  may  be  already  known  ;  but  after  careful 
inquiry,  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  them  out  as  such,  and  the  interests  of 
science,'  it  appears  to  me,  will  be  best  subserved  by  their  publication,  even  should 
the  account  of  them  hereafter  be  found  to  contain  a  few  errors. 

Fam.  CAMELEONID^. 

Lf  zards  Cam£l£oniens  ou  Sacrians  Ch^lopodel,  Dum.  et  Bib. 

Among  the  Cameleonidse  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  we  find  two  which 

differ  from  any  of  those  described  in  the  work  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  and  in 

the  Memoir  of  Prof.  Aug.  Dumeril,  in  the  Archiv.  du  Museum,  tome  vi.,  p.  210. 

Neither  are  they  found  in  the  Catalogue  of  the  Lacertians  of  the  British  Museum, 


1856.]  147 

by  Mr.  Gray.     They  may  be  new  species,  or  ouly  varieties  of  those  already  de- 
termined.    Future  and  more  extended  observation  will  settle  this  point. 

ChamjELeo  granulosus,  nob. 

This  Chameleon  is  much  larger  than  any  of  the  specimens  we  have  of  dilepis 
or  of  gracilis  from  W.  Afriea,  resembling  somewhat  in  size  the  Ch.  pardalis  of 
Madagascar,  but  it  is  not  so  stout. 

Char.  Outline  of  head  above  oval,  somewhat  narrower  in  front  than  poste- 
riorly ;  lateral  crests  not  meeting  in  front ;  central  keel  very  low,  hardly  percep- 
tible ;  spaces  on  each  side,  between  it  and  the  lateral  crest,  depressed,  slightly 
rounded,  occupied  with  polygonal  tubercles  of  unequal  size  ;  supraciliary  ridge 
high,  subcircular ;  back  and  upper  part  of  tail  denticulated,  the  denticulations 
larger  near  the  neck,  having  there  the  form  of  a  crest ;  a  crest  upon  chin,  throat 
and  abdomen,  none  under  the  tail.  Scales  upon  sides  unequal,  tubercular  ;  foiir 
or  five  rows  of  flat  quadrangular  scales  between  the  dorsal  denticulations  and 
the  lateral  tubercles. 

Description.  The  outline  of  the  head  above  resembles  that  of  Chamreleo  sene- 
galensis,  but  is  less  narrow  in  front ;  the  supraciliary  crest  is  also  much  more 
elevated ;  it  differs  from  gracilis  in  having  a  trace  only  of  the  bifurcations  of 
the  central  keel,  and  in  being  covered  with  tubercles  and  smooth  polygonal 
scales ;  the  scales,  both  upon  the  head  and  sides  of  the  body,  are  larger  and 
more  tubercular  than  in  Senegalensis,  the  general  shape  of  the  head  is  different, 
and  the  present  species  is  considerably  larger.  It  may,  however,  be  only  a 
variety  of  Senegalensis,  or  perhaps  the  male.  Color  greyish,  with  a  tinge  of 
blue  upon  the  abdomen. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  I  inch  T  lines  ;  breadth  above,  between  the  supra- 
ciliary crests,  7  lines  ;  length  of  neck  and  body  to  vent  4  inches  ;  of  tail  5  inches ; 
total  length  10  inches  1  lines. 

Habitat.     West  Africa.     One  specimen  presented  by  Mr.  Cassin. 

Oham^leo  Burchelli. 

Char.  Rather  larger  than  C.  dilepis.  Outline  of  head  above  resembling  some- 
what that  of  Charateleo  pardalis,  but  less  narrow,  prolonged,  with  lateral  crests 
much  more  depressed  and  the  interspace  more  shallow  ;  central  keel  very  low, 
interspace  between  it  and  lateral  crests  occupied  with  flattened  polygonal  scales 
of  unequal  size;  supraciliary  ridge  low,  the  lateral  crests  not  in  contact  anteri- 
orly ;  scales  upon  the  sides  of  the  head  rather  large,  flattened,  with  a  slight  ele- 
vation in  the  centre,  polygonal ;  back  denticulated,  more  slightly  posteriorly ;  a 
few  spines  upon  neck  ;  throat  and  abdomen  denticulated  ;  scales  of  body  unequal, 
tubercular,  general  shape  subrhomboidal,  interspersed  with  very  small  granules. 

Color.     In  specimen  examined  greenish,  with  a  lateral  yellow  stripe. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  1  inch  5  lines ;  breadth  between  supraciliary 
ridges  6  lines  ;  length  of  neck  and  body  to  vent  3  inches  *7  lines  ;  length  of  tail  4 
inches  9  lines  ;  total  length  9  inches  9  lines. 

Habitat.     Fernando  Po.     One  specimen  presented  by  Dr.  Burtt,  U.  S.  N. 

GECKOTID^. 

LIZARDS  Geckotiens,  ou  Sauriens  Ascalabotes,  D.  &  B. 

The  family  Geckotidae  are  divided  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron  into  seven  genera — 
l,Platydactylus  ;  2,  Hemidactylus  ;  3,  Ptyodactylus ;  4,  Phyllodactylus  ;  5,  Sphse- 
riodactylus  ;  6,  Gymnodactylus  ;  7,  Stenodactylus.  The  Geckotians  described 
in  this  paper  belong  to  the  genera  Hemidactylus  and  Gymnodactylus,  the  for- 
mer thus  characterized : 

Hemidactylus,  Cuvier,  Gray,  Wagler,  Weigmann. 
Char.    Base  of  the  four  or  five  fingers  of  each  extremity  enlarged  into  a  disk. 


148  [August, 

from  the  middle  of  which  project  the  two  last  phalanges,  which  are  slender.  In- 
ferior surface  of  this  disk  covered  with  imbricate  feuillets,  for  the  most  part, 
arranged  en  chevron.  A  longitudinal  band  of  large  plates  under  the  tail.  (Dume- 
ril  et  Bibron.) 

The  Hemidactyles  are  divided  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron  into  two  sections.  1, 
the  Dactyloperes,  with  thumbs,  as  it  were,  truncated,  of  which  there  are  two 
groups —  \,  with  entire  subdigital  laminse,  and  B_.  with  divided  (echanchrees) 
subdigitax  laminae;  and  2d,  the  Dactyloteles,  or  with  five  complete  fingers  nar- 
rowed at  the  point.  These  are  also  divided  into  two  groups — A,  the  D.  fissi- 
pedes,  and  B.  the  D.  palmipedes,  the  latter  only  having  palmated  fingers,  and 
comprising  but  two  species,  viz.:  H.  marginatus  and  H.  sebffi;  the  former,  or  the 
fissipeds,  thirteen,  inhabiting  Malabar,  (trisedrus.)  Phillipines,  Isle  Maurice, 
Bombay,  (maculatus,)  border  of  the  Mediterranean,  Toulon,  Rome,  Sicily, 
Greece,  Senegal.  Trebizonde,  Chili,  Vera  Cruz,  Buenos  Ayres,  (vermiculatus,) 
W.  Indies,  Cayenne,  Brazil,  Carthagena,  Martinique,  (mabouia,)  Ceylon, 
(Leschenaultii,)  Bengal,  Bombay,  (Coctasi,)  S.  Africa,  Indian  Archipelago, 
Madagascar,  Isle  of  France,  Ceylon,  Amboina,  Java,  Timor,  Marianne  Islands, 
(frenatus,)  Otaheite,  (Garnotii,)  and  Peru  (Peruvianus.) 

Sect.  Dactyloteles  fissipedes,  D.  &  B.     (Five  nails,  fingers  and  toes  free.) 

Hemidactylus  formosus,  nob. 

Char.  Nine  inferior  labial  plates,  the  two  first  the  largest;  mental  plate 
broad,  triangular,  immediately  behind  it  two  quadrangular  plates,  much  smaller 
than  the  mental;  ten  superior  labials;  17  femoral  pores  on  each  thigh  in  the 
males  ;  a  broad  dark  colored  blotch  bordered  with  white,  upon  the  back,  extend- 
ing in  the  form  of  a  crescent  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  orbit ;  three  broad 
quadrangular  brownish  blotches,  margined  with  white,  upon  the  back ;  tail 
banded  with  brown ;  9  or  10  rows  of  circular  tubercles  on  each  side  of  the  me- 
dian line  of  the  body. 

Description.  The  head  of  this  remarkable  species  is  large,  swollen  at  the 
temples,  presenting  a  marked  depression  along  its  middle.  The  nostrils  are 
situated  immediately  behind  the  rostral  plate,  a  little  above  the  first  labial,  and 
are  somewhat  triangular  in  shape  ;  between  them,  and  in  contact,  are  two  small 
narrow  plates,  behind  the  rostral,  with  a  smaller  one  intermediate ;  the  head  is 
covered  with  small  granulations  superiorly,  the  front  with  tubercles  ;  of  the  ten 
superior  labial  plates,  the  first  is  the  largest ;  the  inferior  margin  of  the  eyelid 
passes  beneath  the  globe  of  the  eye,  the  superior  above  it,  and  is  covered  with 
small  granulations  and  rhomboidal  scales,  its  external  border  denticulated ;  body 
and  extremities  robust,  the  former  covered  with  granulations,  with  nine  or  ten 
longitudinal  rows  on  each  side  of  the  median  line  of  circular  tubercles ;  elbows 
and  posterior  surface  of  forearms  covered  with  granulations ;  arms  anteriorly 
and  beneath  with  scales  ;  the  fingers  and  toes  are  each  provided  with  a  nail,  free  ; 
eight  subdigital  lamina;  beneath  the  fourth  finger  ;  no  lateral  membranes  to  the 
body  or  tail.  Chin  and  throat  covered  with  granulations  ;  abdomen  and  under 
part  of  extremities  with  quadrangular  scales;  1*7  to  19  pores  along  the  under 
part  of  each  thigh,  in  the  males,  none  in  front  of  the  anus  ;  tail  long  and  tapering, 
much  longer  than  body,  (\\  inches,)  presenting  beneath  a  well-defined  central 
row  of  hexagonal  scales,  much  broader  than  long,  bordered  on  each  side  with 
smaller  scales  irregularly  disposed. 

Coloration.  Ground  color  above  dusky  white,  with  a  tinge  of  reddish  brown, 
the  brownish  red  tints  predominating;  a  large  dark  brown  blotch  upon  the  neck 
bordered  thinly  with  white,  with  crescentic  prolongations  reaching  to  the  poste- 
rior margin  of  the  eye ;  three  broad  transverse  brown  blotches  (3  to  3 J  lines) 
upon  the  back,  bordered  with  white,  and  separated  from  each  other  by  inter- 
spaces of  about  the  same  length  as  the  blotches ;  tail  banded  with  brown  above 
and  upon  the  sides. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  7  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  7  ;  length  of  neck  and 
body  to  arms  2  inches  1^  lines  ;  length  of  tail  3  inches  4  lines  ;  total  length  6 
inches  4^  lines. 


1856.]  149 

Habitat.  Liberia,  west  coast  of  Africa.  Three  specimens  presented  by  Dr. 
Savage. 

Tlie  young  is  of  a  very  light  straw  color  above,  with  three  transverse  bands 
about  two  lines  in  breadth,  of  a  beautiful  yellow  color  ;  blotch  upon  neck  similar 
in  form  to  that  of  adult,  but  of  a  beautiful  light  yellow  color;  under  parts  straw 
color  ;  no  minute  black  points  upon  the  scales. 

Dimensions  of  a  young  specimen.  Length  of  head  6  lines ;  greatest  breadth 
3^ ;  length  of  neck  and  body  to  tail  1  inch  3  lines  ;   (tail  mutilated.) 


The  Gymnodactyles  are  separated  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron  into  two  divisions, 
viz.,  the  Gymnodactyles  homonotes,  in  which  the  scales  of  the  back  are  equal, 
and  into  Gymnodactyles  heteronotes,  in  which  the  upper  parts  of  the  body  are 
sprinkled  with  tubercles  more  or  less  developed.  The  species  now  described 
belongs  to  the  latter  division. 

Gen.  GYMNODACTYLUS. 

Char.  Five  nails  not  retractile  to  all  the  feet ;  toes  not  dilated  transversely, 
nor  denticulated  upon  their  edges  ;  the  fifth  of  the  posterior  toes  versatile,  or 
capable  of  being  removed  from  the  others  at  a  right  angle.  (Dumeril  et  Bibron, 
tome  3,  p.  408.) 

Gymnodactylus  tenuis,  nob. 

Char.  Head  rather  long,  front  depressed ;  nine  inferior  labial  plates,  the 
four  first  broader  than  the  others  ;  two  plates  behind  the  mental,  followed  by 
three  others  in  contact  with  the  labials,  not  so  large  ;  ten  superior  labials ;  ros- 
tral broader  than  long ;  two  quadrangular  oblique  plates  posterior  to  it,  with  a 
smaller  one  between  them;  nostrils  circular,  their  inferior  border  in  contact 
with  the  first  labial,  the  anterior  margia  formed  by  the  quadrangular  plates 
above  described,  the  posterior  by  a  small  semi-circular  scale,  the  superior  by  a 
small  irregularly  shaped  plate  ;  head  covered  with  smooth  granulations,  some- 
what larger  upon  the  sides  ;  the  eyebrow  presenting  numerous  quadrangular 
scales,  forms  a  complete  circle  around  the  eye  ;  auricular  openings  oval,  without 
denticulations ;  extremities  quite  slender  ;  fingers  and  toes  slender,  each  provided 
with  a  small  recurved  nail,  with  the  exception  of  the  thumb  ;  scales  beneath 
the  fingers  and  toes  single  ;  body  slender  ;  tail  longer  than  body,  tapering  to  a 
point,  with  a  row  of  broad  scales  beneath. 

Coloration.  Brownish  above,  upon  the  body,  lighter  beneath  ;  tail  yellowish, 
banded  with  brown. 

3feasurement.s.     Length  of  head  7  lines ;  greatest  breadth  4  ;   length  of  body 
1  inch,  (Fr.  ;)  of  tail  1  inch  2  J  lines. 
Habitat.     Manilla.     One  specimen  presented  by  Dr.  Burroughs. 

Fam.  VARANID.E. 

Lezards  Varaniens  or  Sauriens  Platynotes,  D.  &  B. 

We  do  not  find  among  the  Varanians  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  any 
which  appear  to  be  new,  with  the  exception  of  the  specimen  now  described, 
presented  several  years  ago  by  Dr.  Kane.  The  Museum  at  present  contains  the 
following  species,  viz.,  V.  niloticus,  (10  specimens,)  V.  Bengalensis,  (3  sp.,)  V. 
bivittatus,  (4  sp.,)  V.  Piqotii,  (2  sp.,)  V.  arenarius,  (1  sp.,)  V.  ocellatus  ;  (1  sp.,) 
the  two  last  from  the  Garden  of  Plants  in  exchange.  The  specimen  presented 
by  Dr.  Kane  is  the  largest,  by  far,  in  the  collection,  and  of  greater  dimensions 
than  those  of  any  of  the  Varanians,  with  the  exception  of  the  gigantic  lace  lizard 
of  N.  Holland,  (Hydrosaurus  giganteus.  Gray,)  described  by  Mr.  Gray  in  the 
"Zoology"  of  the  Erebus  and  Terror,  part  vi.,  Feb.,  1845,  6i  feet  in  length. 


150  [August, 

Varanus  olivaceus,  nob. 

Char.  The  head  is  large,  pyramidal,  broad  posteriorly,  slender  and  some- 
what obtuse  in  front;  the  scales  above  the  orbits  are  flattened,  polygonal,  several 
rows  of  unequal  size,  much  larger  than  the  rest,  and  three  intermediate  between 
the  orbits  and  in  front,  still  larger  ;  the  largest,  however,  are  situated  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  snout  above,  and  are  placed  in  two  transverse  rows  ;  the  scales 
upon  the  back  part  of  the  head  are  more  uniform  in  size ;  those  upon  the  temples 
small ;  the  nostrils  are  two  oblique  openings  placed  about  midway  between 
the  extremity  of  the  snout  and  the  anterior  canthus  of  the  eye,  their  inferior  ex- 
tremity in  a  line  with  the  latter ;  scales  upon  neck  and  body  stnall,  oval,  sur- 
rounded with  two  rows  of  small  granules,  those  upon  the  back  more  distinctly 
carinated,  especially  in  its  posterior  part  towards  the  tail,  where  the  carinations 
are  strongly  developed  ;  the  scales  upon  the  extremities  are  considerably  larger 
than  those  upon  the  body,  and  likewise  carinated,  the  posterior  much  more  dis- 
tinctly than  the  anterior  ;  scales  upon  chin  and  throat  smaller  than  the  others, 
those  upon  under  surface  of  extremities  smooth ;  those  upon  abdomei!  slender, 
quadrangular,  two  lines  in  length,  and  about  half  a  line  in  breadth,  in  trans- 
verse rows;  tail  circular,  much  longer  than  head,  neck  and  body,  surrounded 
with  transverse  rows  of  carinated  elongate  scales,  with  a  slightly  developed  crest 
tapering  gradually  toward  the  end,  where  it  is  somewhat  compressed  ;  extremi- 
ties well  developed  ;  fingers  and  toes  provided  with  strong  and  powerful  claws, 
third  and  fourth  fingers  of  nearly  equal  length  ;  transverse  rows  of  large  quad- 
rangular scales  beneath  the  fingers  and  toes,  16  rows  beneath  the  second  finger, 
24  beneath  the  fourth. 

Cloloration.  Ground  color  olive  above,  lighter  below,  with  obscure  dark  co- 
lored spots  and  markings. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  5  inches,  (Fr. ;)  greatest  breadth  3  inches  ;  length 
of  neck  and  body  1  foot  9^  inches  ;  length  of  tail  3  feet ;  of  arm  3  inches,  of  fore- 
arm 3  inches  4  fines  ;  of  thigh  3|  inches  ;  of  legs  3^  inches  ;  of  longest  finger, 
including  nail,  3  inches  1  line.  Total  length  5  feet  2^  inches ;  circumference  1 
foot  5J  inches. 

Habitat.     Manilla.     One  specimen  presented  by  Dr.  Kane,  TJ.  S.  N. 

Gen.  Remarks.  The  species  above  described  approaches  nearest  the  Hydro- 
saurus  giganteus  of  Mr.  Gray,  but  is  destitute  of  the  transverse  rows  of  ocel- 
lated  spots  upon  the  back,  and  the  spots  upon  the  extremities  and  tail.  In  Mr. 
Gray's  species  the  shields  over  the  orbits  are  very  small  and  granular,  but  in  the 
one  just  described  there  exist  above  the  orbit  several  rows  of  polygonal  scales, 
some  of  them  a  line  in  diameter,  succeeded  by  several  larger  rows,  and  between 
these,  four  or  five  rows  of  bro^d  hexagonal  plates. 

The  Varanidas,  divided  into  two  sections  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  the  terres- 
trial and  aquatic,  the  former  with  a  round  tail  and  slightly  developed  crest, 
comprise  two  genera  only,  viz.,  Varanus  and  Heloderma,  the  former  containing 
twelve,  the  latter  but  one  species  (horridum.) 

None  of  this  family  exist  in  Europe,  and  but  one  is  found  in  America,  viz., 
Heloderma  horridum,  which  inhabits  Mexico.  Of  the  others,  four  inhabit  Asia, 
three  Africa,  and  four  Oceanica ;  of  the  latter,  two  New  Holland,  (Bellii  and 
varius,)  onethe  Japan  Islands,  (chlorostigma,)  one  Timor,  (Timoriensis.)  In 
Asia  there  are  four  species,  viz.,  Bengalensis,  nebulosus,  Diardii  and  bi-vittatus. 
Three  inhabit  Africa,  viz.,  arenarius,  (Egypt,)  niloticus,  (Nile,  rivers  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  Sierra  Leone,  Liberia  and  Gaboon  country,)  and  ocellatus,  (Abys- 
sinia and  Senegal.)  With  the  exception  of  bi-vittatus  and  olivaceus,  all  these 
have  small  scales  or  granulations  over  the  orbits. 

Fam.  IGUANID^. 
Sauriens  Eunotes,  Dumeril  et  Bibron. 
Gen.  HoLOTROPis. 
Char.  "  Head  in  the  form  of  a  quadrangular  pyramid  ;  cephalic  plates  of  mode- 
rate size,  angular,  almost  equal ;  a  very  small  occipital ;  supra-ocular  scutella 


1856.]  151 

dilated  transversely ;  the  other  plates  oblong ;  neck  smooth  below,  folded  irregu- 
larly npon  the  sides  ;  an  oblique  fold  of  the  skin  before  each  shoulder  ;  anterior 
edge  of  the  ear  denticulated  ;  trunk  subtrijedral,  covered  with  imbricated  scales 
of  medium  size,  provided  with  carinfB,  terminating  in  an  acute  point,  and  form- 
ing oblique  lines  converging  towards  the  middle  region  of  the  back.  A  denticu- 
lated crest  extending  from  the  nucha  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail ;  the  latter 
long,  compressed;  exterior  edge  of  the  two  or  three  posterior  fingers  dentciu- 
lated  ;  no  pores  either  in  front  of  the  anus  or  upon  thighs."  (D.  et  B.)  Of 
this  genus  two  species  are  described  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  viz.,  Herminieri 
and  Microlophus  ;  the  first  with  a  well  developed  crest  and  carinated  ventral 
scales,  the  second  with  a  very  small  crest  and  smooth  ventral  scales.  In  the  first 
species  the  tail  is  strongly  compressed,  in  the  second  very  slightly.  The  species 
described  in  this  paper  was  deposited  in  the  Museum  some  time  ago  by  Dr. 
Morris,  and  differs  considerably  from  the  last  of  the  before-mentioned  species, 
although  resembling  it  in  several  important  particulars,  viz.,  the  low  crest  and 
smooth  ventral  scales. 

HOLOTROPIS   VITTATUS,  nob. 

Char.  Crest  low,  as  in  Microlophus,  much  more  developed  upon  the  tail ; 
ventral  scales  smooth;  nasal  plate  quite  different  in  shape  from  that  represented 
in  the  figure  of  Microlophus  in  de  la  Sagra,  tab.  vii.,  fig.  A.,  (Reptiles,)  being  al- 
most as  broad  as  long ;  the  nostril  is  situated  immediately  at  its  posterior  edge, 
and  not  at  some  distance  from  it,  as  represented  in  the  figure  above  mentioned  ; 
the  plates  upon  the  head  are  all  very  strongly  carinated  ;  the  carinse  upon  the 
dorsal  scales  are  not  situated  in  the  middle,  but  a  little  to  one  side  ;  the  five 
middle  rows  of  abdominal  scales  larger  than  the  others. 

Coloration.  Probably  altered  by  alcohol ;  crest  greenish  ;  ground  color  dark 
green,  with  reflections  of  bronze  :  a  large  black  blotch  upon  each  temple ;  a 
whitish  colored  vitta  immediately  beneath,  extending  upon  the  neck  ;  another 
beginning  above  and  in  advance  of  the  shoulder,  extending  along  the  sides  of  the 
body  as  far  as  the  thighs ;  two  transverse  parallel  bands  of  black  across  the 
chin  ;  the  interspaces  and  under  parts  of  jaw  whitish  ;  throat  greenish  ;  abdomen, 
under  parts  of  extremities  and  tail  of  a  much  lighter  color  than  upon  the  back. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  1  inch,  greatest  breadth  9  lines ;  length  of  neck 
and  body  2  inches  9  lines  ;  of  tail  4  inches  4  lines  ;  total  length  8  inches  1  line. 

Habitat.     Cuba,     One  specimen  in  Mus.  Acad.,  deposited  by  Dr.  Morris. 

Ord.  OPHIDIA. 
Gen.  Teopidonotus,  Kuhl. 

Char.  "Jaws  long,  teeth  of  the  upper  forming  a  continuous  longitudinal 
series,  although  the  last  or  posterior  are  generally  stronger  and  longer  by  nearly 
one-half,  and  never  channelled;  scales  of  the  back,  and  more  often  those  of  the 
sides,  presenting  a  saliant  line  or  sort  of  carina ;  tail  of  moderate  length." — 
Dnmeril  and  Bibron,  T.  vii.,  p.  549. 

The  Tropidonotes  belong,  in  the  arrangement  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  to  the 
second  section  or  sub-order  of  Ophidians,  viz.,  the  Aglyphodont  or  Azimiopbid 
serpents,  which  are  characterized  as  having  recurved,  conical,  rounded,  full  and 
smooth  teeth,  without  canulation  at  their  points,  and  implanted  in  both  jaws. — 
T.  ii.  p.  19.  Twenty  species  are  described  by  them,  existing  in  Europe  as  far 
north  as  Norway,  N.  Africa,  Greece,  N.  America,  Seychelles,  Java,  borders  of 
the  Caspian  Sea,  E.  Indies,  Japan,  Manilla,  N.  Guinea  and  Australia.  The 
greater  number  appear  to  inhabit  N.  America.  It  is  very  remarkable  that, 
although  so  numerous  in  the  U.  States,  they  should  not  be  found  in  the  Southern 
portion  of  the  American  continent. 

Tropidonotds  annularis,  nob. 

Char.  Nostrils  between  two  plates  ;  internasals  long  and  narrow ;  a  frenal ; 
one  antocular,  three  postocular  plates;  eight  superior  labials,  the  eye  resting  on 


152  [August, 

the  fourth ;  prseanal  scute  bifid ;  scales  very  distinctly  carinated,  except  the 
three  inferior  rows,  which  are  smooth ;  color  above  ash  ;  beneath  yellow,  with 
transverse  dark  colored  blotches,  arranged  for  the  most  part  alternately, 
extending  upon  the  sides ;  these  blotches  extend  about  half  way  across  the 
abdomen ;  the  broadest  occupy  two  scales,  the  most  narrow  usually  but  one, 
and  occasionally  unite  in  the  middle;  19  rows  of  scales;  159  abdom.  scuta: 
33  bifid  sub-caudal. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  2  ft.  6  J  inches,  (Fr. ;)  length  of  tail  3  in.  8  lines. 

Habitat. — Ningpo,  China.  One  specimen,  in  excellent  preservation,  in  Mus. 
Acad.,  presented  by  Dr.  McCartee. 

Gen.    CORONELLA. 

The  genus  Coronella,  established  by  Laurenti  in  1768,  is  placed  by  Dumeril 
and  Bibron  with  the  Tropidonotes  in  the  family  of  Syncrateriens,  having  "  all  the 
teeth  smooth,  distributed  in  the  same  line,  but  with  the  last  longer,  without  a  free 
interspace  in  front  of  them."  T.  vii.  p.  525.     The  genus  is  thus  characterized: 

"  Serpents  with  superior  maxillary  teeth  longer  and  upon  the  same  line  with 
the  others,  without  interval ;  trunk  elongated ;  tail  moderate  ;  scales  smooth ; 
snout  rounded  and  a  little  elongated."  Dum.  et  Bib.,  tom.  vii.  p.  607. 

Seven  species  only  are  described  by  them,  which  inhabit  Central  and  South- 
ern Europe,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  (cana,)  U.  States,  (getulus,  Sayi,  doliata,  Cali- 
fornica.)  To  these  may  be  added  one  formerly  described  by  me  from  W.Africa, 
(Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,)  C.  triangularis,  and  the  present  species  from  China. 
Others  will  no  doubt  be  determined  hereafter. 

Coronella  striata,  nob. 

Char.  Head  short  and  thick,  rostral  plate  large  and  slightly  prominent,  more 
extended  transversely  ;  internasals  two  in  number,  somewhat  quadrangular, 
smaller  than  prefrontals  ;  prefrontals  large  and  quadrangular,  frontal  broad  and 
short ;  occipitals  large  ;  nostrils  between  two  plates,  a  long  quadrangular  plate 
reaching  from  the  posterior  nasal  to  the  eye,  with  a  small  quadrangular  plate 
above  it,  between  the  eye  and  the  prefrontal ;  two  posterior  orbitals  ;  eight  supe- 
rior labials,  the  four  first  narrow,  the  remainder  broad,  with  the  inferior  margin 
of  the  orbil  formed  by  the  fourth  and  fifth ;  scales  smooth  and  quadrangular, 
17  rows  ;  body  long  and  robust ;  head  thicker  than  neck  ;  tail  of  moderate  length, 
pointed. 

Coloration.  Head  brown  above,  the  margins  of  the  plates  edged  with  white  ; 
jaws  and  throat  white;  a  brown  blotch  behind  the  eye  extending  to  near  the 
commissure  of  the  mouth  ;  a  broader  one  upon  the  occiput  bordered  posteriorly 
with  white  ;  behind  the  white  stripe  on  either  side,  which  commences  near  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  occipital  plate,  a  large  brown  blotch  ;  upon  the  back 
a  row  of  47  quadrate  brown  blotches,  the  interspaces  white ;  sides  spotted  with 
brown  ;  abdomen  straw  color,  immaculate  ;  thirteen  blotches  upon  the  tail  ex- 
tending upon  the  sides,  with  intervening  white  bands  as  upon  the  body  ;  under 
part  of  tail  brown  spotted. 

Abdom.  scuta  193;  prseanal  single  ;  subcaudal  70. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  1  inch  6  lines,  greatest  breadth  1  inch,  (Fr. ;) 
length  of  body  2  feet  11|  inches  ;  greatest  circumference  3  inches  3  lines  ;  length 
of  tail  8  inches.  Total  length  3  feet  ten  lines  ;  greatest  circumference  3  inches 
3  lines. 

Habitat.  Ningpo,  China.  Two  specimens  in  Mus.  Acad.,  presented  by  Dr. 
McCartee,  one  fully  grown,  another  younger,  and  the  head  and  neck  of  a  third. 
In  one  of  these  specimens  there  is  a  distinct  anterior  orbital  plate,  with  a  long 
quadrangular  loral  between  it  and  the  posterior  nasal. 

CROTALID^. 

We  have  also  two  specimens^of  Trigonocephali  from  Ningpo,  China,  presented 
by  Dr.  McCartee,  which  correspond  with  the  description  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron, 


1856.]  153 

and  Siobold  and  Schlegel's  excellent  drawing  of  Trigonoccphalus  Blomhoffii, 
and  are  no  doubt  the  same.  141  abdonj.  so. ;  39  subcaudal ;  21  rows  of  scales, 
(25,  according  to  Schlegel.)  Total  length  of  one  specimen  1  foot  4^  inches, 
(Fr.  :)  length  of  tail  1  inch  7  lines  ;  length  of  another  specimen  1  foot  f  inches  ; 
of  tail  2  inches  4  lines.  The  tail,  therefore,  appears  to  be  somewhat  shorter 
than  is  indicated  by  the  description  of  Professors  Dumeril  and  Schlegel,  who 
make  it  one-sixth  of  the  whole  length  of  the  animal.  They  state  that  the  Tri- 
gonoccphalus Blomhoffii  is  the  only  venomous  serpent  found  in  Japan. 

EANID^. 

Among  the  reptiles  recently  sent  to  the  Academj^  by  M.  Duchaillu,  are  four 
fine  specimens  of  Chamseleo  dilepis,  and  a  large  serpent  formerly  described  by 
me  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Acad.  N.  S.,  Vol.  vi.  p.  205,  (Dendrophis  flavigu- 
laris.)  The  only  reptiles  in  the  collection  of  M.  Duchaillu  that  are  not  new,  are 
four  frogs,  all  belonging  to  the  same  species.  Two  of  this  family  are  already 
known  to  the  collection,  viz.,  Rana  Bibrcnii,  nob.  (abundant,)  and  Hyla  punc- 
tata, of  which  we  have  but  one  specimen. 

Rana  albolabris,  nob. 

Char.  Head  triangular,  depressed  above  ;  snout  slightly  rounded  ;  eyes  pro- 
minent ;  nostrils  latero-superior,  two  lines  apart ;  openings  for  the  internal  nares 
small  and  subcircular  ;  between  them  two  converging  lines  of  vomerine  teeth  ; 
eustachian  foramina  larger  than  the  openings  of  the  internal  nares  ;  tongue  ob- 
cordate,  attached  in  front,  free  at  the  sides,  notched  posteriorly  ;  back  more  or 
less  granulated  ;  a  raised  and  well  marked  lateral  fold  on  each  side,  extending 
from  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye  to  the  extremity  of  the  coccyx  ;  tym- 
panum circular,  of  moderate  size,  fingers  free  ;  subarticular  tubercles  distinct  ; 
base  of  toe  much  swollen  ;  toe  and  first  finger  of  equal  length,  third  about  a 
line  longer  than  the  fourth  ;  anterior  extremities  moderately  robust ;  posterior 
also  webbed,  extending  to  the  distal  extremity  of  the  antepenultimate  phalanx 
in  all  the  toes  except  the  fourth,  in  which  it  extends  to  the  proximal  extremity 
of  the  same  phalanx ;  subarticular  tubercles  of  toes  less  developed  than  those 
of  fingers. 

Coloration.  Dark  brown  above,  with  obscure  transverse  bars  of  a  deeper 
color  upon  posterior  extremities  ;  anterior  extremities  blotched  with  darker 
brown  ;  a  white  stripe  extending  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  beneath  the 
eye,  and  tympanum  as  far  as  the  anterior  extremity  ;  a  small  white  spot  above 
the  shoulder,  which  appears  to  be  constant,  and  in  several  of  the  specimens  a 
row  of  smaller  white  spots  along  the  sides  irregularly  disposed.  In  two  of  the 
specimens  the  back  presents  a  marked  tinge  of  olive  ;  the  brown  upon  the  side 
of  the  head  is  somewhat  deeper  than  upon  the  back,  resembling  in  this  respect 
the  Rana  sylvatica,  Le  Conte,  of  which  indeed  it  may  be  considered  the  repre- 
sentative in  West  Africa.  Under  parts  whitish,  more  or  less  mingled  with 
brown  ;  in  some  specimens  the  brown  very  greatly  predominates  ;  under  surface 
of  thighs  more  or  less  spotted  with  brown. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  9  lines,  greatest  breadth  8  lines  ;  length  of  head, 
neck  and  body  1  inch  10  lines  to  2  inches  1  line;  length  of  posterior  extremities 
3  inches  2  lines  ;  of  anterior  1  inch  3  lines ;  length  of  longest  toe  9  lines  ;  of 
longest  finger  5J. 

Habitat.     W.  Africa.     Four  specimens  presented  by  M.  Duchaillu. 


On  several  new  species  of  Reptiles  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

By  Edw.  Hallowell,  M.  D. 

More  detailed  descriptions,  with  drawings  of  several  of  the  species,  will  be 
published  in  the  forthcoming  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Philosophic^il 
Society. 


154  [August, 

SCINCIDiE. 
Gen.  PLESTIODON. 
Plestiodon  sinense  ?  Dumeril  and  Bibron. 

Char. — Head  cuneiform,  slightly  swollen  at  the  temples ;  nostrils  lateral, 
opening  in  a  single  plate;  two  supero-nasals,  broad  and  contiguous;  an  inter- 
ternasal,  quadrangular,  posterior  angle  acute,  enclosed  by  the  fronto-nasals ; 
(in  one  specimen  the  fronto-nasal  and  internasals  are  all  fused  into  one  plate  ;) 
a  frontal-hexagonal,  broader  in  front ;  two  fronto-parietals  ;  one  inter-parietal ; 
two  parietals  ;  no  occipital ;  a  freno-nasal ;  a  large  and  broad  frenal ;  two  freno- 
orbitar  plates ;  seven  superior  labials  ;  nostrils  pyriform,  broader  end  above, 
three  or  four  scales  upon  its  anterior  border  ;  third  and  fourth  fingers  of  equal 
length  ;  body  robust ;  scales  hezagoaal,  24  rows  ;  tail  long  and  tapering,  robust 
and  cyclo-tetragonal  at  base  ;  posterior  extremities  much  shorter  than  anterior  ; 
second  toe  much  the  longest,  with  14  distinct  transverse  scales ;  palms  of  ante- 
rior and  lobes  of  posterior  extremities  tuberculated  ;  six  prseanal  scales,  the  two 
middle  ones  quite  large  ;  pterygoid  teeth  ;  tongue  slightly  notched  in  front, 
broad  and  deeply  notched  posteriorly,  squamiform  posteriorly. 

Color.  Olive  above,  with  four  dark  colored  and  more  or  less  interrupted  bands 
upon  the  back  and  tail,  the  black  spots  forming  these  bands,  which  are  not  very 
distinct,  occupying  the  posterior  half  of  each  scale  ;  in  some  specimens  they  are 
much  larger  than  in  others  ;  posterior  part  of  scales  upon  sides  marked  with 
black. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  10  lines,  greatest  breadth  6^  ;  length  of  neck, 
body  and  vent  3  inch,  (Fr. ;)  of  tail  4  inches  6  lines.  Total  length  8  inches  3 
lines.  Circumference  of  body  2  inches  2  lines  ;  of  tail  at  base  1  inch  7  lines. 
Another  specimen  measured  9  inches  in  length,  and  the  circumference  of  the 
apparently  older  one  was  2  inches  8  lines. 

Habitat.  Ningpo,  China.  Five  specimens  presented  by  B.  H.  McCartee,  M.D. 
Nothing  is  known  of  its  habits. 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  animal  is  very  probably  the  Plestiodon  sinense  of  Du- 
meril and  Bibron,  Tiliqua  rubriventris,  Gray,  (Hardwicke's  Illustrations  of 
Indian  Zoology,)  the  descriptions  of  the  scales  corresponding,  viz.,  olive  bordered 
with  yellow,  but  they  make  no  mention  of  the  four  dotted  lines  down  the  back, 
which,  however,  are  shown  in  Gray's  figure,  and  they  give  one  more  row  of 
scales,  viz.,  25.  We  have  one  specimen  from  the  same  locality  with  three  white 
lines  down  the  back  bordered  with  black,  probably  the  young  of  the  above,  and 
which  is  perhaps  identical  with  Plestiodon  pulchrum,  Dumeril  and  Bibron  or 
Tiliqua  trivittata,  Gray. 

Gen.  EuPREPis. 

EUPREPIS    SURINAMENSIS,  nob. 

Char.  Nostrils  in  a  single  plate,  near  its  posterior  border ;  two  supero-nasals 
contiguous  ;  a  large  and  broad  internasal,  its  lateral  and  inferior  margin  in  con- 
tact with  the  first  frenal ;  two  fronto-nasals  not  contiguous  ;  a  frontal  more  ex- 
tended in  the  longitudinal  direction,  bi'oader  in  front;  two  fronto-parietals ;  a 
short  inter-parietal ;  two  parietals ;  no  occipital ;  a  small  naso-frenal ;  two  frenals 
and  two  freno-orbitar  plates  ;  seven  superior  labials  ;  four  supraciliary  plates  ; 
a  transparent  disk  to  the  inferior  eyelid;  30  rows  of  scales,  those  upon  back 
Iricarinate  ;  carinae  indistinct ;  of  the  prseanal  scales  the  two  middle  the  largest. 

Color.  Olive  above,  with  brown  spots,  arranged  into  two  longitudinal  rows  : 
a  brown  band  on  each  side  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  lines  in  breadth,  com- 
mencing behind  the  eye  and  passing  over  the  ear,  losing  itself  upon  the  tail ; 
extremities  blotched  with  brown  above  ;  under  parts  silvery  white  without  spots. 
Total  length  '7  inches  3  lines. 

Ilabiiat.     Surinam.     One  specimen  presented  by  Dr.  Bering. 


185G.]  155 


EOPKEPIS    MICROCEPUALUS,  nob 


Syn.  Scincus  ventralis,  Peale  and  Green. 

Char.  Nostrils  in  a  single  plate  near  its  posterior  border ;  two  supero-nasals 
not  contiguous  ;  an  internasal  broader  than  long,  its  lateral  inferior  margin  in 
contact  with  the  first  frenal;  two  fronto-nasals;  a  frontal  very  large,  broader 
anterior!}' ;  a  small  inter-parietal ;  two  parietals,  broad  and  rather  short ;  six  su- 
perior labials  ;  head  short  and  rather  trapu  ;  gape  of  mouth  small ;  tongue  slightly 
notched  in  front,  papillous ;  auditory  opening  somewhat  triangular  in  shape, 
with  three  small  scales  in  front ;  29  rows  of  scales,  with  from  Y  to  8  carinae,  the 
middle  ones  wider  apart  than  the  others  ;  tail  longer  than  hsad,  neck  and  body, 
cyclo-totragonal  at  base,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point.  Total  length  4  inches 
9  lines. 

Uabilai.     Mexico.     One  specimen  presented  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Keating. 

EuPREPis  DissiMiLis,  nob. 

Char.  Nostrils  in  a  single  plate,  near  its  posterior  border ;  two  supero-nasals, 
slender,  contiguous  ;  an  internasal,  broader  than  long ;  two  fronto-nasals  ;  a 
frontal,  much  more  narrow  posteriorly ;  two  fronto  parietals,  longer  and  more 
narrow  than  the  fronto-nasals  ;  a  short  inter-parietal,  broader  in  front ;  two  pa- 
rietals ;  a  small  naso-frenal ;  two  frenals  and  two  freno-orbitars  ;  seven  superior 
labials  ;  a  transparent  disk  to  the  inferior  eyelid  ;  33  rows  of  carinated  scales,  the 
seven  lateral  rows  more  or  less  tri-carinaie,  the  intermediate  ones  strongly  bi- 
carinate ;  tail  long  and  tapering,  cyclo-tetragonal  at  base. 

Color.  Light  olive  above,  with  three  distinct  lighter  colored  vittse,  com- 
mencing behind  the  occiput  and  extending  down  the  back  upon  the  tail ;  under 
parts  white  without  spots.     Total  length  T  inches  11  lines. 

Habitat.     Bengal.     Two  specimens  presented  by  Dr.  Burrough. 

EuPREPIS    LONGICAUDATA,    nob. 

Char.  Nostrils  in  a  single  plate,  near  its  posterior  border ;  two  slender  supero- 
nasals  apparently  contiguous  ;  a  large  internasal  extending  laterally  upon  the 
sides  of  the  head,  where  it  joins  the  supero-nasal  and  the  first  frenal  plate  ;  two 
fronto-nasals,  more  or  less  quadrangular,  passing  likewise  down  upon  the  sides 
of  the  head,  where  they  join  the  first  and  second  frenal ;  a  frontal  much  longer 
than  broad,  narrow  behind  ;  fronto-parietals  pentangular ;  one  inter-parietal, 
more  narrow  posteriorly,  and  two  2:)arietals,  larger  than  the  fronto-parietals ; 
no  occipital ;  a  small  naso-frenal ;  two  frenals  and  two  freno-orbitars ;  seven 
superior  labials;  a  transparent  disk  to  the  inferior  eyelid;  30  rows  of  scales; 
those  upon  back  distinctly  tri-carinate,  those  upon  sides  also  tri-carinate,  but 
the  carinae  are  very  indistinct ;  four  inferior  rows  upon  sides,  and  those  upon 
neck  smooth ;  scales  upon  tail  tri-carinate,  smooth  laterally  and  inferiorly ;  tail 
very  long. 

Color.  Olive  green  above,  with  a  tinge  of  green  below,  except  upon  poste- 
rior half  of  tail,  which  as  well  as  the  upper  part  is  brown  ;  a  broad  black  late- 
ral band  on  each  side. 

Total  length  8  inches  4J  lines. 

Habitat.  Siam.  One  specimen  in  Museum  of  Academy,  presented  by  Dr. 
Ruschenberger,  U.  S.  N. 

OPHIOPTHALMID.^. 

We  have  fourteen  specimens  of  Ablepharus  Peronii.  The  predominating 
color  in  most  of  these  specimens  is  bronze,  mingled  with  green,  with  two  late- 
ral rays  bordered  with  black,  as  described  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron.  In  some  of 
the  specimens,  however,  the  predominating  color  is  brownish  above,  with  two 
central  rows  of  black  spots.  Dumeril  and  Bibron  observe  that  this  species  has 
a  very  wide  range,  being  found,  according  to  them,  in  New  Holland,  Otaheite, 
Java,  the  Isle  of  France,  Morea  and  Peru. 

The  entire  number  of  species:  of  Scinecoidians  or  Lepidosaurian  Lizards  is  100  ; 

12 


156  [August, 

these  we  liave  about  40,  comprising  132  individuals,  with  many  duplicates  of 
several  of  the  species,  twentj'-one  specimens,  for  instance,  of  Gongylus  ocellatus. 
They  include  the  following  genera,  viz.,  Scincus,  Sphenops,  Gongylus,  Ples- 
tiodon,  Eumeces,  Euprepis,  Lygosoma,  Tropidolopisma,  Leiolopisma,  Cyclodus, 
Trachysaurus,  Ablepharus,  Seps,  Anguis  and  Acoutias. 

[Fam.  BOID^. 

Gen.  NoTOPHis,  nob. 

Char.  Head  small,  triangular,  depressed  above  ;  eyes  of  moderate  size,  late- 
ral, supraciliary  plates  not  projecting  ;  anterior  half  of  head  covered  with  well 
defined  plates,  posterior  with  scales ;  two  internasals  ;  two  anterior  and  two 
posterior  frontals,  the  former  passing  down  alongside  of  the  head  to  meet  the 
superior  labials  ;  nostrils  in  a  single  plate ;  eleven  plates  upon  the  top  of  the 
head,  viz.,  two  internasals,  two  anterior  and  two  posterior  frontals,  a  vertical 
and  two  occipitals,  with  several  small  plates  between  them  ;  a  loral,  one  ante- 
rior orbitar  and  three  posterior  orbitars  ;  a  row  of  hexagonal  scales  larger  than 
the  others  running  along  the  median  line  of  the  back ;  prasanal  scute  and  sub- 
caudal  plates  single  ;  ventral  scutes  quite  narrow. 

NOTOPHIS    BICARINATUS,  nob. 

Char.  Color  uniformly  yellow,  with  a  tinge  of  red  upon  the  abdomen  ;  nine 
superior  labials,  the  sixth  higher  than  the  others  ;  dorsal  middlle  row  bi-cari- 
nate,  the  rest  uni-carinate ;  carinfe  quite  distinct ;  27  rows  of  scales  ;  215  longitu- 
dinal rows  upon  body  ;  41  upon  tail. 

Dimensions.  Total  length  1  foot  8|  inches  ;  of  tail  2  inches  4  lines,  (prehensile.) 
Habitat.     Cuba.     One  specimen  presented  by  Gavin  Watson,  M.  D. 


Descriptions  of  new  species  of  African  Birds,  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  of  Philadelphia,  collected  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu,  in  Equatorial  Africa. 

By  John  Cassin. 

Gencs  ]\IELIGN0THES,  nobis. 

Bill  short,  thick  and  conical.  Wings  rather  long ;  second,  third  and  fourth 
quills  longest  and  nearly  equal.  Tail  moderate.  Allied  to  the  genus  Indicator, 
Vieillot. 

The  short  billed  Indicators  form  a  distinct  group,  easily  recognized  by  the  bill, 
as  above  described.  Heretofore  there  have  been  known  Indicator  minor,  Stephens, 
(/.  minimum,  Temm.)  and  Indicator  xanthonotus,  Blyth,  belonging  to  this  group, 
but  in  neither  of  them  is  the  bill  so  short  and  thick  as  in  the  two  species  that 
we  are  now  about  to  describe. 

1.   MELICXOTnES  CONIROSTEIS,  HObiS. 

About  the  size  of/,  minor  and  resembling  it,  but  with  the  bill  thicker  ;  wings 
shorter  ;  legs  and  toes  longer.  Bill  short,  thick,  wide  and  rather  suddenly  com- 
pressed at  the  tip  ;  nostrils  large  ;  third  and  fourth  quills  slightly  longest.  Legs 
stout;  toes  long  ;  tail  moderate,  rounded. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  5|  inches,  wings  3j,  tail  2\,  bill  i  inch. 

Colors. — Head  above  dark  cinereous,  every  feather  nearly  black  in  the  middle; 
back,  rump,  upper  tail  co\'erts  and  wing  coverts  with  every  feather  brownish 
black  in  the  middle  and  edged  on  both  sides  with  golden  yellow.  Quills  brown- 
ish black,  edged  externally  with  the  yellow  of  the  back;  narrow  on  the  primaries, 
wider  on  the  secondaries.  Feathers  of  the  throat  white  at  base,  dark  at  their 
tips.  Small  space  on  the  abdomen  and  flanks  white,  with  longitudinal  stripes  of 
dark  ashy  brown.  Other  under  parts  and  sides  of  the  head  and  neck  clear  dark 
cinereous,  under  tail  coverts  slightly  edged  with  white.  Under  wing  coverts 
ashy.     Tail,  with  the  four  central  feathers  brownish  black,  narrowly  edged  with 


1856.]  157 

yellow,  olhers  j-ellowish  white,  tipped  with  dark  brown.  Bill  and  feet  bluish 
black. 

Hah. — Moonda  river,  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

(9^,5. — jVs  stated  above,  this  species  is  about  the  size  of  /.  minor,  and  some- 
what resembles  it.  In  addition  to  the  differences  already  pointed  out,  this  bird 
has  the  bill  entirelj'  bluish  black,  not  white  at  base  of  the  under  mandible  as  in 
/.  7)ii?ior,  and  as  carefully  represented  in  Temm.  PI.  Col.  542.  The  colors  are 
much  more  clear  and  different  from  that  species.  The  bill  in  the  present  bird  is 
r(>markably  short  and  thick. 

This  species  may  be  that  represented  by  Le  Vaillant,  Ois.  d'Afrique,  pi.  242, 
but  is  very  different  from  that  represented  in  Cimelia  Physica,  pi.  24,  A.  The 
latter  is  /.  Sparrmanni,  Stephens,  but  not  the  former.  It  is  possible,  too,  that 
this  may  be  the  bird  alluded  to  by  authors  on  the  Ornithology  of  Western  Africa 
as  /.  minor,  but  it  is  distinct  from  that  species  of  Southern  Africa. 

2.  Melignotees  exilis,  nobis. 

The  smallest  of  all  known  birds  of  this  group.  Bill  short,  thick  ;  wings  moder- 
ate ;  second  and  third  quills  slightly  longest ;  tail  moderate  ;  legs  and  toes  rather 
strong. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  4J  inches,  wings  2\,  tail  IJ  inches. 

Entire  upper  plumage  with  every  feather  dark  in  the  middle  and  edged  on 
both  sides  with  greenish  yellow,  darker  on  the  head.  Quills  dark  brown,  edged 
e.'cternally  with  yellow.  Entire  under  parts  greenish  cinereous,  paler  on  the  ab- 
domen and  nearly  white  on  the  ventral  region.  Tail  with  the  four  middle  fea- 
thers bi-ownish  black,  others  yellowish  white  tipped  with  dark  brown.  Bill  bluish 
black  ;  base  of  under  mandible  yellowish  white  ;  feet  bluish  black. 

Hab.—  River  Moonda,  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

Obs. — This  is  the  smallest  Indicator  yet  discovered,  and  is  a  singular  looking 
little  bird.  The  bill  is  short  and  thick,  almost  resembling  that  of  some  species 
of  Euphonia.  This  bird,  in  general  appearance,  bears  some  resemblance  to  the 
preceding,  but  is  much  smaller  and  easily  distinguished.  One  specimen  only  is 
in  the  collection. 

Genus  HET^ERODES,  nobis. 

Allied  to  typical  Indicator.  Bill  moderate,  curved,  slender,  rather  wide  at  base, 
but  rather  abruptly  compressed  and  tapering  to  the  point ;  wings  rather  long  ; 
second  and  third  quills  longest  and  nearly  equal;  tail  moderate,  containing  ten 
rather  wide  feathers ;  tarsi  and  toes  weak,  slender,  the  two  anterior  rather  lung. 
Size  of  only  known  species  small. 

3.  Hbt;erodes  insignis,  nobis. 

Small,  about  the  size  of  the  last  preceding  and  resembling  it  in  color,  but 
with  the  bill  totally  different  (as  above  described),  and  the  feet  .smaller  and 
slender. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  4J  inches,  wing  2i,  tail  1|  inches. 

Colors. — Entire  upper  parts  dark  olive,  tinged  with  yellow,  the  latter  prevail- 
ing on  the  lower  back  and  rump  ;  quills  dark  brown,  edged  externally  with 
greenish  yellow  ;  narrow  on  the  primaries,  wider  on  the  secondaries,  and  inter- 
nally with  yellowish  white.  Under  parts  ashy  olive,  darker  on  the  breast,  paler 
and  nearly  white  on  the  abdomen  and  under  tail  coverts.  Under  wing  coverts 
yellowish  white.  Tail  with  the  four  middle  feathers  dark  olive  brown,  outer 
"feathers  yellowish  white,  edged  with  pure  yellow.     Bill  and  feet  bluish  black. 

jjab. — Moonda  river.  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

Obs. — This  is  one  of  the  most  curious  little  birds  that  I  have  ever  seen.  It  is 
in  all  respects,  a  miniature  cuckoo,  having  evident  alliance  to  Indicator  and  to 
Chrysococccyx,  but  especially  to  the  former.  The  bill  is  pointed  and  curved 
somewhat  as  in  the  larger  species  oi Indicator,  but  more  slender.  The  plumage, 
and  especially  the  tail  are  of  the  same  colors  that  prevail  in  this  group.  One 
specimen  only  is  in  the  present  collection. 


15s  [August 

4.  IspiDTNA  Lecontet,  nolj'is. 

The  smallest  of  the  birds  of  the  genera  Ispidina  and  Corythornis,  and  with  the 
bill  broailcr  and  more  flat.  Bill  long,  broad,  flat,  rather  obtuse  at  the  point; 
wing  moderate,  third  quill  slightly  longest ;  tail  very  short ;  legs  short,  weak. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  3f  inches,  wing  1  8-lOths,  tail  9-lOths, 
bill  i'l  fiont  1,  width  of  bill  at  nostrils  3-lOths  inch. 

C)lr)'s. — Male.  Front  black  (without  spots),  crown  and  occiput  bluish  black, 
with  small  spots  of  light  blue  ;  back,  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  light  blue, 
with  a  purple  tinge,  a  narrow  partially  concealed  collar  of  rufous  on  the  neck 
behind ;  wing  coverts  black,  with  small  purplish  blue  spots,  quills  bluish  black, 
edged  with  pale  rufous  on  their  inner  webs.  Tail  bluish  black.  A  small  spot 
in  front  of  the  eye  ;  cheeks,  breast  and  abdomen  yellowish  rufous,  darker  on  the 
breast,  throat  white,  under  wing  coverts  rufous.  Upper  mandible  brownish  black, 
point  white  ;  under  mandible  at  base  yellow,  then  dark  brown  towards  the  point, 
but  at  the  point  white  ;  legs  yellow 

Hab. — Moonda  river.  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

This  little  bird  may  readily  be  distinguished  from  either  of  the  species  of 
minute  kingfishers  of  the  genera  Ispidina  and  Corytliornis,  previously  known  by 
its  much  broader  and  flat  bill,  which  is  long  and  quite  as  flat  as  in  any  species 
of  Todiramphus.  The  frontal  feathers  are  clear,  lustrous  black  to  the  base  of  the 
upper  mandible,  unspotted.     It  is,  moreover,  the  smallest  of  all  those  species. 

Of  the  two  genera  mentioned,  all  the  known  species  are  now  in  the  collection 
of  this  Academy,  including  Ispidina  nitida,  Kaup.,  and  Coryihornis  nais,  Kaup. 
The  present  is  the  only  specimen  that  I  have  ever  seen  of  this  species,  and  is 
not  readily  to  be  mistaken  for  any  other. 

This  curious  little  species  is  named  in  honor  of  my  friend  John  L.  Leconte, 
M.  D.,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  and  accomplished  of  American  Zoologists 
with  whom  I  have  had  the  great  gratification  of  intimate  and  uninterrupted 
friendship  for  years. 

5.  Napothera  castanea,  nobis. 

About  the  size  of  iV.  atricapilla  of  Sumatra,  and  somewhat  resembles  it.  Bill 
moderate,  straight,  rather  wide  at  base,  distinctly  notched,  curved  abruptly 
at  tip,  wing  rather  long,  fourth  quill  longest.  Tail  moderate,  ample,  somewhat 
rounded. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  6|  inches,  wing  3  4-lOths,  tail  2j  inches. 

Colors. — Male.  Feathers  of  the  forehead  and  over  the  eye  black,  each  having 
a  middle  longitudinal  line  of  bright  rufous.  Feathers  of  the  crown  and  occiput 
at  base  light  reddish  yellow  and  tipped  with  dark  rufous.  Back,  wing  coverts 
and  rump  bright  reddish  chestnut,  darker  on  the  rump.  Lores,  cheeks,  sides 
and  flanks  light  cinereous.  Throat,  middle  of  breast  and  abdomen  white.  Under 
tail  coverts  yellowish  white.  Bill  brownish  black,  feet  lighter.  Greater  wing 
coverts  with  light  rufous  circular  spots  at  their  tips,  edged  with  black. 

Ilab. — Moonda  river,  "Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

This  bird  is,  for  all  that  I  can  see,  an  aberrant  Hapothera,  and  in  its  general 
appearance  resembles  -A^.  atricapilla,  coronata,  and  other  species  of  Sumatra, 
Borneo  and  Java.  It  appears  to  be  the  first  species  of  this  genus  yet  discovered 
in  Western  Africa. 

6.  Tricophorus  calurus,  nobis. 

General  form  of  and  resembling  T.  gularis,  Horsfield,  (not  Swainson,)  and  T. 
raniceps,  both  of  Java  and  Borneo,  and  about  the  size  of  the  latter,  but  smaller 
than  the  former.     Bill  slightly  curved;  fifth  quill  longest.     Tail  rather  long. 

Dimensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  about  7  inches,  wing  3^,  tail  3^  inches. 

Colors. — Male.  Throat  white.  Tail  and  its  upper  coverts  rufous,  the  outer 
feathers  edged  narrowly  with  greenish  yellow;  tail  beneath  lighter. 

Head  above  dark  brownish  ashy,  cheeks  lighter,  each  feather  with  a  line  of 
white,  a  narrow  ring  of  ashy  white  around  the  eye.  Back,  rump  and  wings 
yellowish  olive  green,  rather  darkest  on  the  wings.  Under  parts  (except  throat) 
greenish  Tellow,  or  nearly  pure  yellow  in  the  middle  of  the  breast  and  abdomen. 


1850.]  159 

and  much  shaded  with  green  on  the  sides.  Under  coverts  of  the  wings  green- 
ish yellow.     Bill  corneous,  the  margins  white,  tarsi  light  bluish. 

Female  similar  but  smaller. 

Hub. — Moonda  river,  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

Obs. — This  species  much  resembles  in  form  and  color  T.  ffularis,  Horsfield, 
from  Java,  but  is  much  smaller  and  otherwise  different.  It  also  resembles  T. 
canicejjs,  Lafres,  (which  seems  to  be  Najwthera  sulphurata,  Miiller,)  and  is  about 
the  same  size.     It  is  a  very  remarkable  form  for  Western  Africa. 

In  color  this  bird  appears  to  be  similar  to  Dasycephala  syndactyla,  Swainson, 
(which  is  described  as  9|  inches  long,)  but  it  has  no  syndactyle  character,  and  is 
much  smaller.     Several  specimens  are  in  the  collection. 

7.  Trichophorus  notatus,  nobis. 

Bill  moderate,  nearly  straight ;  wing  with  the  fourth  and  fifth  quills  longest. 
Tail  rather  long. 

Bhnensions. — Total  length  (of  skin)  about  7^  inches,  wing  3^,  tail  3^  inches. 

Colors. — Male.  A  spot  of  yellow  in  front  of  the  eye.  Entire  upper  parts 
yellowish  olive  green,  darker  on  the  head  ;  wings  and  tail  the  same  color  as  the 
back,  with  the  inner  webs  of  the  feathers  dark  reddish  brown.  Quills  edged  on 
their  inner  webs  with  pale  yellow,  outer  feathers  of  the  tail  with  large  spots  of 
pale  yellow  at  their  tips.  Under  parts  bright  yellow,  tinged  with  green  on  the 
sides.  Bill  corneous,  edges  of  both  mandibles  white  ;  tarsi  light  colored.  Un- 
der wing  coverts  yellow.     Female,  similar  but  rather  smaller. 

Hab. — Moonda  river,  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu. 

Obs. — Owing  to  evident  difiSculties  in  determining  the  species  of  birds  which 
have  been  referred  to  the  genus  Tricophorus,  we  have  invariably  declined  pre- 
senting any  as  new  in  the  various  African  collections  that  have  come  into  our 
hands.  But  the  two  birds  that  we  now  describe  are  so  strongly  marked,  that 
we  have  abandoned  our  previous  custom. 

The  present  bird  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  T.  canicapillus,  Hartlaub,  cha- 
racterized in  some  measure  by  the  bill  being  straighter  than  usual  in  this  genus. 
It  does  not,  however,  closely  resemble  that  species,  nor  any  other  known  to  us, 
and  is  strongly  marked  by  the  bright  yellow  spot  in  front  of  the  eye,  which  cha- 
racter distinguishes  it  at  once  from  T.  eximius,  Hartlaub  (Cabanis  Journal,  1855. 
p.  356),  and  it  is  much  smaller.     Four  specimens  are  in  the  collection. 


On  motion  of  Dr.  Rand,  the  Academy  proceeded  to  an  election  for 
Librarian  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  \V .  S. 
Zantzinper. 

The  Chair  appointed  Dr.  Brinton  and  Mr.  Schafhirt,  Tellers.  The 
election  having  been  held,  the  tellers  reported  that  Dr.  J.  Aitken 
Meigs  had  been  unanimously  elected. 

F.LECTION. 

Drs.  Wm.  Mayburry,  Thos.  George  Morton,  and  George  R.  More- 
house, of  Philadelphia,  and  Mr.  Alfred  Monnier,  of  Camden,  were 
elected  Members;  and  Mr.  J.  Barnard  Davis,  of  Shelton,  England,  was 
elected  a  Correspondent  of  the  Academy. 


1856.]  161 

Septemher  Id,  1856. 
Mr.  Le.\,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Canadian  Institute,  dated  Toronto,  C.  W.,  July  25th, 
1856,  transmitting  the  Canadian  Journal  for  1856,  and  desiring  ex- 
change.    Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Proceedings. 

From  F.  V.  Hayden,  dated  Fort  Union,  July  10th,  1856,  acknow- 
ledging his  election  as  Correspondent. 

From  B.  F.  Shumard,  Secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  St. 
Louis,  dated  July  oOth,  1858,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  copies  of 
the  Journal  and  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  and  enclosing  a  resolu- 
tion of  thanks  adopted  by  the  Academy  at  St.  Louis. 

From  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  dated  June  26th, 
1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy, 
(Vol.  8,  No.  1,  Title  and  Index,)  and  the  Journal,  (N.  S.  Vol.  3, 
part  2.) 

From  the  Librarian  of  the  British  Museum,  acknowledging  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  (Vol.  6,  Nos.  7,  12,  and  Vol. 
7,  No.  1.) 

From  F.  A.  Sauvalle,  dated  Havana,  June  2,  1856,  transmitting  a 
collection  of  shells. 

From  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences  of  Liege,  dated  Bonn,  April 
20th,  1856,  transmitting  their  Memoirs,  acknowledged  this  even- 
ing- 

From  the  Natural  History  Union  of  Prussian  Rhineland  and  West- 
phalia, dated  March  24:th,  1856,  transmitting  their  publications 
acknowledged  this  evening. 

Dr.  Leidy  read  a  paper  entitled,  "  Notice  of  some  Remains  of  Extinct 
Vertebrated  Animals,  by  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D.,"  which  was  referred 
to  a  committee  consisting  of  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  Dr.  Le  Conte,  and  Mr. 
Haldeman. 

Mr.  Ashmead  stated  that,  he  had  observed  during  the  past  summer 
an  unusual  scarcity  of  marine  algae  at  Beesley's  Point,  some  species 
usually  found  in  shallow  waters  having  entirely  disappeared.  Mr.  A. 
attributed  this  to  the  intense  cold  of  last  winter  causing  the  shallow 
bays  and  ponds  to  be  frozen  to  the  bottom.  When  the  ice  broke  up, 
the  seaweed  adhering  to  it  would  be  carried  away.  Whole  beds  of 
planted  oysters  were  thus  lost.  The  Heterodon  Platyrhynus,  generally 
very  abundant,  was  this  year  almost  extinct.  Dr.  Leidy  stated  that  he 
had  been  informed  by  the  fishermen,  that  immense  numbers  of  crabs 
were  destroyed  by  the  cold,  so  that  this  season  they  were  quite  scarce. 
Mr.  Haldeman  had  observed  numbers  of  evergreens  killed  by  the  win- 
ter's cold. 


PROCEED.  ACAD.  STAT.  SCI.  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  VOL.  VIII.  NO.  V.  13 


162  [Sept. 

September  9th. 

Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  paper  was  presented  entitled,  "  Researches  upon  the  Cyprinoid 
Fishes  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  specimens  in  the  museum  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  by  Charles  Girard,  M.  D.,"  which  was  re- 
ferred to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Drs.  J.  A.  Meigs,  Rand,  and 
Hallowell. 


September  IQth. 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Madrid,  dated  December 
31st,  1854,  transmitting  their  publications  acknowledged  this  even- 
ing. 

From  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  dated  Washington,  June  18th, 
1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  Vol.  8,  No.  2,  of  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Academy. 

From  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  dated  September  3d, 
1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Journal,  (N.  S.  Vol.  3,  part  2,) 
and  the  Proceedings  (Vol.  8,  Nos.  1,  2,  3),  of  the  Academy. 

Dr.  Leidy  remarked  that,  he  had  observed  the  eyes  of  the  Katy-did  {Flaty- 
phyllum  concavum)  which  during  the  day  are  translucent  and  greenish,  at  night 
assume  a  deep  cherry  red  color.  Upon  experimenting  with  the  insect  he  found 
that,  when  the  light  was  excluded,  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  the  eyes  gradu- 
ally became  dark  red,  and  after  a  restoration  of  light  they  again  became  trans- 
lucent and  greenish.  The  phenomenon  was  not  positively  explained,  but  it  was 
supposed  to  belong  to  the  same  category  of  changes,  observed  in  the  skin  of 
certain  reptiles  and  cephalopoda ;  /.  e.  the  coloring  matter  of  the  eyes  probably 
is  composed  of  chromatophora,  or  contractile  pigment  cells,  which  according 
to  the  condition  of  contraction  exhibit  a  difference  in  color. 

Dr.  Leidy  also  directed  the  attention  of  the  members  to  several  shells  of  the 
oyster  and  clam  [Ostrea  virginiana  and  Venus  mercenaria)  much  perforated, 
which  are  common  on  the  ocean  shore,  where  they  are  noticed  by  all  visitors. 
Dr.  L.  had  for  a  long  time  suspected  that  the  perforatiocs  were  due  to  some 
other  molluscous  animal  or  a  worm  ;  and  he  had  frequently  sought  for  them. 
The  last  summer,  in  dredging,  in  company  with  Mr.  Ashmead  and  Prof.  Baird, 
on  an  old  oyster  bed,  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  New  Jersey,  a  large  number  of  these 
perforated  shells  were  obtained,  and  all  of  them  were  observed  to  be  occupied 
by  a  sulphur  yellow  sponge  of  the  genus  Cliona.  This  boring  sponge  forms  an 
extensive  system  of  galleries  between  the  outer  and  inner  layer  of  the  shells, 
and  protrudes  through  the  perforations  of  the  latter  tubular  processes,  from  one 
to  two  lines  long  and  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  a  line  wide.  The  tubes  are 
of  two  kinds;  the  most  numerous  being  cylindrical  aud  expanded  at  the  orifice 
in  a  corolla  form,  with  their  margin  thin,  translucent,  entire,  veined  with  more 
opaque  lines,  and  with  the  throat  bristling  with  silicious  spicule.  The  second 
kind  of  tubes  are  comparatively  few,  about  as  one  is  to  thirty  of  the  other,  and 
are  shorter,  wider,  not  expanded  at  the  orifice,  and  the  throat  unobstructed 


1856.]  163 

with  spiculae.  Some  of  the  second  variety  of  tubes  are  constituted  of  a  confiu- 
ent  pair,  the  throat  of  which  bifurcates  at  bottom.  Both  kinds  of  the  tubes  are 
very  slightly  contractile,  and  under  irritation  may  gradually  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  superficial  wart-like  eminences  within  the  perforations  of  the  shell  occu- 
pied by  the  sponge.  Water  obtains  access  to  the  interior  of  the  latter  through 
the  more  numerous  tubes,  and  is  expelled  in  quite  active  currents  from  the 
wider  tubes. 

In  structure  the  sponge  is  composed  of  an  intertexture  of  granular  matter  and 
pin-like  silicious  spicula^.  Several  species  of  Cliona  are  indicated  by  European 
naturalists,  but  are  not  characterised  with  sufficient  detail  to  determine 
whether  the  one  above  indicated  is  distinct  or  not  from  them. 

Dr.  L.  further  added,  it  might  appear  only  of  scientific  interest  to  observe  a 
structure  so  low  as  the  sponge  is  classified  in  the  organic  kingdom,  endowed 
with  the  power  of  penetrating  such  dense  and  hard  bodies  as  the  shell  of  the 
clam  and  oyster,  but  he  suspected  that  the  agency  of  the  boring  sponge  was  a 
highly  important  one  in  the  sequence  of  natural  phenomena,  as  it  is  a  means  by 
which  dead  shells  are  rapidly  decomposed  to  be  dissolved  in  the  ocean  water, 
where  they  may  again  serve  as  the  elements  of  construction  of  the  habitations 
of  the  rising  generations  of  molluscous  animals.  In  confirmation  of  this  view 
Dr.  L.  stated,  that  an  extensive  bed  of  oysters,  which  had  been  planted  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Beasley,  at  Great  Egg  Harbor,  and  which  was  in  excellent  condition 
three  years  since,  had  been  subsequently  destroyed  by  an  accumulation  of  mud. 
The  shells  of  the  dead  oysters,  which  were  of  large  size  and  in  great  number, 
in  the  course  of  two  years  have  been  so  completely  riddled  by  the  boring  Cliona 
that  they  may  be  crushed  with  the  utmost  ease,  whereas  without  the  agency  of 
this  sponge  the  dead  shells  might  have  remained  in  their  soft,  muddy  bed, 
devoid  of  sand  and  pebbles,  undecomposed  perhaps  even  for  a  century. 


September  23d. 

Mr.  Ord,  President  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  Lea  presented  a  paper  entitled,  "  Description  of  the  Bjssus  in 
the  genus  Unio,  by  Isaac  Lea,"  which  was  referred  to  a  committee  con- 
sisting of  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  Dr.  Bridges,  and  Mr.  Vaux. 


September  SOth. 

Dr. Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committee  on  Dr.  Leidy's  paper  read  [^2d  inst.,  on  Dr.  Girard's 
paper  read  9th  inst.,  and  on  Mr.  Lea's  paper  read  23d    inst.,  severally 
reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy. 


Notice  of  some  remains  of  extinct  Vertebrated  Animals. 

By  Joseph  Lkidy,  M.  D. 

1.  Leptauchenia  major,  Leidy.  In  an  examination  of  a  collection  of  fossils 
obtained  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  in  Nebraska,  for  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science, 
I  observed  the  mutilated  jaws  of  a  larger  species  of  Leptauchenia  than  that  pre- 
viously characterized  under  the  name  of  L.  decora,  (Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  Phila.,  viii.  88.) 
In  the  upper  jaw  there  are  seven  molars,  forming  nearly  a  continuous  row,  pre- 


164  [September, 

ceded  by  a  small  curved,  conical  caniue.  The  anterior  three  pre-moLars  possess 
a  large  outer  lobe,  and  a  postero-internal  column,  which  is  nearly  obsolete  in 
the  first  of  the  series,  and  is  best  developed  in  the  last.  The  fourth  pre-molar 
has  a  symmetrical  pair  of  lobes  as  in  ordinary  ruminants. 

In  a  specimen  of  the  lower  jaw  belonging  to  L.  major ^  and  containing  several 
true  molars,  there  are  also  three  pre-molars.  The  last  of  the  latter  had  been 
but  a  short  time  protruded.  Its  crown,  in  the  general  form,  is  like  the  outer 
part  in  the  corresponding  tooth  of  the  deer.  The  antepenultimate  pre-molar 
has  a  triliedral  crown,  of  which  the  inner  and  posterior  sides  are  depressed. 
The  intermediate  pre-molar  belonged  to  the  temporary  series,  and  has  its  crown 
nearly  worn  away.  The  specimen  of  the  lower  jaw  indicated  proves  that  the 
fragment  of  a  lower  jaw  containing  several  pre-molars,  the  canine,  and  incisive 
alveoli,  previously  referred  to  L.  decora,  does  not  belong  to  that  genus. 

Comparative  measurements  of  L.  decora  and  L.  major  are  as  follows  : — 

L.decora. 
Series  of  seven  upper  molars,  -  -  -  -  25  lines 

"         upper  true  molars,  -  -  -       -  14     " 

"         lower     "  "  -  _  -  -  15     " 


L.  major. 
32  lines. 

20  " 

21  " 


2.  Protomertx  Halli,  Leidy. 

Founded  upon  a  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw,  containing  alveoli  for  three  incisors 
to  one  side  of  the  symphysis,  and  followed  immediately  by  the  canine.  The 
latter  is  small  and  has  a  laterally  compressed,  obtuse  crown,  somewhat  resem- 
bling the  upper  canine  of  the  Llama.  Succeeding  the  canine  after  a  short  in- 
terval is  the  first  pre-molar,  with  the  crown  broken  off,  but  which  apparently 
had  the  same  form  as  in  the  canine.  After  another  interval  of  about  one-third 
of  an  iuch,  there  are  two  pre-molars,  inserted  by  two  fangs,  and  having  a  broad, 
laterally  compressed,  pyramidal  crown. 

The  animal  is  most  probably  a  ruminant,  partaking  of  the  characters  of  the 
camel  and  the  suiline  families. 

Specimen  obtained  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  at  Bear  Creek,  Nebraska  Territory. 
Formerly  supposed  to  belong  to  Leptauchenia  decora. 

The  species  is  dedicated  to  Prof.  James  Hall,  the  eminent  palaeontologist. 

3.  Oreodon  major,  Leidy. 
Ancient  Fauna  of  Nebraska,  55. 

Having  the  opportunity  of  examining  an  entire  skull  of  Oreodon  major,  in  the 
St.  Louis  collection  of  Nebraska  fossils,  obtained  by  Dr.  Hayden,  I  find  it  is 
really  a  distinct  species,  being  characterised,  not  only  by  its  larger  size  than 
the  other  described  species,  but  from  its  possessing  large  inflated  tympanic 
bones,  which  is  not  the  case  in  0.  Culbertsonii  and  0.  gracilis.  This  latter  cha- 
racter might  be  supposed  to  be  generic,  but  it  is  the  only  important  anatomical 
feature  in  which  0.  major  differs  from  the  other  species. 

Comparative  measurements  of  the  skull  of  the  three  species  are  as  follows  : — 

Oreodon  major,         ...     length  8|  in.        .        .        -     breadth  5J  in. 

"         Culbertsonii,       -         -         "        1\  in.         -         -         -         "  ^  in. 

"         gracilis       -         -         -         "        5    in.         -         -         -         "  3"  in. 

4.  Agriochcerus  major,  Leidy. 

A  larger  species  than  A.  antiguvs,  indicated  by  a  single  inferior  true  molar. 
It  is  the  first  or  second,  and  measures  three-quarters  of  an  inch  antero-poste- 
riorly  and  half  an  inch  transversely. 

Specimen  in  the  Nebraska  collection  made  by  Dr.  Hayden,  for  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

5.  Entelodon  ingens,  Leidy, 

A  huge  species,  indicated  by  several  mutilated  canines,  the  anterior  extremity 
of  a  lower  jaw  without  teeth,  and  the  crown  of  an  inferior  molar  tooth.  The 
chin  of  the  fragment  of  a  jaw  is  4^  inches  in  depth  and  5  inches  in  breadth  at 


1856.]  165 

the  basal  tuberosities.     The  crown  of  the  lower  true  molar  tooth  is  nearly  an 
inch  and  a  half  antero-posteriorly  and  an  inch  transversely. 

Specimens  in  the  collection  made  in  Nebraska  by  Dr.  Hayden,  for  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

6.  Pal;eoch(erus  probus,  Leidy. 

A  species  indicated  by  a  superior  first  true  molar,  and  a  fragment  of  the  lower 
jaw  with  the  last  pre-molar  and  the  succeeding  two  true  molars,  all  of  which 
have  the  same  form  as  in  Palmochccrus  lypus.  Diameter  of  the  superior  molar  6 
lines  ;  antero-posterior  diameter  of  the  second  lower  true  molar  7  lines  ;  do.  of 
the  last  pre-molar  6  lines. 

Specimens  from  the  collection  made  in  Nebraska  by  Dr.  Hayden,  for  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Sciences. 

7.  Manatus  antiquus,  Leidy. 

The  species  is  predicated  on  fragments  of  ribs  found  in  the  miocene  deposits 
of  N'ew  Jersey  and  Virginia,  and  on  a  fragment  of  a  rib  and  an  isolated  molar 
tooth,  discovered  by  Capt.  Bowman,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  sands  of  Ashley  river.  South 
Carolina.  The  tooth  apparently  corresponds  to  the  sixth  or  seventh  upper 
molar  of  31.  laiirostris,  Harlan,  than  which  it  is  considerably  larger.  It  has  no 
anterior  basal  ridge,  but  from  both  of  the  inner  lobes  of  the  crown  the  summits 
are  prolonged  in  a  curved  line  to  the  middle  of  the  outer  lobes.  The  specimen 
measures  in  both  diameters  9^  lines. 

8.  Hydroch(erus  J]]sopi,  Leidy. 

Oromys  JEsojn,  Leidy.     Pr.  A.  N.  S.,  vii,  241. 
Portions  of  two  molar  teeth  in  the  collection  of  Capt.  Bowman,  from  Ashley 
river,  S.  C,  prove  that  a  fragment  of  an  incisor  tooth  from  the  same  locality 
and  previously  referred  to  Oromys  ^sopi,  really  belongs  to  a  species  of  Hydro- 
chcerus,  about  as  large  as  the  H.  capybara  of  South  America. 

9.  CoMPSOSAURUS  PRiscus,  Leidy. 

The  name  is  proposed  on  the  remains  of  a  saurian,  obtained  from  the  coal 
field  of  Chatham  Co.,  N.  C,  consisting  of  four  teeth,  which  have  been  submitted 
to  my  inspection  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth.  The  teeth  vary  in  size,  are  compressed 
conical,  uearly  as  broad  as  long,  slightly  curved,  with  opposed  trenchant, 
denticulate  edges,  constricted  at  the  base,  andapparently  have  been  inserted  by  a 
compressed  cylindrical  fang.  The  teeth  are  solid  ;  the  enamel  is  striated  ;  and 
in  the  larger  specimens  the  base  is  longitudinally  ribbed.  They  resemble  those 
of  the  lacertian  Pala'osaurus  from  the  magnesiau  conglomerate  of  England  ;  but 
in  the  latter  genus  the  teeth  are  hollow. 

Accompanying  the  teeth  is  the  specimen  of  a  coprolite,  containing  a  few 
visible  ganoid  fish  scales. 


Researches  upon  the  Cyprinoid  Fishes  inhahiting  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  specimens  in  the  3Iuseum  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D. 

The  fishes  which  are  the  subject  of  the  present  memoir,  were  collected  at 
different  times  and  periods,  by  several  naturalists  and  surgeons  attached  to  the 
various  surveys  undertaken  within  the  five  years  past. 

And  first  of  all,  there  is  the  survey  of  the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary, 
from  1851  to  1855.  John  H.  Clark,  who  accompanied  Col.  .J.  D.  Graham,  in  1851, 
collected  extensively  in  the  rivers  and  creeks  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Under 
Major  W.  H.  Emory,  now  commissioner  of  the  boundary  line,  numerous  collec- 
tions were  made  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  in  Texas,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  provinces  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora. 

The  survey   of  routes  for  a  railroad  to  the  Pacific  was  commenced  in  1853, 


16G  [September, 

and  continued  until  1855.  Lt.  A.  W.  "Whipple,  under  whose  command  the  survey- 
near  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  of  latitude  was  eflfected,  in  securing  the  services  of 
Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  contributed  very  largely  to  our  collections  of  fishes  from 
Texas,  and  the  numerous  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas  River.  H.  B.  Mollhausen, 
artist  to  the  same  expedition,  showed  also  much  zeal  and  industry  for  collecting. 

The  survey  near  the  thirty-second  parallel  of  latitude,  western  end,  under  Lt. 
J.  G.Parke,  contributed  a  few  specimens,  collected  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann. 

The  eastern  end  of  the  same  thirty-second  parallel  was  explored  by  Capt.  John 
Pope,  who  having  attached  to  his  party  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shumard,  interesting  speci- 
mens were  obtained  therefrom. 

The  survey  of  the  partial  routes  on  the  Pacific  side,  under  Lt.R.  S.  Williamson, 
Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann  being  surgeon  and  naturalist  to  the  party,  a  large  collec- 
tion of  fresh  water  fishes,  amongst  which  were  several  Cyprinoids,  was  made  in 
the  valley  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  and  the  Tulare  Valley. 

Subsequently,  the  same  officer  explored  the  Sacramento  Valley  from  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  to  Astoria,  Or.,  having  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry  as  naturalist,  who 
secured  many  interesting  members  of  the  family  of  fishes  now  under  considera- 
tion. 

The  survey  of  the  route  near  the  thirty-eighth  and  thirty-ninth  parallels,  under 
the  late  Capt.  Gunnisson,  and  of  the  forty-first  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  secured 
many  interesting  specimens  from  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  and  Hum- 
boldt River. 

The  survey  of  the  northern  route,  under  Gov.  L  1.  Stevens,  was  as  fruitful  in 
many  respects  as  both  the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary  survey,  and  the 
survey  of  the  thirty-fifth  parallel.  Dr.  George  Suckley,  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  and 
Dr.  John  Evans,  proved  indefatigable  in  their  efforts  for  collecting. 

The  upper  Missouri  and  Yellow  Stone  rivers  were  explored  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hay- 
den,  under  the  protection  of  Col.  A.  Vaughan,  and  thus  were  we  made  acquainted 
with  the  ichthyic  fauna  of  those  remote  waters. 

Lt.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A.,  explored,  iu  the  winter  of  1852-3,  the  Mexican  pro- 
vinces of  Tamaulipas,  New-Leon,  and  Coahuila,  thus  adding  materials  towards 
an  elucidation  of  the  natural  history  of  the  country  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte  (Rio  Bravo)  ;  and  but  partially  explored  by  the  United  States  and  Mexi- 
can boundary  commission. 

Valuable  specimens  from  Platte  or  Nebraska  river,  the  valley  of  the  Great 
Salt  Lake  of  Utah  and  Humboldt  river,  were  also  received  from  the  late  J.  Soule 
Bowman. 

To  John  Potts,  Esq.,  of  Chihuahua,  we  owe  some  very  interesting  species  from 
the  hydrographic  basin  of  Chihuahua  river,  and  the  valley  of  Mexico. 

One  species  was  purchased  in  tlie  market  of  the  city  of  Mexico  by  Major 
Wm.  Rich. 

The  species  formerlj'  described,  from  tlie  River  Zuui,  collected  by  Dr.  Wood- 
house,  under  Capt.  L.  Sitgreaves,  are  likewise  included  in  this  prodromus. 

Thus  the  countrj^  embraced  within  these  surveys  and  fields  of  explorations,  is 
limited  eastwardly  by  the  valleys  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  and  west- 
wardly  bj^  the  Pacific  ocean,  extending  from  Puget  Sound  and  the  British  posses- 
sions at  the  North,  to  the  valleys  of  the  Rio  Gila  and  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Rio 
Bravo)  to  the  South,  and  even  including  the  Mexican  provinces  of  Tamaulipas, 
New  Leon,  Coahuila,  Chihuahua  and  Sonora. 

The  iuA'estigations  of  such  an  amount  of  materials  could  not  be  extemporised. 
Indeed,  even  investigations  upon  tliese  various  collections  could  not  have  been 
traced  each  separatively  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  collected.  From  a 
preliminary  examination  of  the  first  lot  received  in  1851,  I  became  very  soon  im- 
pressed with  the  difficulty  of  the  task,  and  foresaw  the  utter  impossibility,  at 
that  time,  to  do  anything  like  justice  to  the  subject. 

In  the  mean  time,  however,  a  Notice  upon  a  colleciion  of  fishes  from  the  southern 
bend  of  the  Tennessee  river,  in  the  Slate  of  Alabama,  by  Louis  Agassiz,  was  j)ub- 
lished,*  containing  several  members  of  the  Cyprinoid  family.     And  some  time 

*  Amer,  Journ.  of  Sc,  2d.  ser.  xvii.  1854,  pp.  297,   353. 


1856.]  167 

afterwards  appeared  a  Synopsis  of  the  Ichthyologkal  Fauna  of  the  Pacific  slope  of 
North  America,  chiefly  from  the  collections  made  by  the  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  C.  Wilkes,  tvith  recent  additions  and  comparisons  with  eastern  types. 
By  the  same  author* 

These  two  papers,  though  anticipating  some  of  the  following  results,  were 
greeted  with  a  hearty  ■welcome,  and  I  can  only  regret  that  the  second  was  not 
concluded  up  to  the  time  I  am  writing.  I  have  delayed  entering  into  this  sub- 
ject as  long  as  was  consistent  with  the  duties  imposed  upon  me. 

In  both  of  them,  we  find  the  laudable  desire  of  attempting  to  bring  back  into 
use,  the  long  forgotten  genera  of  Rafinesque,  which  fell  into  disuse  because  of 
their  own  imperfection;  and  if  they  have  not  passed  into  the  common  nomencla- 
ture of  the  day,  it  was  owing  to  their  defect,  more  than  to  the  partiality  of 
naturalists.  For  we  may  well  imagine  how  anyone  would  feel  when  rebuilding 
another's  work,  as  little  known  to  the  author  as  to  the  commentators  themselves. 

And  yet,  for  my  part,  I  have  always  looked  upon  the  restoration  of  Rafinesque's 
genera  and  species  as  highly  desirable,  so  soon  as  they  had  once  been  proposed 
and  introduced  into  science  as  names.  But  in  order  to  do  justice  to  the  scheme,  it 
was  necessary  to  the  undertaking  that  one  should  go  to  the  very  ground  trodden 
over  by  Rafinesque  himself,  his  book  in  hand,  during  all  the  seasons  of  the  year, 
ay,  even  for  years  in  succession,  to  enable  us  to  discriminate  between  that  which 
Rafinesque  really  observed,  and  that  which  is  imaginary. 

That  the  Ichthyoloyia  Ohiensis  has  been,  and  still  is  a  stumbling  block,  is  fully 
evinced  by  the  fact  that  Dr.  J.  P.  Kirtland,  the  Ohio  ichthyologist,  of  untiring 
and  energetic  zeal  and  perseverance,  was  baffled  in  many  of  his  attempts  to 
determine  Rafinesque's  genera  and  species. 

These  genera  and  species,  thus  restored  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  may  therefore  not 
be  received  by  all  ichthj'ologistsas  the  final  settlement  of  that  much  controverted 
question.  Be  it  as  it  may,  that  is  :  whether  the  identification  be  right  or  wrong, 
since  we  must  have  these  names,  I  sincerely  hope  Ihey  will  now  be  adopted, 
once  for  all,  as  proposed. 

Since  circumstances  have  compelled  me  to  write  this  memoir  before  the  com- 
pletion of  Agassiz's  synopsis,  I  have  restored  the  balance  of  Rafinesque's  genera 
in  the  family  of  Cyprinoids:  such  are  Plargyrus  and  Semotilus.  Once  upon  that 
field  of  inquiries  I  reverted  to  Heckel's  genera  Argyreus  and  Leucosomus,  and 
shewed  their  claim  for  admission  upon  the  same  general  principles  and  canons 
of  scientific  nomenclature. 

On  a  former  occasion  the  genus  Leucosomus  was  altogether  misunderstood  by 
me,  and  from  an  advice  of  mine  it  thus  entered  into  the  "  History  of  the  Fishes  of 
Massachusetts,  by  Dr.  D.  H.  Storer."  Prof.  Agassiz  was  led  into  the  same 
error. f  Heckel  by  inadvertence  applies  the  name  of  Cyprinus  chrysohucus, 
Mitch.,  to  Leuciscus  pulchellus,  Storer,  as  shown  by  the  figures  given  of  its  teeth 
and  the  wording  of  its  generical  diagnosis.  Leucosom.us,  therefore,  is  identical 
with  Chdlonemus,  and  accordiagly  is  the  name  to  be  adopted.  Cheilonemus  was 
liroposed  tor  Leuciscus  jmlchellus,  and  allied  species,  when  it  was  supposed  that 
Leuciscus  chrysoleucus  would  constitute  the  type  of  the  genus  Leucosomus.  But 
it  is  now  well  ascertained  that  Leuciscus  chrysoleucus  of  Mitchell  belongs  to 
Rafinesque's  genus  Luxilus  ;  and  Luxilus  has  the  priority  over  Leucosomus. 

Leuciscus  gracilis  of  Richardson,  referred  by  Heckel  to  Leucosomus,  is  of  a  dif- 
ferent generic  type. 

As  to  the  genus  Argyreus,  Heckel  includes  in  it  two  species  generally  distinct. 
Cyprinus  atronasus,  Mitch.,  and  Cypr.  rubripinnis,  Mus.  Par.  MS.  But  Cyprinus 
rubripinnis  is  identical  with  Leuciscus  cornutus,  and  since  Leuciscus  cornutus  is  to 
enter  the  genus  Plargyrus  of  Rafinesque,  Cyprinus  atronasus  remains  as  the 
type  of  the  genus  Argyreus,  which  again  is  identical  with  Rhinichthys.  It  must 
be  recollected,  however,  that  the  teeth  figured  by  Heckel  under  the  name  of 
Argyreus  rubripinnis,  are  those  of  Plargyrus  cornutus. 

*Amer,  Jour,  of  Sc,  2d.  ser.  xix.  1855,  pp.  Vl,  215. 
■j-Amer.  Jour,  of  Sc,  2d.  ser.  xix.  1855,  p.  225. 


168  [September, 

All  the  species  referred  to  in  this  memoir  I  have  seen  and  examined  ;  there 
is  not  a  solitary  fact  here  recorded  that  was  not  theresult  of  personal  researches. 

On  several  occasions  I  have  referred  to  species  from  the  Atlantic  States  of  the 
Union,  and  even  from  the  northern  lakes,  but  it  will  be  obvious  to  every  one  that 
it  was  only  on  such  occasions  as  could  not  well  be  omitted  without  sacrifice  to 
the  completeness  of  the  subject. 

I  have  aimed  at  concision,  as  far  as  consistent  with  the  nature  of  the  task. 
It  was  deemed  unnecessary  to  recall,  ever  and  anon,  the  history  of  any  parti- 
cular genus,  unless  it  happened  to  be  intricate,  for,  whoever  is  interested  in 
the  subject,  is  sufBciently  familiar  with  it.  It  would  be  different  were  I  to 
write  a  popular  work  on  our  fishes. 

In  the  diagnosis  of  the  genera  I  have  often  repeated  characters  shared  by  many 
of  them;  these  repetitions  I  am  convinced  are  needful  to  their  proper  under- 
standing. It  may  not  appear  so  to  a  few  ichthyologists;  but  I  write 
for  naturalists,  for  the  reader  who  seeks  &fter  general  information.  Besides, 
the  method  I  follow  is  the  natural,  the  true  method,  that  which  has  superseded 
the  artificial  method  of  the  last  century.  In  describing  the  teeth,  I  have  adopted 
Heckel's  phraseology,  since  it  appears  to  me  to  answer  to  the  present  wants  of 
Ichthyology. 

The  coloration,  as  a  general  rule,  is  described  from  specimens  preserved  in 
alcohol,  in  which  the  brilliancy  of  the  hues  is  seldom  preserved,  and  occasionally 
quite  altered. 

In  the  course  of  these  investigations  I  have  carefully  compared  the  fishes  of 
our  hemisphere  to  those  occurring  in  the  waters  of  the  eastern  hemisphere  ;  and 
when  genera  and  species,  either  of  fishes  or  reptiles,  have,  at  any  time,  been 
described  as  new,  it  was  the  result  of  such  comparative  study,  shunning  display 
of  loose  erudition  and  false  criticism,  which  too  often  leads  into  error  the  true 
observer. 

I  have  thus  added  many  new  genera  and  species  to  the  known  lists.  This 
cannot  be  surprising  ;  a  country  so  vast  as  North  America,  ii-rigated  by  so  many 
branching  streams  and  large  bodies  of  waters  in  the  shape  of  lakes  and  numer- 
ous ponds,  a  country  comparatively  little  explored,  was  to  yield  many  species 
unknown  to  our  predecessors  in  the  field.  A  superficial  knowledge  of  the  his- 
tory of  ichthyology  in  North  America,  would  at  once  explain  how  it  is  that  a 
"Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  North  America,"  published  in  1846,  should  not  have 
proved  a  full  and  complete  record  of  all  existing  fishes  of  the  country :  a  synopsis 
which,  moreover,  only  professes  to  give  such  species  as  were  known  at  that  time. 
If  we  are  so  fortunate  as  to  be  able  to  add  to  the  known  catalogue  of  genera  and 
species,  let  us  not  lose  sight  of  both  the  time  and  the  circumstances  under 
which  we  have  accomplished  it.  Recriminations,  in  that  respect,  are  not  likely 
to  advance  much  our  knowledge  on  the  subject,  and  furthermore,  it  j^laccs  a 
co-temporary  exactly  in  the  same  situation  towards  the  next  coming  generations 
as  the  former  generations  hold  towards  him. 

Most  of  the  new  genera  which  I  propose  have  been  designated  by  words  taken 
from  the  North  American  Indians,  as  being  more  euphonic  than  any  one  I 
might  have  framed  from  the  Greek.  The  classic  literature  has  already  furnished 
so  many  names  that  there  are  but  few  instances  in  which  a  name  might  yet  be 
coined  and  express  what  it  is  intended  to  represent.  I  offered  this  remark  as  a 
mere  statement ;  not  as  an  apology. 

OYPRINI. 

But  two  genera  of  this  group  or  tribe,  whichever  called,  are  included  in  this 
memoir.  And  curious  to  say  one  is  provided  with  a  buccal  barbel,  and  the  other 
not.  The  presence  or  absence  of  barbels,  therefore,  does  not  seem  of-  primary 
import  here.  The  teeth  are  of  the  molar  kind  (^Dentes  molares),  of  the  grinding 
type  (D.  masticatorii),  without  grooves  or  ridges,  and  are  disposed  upon  two 
permanent — and  a  third,  deciduous — rows:  3 — 2  |  5 — 5  |  2  |  3.  The  ventrals  are 
nserted  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 


1856.]  169 

We  had  a  fine  opportunity  of  studying  the  genus 

Mylocheilus,  Agass. 

thanks  to  the  numerous  specimens  collected  by  Lt.  Trowbridge.  The  characters 
of  this  genus  are  cs  follows  :  Head  elongated  and  sub-conical,  rounded  upon 
the  snout,  which  overlaps  the  lower  jaw.  The  mouth  is  sub-terminal,  horizontal, 
of  medium  size  and  provided  upon  its  angle  with  a  maxillary  barbel.  •  The  eye 
is  well  developed.  The  isthmus  rather  narrow.  The  body  is  elongated,  lance- 
olated,  compressed,  sub-fusiform  in  profile.  Pectoral  fins  slenderer  than  the 
ventrals  ;  the  latter  being  inserted  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 
Caudal  fin  furcated.  Scales  of  medium  size  ;  lateral  line  following  the  middle  of 
the  flanks.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  stoutish,  expanded  upon  their  convexity, 
with  the  inferior  limbs  very  short.  The  teeth  are  inserted  upon  a  very  much 
incliued  plan,  raised  from  the  surface  of  the  bone  itself,  from  below  upwards. 
They  are  disposed  upon  two  permanent  rows  of  five  and  two,  and  a  third  decidu- 
ous row  of  three  in  the  thickness  of  the  gum:  3  |  2  ]  5 — 5  |  2  |  3.  They  are  of 
the  molar  kind  of  the  grinding  type,  but  without  grooves  and  ridges. 

1.  Mylocheilus  lateralis,  Agass.  &  Pick.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d  ser.  xis. 
1855,  231. 

Our  specimens  are  from  Fort  Steilacoom,  Puget  Sound,  W.  T.,  and  were  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.^S.  A.,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

2.  Mylocheilus  fratsrculus, — is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  by  the  shape 
of  its  pharyngeal  bones,  differing  from  it  by  a  more  slender  body,  much  smaller 
head  and  smaller  eye.     The  color  is  too  far  gone  to  have  anything  said  about  it. 

From  Monterey,  Cal.,  where  specimens  were  collected  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trow- 
bridge, U.  S.  A. 

3.  Mylocheilus  cauriicus. — Cyprinus  {Leuciscus)  caurimis,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor. 
Amer.  iii.  1836,  304.  Has  much  of  the  general  aspect  of  the  two  preceding 
species,  more,  perhaps,  of  31.  fraterculus  than  31.  lateralis.  The  most  prominent 
difl'erence  resides  in  the  pharyngeal  bones  being  less  expanded  upon  the  supe- 
rior limb,  which  is  much  more  developed  also.  The  inferior  limb  is  also  more 
slender.  The  head  is  more  elongated,  more  conical  than  in  31.  lateralis,  and 
larger  than  in  if.  fraterculus.  The  mouth  is  larger  than  in  either  of  the  two 
species  just  referred  to. 

From  Astoria,  0.  T.;  numerous  specimens  collected  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge, 
U.  S.  A. 

The  genus  we  next  introduce,  and  which  has  received  the  appellation  of 

Mylopharodon,  Ayres, 

is  most  closely  related  to  3Iylocheilus.  The  species  which  it  includes  are  re- 
markable for  their  elongated  body,  their  sub-conical  and  tapering  head,  their 
deeply  cleft  mouth,  and,  like  the  species  of  3Ljlochcilus,  they  have  the  ventrals 
inserted  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  the  caudal  furcated, 
and  a  narrow  isthmus.  But  3Iylopharodon  has  no  barbels  upon  either  maxil- 
laries  or  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  likewise  stoutish, 
but  tlie  inferior  limb  is  more  elongated  than  in  3Tylocheilus,  though  a  little 
smaller  than  the  upper  limb.  We  observe  the  same  system  of  dentition:  an  ex- 
ternal deciduous  row  of  two  or  three,  and  two  permanent  rows  of  two  and  four 
or  five  :  2  I  2  I  5 — 5  |  2  |  2,  or  3  |  2  |  4 — 4  |  2  |  3.  But  the  crown  is  much  more 
compressed  than  in  3Iylocheilus. 

1.  Mylopharodon  conocephalus. — Gila  co7iocepliala,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  vii.  1854,  134. 

From  San  Joaquin  River,  Oal. — Dr.  Heermann. 

2.  Mylopharodon  robustus,  Ayres,  Pi-oc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  i.  1855,  33. 
San  Francisco,  Cah — Dr.  Newberry. 


170  [September, 

CATOSTOMI. 

What  distinguishes  the  Catostomi  as  a  peculiar  group,  consists,  in  the  first 
place,  in  the  structure  and  position  of  themouth  ;  it  is  surrounded  with  large  and 
fleshy  lips,  situated  under  the  protruding  snout,  and  has  no  barbels.  The 
pharyngeal  bones  are  sickle-shaped,  varying  in  the  curvature  of  the  dental  por- 
tion and  also  in  the  inferior  branch.  The  teeth  are  numerous,  disposed  upon 
one  single  series  ;  the  inferior  ones  being  longest,  the  others  diminishing  in  size 
upwards.  To  use  the  expression  of  Heckel,  the  teeth  are  pectiniform  {Dentes 
pectiniformis),  that  is,  arranged  like  a  comb.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal 
is  situated  in  advance  of  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals. 

Modifications  of  these  characters,  associated  with  others,  will  furnish  the  means 
of  distinguishing  the  genera. 

The  want  of  more  materials  upon  which  the  genera  Carpiodes,  Ictiobus,  Buba- 
lichthys  and  Ci/cleptus  are  founded,  has  prevented  us  entering  into  the  discus- 
sion of  their  generic  value.  The  two  following  species  being  the  only  ones 
at  our  command,  we  introduce  them  without  preamble. 

Carpiodes  damalis. — Ihave  before  me  a  specimen  of  this  species  measuring  seven 
inches  and  three-quarters  in  total  length.  The  greatest  depth  of  the  body  is  contain- 
ed about  three  times  and  a  half  in  that  length,  whilst  the  head  constitutes  the  fifth 
part  of  it.  The  dorsal  is  much  longer  than  high  anteriorly  ;  its  anterior  margin 
is  nearer  the  end  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal  fin,  which  is  pos- 
teriorly concave.  The  origin  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  opposite  the  fifth  de- 
velojjed  ray  of  the  dorsal,  the  seventh  in  the  series.  The  pectorals  are  small. 
The  branchiostegals  are  three  on  either  side. 

D  27 ;  A  10  ;  C  4,  1,  8,  8,  1,  3  ;  V  10 ;  P  16. 

The  anterior  two  rays,  in  both  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  are  rudimentary,  as 
also  the  anterior  one  in  the  ventrals. 

The  eye  is  sub-circular  ;  its  diameter  being  contained  four  times  aud  a  half 
in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  snout  is  sub-conical.  A  line  drawn 
perpendicularly  to  the  angle  of  the  mouth  would  pass  in  advance  of  the  pupil. 
The  sub-opercle  is  largely  developed,  and  contrasts  greatly  with  its  reduced  size 
in  C.  (/.)  tumidus. 

The  scales  are  very  large ;  thirteen  lateral  rows  may  be  counted  from  the  an- 
terior margin  of  the  dorsal  to  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals.  They  are  a  little 
higher  than  long.  The  lateral  line  undergoes  a  slight  fall  upon  the  thorax, 
then  runs  straightway  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  along  the  eighth  row  of  scales 
under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 

This  species  was  collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  in  Milk  river,  an 
affluent  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  along  the  R.  R.  route  explored  by  Gov.  1. 1.  Stevens. 

We  have  before  us  half  a  dozen  small  specimens  from  three  to  three  inches 
and  a  half  in  total  length,  which  are  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species.  They 
were  collected  in  the  Arkansas  river,  near  Fort  Smith,  by  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shuraard.  A 
further  identification  could  not  be  attempted. 

Ictiobus  tumidus. — Carpiodes  tumidus,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  Philada., 
vii.  1854,  28. — Should  all  the  sub-divisions  of  the  genus  Carpiodes  be  admitted, 
then  this  species,  from  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Rio  Bravo),  belongs  to  that 
of  Ictiobus,'^ 

The  genus 

MoxosTOMA,  Rafin. 

may  be  circumscribed  by  characters  more  natural  than  the  preceding  ones.  And 
the  most  striking  of  these,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  the  absence  of  that  lateral 

*  There  can  be  no  question  about  the  etymology  of  this  name,  from  1x,^!j;  and 
/iovc,  which  would  spell  ichthyobus,  but  Rafinesque  choosed  to  write  Ictiobus, 
which  is  quite  as  tasteful,  if  not  more  so.  The  "  Nomenclator  Zoologicus''  must 
have  satisfied  every  one,  that  confusion  alone  would  be  the  result  of  re-spelling 
something  like  thousands  of  names. 


1856.]  171 

line  possessed  by  almost  all  fishes.  The  body  is  elongated  and  compressed  ; 
the  head  small ;  the  mouth  small  also,  opening  obliquely  forwards  and  down- 
wards. The  lips  being  small  and  trausversally  ridged  ;  the  inferior  one  being 
slightly  bilobed.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  situated  in  advance  of 
the  insertion  of  the  ventrals.  The  dorsal  fin  itself  is  either  higher  than  long,  or 
else  its  length  is  equal  to  its  height,  varying  somewhat  according  to  the  sexes, 
as  well  as  the  anal,  which  is,  however,  always  deeper  than  long.  The  shaft  of 
the  pharyngeal  bones  constitutes  a  very  open  curve,  the  convex  margin  of 
which  is  regular  and  entire.  The  teeth  themselves  are  very  much  com- 
pressed, strongly  curved  inwardly,  and  much  larger  inferiorly  than  supe- 
riorly. 

To  this  genus  we  add  four  new  and  very  distinct  species,  inhabiting  the 
South  Western  waters. 

1.  MoxosTOMA  CLAViFORMis. — This  species  has  been  known  to  us  for  several 
years.  Its  general  outline  has  a  club-shaped  appearance,  a  trait  though  more  or 
lessgenerical,  is  especially  characteristic  here.  The  largest  specimens  which  we 
have  examined  are  four  inches  in  total  length,  and  in  all  probability  not  very 
young.  Thegreatestdepth,ta]ien  across  the  pectoral  region,  is  containedfour  times 
and  a  half  in  the  total  length,  in  which  the  head  enters  five  times.  The  eye 
is  circular  and  moderate  in  development,  contained  a  little  over  four  times  in 
the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  upper  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  sub- 
convex  ;  its  anterior  margin  is  nearer  the  tip  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of 
the  caudal  fin.  The  caudal  is  concave  posteriorly  ;  the  anal  narrow  and  deep  ; 
the  ventrals  are  inserted  opposite  the  fifth  ray  (or  third  developed  one)  of  the 
dorsal,  and  their  tips  do  not  extend  as  far  baclc  as  the  tips  of  the  posterior 
rays  of  the  dorsal  fin  when  bent  along  the  dorsal  line. 

D  13  ;  A  10  ;  C  4,  1,  8,  8,  1,  3 ;  V  9 ;  P  15. 

The  scales  are  sub-elliptical  in  general  shape,  presenting  no  grooves  upon  their 
lateral  sections,  but  few  upon  the  anterior  section,  and  numerous  posteriorly 
upon  that  section  of  the  scale  that  is  exposed. 

The  specimens  were  collected  by  H.  B.  Mollhausen,  in  Coal  creek,  a  tributary 
of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Canadian  river  j  along  the  R.  R.  route  explored  by  Lt. 
A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

2.  MoxosTOMA  KENNERLii. — lu  its  general  physiognomy  this  species  resembles 
31.  ohlongiim  more  than  any  other  of  its  genus.  The  greatest  deptli,  taken  im- 
mediately in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin,  does  not  enter  quite  four  times  and  a  half 
in  the  total  length.  The  head  forms  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  that  same 
length.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  much  nearer  the  tip  of  the  snout 
than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal ;  the  upper  margin  of  that  fin  is  sub-convex  and 
as  long  as  high,  whilst  in  M.  daviformis  the  height  is  much  greater  than  the 
length.  The  caudal  is  deeply  concave  posteriorly  ;  the  anal  is  deep  and  narrow, 
its  extremity  extending,  as  usual  in  the  genus,  to  the  base  of  the  caudal. 
The  ventrals  have  pretty  much  the  same  position  as  in  the  preceding  spe- 
cies. 

D  14;  A  10  ;   C  4,  1,  8,  8,  1,  3;  V  10;  P  13. 

The  anterior  two  rays,  in  both  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  ai'e  mei'e  rudiments; 
also  the  anterior  one  in  the  ventral  fins.  The  scales  are  not  quite  so  long  as  in 
the  preceding  species.  The  lower  lip  is  rather  broad  and  very  little  emarginated, 
whilst  in  M.  daviformis  it  is  very  thin  and  quite  sub-divided. 

This  species  was  caught  in  Dry  creek,  near  Victoria,  Texas,  by  Dr.  0.  B. 
Kennerly,  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory,  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  the  U.  S.  and  Mexi- 
can Boundary  line. 

3.  MoxosTOMA  VICTORIA. — Form  elongated,  fusiform,  reminding  us,  by  its 
general  appearance,  of  certain  species  of  Mullet  (Mi/ffil).  The  greatest  depth  is 
nearly  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head,  which  constitutes  the  fifth  of  the  entire 
length,  the  lobes  of  the  caudal  fin  excepted.     The  dorsal  fin  is  higher  than  long, 


172  [September, 

and  its  anterior  margin  is  situated  nearer  the  tip  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion 
of  the  caudal  fin.     The  latter  is  forked. 

D  14  ;  A  10 ;  C  6,  1,  8,  8,  1,  5 ;  V  9 ;  P  17. 

The  sub-opercle  is  ■well  developed ;  the  eye  is  sub-circular,  its  diameter  being 
contained  four  times  and  a  half  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  snout 
is  rather  pointed,  sub-conical,  and  the  mouth,  which  is  small,  placed  entirely  in 
advance  of  the  orbit.  Twelve  longitudinal  rows  of  scales  may  be  counted  upon 
the  greatest  depth.  The  scales  upon  the  dorsal  and  lateral  regions  are  provided 
with  a  black  dot  or  spot  upon  the  anterior  part  of  the  exposed  portion  of  the  scale. 
Greatest  length  of  specimens  observed,  six  inches  and  a  half. 

This  species  was  collected  with  the  preceding,  under  the  same  circumstances 
and  in  the  same  locality. 

4.  MoxosTOMA  CAMPBELLi. — Sub-fusiform  and  clougatcd  like  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, which  it  resembles  in  its  general  outline,  and  in  the  proportions  of  the  head 
and  depth  of  the  body  towards  the  total  length.  The  snout  is  likewise  pointed  and 
sub-conical,  but  the  eye  is  much  larger  and  the  sub-opercle  very  exiguously  de- 
veloped. The  position  and  shape  of  the  fins  do  not  differ  materially  from  the 
preceding  species,  with  the  exception  of  the  caudal,  which  is  concave  posteriorly 
instead  of  being  forked. 

D  15  ;   A  10  ;   C  5,  1,  8,  8,  1,  r> ;  V  9  ;  P  15. 

The  scales  are  smaller  than  in  M.  kennerlii ;  thirteen  rows  instead  of  twelve 
are  to  be  observed  upon  the  region  of  greatest  depth. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  Live  Oak  creek,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly, 
under  Major  Emory,  and  in  Devil's  river,  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  Graham. 
The  species,  therefore,  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Rio 
Bravo). 


As  regards  the  generic  features  of 

U  f¥l  TT- r^  T-T  ^-^  ri  m 


Ptychostomus,  Agass. 

it  fell  within  our  observation  that  the  height  of  the  dorsal  may  be  either  equal  to 
its  length  or  a  little  higher  than  long,  and  that  the  wing-like  expansions  of  the 
pharyngeals  is  anything  but  characteristic  of  this  genus.  The  transverse  folds 
or  ridges  upon  the  lips  are  shared  by  Moxostoma,  though  in  a  lesser  degree.  The 
inferior  lip  is  but  slightly  lobed.  The  mouth,  however,  is  much  more  protrac- 
tile and  directed  more  downwards.  The  head  is  short  and  stout ;  the  scales  large 
and  of  the  same  size  anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  Finally,  the  conspicuous 
lateral  line  will  at  once  .distinguish  it  from  Moxostoma. 

1.  Ptychostomus  congestus. — Catostomus  congesins,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  vii.  1854,  27.  This  species  comes  under  this  head  and  not  of 
Moxostoma. 

From  the  Rio  Salado,  Texas. — John  H.  Clark. 

2.  Ptychostomus  albidus. — The  general  physiognomy  of  this  species  reminds 
of  us  P.  congestus,  although  the  body  is  more  slender  and  the  head  more  elongated. 
The  mouth  is  a  great  deal  larger,  as  are  also  the  scales.  Greyish  white  above ; 
greyish  silver  beneath. 

Collected  by  Lt.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rio  San  Juan,  near  Monterey, 
New  Leon. 

3.  Ptychostomus  haydeni. — The  head  is  contained  five  times  and  a  half  in 
the  total  length.  The  body  is  sub-fusiform,  very  regular  in  its  outline.  The 
eye  is  sub-circular  and  moderate  in  its  development ;  its  diameter  being  con- 
tained five  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  opercle  is  largely 
developed,  whilst  the  sub-opercle  is  small,  a  character  Avhich  is  more  or  less 
generical.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  much  nearer  the  tip  of  the 
snout  than  the  base  of  the  caudal.  The  height  of  that  fin  is  a  little  more  than 
itslength;  its  upper  margin  is  sub-concave.  The  caudal  is  forked.  The  origin  of  the 


1856.]  173 

ventrals  is  situated  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  dorsal.  The  tips  of  the 
pectorals  reach  a  vertical  line  drawn  from  the  origin  of  the  dorsal. 

D  15;  A  10;  C  4,  1,  8,  8,  1,  3  ;  V  10  ;  P  ]  7. 

Thirteen  rows  of  scales  may  be  counted  between  the  origin  of  the  ventrals 
and  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal ;  the  lateral  line  running  through  the  median 
row.  There  are  two  rudimentary  rays  at  the  anterior  margin  of  both  the  dorsal 
and  the  anal,  and  one  at  the  exterior  margin  of  the  ventrals ;  these  are  all  sum- 
med up  in  the  formula. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  the  Yellow  Stone  river,  by  Dr.  F. 
V.  Hayden,  and  in  the  Missouri  river  at  Fort  Pierre,  by  Dr.  John  Evans. 

Now  then,  if  the  principles  upon  which  the  above  generic  divisions  are  based, 
be  sound,  the  species  which  still  remain  in  the  genus  Catosiomus  must  be  further 
revised  and  arranged  in  smaller  and  more  restricted  groups. 

We  propose  to  arrange  under  the  head  of 

MINOMUS, 

such  species  as  are  characterised  by  an  elongated  and  fusiform  body  ;  a  head 
longer  than  deep  ;  a  dorsal  fin  either  higher  than  long,  or  with  both  dimensions 
equal.  The  lips  laeing  tuberculated,  moderately  bilobed.  The  pharyngeals  not 
expanded  laterally,  but  considerably  bent  inwardly.  The  teeth  compressed, 
decidedly  bicuspid,  but  the  inner  projection  more  developed  than  the  outer. 
The  scales  being  nearly  of  the  same  size,  but  slightly  smaller  anteriorly  than  pos- 
teriorly. 

1.  MiNOMUs  iNSiGNis. — Caiostomus  insignis,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
vii.  1854,  28. 

Inhabits  the  Rio  San  Pedro,  tributary  of  the  Rio  Gila. 

2.  MiNOMUs  PLEBEics. — Catostoiims plclcius,  B.  &  G.Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
vii.  1854,  28. 

From  the  Rio  Mimbres,  Lake  Guzman,  Mexico. 

3.  MiNOMus  CLARKii. — Catostomus  darJcii,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
vii.  1854,  27. 

From  the  Rio  Santa  Crux. 

And  then  giving  the  name  of 

ACOMUS 

to  those  species  in  which  the  head  is  very  elongated,  the  dorsal  fin  higher  than 
long,  and  the  scales  much  smaller  upon  the  anterior  region  of  the  body  than 
upon  the  posterior.  The  lips  being  papillated  and  very  deeply  cleft.  The 
pharyngeals  are  gently  arched  and  not  expanded  ;  the  teeth  compressed  and  bi- 
tuberculated,  the  inner  projection  conspicuous  ;  the  outer  one,  obsolete,  though 
existing. 

1.  AcoMus  FORSTERiANus. — Catostomusforsterianus,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  iii. 
1836,  116. 

Inhabits  British  North  America. 

2.  AcoMUS  AURORA. — Catostoiuus  aurora.,  Agass.  Lake  Sup.  1850,  360.  PI.  ii. 
figs.  3  and  4.     May  not  differ  from  the  preceding. 

Lake  Superior. 

3.  AcoMus  LATiPiNNis. — Catostomus  latipinnisj  B. &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
vii.  1853,  388. 

Rio  San  Pedro,  tributary  of  Rio  Gila. 

4.  Catostomus  (Acomus)  guzmaniektsis, — has  the  general  physiognomy  of  A. 
latipinnis,  owing  to  the  great  development  of  its  fins.  Is,  however,  very  readily  dis- 


174  [September, 

tinguished  from  the  latter  by  the  presence  of  much  larger  scales,  and  especially 
upon  the  dorsal  region,  where  they  are  very  small  in  A.  latijnnnis. 

D  13  ;  A  t ;  C  4,  1,  8,  8,  1,  4 ;  V  9  ;  P  17. 

The  anterior  two  rays,  in  both  the  dorsal  and  anal,  are  rudimentary  ;  so  also 
the  exterior  one  in  the  ventrals. 

The  head  forms  the  fifth  of  its  total  length  ;  the  shape  is  subquadrangnlar, 
subpyramidal.  The  eyes  are  small  and  circular.  The  lips  are  well  developed 
and  covered  with  large  papillae,  but  the  posterior  one  is  less  indented  than  in 
A.  latipinnis. 

The  upper  regions  are  purplish  black,  with  an  orange  lateral  band  from  head 
to  tail.     The  inferior  regions  are  yellowish  white. 

Si^ecimens  of  this  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Major 
Emory,  in  Janos  River,  which  empties  its  water  in  Guzman  Lake,  State  of  Chi- 
huahua. 

5.  Catostomus  (  Acomus)  generosus. — It  is  a  rather  short  and  contracted  species, 
particularly  when  compared  to  A.  griseus.  The  head  constitutes  about  the  fifth 
of  the  total  length.  The  eye  is  moderate  in  size  and  circular.  The  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  equi-distant  between  the  tip  of  the  snout  and  the  in- 
sertion of  the  caudal  fin.  The  scales  are  larger  than  in  A.  griseus.  The  dorsal 
region,  as  well  as  the  flanks,  are  olivaceous  brown,  spotted  with  black.  Inferiorly 
unicolor. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  Cottonwood  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  great  Salt 
Lake  of  Utah,  and  brought  home  by  Lieut.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A. 

6.  Catostomus  (Acomus)  griseus. — The  body  is  slender,  gracefully  fusiform 
iu  its  outline,  the  head  forming  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  The  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal  is  equidistant  between  the  tip  of  the  snout  and  the  inser- 
tion of  the  caudal  fin.  Tlae  ventrals  are  inserted  opposite  the  posterior  third  of 
the  dorsal.     The  anal  is  slender. 

D  13  ;  A  10  ;  C  6,  1,  8,  8,  1,  5 ;  V  10  ;  P  16. 

Collected  in  the  Sweet  Water  fork  of  Platte  River,  by  J.  S.  Bowman,  Esq. 
Scales  exhibiting  radiating  furrows  all  around.    Upper  regions  greyish  ;  infe- 
rior regions  whitish  or  yellowish. 

7.  Catostomus  (Acomus)  lactarius — is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species, 
from  which  it  differs  by  a  stouter  head  and  larger  eyes,  and  larger  scales  on  the 
body.  The  structure  of  the  scales  themselves  is  very  different,  since  the  radi- 
ating furrows  exist  upon  the  anterior  and  posterior  sections  only,  instead  of 
being  distributed  all  over  the  scale.  The  upper  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  concave, 
whilst  it  is  nearly  straight  in  A.  griseus. 

D  13;  A  10;  C  4,  1,  8,  8,  1,  5  ;  V  11  ;  P  17. 
Greyish  brown  above,  greyish  white  beneath. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  Milk  River,  affluent  of  the  upper 
Missouri,  by  Dr.  George  Suckley,  under  Gov.  L  L  Stevens. 

The  genus 

Catostomus,  Lesu. 


=■> 


would  then  be  restricted  to  such  species  in  which  the  head  is  moderately  elon- 
gated, the  dorsal  fin  generally  longer  than  high,  and  the  size  of  the  scales  less 
disproportionate  anteriorly  and  posteriorly  than  in  Acomus.  The  lips  are  papil- 
lated  and  deeply  cleft.  The  pharyngeals  provided  with  a  little  expansion  infe- 
riorly. The  teeth  are  compressed,  with  the  inner  projection  of  the  crown  alone 
developed. 

The  type  of  this  group  is  Catostomus  hudsonius.     C.  communis  would  be  a 
second  species.     And  the  following: 

3.  Catostomus  occidentalis,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  i.  1854,   18. 
— Aqass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d  Ser.  xix.  1854,  94. 


1856.]  175 

By  a  singular  coincidence,  this  species  received  the  same  specific  name  from 
two  authors  at  a  few  weeks  interval. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. — Dr.  Newberry. 

4.  Catostomus  labiatcs,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  i.  1855,  32. 
Klamath  Lake,  0.  T. — Dr.  Newberry. 

5.  Catostomus  macrocheilus. — This  species  is  very  different  from  both  of  the 
preceding  ones  by  a  larger  and  more  elongated  head,  a  larger  mouth,  and  hence 
much  larger  lips,  covered  with  large  papillse.  The  scales  which  cover  the  body 
are  larger  than  in  C.  occidentalism  and  smaller  than  in  C.  labiatus.  The  head  con- 
stitutes the  fifth  of  the  total  length ;  the  horizontal  diameter  of  the  eye  is  con- 
tained nearly  six  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  head  itself  is 
subquadrangularly  pyramidal,  truncated  anteriorly  with  the  upper  edge  of  the 
snout  projecting.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  a  little  nearer  the  end 
of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal  fin.  Its  upper  margin  is  concave. 
The  anal  is  well  developed,  for  its  tip  extends  beyond  the  base  of  the  caudal. 
The  ventrals  are  inserted  opposite  the  middle  of  the  dorsal.  The  pectorals  are 
large  and  long. 

D  17  ;  A  9  ;  C  5,  1,  8,  8,  1,  6  ;  V  10  ;  P  18. 

Bluish  black  above  ;  yellowish  golden  on  the  sides  and  whitish  beneath. 

Collected  at  Astoria,  0.  T.,  by  Lieut.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A. 

6.  Catostomus  sucklii. — The  head,  as  usual,  forms  the  fifth  of  the  entire 
length.  It  is  subquadrangular,  the  upper  surface  rather  sloping  towards  the 
blunt  snout.  The  eye  is  small  and  subelliptical ;  its  horizontal  diameter  being 
contained  somewhat  over  five  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The 
anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  equidistant  between  the  tip  of  the  snout  and 
the  insertion  of  the  caudal.  Its  height  is  equal  to  its  length,  and  its  upper 
margin  is  slightly  concave.  The  posterior  margin  of  the  caudal  is  deeply  emar- 
ginated,  crescentic.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  a  little  in  advance  of  the 
middle  of  the  dorsal  fin. 

D  14 :  A  10  ;  C  5,  1,  8,  8,  1,  4  ;  V  10  ;  P  18. 

The  scales  are  large  and  but  a  little  smaller  anteriorly  than  posteriorly;  they 
are  subelliptical  in  shape,  longer  than  deep,  with  their  anterior  and  posterior 
margins  irregiilar. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  under  Governor 
I.  I.  Stevens,  in  Milk  River,  an  affluent  of  the  upper  Missouri. 

1.  Catostomus  bernardini. — A  specimen  of  seven  inches  and  a  half,  slender 
and  graceful.  The  head  forms  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  the  total  length. 
The  eye  is  large  and  subcircular ;  its  horizontal  diameter  entering  a  little  over 
four  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  upper  margin  of  the  dorsal 
is  subconvex,  the  tips  of  the  posterior  rays  reaching  a  vertical  line  which  would 
intersect  the  anus.  The  caudal  is  subcrescentic  posteriorly.  The  ventrals  and 
pectorals  are  well  developed. 

D  15  ;  A  10  ;  C  5,  1,  8,  8,  1,  5  ;  V  10  ;  P  16. 

Uniform  purplish  black  above,  yellowish  white  beneath. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Major 
W.  H.  Emory,  at  San  Bernardino,  in  the  upper  waters  of  the  Rio  Huagui,  west 
of  the  Sierra  Madre,  Mexico. 

CHONDROSTOMI. 

This  group  must  include  a  much  greater  number  of  genera  and  species  than  was 
formerly  anticipated.  But,  as  a  group,  it  must  be  based  upon  characters  very 
different  from  those  derived  from  the  structure  of  the  mouth.  Indeed,  those 
cartilaginous  maxillary  sheathes  so  prominent  in  Chondrostoma,  Chondrochylus, 
Chondrorhynchus  and  Lavinia,  gradually  become  less  and  less  conspicuous,  until 
we  find  but  a  thin  pellicle,  such  as  occurs  in  other  groups  of  the  same  family. 
The  characters  of  Chondrostomi,  as  derived  chiefly  from  the  American  representa- 
tives, consist  in  the  absence  of  barbels  ;  in  the  position  of  the  mouth,  which  is 


176  [September, 

generally  overhung  by  the  upper  jaw,  and  sometimes  both  jaws  are  equal.  The 
pharyngeal  teeth  are  of  the  grinding  type  and  cultriform  kind  {Denies  cullri/urjnes), 
disposed  upon  a  single  series,  with  one  exception  only,  and  that  occurs  occa- 
sionally in  Campostoma.  I  say  occasionallij ,  because  in  the  majority  of  cases  there 
is  also  but  one  single  row  in  the  latter.  Exoglossum  is  removed  from  this  group, 
of  which  it  has  none  of  the  characters,  except  the  absence  of  barbels. 

We  introduce  the  tribe  by  the  genus 

Campostoma,  Agass., 

which  may  be  characterised  as  follows  :  Head  subconical ;  body  subfusiform  ; 
both  compressed.  Snout  obtuse  and  protractile ;  mouth  inferior,  though  its 
cleft  is  horizontal;  lips  very  conspicuously  developed;  no  barbels  or  cirrhi.  Eyes 
of  moderate  development.  Isthmus  very  wide.  Origin  of  ventrals  situated  in 
advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  furcated.  Scales  longer 
than  high.  Pharyngeal  bones  strongly  curved,  with  a  small  dilatation  upon 
their  convexity.  Teeth  of  the  cultriform  kind,  of  the  grinding  type,  occasion- 
ally slightly  hooked.  They  are  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  four  and  one,  in 
the  following  manner:     4—4,  or  1  |  4 — 4  |  1. 

1.  Campostoma  anomalum,  Agass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d  ser.  xix.  1855,  219. 
— Rutilus  anomalus,  Rafin.  Ichth,  Ohiens.  1820,  52. 

2.  Campostoma  ornatum — is  larger,  more  elongated  and  more  fusiform  than 
C.  anomalum.  The^ead  enters  four  times  and  a  half  in  the  total  length.  The 
diameter  of  the  eye  enters  nearly  six  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head. 
The  scales  are  much  smaller  than  in  C.  anomalum. 

D  8-1-2  ;  A  8  +  2  ;  C  7,  1,  9,  8,  1,  6 ;  V  8  ;  P  IG. 

The  upper  regions  are  purplish  black  ;  the  inferior  regions  golden  brown  and 
yellow,  with  black  spots  distributed  over  the  flanks.  A  black  patch  at  the  base 
of  all  the  fins,  otherwise  the  latter  are  orange  or  yellowish  brown. 

From  Chihuahua  River  and  a  tributary  only  a  few  miles  long.  Collected  by 
John  Potts,  Esq. 

3.  Campostoma  FORMosnLUM. — This  species  resembles  more  C.  anomalum  than 
C.  ornatum  ;  the  most  conspicuous  difference  between  it  and  the  former  consist 
in  the  presence  of  larger  scales.  The  ground  color  is  alike,  but  in  C.formosulum 
black  irregular  spots  are  distributed  all  over  the  upper  region  of  the  body. 

Numerous  specimens  collected  in  the  Rio  Sabinal,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  "W.  11.  Emory,  Commissioner  U.  S. 
and  Mexican  Boundary. 

4.  Campostoma  nasutum. — It  is  a  shorter  and  more  compact  species,  with  the 
peduncle  of  the  tail  rather  tapering.  Its  most  prominent  character  consists  in 
its  thick  and  protruding  snout,  which  overlaps  the  lower  jaw  more  than  in  the 
species  already  referred  to.  The  ground  color  is  greyish  above,  and  whitish  or 
yellowish  beneath  ;  upper  region  of  body  and  flanks  occasionally  marmorated. 
A  black  patch  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  and  dorsal  fins. 

Specimens  were  collected  by  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Cadereita,  and 
near  Monterey,  New  Leon,  in  April,  1853. 

From  the  foregoing  species  of  moderate  size,  we  pass  to  a  genus  composed  of 
quite  small  fishes,  differing  from  the  former  by  the  position  of  the  ventral  fins, 
which  are  inserted  either  immediately  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal 
fin  or  posteriorly  to  it,  never  in  advance,  as  in  Camjiostoma.  To  designate  these 
we  have  selected  the  name  of 

DIONDA. 

They  are  very  intimately  related  to  the  Hyborhynchi,  and  differing  from  them 
by  a  smaller  and  more  pointed  head,  a  smaller  mouth,  though  constructed  upon 
the  same  plan  as  in  Hyborynchus,  that  is,  the  lower  jaw  being  thin,  flat  and 
rounded  upon  its  periphery.  The  body  is  more  slender  and  elongated,  the  snout 


1856.]  177 

more  protruding.  The  scales  ai-e  either  large,  or  else  of  moderate  size,  and  the 
lateral  line  follows  more  or  less  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  The  dorsal  fin  is 
higher  than  long,  and  shorter  than  in  Iliihorynchus,  and  the  anterior  ray  is  more 
closely  united  to  the  next.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  always  situated 
posteriorly  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  or  under  it,  never  in  advance  of 
it.  The  caudal  is  treated.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  stouter  than  in  Hyboryn- 
chus,  the  lower  branch  or  limb  has  the  same  length  as  tlie  upper  ;  both  are 
more  curved,  thus  rendering  the  convexity  of  that  bone  more  conspicuous  ;  it  is 
expanded  as  usual.  The  teeth  are  similar  to  those  of  Hyborynchus^  being,  how- 
ever, not  quite  so  compressed  and  not  hooked.  Four  are  observed  upon  one 
single  row  :  4 — 4. 

This  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Campostoma,  and  since  our  DiondfB  are,  gene- 
rally speaking,  small  fishes,  we  should  not  be  surprised  at  hearing  that  some  of 
the  species  of  Campostoma,  while  yet  immature  could  not  always  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  them,  for  the  mouth  is,  properly  speaking,  not  smaller  than  in 
Cainpostoma. 

The  following  species  have  fallen  under  our  observations. 

] .  DioNDA  EPiscopA. — Slcudcr  and  graceful,  fusiform  in  profile  and  compressed, 
with  the  back  slightly  arched.  The  head  is  large,  forming  about  the  fifth  of 
the  length.  The  eye  is  large  and  subcircular,  its  diameter  being  contained  three 
times  and  a  half  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  fins  are  of  but  mode- 
rate development ;  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  a  little  posterior  to 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.     The  rays  read  as  follows : 

D  8+2  ;  A  8+2  ;  C  8,  1,  9,  8,  1,  7  ;  V  8  ;  P  14. 

The  scales  are  large,  the  lateral  line  following  the  middle  of  the  flanks. 

The  dorsal  region  is  blackish  brown ;  a  black  vitta  is  observed  along  the  flanks, 
just  above  the  lateral  line,  extending  from  a  black  spot,  upon  the  base  of  the 
caudal,  to  the  extremity  of  the  snout.  The  inferior  region  is  yellowish  white 
spread  over  with  minute  black  dots. 

Collected  in  the  head  waters  of  the  Rio  Pecos,  and  brought  home  by  Capt. 
John  Pope,  U.  S.  A.  Specimens  of  the  same  species  were  caught  by  John  H. 
Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A.,  in  Camanche  Spring,  a  presumed 
tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Rio  Bravo),  or  more  probably  without 
outlet. 

2.  DiONDA  SERENA. — Could  easily  be  mistaken  for  D.  episcopa.  Its  form  is 
slender  and  elongated,  the  dorsal  outline  being  nearly  straight  5  the  head  enters 
five  times  and  a  half  in  the  total  length.  The  eye  is  large  and  circular,  its  di- 
ameter entering  only  three  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  in- 
sertion of  the  ventrals  takes  place  immediately  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  dorsal  fin.  The  pectorals  are  long  and  slender,  more  so  even  than  in  D. 
episcopa. 

The  dorsal  region  is  light  brown,  the  flanks  and  abdomen  being  silvery,  with 
the  scales  of  the  lateral  line  dotted  with  black,  imitating  spots.  A  black  spot 
upon  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin. 

From  the  Rio  Sabinal,  Texas  ;  collected  by  Dr.  0.  B.  Kennerly,  under  W.  H. 
Emory,  Commissioner  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Boundary. 

3.  DioNDA  TEXENSis, — is  a  vcry  characteristic  species.  The  body  is  rather 
deep  upon  its  middle,  and  the  lateral  line  somewhat  depressed.  The  head  is 
quite  small  and  subconical,  entering  five  times  and  a  half  in  the  total  length. 
The  eye  is  large  and  circular.  The  insertion  of  the  ventral  fin  is  placed  a  little 
posteriorly  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  dorsal  region  is  gre3'ish 
brown  ;  the  abominal  region  greyish  white ;  a  diffused  greyish  black  band  may 
be  observed  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks,  embracing  the  lateral  line  beneath, 
and  a  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal.  The  ventrals  and  pectorals  are 
yellow. 

Numerous  specimens  were  collected  in  the  Rio  Nueces,  Texas,  by  John  H. 
Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A. 

14 


^ 


178  [September, 

4.  DioNDA  PAPALis. — The  head  in  this  species  is  rather  small,  but  rounded  off 
upon  the  snout ;  it  forms  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  The 
body  is  thlckish  anteriorly,  subcylindrical,  tapering  posteriorly.  The  dorsal 
and  anal  are  proportionally  well  developed.  The  caudal  is  forked  ;  the  ventrals 
are  inserted  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  large.  The 
coloration  has  been  altered  to  a  uniform  black  subsequently  upon  its  immersion 
in  alcohol  with  sundry  other  specimens. 

Collected  in  Delaware  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Pecos,  and  brought  home 
by  Capt.  John  Pope,  U.  S.  A. 

5.  DioNDA  ARGENTOSA, — has  a  small  head  and  obtuse  snout,  a  rather  slender 
and  compressed  body.  The  head  constitutes  2-llths  of  the  total  length.  The 
insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 
The  scales  being  quite  large,  the  lateral  line  is  slightly  deflected  upon  the  thorax. 
Color  of  the  dorsal  region  reddish  brown ;  sides  and  abdomen  as  if  painted  over 
with  silver  or  quicksilver.     Fins  olivaceous. 

Collected  in  San  Felipe  Creek  and  Devil's  River,  two  tributaries  of  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte  (Rio  Bravo),  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham, 
U.  S.  A. 

6.  DiONDA  CHRYSiTis. — Very  slender  and  compressed ;  head  very  small  and 
obtuse,  contained  six  times  in  the  total  length.  Eyes  large  and  circular.  Origin 
of  ventrals  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of  dorsal.  Upper  surface  of  head  tuber- 
culous. Scales  large.  Dorsal  region  reddish  brown  ;  sides  and  abdomen  as  if 
painted  with  gold.  A  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin.  Fins  them- 
selves yellowish  or  olivaceous. 

Specimens  were  collected  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A., 
in  Live  Oak  Creek,  presumed  tributary  of  Rio  Pecos,  or  else  losing  itself  into 
the  ground. 

T.  DiONDA  MELANOPS. — A  rather  short  and  deep  body  characterizes  this 
species.  The  head  is  proportionally  well  developed,  forming  a  little  less  than 
the  fifth  of  the  total  length.  The  snout  is  conical  and  not  abruptly  truncated. 
The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  a  little  posteriorly  to  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  dorsal.  Scales  large.  The  dorsal  region  is  blackish  ;  the  sides  and  abdo- 
men are  dotted  with  black  upon  a  bluish  lead  ground,  giving  the  whole  fish  a 
dark  appearance.     A  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin. 

From  Buena  Vista,  Coahuila  ; — collected  by  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A. 

8.  DiONDA  concHi. — Though  closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  it  may  readily  be 
distinguished  from  it  by  a  more  elongated  body  and  more  elongated  head.  The 
snout  is  rounded.  The  eye  is  circular  and  of  medium  size.  The  ventrals  are 
inserted  posterior  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  quite 
large.  Upper  regions  greyish  black;  sides  and  abdomen  yellowish  or  whitish, 
either  unicolor  or  maculated.     A  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal. 

Specimens  collected  by  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Guajuco,  Monterey 
and  Cadereita,  New  Leon,  in  the  waters  of  the  Rio  San  Juan. 

9.  DiONDA  PLUMBEA.—  Bcsidcs  scvcral  other  peculiarities  of  structure,  this 
species  may  be  distinguished  from  all  its  congeners  by  the  size  of  its  scales, 
which  are  the  smallest  in  the  genus. 

Greyish  above,  whitish  or  yellowish  white  beneath.  Black  spot  at  base  of 
caudal. 

Collected  in  the  head  waters  of  the  Canadian  River  (Llano  Estacado),  by  H. 
B.  MoUhausen,  under  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

10.  DiONDA  SPADiCEA. — This  has  the  general  aspect  of  D.  plumhca,  in  being 
slender  and  elongated  in  body  and  head.  The  latter,  however,  is  more  conical 
and  the  eye  smaller,  the  scales  being  but  a  very  little  larger.  Colors  brownish 
red  above,  whitish  beneath.     No  spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal. 

From  Fort  Smith,  Ark. ; — collected  by  H.  B.  MoUhausen,  under  Lieut.  A.  "W. 
Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 


\^ 


1856.]  179 

The  ten  species  that  precede  as  well  as  the  four  following  ones,  are  amongst 
those  whose  history  has  most  perplexed  us.  At  last  we  were  glad  to  recognize 
the  genus 

Hybortnch03,  Agasa. 

established  upon  a  species  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries,  and  believed  to  be 
Minnilus  notattis  of  Rafinesquc.  We  have  examined  carefully  the  latter  species, 
and  after  a  series  of  comparative  studies  we  were  enabled  to  add  the  following 
few  species  to  the  genus  which  we  thus  characterize :  Head  rather  short,  upper 
surface  depressed  ;  snout  abruptly  truncated  and  rounded.  The  mouth  is  of 
medium  size,  subterminal,  its  cleft  being  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  flattened  and 
thin,  rounded  upon  its  periphery  and  slightly  overlapped  by  the  snout.  There 
are  no  barbels  at  the  angles  of  the  mouth,  which  do  not  reach  a  vertical  line 
drawn  in  advance  of  the  orbit.  The  eyes  are  large  ;  the  isthmus  is  of  moderate 
width.  Anterior  ray  of  dorsal  fin  shorter  than  the  second.  The  insertion  of 
the  ventrals  is  situated  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  or  in  advance 
of  it.  The  caudal  is  furcated.  The  scales  are  large,  higher  than  long  ;  the 
lateral  line  follows  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  slender, 
and  more  so  upon  the  inferior  limb,  which  is  longer  than  the  upper  and  curved 
backwards  and  sideways,  whilst  the  upper  limb  is  gently  curved  inwards.  The 
convexity  of  the  same  bone  is  expanded.  The  teeth  are  of  the  cultriform  kind 
of  the  grinding  type,  very  much  compressed,  slightly  hooked,  and  consequently 
provided  with  quite  a  narrow  grinding  surface.  Their  disposition  is  upon  a 
single  row  of  four :  4 — 4. 

1.  Hyborhynohus  perspicuus. — The  head  is  contained  five  times  and  a  quarter 
in  the  total  length,  instead  of  constituting  the  sixth  part  of  it,  as  in  II.  nolatus. 
The  mouth  and  eye,  both,  are  a  good  deal  larger  than  in  the  latter.  The  inser- 
tion of  the  ventrals  is  situated  immediately  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
dorsal.     The  caudal  fin  is  more  deeply  furcated  than  in  H.  notatus. 

D  9+2;  A  7-1-2  ;  C  10,  1,  9,  8,  1,  8  ;  V  9  ;  P  14. 

There  is  a  very  minute  rudimentary  ray  at  the  anterior  margin  of  both  the 
dorsal  and  anal,  followed  by  a  second,  alaout  half  the  height  of  the  fin. 

Upper  region  and  flanks  reddish  ;  abdomen  sulphur  yellow  ;  lateral  line  dotted 
with  greyish  purple,  more  distinct  towards  the  base  of  the  caudal  upon  which 
a  dark  spot  exists.  Fins  yellowish,  also  with  a  black  spot  upon  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal  below  the  middle  height.  Superior  portion  of  the  dorsal, 
greyish,  as  also  the  external  margin  of  the  caudal. 

From  Arkansas  River,  near  Fort  Smith  ; — collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shumardu 

2.  Hybokhynchus  tenellus. — It  is  more  slender  and  more  compressed  tha 
even  II.  j^erspiams.  The  head  is  very  much  depressed,  subpyramidal  were  the 
snout  not  rounded,  hence  appearing  quite  small ;  it  is  contained  five  times  and 
a  half  in  the  total  length.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  The  eye  and  mouth  are  proportionally 
large,  and  especially  the  scales,  which  are  the  largest  among  the  hitherto  known 
species  of  the  genus.  Color  uniform  reddish  above  and  on  the  sides  ;  yellow- 
ish beneath.  A  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  caudal  fin.  Otherwise  the  fins  are 
unicolor. 

Collected  twenty  miles  west  of  Choctaw  Agency,  by  H.  B.  Mollhausen,  under 
Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple. 

3  Hyborhynohus  punicecs. — As  regards  the  general  aspect,  this  species  is 
intermediate  between  //.  perspicuus  and  H.  tenellus.  It  is  distinguished  from 
both  of  these  by  more  developed  opercular  apparatus  and  much  smaller  scales. 
The  color  is  uniform  pale  red  ;  the  fins  are  unicolor,  yellowish. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  Antelope  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Canadian 
River,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Ivennerly,  and  from  Llano  estacado,  by  H.  B.  Mollhausen,  both 
under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

4.  Hyborhynohus  confertus. — This  species  has  a  short  and  contracted  appear 


180  [September, 

ance,  covered  with  scales  a  little  larger  than  ia  //.  puniceus  but  smaller  than  in 
the  other  species  of  the  same  genus.  The  opercular  apparatus  is  likewise  well 
developed.  Color  light  red  above,  yellowish  beneath  ;  a  black  spot  upon  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 

From  Hurrah  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Pecos  ; — collected  by  H.  B.  M611- 
hausen,  under  Lt.  Whipple. 

A  very  remarkable  genus,  inhabiting  our  western  waters,  is  that  of 

PiMEPHALES,  Rafin. 

Its  body  is  subfusiform  when  seen  in  profile,  compressed,  however,  as  usually. 
The  head  is  large,  short,  and  very  blunt  upon  the  snout.  The  mouth  being 
small,  slightly  arched,  and  terminal ;  both  jaws  even.  The  eye  is  of  moderate 
development.  The  isthmus  is  proportionalh^  wide.  The  dorsal  fin  is  a  little  higher 
than  long,  provided  anteriorly  with  a  rather  thick  and  undivided,  short  and  hard 
ray.  The  origin  of  the  ventrals  takes  place  either  immediately  opposite  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  or  else  a  little  posterior  to  it.  The  scales  are 
rather  large  and  the  lateral  line,  after  a  slight  deflection  along  the  thorax,  fol- 
lows the  middle  of  the  flanks  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin.  The  pharyngeal 
bones  are  of  moderate  stoutness,  gently  arched,  the  upper  and  lower  limb  nearly 
equal  though  the  upper  is  more  curved  ;  the  convex  portion  is  regularly  dilated 
or  expanded.  The  teeth  are  of  the  cultriform  kind  of  the  grinding  type,  very 
slightly  hooked,  compressed,  with  a  narrow  grinding  surface,  disposed  upon  one 
single  row  of  four :  4 — 4. 

1.  PiMEPHALES  MACULOSUS. — It  Is  a  stouter  fish  than  P.  promelas,  both  in 
body  and  head.  The  latter  is  almost  round.  The  anterior  margin  of  the 
dorsal  is  equidistant  between  the  extremity  of  the  snout  and  the  last  scales  upon 
the  caudal  fin.  The  origin  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  a  little  posterior  to  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  larger  also  than  in  P.  prornelas. 
Upon  a  yellowish  brown  ground  there  are  large  and  iri-egular  black  blotches 
covering  more  than  half  the  entire  surface  of  the  body.  The  fins  are  yellow 
upon  their  bases  and  tips,  and  black  upon  their  middle.  The  external  margin  of 
the  ventrals  and  pectorals  is  pure  white. 

Caught  in  the  sluice  of  the  Ai'kausas  near  Fort  ilakee,  and  brought  home  by 
Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A. 

2.  PiMEPHALES  FASCIATUS. — This  spccics  has  the  general  aspect  of /*.  manilosus, 
differing,  however,  from  it  by  the  position  of  the  ventrals,  which  are  inserted 
under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  The  scales  are  smaller  also.  The 
color  is  alternately  brown  and  black  in  transverse  fasciae.  Dorsal  fin  provided 
with  two  black  spots,  one  anteriorly,  the  other  posteriorly.  The  other  fins  being 
unicolor,  with  the  exception  of  the  pectorals,  which  are  greyish  upon  their  ex- 
ternal margin. 

From  the  Yellowstone  river  ; — collected  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden. 
Two  immature  specimens  of  this,  or  a  similar  species,  were  collected  in  Milk 
river.  Upper  Missouri,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley. 

"We  separate  from  both  Pimephales  and  Hyhorhynckus^  under  the  name  of 

ALGOMA, 

some  small  fishes,  partaking  in  a  measure  of  the  characters  of  the  genera  just 
mentioned.  The  teeth  are  of  the  cultriform  kind,  of  the  grinding  type,  disposed 
upon  a  single  row  of  four :  4 — 4.  The  grinding  surface  is  nearly  linear,  in  which 
respect  the  teeth  resemble  more  those  of  Pimephales  than  of  Hyborhynchus.  The 
pharyngeal  bones  do  not  differ  materially  in  all  these  genera.  The  head  is  small 
and  subtruncated,  mouth  small,  with  the  lower  jaw  the  shortest,  and  overlapped 
by  the  upper,  a  feature  also  noticed  in  Hyborhynchus.  The  isthmus  of  a  moder- 
ate size  ;  the  eye  well  developed.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  takes  places 
posterior  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.     The  latter  is  higher  than  long. 


1856.]  '  *  181 

•without  a  short  and  thick  ray  anteriorly.  The  anal  is  shaped  like  the  dorsal. 
The  caudal  is  furcated.  The  scales  are  very  large;  the  lateral  line,  submedian 
is  slightly  deflexed  upon  the  abdomen. 

The  large  scales  will  serve  to  distinguish,  upon  a  first  glimpse,  this  genus 
from  both  Hyborhynchus  and  PimepJiales. 

1.  Algoma  amara. — Ten  rows  of  scales  upon  the  line  of  greatest  depth,  five 
above  the  lateral  line  and  four  beneath  it.  The  upper  surface  of  the  head  and 
nape  is  flattened  as  in  Hydrargyra  and  Fundulus.  Dorsal  region  pale  red ;  sides 
silvery;  abdomen  whitish. 

Caught  in  a  Laguna  near  Fort  Brown,  on  the  Rio  Grand  del  Norte  (Rio  Bravo), 
by  John  H.  Clark,  under  W.  H.  Emory. 

2.  Algoma  pluviatilis. — This  species  has  the  general  aspect  of  a  young  Cam- 
postoma  and  might  easily  be  taken  as  such.  Its  mouth  and  eye  are  smaller  than 
in  the  preceding  species.  The  upper  lobe  of  the  caudal  is  longer  than  the 
lower  lobe.  There  are  also  ten  longitudinal  rows  of  scales  upon  the  line  of 
greatest  depth.  The  upper  surface  of  the  head  exhibits  numerous  small  spines 
as  fishes  sometimes  have  during  the  breeding  season.  Color  reddish  brown 
above  ;  yellowish  brown  beneath. 

Collected  near  Monterey,  New  Leon,  by  Lt.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A. 

And  sill  more  curious  and  remarkable,  is  the  genus 

COCHLOGNATHCS,  B.  &  G. 


^I 


which,  under  the  external  aspect  of  Pimephales  presents  that  unique  peculiarity 
in  the  cyprinoid  family,  of  having  spoon-shaped  bony  expansions  of  the  jaws. 
There  is  one  on  each  side  on  the  upper  as  well  as  on  the  lower  jaw  exactly  as  in 
the  genus  Tetraodon ;  their  edge  being  sharp  and  cutting.  The  dorsal  fin  has  the 
structure  of  that  of  Pimephales ;  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  under 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  the  caudal  being  furcated.  The  scales  are 
large,  and  the  lateral  line  follows  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  The  isthmus  is 
rather  Avide.  The  pharyngeals  have  the  same  shape  and  form  as  in  Pimephales ; 
the  teeth,  however,  are  more  slender  and  concave  upon  the  grinding  surface, 
giving  them  the  appearance  of  being  bent  backwards.  They  are  of  the  same 
type,  a  little  more  conspicuously  hooked,  and  disposed  upon  a  single  row  of 
four  :  4 — 4. 

CocHLOGNATHUS  OKNATUS,  B.  &  G.    Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sc.  Philada.  vii.    1854, 
150. 
From  Brownsville  Texas  ; — collected  by  Capt.  Van  Vliet,  U.  S.  A. 

Now,  then,  the  genus 

Hybognathus,  Agass. 

General  form  elongated,  rather  slender  and  compressed.  The  head  is  sub- 
conical,  the  snout  overlapj^ing  the  lower  jaw,  which  is  thin  and  flat,  provided 
upon  its  symphysis  with  a  small  tubercle.  The  mouth  being  small,  subterminal, 
and  directed  horizontally  forwards ;  there  are  no  barbels  upon  its  angles,  which 
do  not  reach  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  The  eyes  are  well  developed.  There 
is  a  narrow  isthmus.  Anterior  ray  of  dorsal  longest.  Insertion  of  ventrals 
situated  posterior  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  furcated.  The 
scales  are  large,  higher  than  long,  and  the  lateral  line  following  the  middle  of 
the  flanks.  Pharyngeal  bones  very  much  bent,  with  a  dilatation  upon  the  con- 
vexity, whilst  the  upper  branch  is  bent  inwards,  so  as  to  simulate  a  curve  con- 
cave from  above.  The  teeth  are  of  the  cultriform  kind,  of  the  grinding 
type,  very  compressed  and  slightly  hooked,  and  provided  with  a  very  narrow 
grinding  surface  ;  they  are  disjjosed  upon  a  single  row  of  four  :  4 — 4. 

Amongst  the  species  of  this  genus  which  we  have  before  us,  none  answers  spe- 
cifically to  the  description  of  JLnuchalis.  We  find  every  where  the  symphysis  of 


182  -[Septfmber, 

the  lower  jaw  rounded  instead  of  angular,  and,  generally  speaking,  the  eye  rather 
large. 

1.  Hybognathus  argyritis. — This  species  seems  to  come  nearest  to  H.  nuchalis, 
Agass.,  than  any  of  the  following  ones.  The  eye,  however,  is  quite  large,  sub- 
circular  in  shape,  its  diameter  entering  a  little  short  of  four  times  in  the  length 
of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  snout  is  rather  pointed,  and  the  mouth  larger  than 
in  the  species  enumerated  further  below.  The  largest  specimens  observed  are 
four  inches  and  a  half  in  total  length.  The  dark  stripe  along  the  dorsal  line 
does  not  appear  conspicuously  here,  but  may  be  observed,  as  on  all  the  others, 
more  or  less  distinctly. 

We  have  examined  specimens  collected  in  Milk  River  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley, 
under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens,  and  in  the  Arkansas  River  near  Fort  Smith,  by  Dr. 
Geo.  G.  Shumard. 

2.  Hybognathus  evansi. — May  easily  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by 
a  much  stouter  head,  more  protruding  snout,  small  mouth,  smaller  eye.  The 
opercle  is  as  long  as  deep,  subquadrangular,  slightly  emarginated  behind,  as  in 
the  rest  of  the  species. 

Collected  at  Fort  Pierre,  Nebraska,  by  Dr.  John  Evans. 

3.  Hybognathus  placitus. — The  general  aspect  is  shorter  than  in  any  of  the 
preceding  species.  The  snout  is  thickish,  but  less  so  than  in//,  evansi;  the 
mouth  smaller  also.  The  eye  is  circular,  its  diameter  being  contained  over  four 
times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  scales  are  also  larger  than  in 
IT.  evansi.  Greyish  brown  above,  greyish  silver  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks, 
and  metallic  white  or  yellow  beneath. 

Collected  in  the  sluices  of  the  Arkansas  near  Fort  Makee  ;  brought  home  by 
Lieut.  E.  G.  Beckwith^  U.  S.  A. 

The  fish  described  by  Dr.  Ayres,  under  the  name  of  Gila  microlcpidota,  presents 
such  peculiarly  shaped  pharyngeal  bones,  that  wedid  not  hesitate  erecting  it  into 
a  distinct  genus  under  the  name  of 

ORTHODON, 

in  allusion  to  the  erect  form  of  its  teeth.  But  to  proceed  more  systematically: 
the  head  is  subconical,  attenuated  towards  the  snout.  The  mouth  is  below  the 
medium  size,  terminal,  oblique,  both  jaws  even ;  no  barbels  of  any  sort.  A 
knob  or  tubercle  upon  the  symphysis  of  the  lower  jaw,  as  in  Hybognathus.  Eye 
of  medium  size.  Isthmus  small.  Body  subfusiform,  having  the  aspect  of  the 
Gilse,  but  the  ventrals  are  inserted  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin. 
The  caudal  is  furcated.  The  scales  are  small ;  the  lateral  line  submedial,  being 
somewhat  depressed  along  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  The  pharyngeal  bones 
are  thin,  vertically  elevated,  or  rather  broad  in  the  vertical  direction,  bent  as 
usual  and  widening  towards  the  upper  and  inner  limb,  so  as  to  be  broadest  there. 
The  lower  branch  is  much  narrower.  The  teeth  are  of  the  cultriform  kind  of 
the  grinding  type,  compressed,  lanceolated,  erect,  very  slightly  bent  inwards. 
They  are  disposed  upon  a  single  row  of  five,  thus :  5 — 5,  the  upper  ones  being 
quite  raised  above  the  edge  of  the  bone. 

Orthodon  microlepidotus. — Gila  microUpidota,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  i.  1855,  21. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. — Dr.  Newberry. 


The  genus  we  next  come  to,  and  for  which  we  have  chosen  the  name  of 

ALGANSEA, 

has  features  and  characters  altogether  different  from  any  known  genus.  The 
head  is  subconical,  more  or  less  pointed,  though  rounded  upon  its  peri- 
phery. The  mouth  being  of  medium  size,  slightly  oblique  upwards,  its  angles 
never  extending  beyond  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit,  and  destitute  of  barbels ; 
the  j-aws  themselves  terminate  evenly.     The  eye  is  of  moderate  development. 


1856.]  183 

There  is  a  narrow  isthmus  between  the  gill  openings.  The  body  short  and 
stoiitish,  quite  compressed,  covered  with  scales  of  medium  or  of  large  size,  the 
lateral  line  being  submedial,  slightly  deflexed  upon  the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 
The  fins  are  rather  moderate  in  development ;  the  origin  of  the  ventrals  is  situ- 
ated opposite  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
latter  never  reaching  the  anterior  margin  of  the  anal.  The  caudal  fin  is  emar- 
ginated  posteriorly.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  moderately  strong  ;  the  upper 
and  lower  branches  of  nearly  equal  strength,  though  the  lower  is  a  little  longer 
than  the  upper.  The  convexity  is  strongly  marked  and  dilated.  The  teeth  are 
of  the  cultriform  kind  of  the  grinding  type,  disposed  upon  a  single  row  of  four 
or  five,  as  follows :  4 — 4  or  5 — 5.  The  uppermost  stand  boldly  out  above  the 
surface  of  the  bone. 

1.  Algansea  tincella. — Leuciscus  tincella,  Y at.,  in  Cuv.  &  FaL  Hist.  Nat.  des 
Poiss.  xvii.  1854,  323. — The  scales  in  this  species  are  next  in  size  to  those 
of  ^.  obesa.  There  are  about  twelve  rows  beneath  and  fourteen  above  the  late- 
ral line.  I  say  about,  because  the  specimens  are  somewhat  mutilated,  as  most 
marlvet  specimens  are.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  are  situated  a  little  poste- 
riorly to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  eye  is  smaller  than  in  any  of 
the  preceding  species  of  this  genus.  Reddish  brown  above,  silvery  on  the  sides, 
and  white  beneath. 

Purchased  in  the  city  of  Mexico  by  Major  Wm.  Pdch. 

2.  Algansea  bicolor. — Of  all  the  species  hitherto  known  of  this  genus,  the 
one  here  referred  to  has  the  largest  scales,  five  rows  of  which  may  be  counted 
from  the  origin  of  the  ventrals  to  the  lateral  line,  and  nine  from  the  lateral  line 
to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  in  all  fifteen  rows.  The  ventrals  are  in- 
serted a  little  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  body  is  thick- 
est auteriorl)-,  and  tapers  backwards  ;  the  nape  is  slightly  swollen.  The  head 
enters  about  four  times  and  a  half  in  the  total  length.  The  back  and  sides  are 
of  a  metallic  bluish  black,  intermingled  on  the  lower  half  of  the  flank  with  a 
golden  hue.  The  inferior  surface  is  white,  contrasting  with  the  color  of  the 
back. 

Caught  in  Klamath  Lake,  0.  T.,  by  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry,  under  Lieut.  R.  S. 
Williamson. 

3.  Algansea  obesa. — A  very  corpulent  species  covered  with  scales  of  mode- 
rate development,  and  so  far,  the  smallest  in  the  genus.  The  depth  is  contained 
about  three  times  in  the  length,  caudal  fin  excluded.  There  are  eight  longitu- 
dinal rows  of  scales  between  the  origin  of  the  ventrals  and  the  lateral  line,  and 
fourteen  rows  above  it  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  in  all  twenty-three 
rows.     Dorsal  region  bluish  grey  ;  sides  greyish ;  belly  yellowish. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  the  waters  of  Humboldt  River  by 
the  late  J.  Soule  Bowman  and  Lieut.  E.  G.  Beckwith. 

4.  Algansea  Formosa. — A  very  graceful  and  well  proportioned  fish  as  regards 
body  and  head.  The  latter  is  rather  slender  and  conical,  constituting  the  fourth 
of  the  total  length,  in  which  the  greatest  depth  enters  nearly  five  times.  The 
origin  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  as  in 
A.  obesa.  The  scales  are  next  in  size  to  those  of  A.  bicolor.  Seven  rows  are 
found  between  the  origin  of  the  ventrals  and  the  lateral  line,  and  ten  above  it, 
making  eighteen  rows  in  all.  Metallic  greenish  brown  above  and  on  the  sides, 
minutely  dotted  with  black ;  beneath  yellowish  or  whitish. 

This  species  was  collected  in  Mercede  and  Mohave  rivers,  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heer- 
manu,  under  Lieut.  R.  S.  Williamson,  and  is  very  closely  allied  to  Lavinia  gib- 
bosa,  Ayres,  but  since  I  have  no  specimens  of  the  latter,  and  that  those  before 
me  measure  but  five  inches  and  a  half,  I  feel  reluctant  to  attempt  an  identifica- 
tion. 

Of  all  the  genera  recently  established  by  Prof.  Agassiz,  there  is  none 
that   has  given  me  so  much  difficulty   to  understand,  as  his  genus  Acrocheilus. 


184  [September, 

The  lengthy  description  appended  to  it,  reminded  me  very  forcibly  of  those  "  spe- 
cific descriptions  referring  chiefly  to  individual  peculiarities  of  specimens,  a  kind 
of  portrait  of  peculiar  individuals  without  much  likeness."*  After  a  careful 
study  of  whatever  specific  there  was  in  the  description  of  Acrocheilus  alutaceus,  I 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  Acrocheilus  was  identical  with 

Lavinia, 

published  for  the  first  time  in  1854,  nearly  one  year  before  Acrocheilus  was  pro- 
posed. Circumstances  of  that  kind  are  always  to  be  regretted  on  eitber  side. 
The  characters  of  the  genus  are  as  follows  :  The  body  is  very  much  compressed, 
deep,  subfusiform  in  outline,  covered  with  well  developed  scales  ;  the  lateral  line 
forming  an  open  curve,  convex  downwards,  nearer  the  abdominal  outline  than  the 
back.  The  fins  are  well  developed  ;  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals  are  situated 
either  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  or  immediately  under  it. 
The  posterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  approximates  more  or  less  the  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  anal.  The  caudal  is  deeply  furcated,  rounded  upon  its  insertion,  and 
provided  with  numerous  well-marked  rudimentary  rays  above  and  below.  The 
head  is  rather  small.  The  cleft  of  the  mouth  is  situated  altogether  anteriorly  to 
the  crbit ;  it  is  of  medium  size,  the  upper  jaw  overlapping  the  lower  one,  which 
is  either  rounded  or  truncated  upon  its  symphysis.  There  are  no  buccal  barbels. 
The  eye  is  of  moderate  size  ;  a  narrow  isthmus  separates  the  gill  openings.  The 
pharyngeal  bones  are  strongly  curved,  the  upper  branch  directed  inwards  and 
downwards,  the  inferior  one  slightly  arched  backwards,  with  the  convexity  di- 
lated. The  teeth,  being  of  the  cultriform  kind  of  the  grinding  type,  and  dis- 
posed upon  one  single  series  of  five,  thus  :  5 — 5,  with  a  sharp  terminal 
point. 

1.  Lavinia  exilicauda,  B.  &  G.  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vii.  1854,  137- 
Lavinia  compressa,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.   Sc.    i.  1855,  21. 

From  Sacramento  River,  Cal.  ;  collected  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann. 

2.  Lavinia  alutacea. — Acrocheilus  alutaceus,  Agass.  &  Pick.  Amer.  Journ.  of 
Sc.  2dser.  xix.  1855,  99. 

From  Willamet  Falls  and  Wallawalla  river,  collected  by  Dr.  Charles  Pickering, 
under  Capt.  C.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

3.  Lavinia  haeengtjs. — This  species  is  intermediate  between  L.  exilicauda  and 
L.  alutacea.  The  most  characteristic  feature  consists  in  the  relative  position 
of  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  which  are  wider  apart.  Their  size  is  nearly  the  same, 
and  if  any  difference  should  be  observable,  the  anal  would  be  found  a  little  lar- 
ger than  the  dorsal.  The  specimens  before  us  are  in  a  mutilated  condition,  inas- 
much as  the  scales  are  all  fallen.  The  dorsal  region  seems  to  have  been  of  a 
much  deeper  hue  than  the  lower  half  of  the  sides,  which  are  whitish,  as  well  as 
the  belly,  contrasting  with  the  rather  dark  hue  of  the  dorsal  region. 

Caught  at  Monterey,  Cal.,  by  A.  S.  Taylor,  Esq. 

IV. 

This  fourth  group  is  less  uniform,  if  the  teeth  are  taken  into  account.  The  lat- 
ter belong  to  the  hooked  types,  with  or  without  grinding  surface  {Denies  unci- 
nato-submolares  a,ndu7icinato-subconici),  of  the  raptatorial  [Denies  raptaiori)  and  pre- 
hensile {D.prehensiles),  kinds  chiefly;  in  most  cases  disposed  upon  a  double  series. 
But  all  its  representatives  are  provided  with  buccal  or  maxillary  barbels.  In 
the  species  from  the  Pacific  range  a  thin  cartilaginous  pellicle  is  observed  upon 
the  jaws :  illustrating  what  we  had  already  remarked,  that  the  cartilaginous  lips 
are  not  sufficient  to  characterise  the  group  of  Chondrostomi.  Of  course,  it  is  in 
the  latter  where  that  character  assumes  its  greatest  developement. 

*Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d.  ser.  xix.  1855,  220 


1856.]  185 

We  begin  the  group  with  the  genus 

Argyreus,  Heck. 

which  is  the  exact  synonym  of  Agassiz's  Rhinichthys.  And  we  are  not  a  little  sur- 
prised at  seing  the  learned  Professor  bring  forward  his  generical  appellation,* 
introduced  into  the  nomenclature  in  1850,  in  preference  to  that  of  Heckel  insti- 
tuted in  1840,  especially  when  elsewhere  he  appears  so  eager  at  restoring  all 
such  names  as  have  the  priority  of  publication,  and  which  is  nothing  but  just. 
The  natural  characters  of  the  genus  Argyreus,  are  :  "  A  snout  more  or  less 
protruding  beyond  the  lower  jaw,  thus  giving  the  mouth  an  inferior  position." 
In  that  respect  it  resembles  Cainpostoma  and  similar  Chondrostomi.  "  The  mouth 
itself  is  rather  small,  surrounded  with  quite  narrow  and  smooth  lips,"  covered 
with  a  deciduous  cartilaginous  pellicle  in  the  western  species,  "and  provided 
upon  its  angle  with  a  small  barbel,  sometimes  very  conspicuous."  The  gill  open- 
ings are  separated  beneath  by  a  very  wide  isthmus.  The  insertion  of  the  ven- 
trals  is  situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin,  which  is 
higher  than  long.  The  caudal  is  furcated.  The  scales  are  small.  The  pharyn- 
geal bones  are  quite  narrow,  and  stouter  above  than  below.  The  teeth  are  of 
the  hooked  type  without  grinding  surface,  strongly  hooked  and  disposed  thus : 
1  I  4 — 4  I  2,  that  is,  upon  two  rows,  four  in  the  outer  row,  and  one  or  two  in  the 
inner  row. 

The  following  species  have  already  been  mentioned  : 

1.  Arygreus  ATEONAS0S,  Hcck. — See  Storer,  Hist,  of  Fish,  of  Mass.  in 
the  Mem.  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  new  ser.  vol.  v.  1855. 

2.  Argyreus  nasutus,  Grd. — See  Storer,  Hist,  of  Fish,  of  Mass.  in  the 
Mem.  of  the  Amer.  Acad.  v.  1855. 

3.  Arygreus  marmoratus. — Rhinichthys  mormoratus ,  Agass.  Lake  Sup.  1850, 
354,  PI.  ii.  figs.  1  and  2. 

From  Sault  St.  Mary. — L.  Agassiz. 

4.  Argyreus  obtusus. — Rhinichthys  obtusus,  Agass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d. 
fier.  xvii.  1854,  357. 

From  Tennessee  River. 

5.  Argyreus  meleagris. — Rhinichthys  meleagris,  Agass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc. 
2d.  ser.  xvii.  1854,  357. 

From  Iowa. 

To  which  we  add,  as  new  : 

6.  Argyreus  dulcis. — It  has  the  snout  more  prominent  than  .4.  aironasus,a.n6. 
less  so  than  A.  'nasutus.  The  head  is  well  developed,  constituting  the  fourth  of 
the  length,  the  caudal  fin  excluded.  The  eye  is  quite  small  and  subcircular,  its 
horizontal  diameter  entering  six  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head,  a 
little  over  twice  in  advance  of  its  anterior  rim.  The  mouth  is  larger  than  in  most 
of  its  congeners,  and  the  barbel  much  more  conspicuous.  The  dorsal  fin,  as  usual, 
is  higher  than  long,  but  its  upper  margin  is  slightly  convex.  Its  anterior 
margin  is  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  to  the  insertion  of  the  caudal 
fin.  The  latter  constitutes  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  The 
anal  is  a  little  shorter  than  the  dorsal,  but  not  as  deep  as  the  latter  is  high. 

D  10  ;  A  9  ;  C  4,  1,  9,  8,  1,  5  ;  V  8  ;  P  13. 

The  dorsal  region  is  greyish  yellow ;  the  sides  yellowish,  with  an  indistinct 
silvery  band  ;  beneath  yellowish  white.  The  dorsal  region,  including  the  upper 
part  of  the  flanks,  is  spread  over  with  black  specks,  sometimes  observed  beneath 
the  silvery  band  also. 

Specimens,  the  largest  of  which  measuring  about  three  inches  and  a  half, 
were  collected  by  the  late  J.  S.  Bowman,  in  the  Sweet  Water,  a  tributary  stream 

*  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d.  ser.  xvii.  1854,  357. 


186  [September, 

of  Nebraska,  or  Platte  Eirer.     Smaller  specimens  of  the  same  species  were  ob- 
tained in  Cottonwood  Creek,  Utah,  by  Lieut.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A. 

Y.  Argykeus  nubilus. — This  is  a  very  characteristic  species.  The  head  is 
very  small,  and  the  body,  fusiform  in  shape  and  compressed,  is  thick  and  swol- 
len upon  its  middle.  The  tail  again  is  rather  slender.  The  snout  is  subcorneal, 
but  not  more  protruding  than  in  the  preceding  species  ;  the  mouth  is  a  great 
deal  smaller  than  in  the  latter,  with  its  barbels  less  conspicuous.  The  head 
constitutes  about  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  The  eye  is  moderately  developed 
and  subcircular  in  shape  ;  its  horizontal  diameter  is  contained  about  five  times 
in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  dorsal,  caudal  and  anal  fins  are  of  but 
moderate  development,  the  pectorals  and  ventrals  rather  small. 

D  8+2  ;  A  7-f  2  ;  C  5,  1,  9,  8,  1,  6 ;  V  8  ;  P  12. 

The  number  of  rays  in  the  fins  does  not  materiallj^  differ  from  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding species  ;  in  both,  the  anterior  two  rays  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are 
mere  rudiments. 

The  color  above  is  blackish  brown,  with  a  purplish  hue  along  the  middle  of 
the  flanks  ;  the  inferior  regions  are  of  a  soiled  white  or  yellowish  brown.  The 
upper  surface  of  the  head  and  upper  half  of  the  sides,  including  the  eye,  is  deep 
black ;  inferiorly  it  is  whitish  or  yellowish  white. 

Specimens,  four  inches  in  total  length,  were  collected  at  Fort  Steilacoom,  Puget 
Sound,  W.  T.,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  under  Gov,  I.  I.  Stevens. 

8.  Argyreus  osculus. — Has  more  the  fascies  of  ^4.  atronams  than  of  any  other 
of  its  congeners,  both  by  the  outline  of  its  body  and  head,  and  the  shape  and 
position  of  the  mouth.  The  head  is  comparatively  small,  forming  the  fifth  of 
the  length,  with  the  exception  of  the  lobes  of  the  caudal.  The  eye  is  rather  large 
and  subcircular,  its  diameter  entering  about  four  times  in  the  length  of  the  side 
of  the  head.  The  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  well  developed,  the  former  being 
convex  superiorly,  and  the  latter  subconvex  exteriorly.  The  posterior  margin 
of  the  caudal  is  crescentic.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  ventrals  extend  as 
far  as  the  vent,  which  is  not  the  case  in  the  two  species  described  above. 

D  8-1-2  ;  A  '7-{-2  ;  C  5,  1,  9,  8,  1,  6  ;  V  8  ;  P  14. 

The  anterior  two  rays  of  both  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  mere  rudiments,  as 
already  stated. 

The  color  is  reddish  brown  above  ;  olivaceous  on  the  sides,  with  numerous 
dark  blotches  and  dots.     Beneath  uniform  yellowish  white  or  silvery  white. 

Many  specimens,  the  largest  of  which  measuring  less  than  three  inches,  were 
collected  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Baboco- 
mori,  a  tributary  stream  of  the  Rio  San  Pedro,  itself  flowing  into  the  Rio  Gila. 

9.  Argyreus  notabilis. — This  species  resembles  A.  osculus  in  many  respects, 
but  will  always  be  easily  distinguished  from  it  by  a  more  truncated  snout,  and 
consequently  by  a  mouth  not  so  deeply  cleft.  The  dorsal  fin  is  situated  more 
anteriorly  also.  The  scales  are  smallei-.  The  ground  color  is  yellowish  or  brownish 
above,  golden  or  orange  beneath,  covered  all  over,  the  abdominal  region  ex- 
cepted, with  small  black  spots. 

Specimens  caught  in  the  Rio  Santa  Crux,  Sonora,  by  John  H.  Clark,  under 
Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A. 

The  hydrographic  basin  of  the  Rio  Gila  harbors  a  generic  type  which,  at  first 
sight,  one  would  refer  to  Argyreus  ;  but  on  a  closer  inspection,  its  generic  traits 
will  appear  quite  conspicuous.     The  name  of 

AGOSIA 

is  proposed  for  it ;  the  diagnosis  is  as  follows  :  Snout  rounded,  slightly  pro- 
truding beyond  the  lower  jaw,  though  the  mouth  opens  horizontally.  The 
mouth  is  of  medium  size,  surrounded  with  narrow  and  smooth  lips,  and  pro- 
vided upon  its  angle  with  a  very  small  barbel.  The  isthmus  is  of  moderate 
width.  The  insertion  of  ventrals  is  situated  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of  dorsal 
fin,  which  is  higher  than  long.    The  caudal  is  bifurcated.   The  scales  are  minute- 


1856.]  187 

The  pliaryngeal  bones  are  expanded  upon  their  curvature.  The  teeth  are  of  the 
prehensile  li^ind  of  the  hooked  tj'pe,  provided  with  a  grinding  surface  ;  strongly 
hooked,  and  disposed  thus  :  4 — 4,  that  is,  upon  one  single  row  of  four. 

Now,  comparing  the  above  with  the  characters  assigned  to  Argyreus^  we  find 
that  the  most  prominent  difference  resides  in  the  pharyngeal  teeth.  The  isth- 
mus is  narrower,  and  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals  placed  further  back. 

1.  Agosia  chrysogater, — is  about  three  inches  and  a  half  in  total  length,  the 
head  forming  a  little  more  than  the  fifth  of  it.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the 
maxillary  extends  to  the  vertical  line  of  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  The  eye 
is  large  and  circular,  its  diameter  being  contained  about  four  times  in  the  length 
of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  a  little  nearer  the 
end  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal.  The  following  is  the  formula  of 
the  fins : 

D  10  ;  A  7  ;  C  4,  1,  9,  8,  5, ;  V  9  ;  P  16. 

A  minute  rudiment  at  the  anterior  margin  of  both  the  dorsal  and  the  anal  fins 
are  not  included  in  the  above  numbers. 

The  region  above  the  middle  of  the  flanks  is  reddish  brown,  spotted  or  dotted 
with  black,  especially  upon  the  head ;  a  black  vitta  separates  this  region  from 
that  beneath,  which  is  unicolor  of  a  golden  hue. 

The  species  was  collected  in  the  Rio  Santa  Crux,  Sonora,  by  John  H.  Clark, 
under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham. 

2.  Agosia  metallica. — The  specimens  of  this  species  are  a  little  shorter  than 
those  of  the  preceding  one.  It  is  very  characteristic,  and  easily  distinguished 
from  its  congener.  The  head  is  shorter  and  the  snout  more  abruptly  rounded. 
The  eye  is  smaller  also.  The  body  is  more  gracefully  subfusiform  and  com- 
pressed. The  dorsal  is  higher  and  narrower,  rounded  superiorly.  The  posterior 
margin  of  the  caudal  is  crescentic,  less  furcated  than  in  A.  chrysogaster. 

The  formula  of  the  fin's  rays  present  also  some  difference: 

D  9  ;  A  8  ;  C  4,  1,  9,  8,  1,  5  ;  V  8  ;  P  15. 

The  same  is  true  with  regard  to  the  rudiment  at  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal,  and  which  must  be  sought  for  under  the  skin. 

Upper  regions  greyish  brown  dotted  with  black  ;  inferiorly  silvery  and  uni- 
color ;  a  black  vitta  on  the  sides  separating  the  two  hues. 

Collected  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rio  San 
Pedro,  an  afiluent  of  the  Rio  Gila. 

The  genus  which  we  have  formerly  characterized  under  the  name  of 

POGONICHTHYS, 

although  enlarged  by  the  accession  of  a  new  species,  stand  within  the  same 
limits  as  were  originally  assigned  to  it.  The  body  is  fusiform  and  elongated, 
compressed,  covered  with  large  and  uniform  scales,  and  provided  with  a  con- 
spicuous lateral  line  deflexed  upon  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  The  dorsal  fin 
is  higher  than  long  ;  the  ventrals  are  inserted  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  dorsal.  The  caudal  is  bifurcated.  The  head  is  of  moderate  size  or  else 
small,  either  rounded  or  flattened  upon  its  upper  surface.  The  snout  being 
more  or  less  protruding  beyond  the  lower  jaw,  the  mouth  assumes  a  somewhat 
inferior  position,  although  opening  horizontally  forwards.  The  mouth  itself  is 
of  medium  size,  provided  upon  its  angle  with  a  barbel  inserted  upon  the  ante- 
rior edge  of  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary.  The  eye  is  of  moderate 
development.  The  isthmus  is  quite  narrow.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  pro- 
portionally stout,  the  inferior  limb  being,  however,  slender,  slightly  arched  and 
expanded  upon  its  symphysis.  About  tlie  height  of  the  third  tooth  the  con- 
vexity suddenly  expands,  tapering  off  towards  the  extremity  of  the  upper  branch, 
which  is  slightlj''  bent  inwardly  downwards.  The  teeth  are  well  developed,  very 
much  compressed  upwards  and  hooked.  They  are  of  the  prehensile  kind,  of 
the  hooked  type,  with  a  grinding  surface,  somewhat  inclined  backwards,  and 
disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  two  and  four  :  2  |  4 — 4  |  2. 


188  [September, 

This  genus  is  intimately  related  to  Leucosomtis,  differing  from  it  chiefly,  by 
the  structure  of  its  teeth,  which  are  provided  with  a  grinding  surface  in  Pogo- 
nichthys,  whilst  there  is  a  sharp  edge  in  Leucosomus. 

1.  PoGONiCHTHYS  IN^QUILOBUS,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  vii. 
1854,  136. 

Besides  the  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Heermann  in  the  San  Joaquin  River, 
Cal.,  we  have  received  others  from  Petaluma,  Sonoma  County,  Cal.,  collected  by 

E.  Samuels. 

2.  PoGONicHTHYS  SYMMETRicus,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philada.  vii. 
1854,  136. 

From  Fort  Miller,  San  Joaquin  Valley,  Cal. ;  collected  by  Dr.  Heermann. 

3.  PoGONiCHTHYS  ARGYREiosDS,  Girard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philada.  vii. 
1854,  153. 

Collected  at  Presidio,  near  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  by  Lieut.  "W.  P.  Trowbridge, 
U.  S.  A. 

4.  PoGONiCHTHYS  COMMUNIS. — This  spccies  is  the  most  characteristic  of  the 
genus,  by  its  small  and  flattened  head  and  the  large  scales  which  cover  the 
body.  The  mouth  is  larger  in  proportion  than  in  any  of  its  congeners  ;  in  large 
specimens  the  snout  overlaps  entirely  the  lower  jaw,  in  which  respect  it  resem- 
bles Gila  elegans  most  remarkably.  The  barbel  upon  the  angle  of  the  mouth  is 
very  conspicuous.  The  fins  are  all  well  developed  ;  the  external  rays  of  the 
pectorals  extend  beyond  the  usual  termination  of  these  fins  in  other  species. 
The  dorsal  region  is  reddish  grey  or  greyish  red,  according  to  circumstances ; 
the  rest  of  the  body  whitish  yellow  or  yellowish  golden,  the  fins  being  unicolor. 

"We  have  examined  numerous  specimens  of  this  species.  They  were  collected 
at  Fort  Pierre,  Nebr.,  by  Dr.  John  Evans  ;  at  Fort  Union,  by  E.  J.  Denig  ;  above 
Fort  Union  and  in  Milk  River,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens  ;  in 
the  Yellowstone  River,  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  and  in  the  Sweet  Water,  a  tributary 
of  Platte  or  Nebraska  River,  by  the  late  J.  Soule  Bowman. 

The  genus  of  genuine  Gudgeons, 

GoBio,  Cuv. 

is  a  type  that  may  easily  be  characterized.  Head  subconical,  with  the  snout 
rather  thick  and  obtuse,  overlapping  the  lower  jaw,  thus  giving  the  mouth  a 
somewhat  inferior  position.  The  latter,  however,  is  directed  forwards  ;  it  is 
large,  and  provided  with  a  well  developed  barbel  upon  the  posterior  extremity 
of  the  maxillary.  The  eye  is  of  moderate  development.  The  isthmus  is  large. 
The  body  is  elongated,  subcylindrical.  The  dorsal  and  anal,  both,  are  rather 
narrow  fins.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  takes  place  under  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  dorsal  or  a  little  behind  it.  The  caudal  is  bifurcated.  The  scales  are  large 
and  the  lateral  line  nearly  median.  The  pharyngeals  are  gracefully  curved,  the 
upper  and  lower  branches  tapering,  the  convexity  very  slightly  expanded.  The 
teeth  are  slender,  subcylindrical  upon  their  base,  compressed  above,  of  the  rap- 
tatorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  without  grinding  surface,  and  disposed 
upon  a  double  series  of  one,  two  or  three,  and  three,  four  or  five,  as  follows  : 
3  I  5—5  I  2,  or  2  |  4—4  |  1,  &c.  &c. 

This  genus  may  be  distinguished  from  Leucosomus  by  its  protruding  snout, 
much  more  developed  maxillary  barbel,  and  narrow  dorsal  and  anal  fins,  and 
finally  its  pharyngeal  teeth  more  strongly  hooked. 

1.  GoBio  GELIDU8. — Body  and  head  very  slender  and  elongated;  head  forming 
about  the  fifth  of  the  total  length.  The  snout  is  quite  prominently  developed. 
The  eye  is  rather  small  compared  to  G.  Jiuvialilk,  resembling  more,  in  that  re- 
spect, G.  cataractce,  from  which,  however,  this  species  can  readily  be  distin- 
guished by  the  position  of  its  ventral  fins,  which  are  inserted  under  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal,  whilst  they  are  placed  in  advance  of  it  in  G.  cataractce. 


1856.]  189 

Color  yellowish  brown,  lighter  beneath  than  above,  with  a  silvery  streak  along 
the  middle  of  the  flank. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  Milk  River,  an  affluent  of  the 
upper  Missouri,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

2.  GoBio  AESTIVALIS. — This  is  quite  a  characteristic  species,  differing  from  all 
its  congeners  by  a  rather  compressed  body,  elevated  and  arched  upon  its  middle, 
and  taperingsrapidly  along  the  peduncle  of  the  tail.  The  snout  is  miich  shorter 
and  less  obtuse  than  in  G.  gelidus ;  the  eye  is  larger  also,  and  the  position  of 
the  ventrals  a  little  more  forwards.  The  scales  are  larger,  too.  In  coloration 
we  see  no  marked  difference  between  this  species  and  G.  gelidus. 

Caught  in  the  Rio  San  Juan,  near  Cadereita,  New  Leon,  by  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch, 
U.  S.  A. 

3.  GoBio  VERNALis. — The  body  is  fusiform,  thickest  anteriorly,  tapering  pos- 
teriorly. The  head  is  short,  the  snout  blunt  and  rounded.  The  eye  is  large, 
its  diameter  being  contained  three  times  and  a  half  in  the  length  of  the  side  of 
the  head.  Tlie  caudal  fin  is  long  and  deeply  furcated  ;  it  constitutes  nearly  the 
fourth  of  the  entire  length,  whilst  the  head  enters  in  the  latter  nearly  five  times 
and  a  half.  The  color  is  uniform  yellowish  brown,  with  a  silvery  streak  along 
the  middle  of  the  flanks.  The  opercular  apparatus  and  cheek  are  highly  silvery. 

From  Arkansas  River,  near  Fort  Smith  ;  collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shumard. 

Under  the  head  of  Luzilus  will  be  found  the  reasons  for  transferring  the  name 
of 

Leucosomus,  Heck. 

to  Leuciscits  pulchelhcs,  instead  of  Ci/prinus  chrysoleiicus.  We  shall  now  charac- 
terize this  genus,  as  it  is,  henceforth,  to  stand  in  the  ichthyic  system.  The  body 
is  elongated,  subfusiform,  compressed.  The  head  is  stout,  conical,  either  ab- 
ruptly truncated  or  tapering  oil'.  In  either  case,  the  mouth  is  large,  subterminal, 
and  the  upper  jaw  slightly  protruding  beyond  the  lower.  A  small  barbel  upon 
the  maxillary,  near  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  Eyes  of  medium  size.  Insertion  of 
ventrals  a  little  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  or  immediately 
under  it.  Caudal  bifurcated.  Scales  large,  a  little  longer  than  high  ;  lateral  line 
following  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  Pharyngeal  bones  stoutish,  sickle-shaped ; 
the  inferior  branch  rather  slender,  the  convexity  having  a  slight  expansion 
tapering  off  towards  the  tip  of  the  upper  branch.  The  teeth  are  subconical, 
compressed  and  strongly  hooked,  of  the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the  hooked  type, 
without  grinding  surface.  They  are  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  four  and 
two  in  the  following  manner :  2  |  4 — 4  ]  2  ;  sometimes  2  |  5 — 4  |  3,  and  even 
1  I  4—4  I  2. 

The  genus  Cheiloncmus,  Bd.,  is  strictly  synonymous  with  iewcoso?K?/«;  the  latter 
differs  from  Semotilus  by  the  presence  of  maxillary  barbels. 

1.  Leucosomus  pulchellus.— iewcwcMsjoMMeZZiw,  Storer,  Rep.  1839,  91. — Lm- 
ciscus  argentius,  Storer,  Rep.  1839,  90. — Leucosomus  chrysoleuciis,  Heck.,  in  Russ. 
Reise.  ii.  1843,  1042,  pi.  i.  Leuciscus  storeri,  Val.,  in  Cuv.  &  Yal.,  Hist.  Nat. 
Poiss.  xvii.  1844,  319. — Cheilonemus  pulcheUus,  Grd.,  in  Storer,  Fish,  of  Mass.,  in 
Mem.  Amer  Acad.  v.  new  ser.  1865,  120,  pi.  xxii.,  fig.  2. 

Inhabits  the  fresh  waters  of  New  England. 

2.  Leucosomus  plumbeus. — Gobio  plumbeus,  Aoass.,  Lake  Sup.  1850,  3G6. — If 
at  all  different  from  the  preceding,  this  will  be  a  second  species  of  the  genus. 

Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior. 

3.  Leucosomus  dissimilis. — This  species  will  be  easilj' recognized  by  the  small 
size  of  the  scales  of  the  back  compared  to  those  of  the  flanks.  In  that  respect 
it  approximates  species  of  the  genus  Semotilus.  Its  head  is  subconical,  contained 
a  little  less  than  four  times  in  the  total  length.  The  eye  is  large,  its  diameter 
being  contained  four  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.     The  color  is 


190  [September, 

uniform  greyish  brown  above,  silvery  along  the  middle  of  the  flank  and  yellow- 
ish beneath. 

Speo'mens  of  this  species  were  collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  under  Gov.  I.  I. 
Stevens,  in  Milk  and  Little  Muddy  rivers,  tributaries  of  the  upper  Missouri. 

4.  Leucosomus  pallidus. — This  species  has  the  same  general  physiognomy  as 
L.  dissimilis.  The  scales  of  the  back  are  likewise  a  great  deal  smaller  than  on 
the  flanks,  but  in  totum  they  are  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species.  The  origin 
of  the  ventrals  is  situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  a 
feature  that  will  enable  us  at  once  to  discriminate  between  this  species  and  L. 
dissimilis.  The  dorsal  region  is  greyish  brown,  the  ventral  region  yellowish 
white.  A  black  spot  at  the  base  of  the  caudal,  as  well  as  upon  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  Antelope  Creek,  Arkansas,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Ivcnnerly, 
under  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

5.  Leucosomus  incrassatus. — Remarkable  for  its  stout  and  short  body  and 
well  developed  head,  which  constitutes  a  little  more  than  the  fourth  of  the  total 
length.  The  scales  are  proportionally  smaller  than  in  L. pallidus.  Dark  greyish 
above,  light  greyish  beneath,  with  a  yellowish  hue  all  over  the  head  and  body. 
A  black  spot  upon  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal ;  none  upon  the  caudal. 

Collected  twenty  miles  west  of  Choctaw  Agency,  by  H.  B.  Mollhausen,  under 
Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

The  following  genus,  for  which  the  name  of  , 

NOCOMIS 

is  thought  well  appropriated,  has  a  short,  stoutish  and  compressed  body? 
covered  with  large  scales.  The  ventrals  are  inserted  opposite  the  anterior  mar- 
gin of  the  dorsal,  mayhap  a  little  anterior  to  it.  The  caudal  is  furcated.  The 
head  is  large,  rounded  upon  the  snout,  which  is  declivous.  The  mouth  is  large 
and  terminal,  the  lower  jaw  being  slightly  overlapped  by  the  upper.  A  barbel 
upon  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary.  Eyes  small.  Isthmus  rather 
wide.  The  pharyngeals  are  stoutish,  somewhat  expanded  upon  their  convexity  ; 
expansion  tapering  off  towards  the  tip  of  the  upper  limb,  which  is  gently  curved 
inwards.  The  inferior  limb  is  scarcely  longer  than  the  upper,  looks  more  slender, 
is  flattened  upon  its  extremity,  which  is  turned  outwards,  causing  a  convexity 
inwardly.  The  teeth  are  of  "the  voratorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  without 
grinding  surface.  They  are  subcylindrical,  acerated  and  hooked,  disposed  upon 
a  double  series  of  one  and  four,  in  the  following  manner  :  1  |  4 — 4  |  1. 

This  genus  is  allied  to  Semodhis  by  its  pharyngeal  teeth,  diifering  chiefly  by 
its  mouth,  which  is  not  so  deeply  cleft,  and  by  its  maxillary  barbels,  which  are 
absent  in  Scmotilus. 

NocoMis  NEBRACENSis. — It  is  a  fish  about  four  inches  in  total  length,  of  a 
uniform  reddish  brown  hue  above,  and  golden  yellow  beneath  ;  a  blackish 
streak  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks  terminating  into  a  black  spot  upon  the 
base  of  the  caudal  fin.  The  lateral  line  is  nearly  medial,  being  but  slightly  de- 
pressed along  the  thoracic  region. 

Collected  in  the  Sweet  Water,  a  tributary  of  Platte  or  Nebraska  River,  by  the 
late  J.  Soule  Bowman. 


The  genera  brought  together  in  this  paragraph  are  numerous,  and  quite 
as  varied  in  their  dentition  as  in  the  former  group.  They  differ  from  the  latter 
by  the  absence  of  barbels.  As  in  the  preceding,  the  teeth  are  of  the  hooked 
types,  Avith  or  Ayithout  grinding  surface  (^Denies  uncinato-submolares  et  uncinato- 
subconici),  mostly  of  the  raptatorial  kind.  In  the  majority  of  cases,  the  teeth 
are  disposed  upon  a  double  scries  also. 

This  and  the  former  group  ought  to  be  subdivided  in  a  natural  method,  which 
is  not  our  object  now.     Moreover,  a  thorough  grouping  of  the  American  Cypri- 


1856.]  191 

noids  cannot  yet  be  attempted  with  any  sort  of  satisfaction,  as  long  so  the 
eastern  representatives  are  not  all  revised. 

The  most  curious  genus,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  that  of 

ExoGLOSSUM,  Rafin. 

The  body  is  elongated,  subcylindrical,  slightly  compressed.  The  head  is  sub- 
conical,  flattened  upon  the  occiput,  and  terminated  by  a  blunt  snout.  The 
mouth  is  subterminal,  opening  downwards  and  forwards,  the  lower  jaw  being 
shorter  than  the  upper  and  not  surrounded  by  the  lips  around  its  symphysis, 
the  lips  being  largely  developed  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth  and  along  the  upper 
jaw  also.  The  eye  is  of  moderate  size.  The  isthmus  is  wide.  The  origin  of 
the  ventrals  is  situated  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  caudal 
is  bifurcated.  The  scales  are  of  medium  size,  nearly  quadrilateral.  The  pharyn- 
geal bones  are  exiguous,  very  slender  upon  their  inferior  branch,  hardly  dilated 
above.  The  teeth  are  of  the  raptatorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  without  grind- 
ing surface,  instead  of  which  a  sharp,  but  not  crenated,  edge.  They  are  dis- 
posed vipon  a  double  row  of  one  and  four,  thus  :  1  |  4 — 4  |  1. 

1.  ExoGLoasuM  MAXiLLiNGUA,  Hald.  in  Rtipp,  Hist,  of  Lane.  Co.,  Pa.,  1844,  474. — 
Agass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d  Ser.  xix.  1855,  215. — Cyprinus  maxillingua,  Lesu., 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philada.  i.  1817,  85. — Exoglossum  Icsucurianum,  Rafin., 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philada.  i.  1818,  420. 

Prof.  Haldeman  was  the  first  who  thought  of  restoring  the  name  of  maxillingua 
to  this  species. 

2.  Exoglossum  mirabile. — A  very  characteristic  species,  very  slender  and 
fusiform,  and  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  a  smaller  head,  smaller 
mouth,  the  position  a  little  more  backwards  of  the  ventrals,  and  larger  scales. 
The  color  is  reddish  brown  above,  light  reddish  beneath,  with  a  silvery  band 
along  the  middle  of  the  flanks  from  head  to  tail.  A  black  spot  upon  the  inser- 
tion of  the  caudal  fin. 

Caught  in  the  Arkansas  River,  near  Fort  Smith,  by  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shumard. 

Along  with  young  specimens  of  Gila  grahami,  caught  in  the  San  Pedro,  were 
numerous  little  fishes  from  two  and  a  half  inches  to  three  inches  long,  which, 
upon  a  superficial  examination,  might  not  have  been  distinguished  from  their 
associates  just  mentioned,  for  the  fact  of  the  absence  of  scales  could  not  have 
given  them  an  aspect  very  different  from  the  young  Gil^e,  since  the  latter  have 
very  minute  scales  in  their  immature  state.  A  careful  comparison  between  the 
two  sets  of  specimens  very  soon  revealed  generic  characters  so  peculiar,  that  we 
had  to  institute,  under  the  name  of 

MEDA, 

a  genus  widely  different  from  all  other  American  cyprinoids,  by  the  presence, 
upon  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  of  a  stout  undivided  (though  articulated) 
ray,  resembliog  in  its  general  appearance  that  which  is  observed  in  Barbus,  Lu- 
cioharbus,  Scaphiodon  and  Systomus,  differing,  however,  from  all  of  these  in  the 
structure  of  its  posterior  edge,  which  is  grooved  instead  of  being  serrated.  The 
absence  of  buccal  barbels  in  3l€da,  is  another  feature  to  warrant  its  claims  as 
a  genus,  which  differs  from  Cyprinus^  Carassius,  Carpio,  &c.,  by  characters  equally 
obvious,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  diagnosis  : 

Body  elongated,  slender,  compressed,  fusiform  in  its  profile,  and  perfectly 
naked.  The  lateral  line  may  be  traced  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks,  slightly 
deflexed  upon  the  abdomen.  The  head  is  elongated,  subconical,  rounded  upon 
the  snout  without  being  truncated.  The  mouth  is  proportionally  large,  subter- 
minal, its  cleft  slightly  oblique  upwards,  the  lower  jaw  fitting  into  the  upper. 
No  barbels.  The  eye  large  and  circular.  The  isthmus  narrow.  Dorsal  fin 
higher  than  long,  provided  anteriorly  with  a  stout,  articulated  but  simple  and 
osseous  ray  grooved  posteriorly  and  nearly  as  high  as  the  second  ray,  which  ia 


192  [September, 

slightly  higher,  and  the  highest  of  all.  The  veatrals  are  inserted  in  advance  of 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  and  adherent  to  the  ventral  line  for  more  than 
the  half  of  their  total  length.  The  caudal  is  deeply  furcated.  The  pharyngeal 
bones  are  slender,  especially  upon  their  inferior  limbs,  which  are  longer  than 
the  upper  ones.  The  latter  are  flattened  or  expanded,  and  curved  inwardly 
downwards.  The  teeth  are  very  slender,  subconical,  compressed  at  their  base, 
of  the  prehensile  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  without  grinding  surface.  They  are 
disposed  upon  a  double  series  of  one  and  four:  1  |  4 — 4  |  1.  Thus,  equally  dis- 
tinct from  both  Phoxinus  and  Phozinellus,  to  which  this  genus  bears  an  external 
resemblance. 

Thus  far  we  are  acquainted  with  but  one  species. 

Mbda  fuloida. — The  head  constitutes  a  little  more  than  the  fifth  of  the  total 
length.  The  angle  of  the  mouth  is  even  with  a  vertical  line  drawn  in  advance 
of  the  orbit.  The  dorsal  region  is  reddish  yellow;  the  middle  of  the  flanks  as 
if  painted  with  silver;  underneath  pale  yellow. 

From  Rio  San  Pedro,  tributary  of  the  Gila  ;  collected  by  John  H.  Clark,  under 
Col.  Graham,  U.  S.  A. 

We  now  bring  here  together,  under  the  name  of 

CLIOLA, 

some  species  of  small  cyprinoids,  having  the  external  aspect  of  Dionda^  but 
difl'ering  from  the  latter  by  the  pharyngeal  teeth,  which  are  curved,  and  without 
grinding  surface.  The  snout  is  rounded,  the  mouth  small  and  terminal,  with 
both  jaws  equal.  There  is  a  rather  wide  isthmus.  The  eyes  are  well  developed, 
also.  The  dorsal  fin  is  about  as  long  as  high,  or  longer  than  high.  The  caudal 
fin  is  bifurcated;  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals,  opposite  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  dorsal.  The  scales  being  large,  and  the  lateral  line  following  the  middle  of 
the  flanks.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  of  moderate  strength  ;  the  inferior  branch 
is  rather  slender,  and  nearly  straight  when  viewed  in  front;  from  the  insertion 
of  the  teeth,  they  gradually  expand  to  the  entire  convexity  which  is  gentle  and 
gradual.  The  teeth  themselves  are  of  the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the  hooked  type, 
without  grinding  surface,  compressed,  curved,  and  disposed  upon  one  single  row 
of  four:  4 — 4. 

1.  Cliola  viGitAX. — Ceratichthys  vigilax,  B.  &  G.,  Proc,  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila. 
vi.  1853,  390. — Leuciscus  vigilax,  B.  &  G.,  in  3Iarcy^s  Expl.  of  Red  Riv.  of  La., 
1853,  248.  Zool.  PI.  xxiv.  figs.  1—4. 

From  Otter  Creek,  a  tributary  to  the  northern  fork  of  Red  River,  Ark. 

2.  Cliloa  velox. — A  very  slender  and  elegant  species,  differing  from  C.  viffi- 
lax,  by  a  more  conical  head,  much  larger  eyes,  and  larger  scales.  A  black 
spot  may  be  observed  upon  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  The  ground 
color  is  olivaceous,  with  the  middle  of  the  flanks  silvery;  a  black  vitta  follows 
the  course  of  the  lateral  line.  A  black  spot  exists  also  upon  the  base  of  the 
caudal  fin. 

Specimens  were  collected  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennedy,  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory, 
in  the  San  Pedro  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

3.  Cliola  vivax. — This  species  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  O.  velox,  were  it 
not  for  the  shortness  of  its  head  and  its  small  eye.  Besides,  the  body  is  not  so 
much  elongated,  and  is  covered  with  scales  a  great  deal  smaller.  The  color  is 
uniform  light  yellowish  or  saffron,  with  a  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal 
fin,  and  another  upon  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal ;  the  middle  of  the 
flanks  exhibits  traces  of  a  greyish  or  blackish  vitta. 

Caught  in  Leon  River,  a  tributary  to  the  Rio  San  Antonio,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C. 
B.  Kennerly,  under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A, 


1856.]  193 

Amongst  the  few  genera  which  seem  to  be  common  to  both  hemispheres,  there 
is  the  genus 

Alburnus,  Rond. 

which  we  find  distributed  over  a  large  portion  of  our  continent.  But,  in  order 
to  include  the  American  species  in  that  genus,  the  diagnosis  is  to  be  slightly 
modified,  so  as  to  read  :  Raptatorial  teeth  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  two  and 
four  or  five,  thus:  2  |  5 — 5  |  2  or  2  |  4 — 4  |  2.  la  all  the  species  which  I  have 
examined,  the  teeth  are  disposed  according  to  the  second  formula. 

The  teeth  themselves  are  slender  and  compressed,  more  or  less  hooked.  The 
pharyngeal  bones  are  slender,  expanded  upon  their  convexity,  the  upper  limb 
bent  inwards  and  downwards,  and  the  inferior  limb  rather  exiguus  and  shorter 
than  the  upper.  Should  the  American  species,  now  referred  to  this  genus,  prove 
generically  distinct  upon  a  more  minute  comparison,  •which  we  cannot  now  estab- 
lish, the  name  of  Alburnellus  might  unite  them  under  a  new  generic  appella- 
tion. 

1.  Alburnus  dilectus, — is  about  three  inches  and  a  half  in  total  length  ;  the 
head  forming  a  little  less  than  the  sixth  part  of  it.  The  greatest  depth  is  nearly 
equal  to  the  length  of  the  head.  The  diameter  of  the  circular  eye  is  contained 
a  little  more  than  three  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head,  and  less 
than  once  in  advance  of  its  anterior  rim.  There  are  ten  longitudinal  rows  of 
scales  between  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals  and  the  base  of  the  dorsal.  The 
lateral  line  is  upon  the  fourth  row  from  the  ventrals  upwards.  The  color  is 
uniform  yellowish  red  with  a  lateral  silvery  streak. 

Collected  in  the  Arkansas  river  near  Fort  Smith,  by  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shumard. 

2.^Alburntjs  umbratilis, — is  a  shorter  and  deeper  species,  and  which  migh* 
easily  be  taken  for  a  Lnxilus,  so  striking  is  its  general  resemblance  with  smal^ 
specimens  of  the  latter  genus.  The  greatest  length  is  about  three  inches  ;  the 
greatest  depth  being  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head,  and  contained  five  times 
in  the  total  length.  The  lateral  line,  though  running  along  the  fourth  row  of 
scales  from  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals,  is  more  deflexed  upon  the  abdomen 
than  in  A.  dilectus;  the  longitudinal  rows  of  scales  being  fourteen  in  number. 
The  ground  color  is  silvery  grey  above;  the  back,  sides  and  fins  as  if  shaded  ; 
the  belly  reddish. 

Specimens  were  collected,  by  H.  Miillhausen,  in  Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  a  tributary 
to  Poteau  river,  flowing  into  the  Arkansas  near  Fort  Smith. 

3.  Alburnus  amabilis  — This  is  a  very  slender  and  graceful  species,  about 
two  inches  and  a  half  in  total  length.  The  head  constitutes  the  fifth  of  the 
length,  and  the  greatest  depth,  the  sixth.  There  are  nine  longitudinal  rows  of 
scales  upon  the  flanks,  between  the  insertion  of  the  ventral  fins  and  the  dorsal 
line.  The  lateral  line,  as  usual,  is  found  along  the  fourth  row  from  the  ventrals 
upwards.  The  color  is  dark  reddish  brown,  silvery  upon  the  flanks.  A  black 
patch  upon  the  base  of  the  tail. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  the  Rio  Leona,  an  affluent  of  the  Rio  Nueces,  by 
John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A. 

4.  Alburnus  meqalops. — Resembles  A.  amabilis  in  general  traits,  being  slender 
and  graceful,  but  easily  distinguished  from  it  by  a  shorter  and  more  rounded 
snout  and  a  larger  eye.  The  coloration  is  the  same  with  the  exception  of  the 
black  caudal  patch,  which  does  not  exist  here.  The  average  size  of  the  speci- 
mens before  us  is  about  two  inches. 

Caught  in  San  Felipe  Creek,  Texas,  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  Graham. 

5.  Alburntts  socius. — Resembles  A.  mcgalops  by  its  snout  and  eye.  The  total 
length  is  two  inches  and  a  half,  the  head  forming  the  fifth  part  of  it.  The  greatest 
depth  is  a  little  less  than  the  length  of  the  head.  The  dorsal  region  is  oliva- 
ceous, the  flanks  silvery,  and  the  belly  yellowish.     Opercular  apparatus  golden. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  Live  Oak  Creek,  Texas,  by  John 
H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A. 

15 


194  [September, 

There  are  yet  other  species  which  bear  a  striliing  external  resemblance  to 
Alburnus,  or  better  AlLurnellus,  but  differing  by  an  ensemble  of  characters,  which 
have  led  us  to  establish,  under  the  name  of 

ALBURNOPS, 

a  genus  to  include  them.  They  may  be  distinguished  by  their  smaller  mouth  and 
by  a  thickening  of  the  snout,  which  slightly  overlaps  the  lower  jaw,  contrary  to 
what  is  the  case  in  Alburnus  and  Alburnellus.  In  that  respect,  Alburnops  will 
remind  us  some  species  of  Ihjborhynchus.  The  eye  is  large ;  a  very  narrow 
isthmus  separates  the  gill  apertures  beneath.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals 
talies  place  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin,  which  resembles  that  of 
Alburnus  and  Alburnellus. 

In  both  of  the  latter  genera,  the  ventrals  are  situated  in  advance  of  the  dorsal. 
The  caudal  is  furcated.  On  the  other  hand,  the  anal  has  a  narrower  base  than 
in  Alburnus  and  Alburfiellus ;  the  lateral  line  is  nearly  medial,  instead  of  being 
deflexed  upon  the  abdomen.  The  scales  are  large  and  deciduous.  The  pharyn- 
geal bones  resemble,  by  their  configuration,  those  of  Alburnellus.  The  teeth 
themselves,  are  of  the  prehensile  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  with  a  narrow  and 
sometimes  contorted  grinding  surface.  They  are  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of 
two  and  four :  2  |  4-4  |  2,  or  1  |  4—4  |  2. 

Thus  we  see  that  a  marked  difference  between  Alburnops  and  Alburnus  s.  Al- 
burnellus, consists  in  the  presence  of  a  grinding  surface  in  the  former,  and  which 
is  absent  in  the  latter. 

1.  Alburnops  elennius. — This  species  has  the  snout  most  prominently 
rounded.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary  extends  to  a  vertical  line 
drawn  across  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  The  eye  is  smaller  than  in  the  two 
following  species.  The  greatest  length  being  about  three  inches  and  a  half,  the 
head  forming  the  fifth  part  of  it ;  the  depth  is  less  than  the  length  of  the 
head.  Theie  are  ten  longitudinal  rows  of  scales  upon  the  greatest  depth,  six 
above  the  lateral  line  and  three  below  it.  The  color  is  reddish  brown  ;  the 
middle  of  the  flanks,  silvery  ;  the  fins  unicolor. 

Specimens  collected  iu  the  Arkansas  river,  near  Fort  Smith,  by  Dr.  Geo.  G. 
Shumard. 

2.  Alburnops  suumardi. — The  snout  is  more  conical  than  in  the  preceding 
species,  the  mouth  larger  and  more  deeply  cleft.  The  head  constitutes,  likewise, 
the  fifth  of  the  total  length,  which  measures  three  inches  and  a  half.  There  are 
but  nine  rows  of  scales,  five  above  and  three  below  the  lateral  line.  Color  red- 
dish brown  ;  flanks  silvery. 

Collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  C.  Shumard,  in  the  Arkansas  river,  near  Fort  Smith. 

3.  Alburnops  illecebrosus. — Perhaps  the  most  graceful  of  the  three  species 
so  far  known  of  this  genus.  The  number  of  rows  of  scales  is  ten,  as  in  A. 
blennius.  The  snout  less  prominent  than  in  A.  slnmiardi,  and  more  so  than  in 
A.  blennius.  The  eyes  are  the  largest  in  the  genus.  The  head  is  contained  five 
times  and  a  half  in  the  total  length,  which  averages  about  three  inches.  Color 
reddish  brown  ;  flanks  silvery. 

Caught  in  the  Arkansas  river,  near  Fort  Smith,  by  Dr.  Geo.  G.  Shumard. 

Under  the  name  of 

CODOMA, 

we  arrange  small  cyprinoids,  characterized  by  a  short  head  and  rounded  snout, 
terminated  by  a  small  mouth,  the  cleft  of  which  does  not  reach  a  vertical  line 
drawn  in  front  of  the  orbit;  there  being  no  barbels  at  its  angle,  and  both  jaws 
even.  The  isthmus  is  of  moderate  width.  The  body  is  more  or  less  elongated, 
compressed.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal.    The  caudal  is  bifurcated,  and  like  the  rest  of  the  fins,  rather 


1856.]  195 

small.  The  scales  are  of  medium  size,  higher  than  long,  and  the  lateral  line  is 
but  slightly  deflesed  upon  the  thoracic  region.  The  pharyngeals  are  moderately 
expanded  upon  their  convexity.  The  teeth  are  of  the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the 
hooked  type,  compressed,  without  grinding  surface,  instead  of  which,  a  sharp, 
but  not  serrated  ridge.  They  are  arranged  upon  one  single  row  of  four,  thus  : 
4—4. 

The  general  physiognomy  of  the  genus  reminds  us  of  that  of  Pimcphales  and 
Cochlognalhus,  with  which  genera  it  has  no  intimate  affinities,  when  the  pharyn- 
geal dentition  is  taken  into  consideration.  Indeed,  its  affinities  with  Cyprinella 
and  Moniana  are  of  a  more  close  character,  for  the  teeth  are  constructed  according 
to  the  same  general  pattern  ;  from  Cifprinella,  however,  it  differs  by  the  presence 
of  one  single  row  of  teeth,  and  from  Moniana  by  the  absence  of  serratures  upon 
the  cutting  edge  of  the  teeth,  and  finally  from  both  Cyprindla  and  3Ioniana  by 
smaller  scales,  the  course  of  the  lateral  line,  and  the  short  and  rounded  head. 

1.  CoDOMA  ORNATA.— This  species  has  the  aspect  of  Pimpephales  promdas  to  a 
much  higher  degree  than  the  following.  The  head  forms  the  fifth  of  the  total 
length,  whilst  the  greatest  depth  enters  in  the  latter  but  three  times  and  a  half. 
The  eye  is  circular  and  well  developed  ;  its  diameter  entering  a  little  over  three 
times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal 
is  a  little  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout  that  to  the  insertion  of  the  caudal 
fin. 

D  8  +1 ;  A  7  +  1  ;  C  6,  1,  9,  8,  1,  6 ;  V  7  ;  P  12. 

The  coloration  is  rich  and  profuse,  the  upper  regions  are  purplish  black,  with 
transverse  bands  of  the  same  hue  along  the  flanks  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin  ; 
the  space  not  occupied  by  these,  on  the  back  as  well  as  on  the  abdomen,  is  of 
a  golden  red.  The  fins  are  purplish  black,  edged  or  tipped  with  golden  yellow 
or  pure  white. 

Inhabits  Chihuahua  river  and  its  tributaries  ;  collected  by  John  Potts,  Esq. 

2.  CoDOMA  viTTATA. — Has  a  more  elongated  body  and  subfusiform  outline 
than  the  preceding  species.  The  head  forms  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  the 
entire  length,  whilst  the  depth  enters  in  it  about  four  times  and  a  half.  The  eye 
is  much  smaller  than  in  C.  ornaia;  the  fins  and  scales  are  smaller,  also. 

D8  +  1;  A7+2;  C7,  1,  9,  8,  1,  6;  V7;  P14. 

The  upper  regions  are  purplish  brown  ;  a  silvery  band  along  the  middle  of  the 
flank;  inferiorly  yellowish  orange.  Fins  unicolor ;  the  superior  ones  greyish, 
the  inferior  yellowish. 

Collected  in  the  valley  of  Mexico,  by  John  Potts,  Esq. 

Since  Rafinesque's  genera  are  to  be  restored,  Ms  genus 

Plargyrus, 

is  to  take  the  precedence  over  the  genus  Hypsolepis  of  more  modern  coining.  The 
name  of  Plargyrus  was  provided  for  in  the  Ichthyologia  ohiensis,  to  replace  that 
of  Ruidics  in  the  eventuality  that  Cyprinus  riUilus  of  Europe,  which  was  the  type 
of  the  genus  Ruiilus,  should  prove  generically  distinct  from  Rutilus plargyrus  and 
similar  American  species,  and  which  is  the  case.  _ 

The  genus  Plargyrus  includes  the  prettiest  species  of  American  Cyprinoids. 
Their  comparatively  small  size,  compressed  and  graceful  body,  subfusiform  m 
its  profile,  added  to  brilliant  and  vivid  colors,  have  brought  these  fishes  to  the 
notice  of  the  multitude.  They  are  commonly  known  as  "  Red  Dace,"  "  Silver- 
side  Fall-fish,"  "  White  and  Yellow-winged  Shiner,"  "  Shiner,"  &c. 

Its  generic  traits  may  be  thus  expressed :  Head  large  and  subconical ;  mouth 
terminal  more  or  less  oblique  upwards.  Jaws  equals.  No  cirrhi  or  barbels. 
Eyes  large.  Isthmus  quite  narrow.  Tail  tapering.  Caudal  fin  bifurcated  or 
forked      The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  opposite  the  anterior  margin 


196  0  [September, 

of  dorsal  fin,  or  a  little  behind  it.  Dorsal  and  anal  Ens  without  strongs  and  un- 
divided ray  anterior!}'.  Scales  very  large,  imbricated,  much  higher  than  long. 
Lateral  line  forming  a  downward  curve  beneath  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  Pha- 
ryngeal bones  rather  slender  with  an  angular  expansion  at  the  upper  portion  of 
the  descending  branch,  the  expansion  itself  tapering  away  towards  the  upper 
and  inner  extremity.  The  teeth  are  compressed,  of  the  prehensible  kind,  of  the 
hooked  type,  very  slightly  hooked,  provided  with  a  grinding  surface ;  being  dis- 
posed upon  a  double  row  as  follow:  2  |  4 — 4  |  2. 

The  teeth  of  this  genus  are  figured  by  Heckel,  under  the  name  of  Argyreus 
ruhrijyinnis,  the  second  species  of  his  genus  Argyreus,  and  which  is  nothing  else 
but  Plargyrus  cornutus  in  a  breeding  dress. 

The  species  are : 

1  Plargyrus  cornutus. — Cyprinus  cornutus,  Mitch. — See  Siorcr^s  Fishes  of 
Mass.  in  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  v.  New  Ser.  1855,  118,  where  this  species  is  figured 
and  described. 

2.  Plargyrus  typicus. — Rutilus plargyrus, 'B.kvw.  Ichth.  Ohiens.  1820,  50. — 
Leuciscus  plargyrus,  Kirtl. — Storer,  Synops.  1846,  158. 

3.  Plargyrus  gibbosus. — Leuciscus  gibhosus,  Storer,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  ii.,  1845,  48;  Synops.  1846,  166. 

Alabama. 

4.  Plargyrus  frontalis. — Leuciscus  frontalis,  AgaSS.,  Lake  Sup.  1850,  368» 
PI.  iii.  fig.  4. 

Lake  Superior. 

5.  Plargyrus   gracilis. — Leuciscus  gracilis,  Agass.,  Lake  Sup.   1850,  370' 
Lake  Huron. 

6.  Plargyrus. BOWMANi. — We  inscribe  this  species  to  the  memory  of  one,  who, 
under  difficulties  of  various  sorts,  during  a  travel  across  the  continent,  thought 
it  not  of  little  importance  to  collect  and  preserve  specimens  of  natural  his- 
tory, which  he  forwarded  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The  species  is  grace- 
fully subfusiform  in  its  profile,  the  depth  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  being  equal 
to  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length,  in  which  the  head  itself  enters  about  four  times  and 
a  half  The  eye  is  very  large  ;  its  diameter  being  contained  a  little  less  than 
four  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  Dorsal  region  reddish  brown  ; 
sides  silvery,  abdomen  yellowish.  A  black  streak  along  the  flanks  and  above 
the  lateral  line. 

A  specimen,  four  inches  in  total  length  was  caught  in  the  Sweet  water,  a 
tributary  of  Platte  or  Nebraska  river,  by  the  late  J.  Soule  Bowman. 

Had  the  name  of  ITypsolepis  not  been  made  synonymous  of  Plargyrus,  we 
might  have  applied  it  with  perfect  propriety  to  the  group  which  we  now  call 

CYPRINELLA, 

since  the  fishes  therein  included,  possess  that  curious  character  of  scales  higher 
than  long.  They  replace  in  the  South-west,  the  Plargyri  of  more  northern 
climes.  Though  generally  smaller  than  the  species  of  Plargyrus,  some  do  re- 
semble the  latter  in  a  very  striking  manner,  whilst  others  are  much  shorter  and 
deeper  in  proportion.  The  chief  differences  between  the  present  genus  and 
Plargyrus,  is  to  be  found  in  the  pharyngeal  teeth  and  the  position  of  the  ventrals. 
To  Jfoniana  it  bears  more  striking  resemblances  and  real  aflSnities.  The 
position  of  the  ventral  fins  is  the  same,  the  pharyngeal  bones  are  alike  also,  the 
teeth  are  of  the  same  general  pattern,  but  disposed  upon  a  double  series  in  Cypri- 
nella,  and  upon  one  only  in  iVoniana.  Besides,  in  Cypri?iclla,  the  snout  generally 
protrudes  beyond  the  lower  jaw,  though  the  mouth  is  slightly  oblique  and  sub- 
terminal.  But  let  us  formulate  the  generic  characters  of  the  genus  we  are  now 
treating  of:  Body  very  compressed,  either  elongated  and  subfusiform,  or  else 
with  the  dorsal  and  abdominal  outlines  rather  arched,  but  which  may,  after  all. 


1856.]  197 

simply  indicate  the  female  sex  at  the  breeding  season.  The  head  is  of  moderate 
size,  subconical,  the  snout  generally  protruding  beyond  the  lower  jaw.  The 
mouth  is  small,  slightly  oblique  and  subterminal.'  No  barbels  of  any  sort.  Eyes 
moderate.  Isthmus  narrow.  Tail  tapering,  caudal  fin  bifurcated.  Insertion  of 
ventrals  opposite  or  slightly  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  dorsal  fin. 
Scales  of  moderate  development,  imbricated,  much  higher  than  long.  Lateral 
line  forming  a  downwards  curve  beneath  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  Pharyngeal 
bones  like  those  of  Plnrgyrus.  The  teeth  are  slender  and  compressed,  of  the 
raptatorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  slightly  hooked,  without  grinding  surface, 
instead  of  which,  a  sharp  ridge  inconspicuously  creaated,  and  disposed  upon  a 
double  row  of  four  and  one,  in  the  following  manner,  1  |  4 — 4  |  1. 

We  know  already  several  species  of  this  genus,  besides  one  formerly  described 
and  with  which  we  commence  the  list. 

1.  Cyprinella  bubalina. — Leuciscus  bubalinus,  B.  &  G.,  in  Marci/s  Expl.  of  Red 
Riv.  of  La.  1853,  249.  Zool.  PI.  xiv.  figs.  5 — 8. — It  is  one  of  those  species,  the 
dorsal  outline  of  which  is  very  much  arched. 

From  Otter  Creek,  a  tributary  to  the  northern  fork  of  Red  River,  Ark. 

2.  Cyprinella  umbrosa. — Also  a  deep  bodied  species,  much  larger  than 
the  preceding,  indeed  the  largest  of  the  species  hitherto  known  of  its 
genus.  The  ventral  outline  as  much  arched  as  that  of  the  back.  The  greatest 
depth,  taken  at  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  is  equal  to  the  third  of  the 
length,  the  caudal  fin  excluded.  The  entire  length  measures  about  three  inches 
and  a  quarter,  the  caudal  fin  being  a  little  less  than  the  greatest  depth.  The 
nape  is  a  little  depressed ;  the  head  constitutes  the  fourth  of  the  length,  caudal 
fin  excluded.  The  eye  is  circular,  its  diameter  entering  a  little  over  three  times 
in  the  length  of  side  of  the  head.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  nearer  the 
tip  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals 
is  a  little  in  advance  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 

D  8  4-  2  ;  A  9  +  2  ;  0  3,  1,  9,  8,  1,  4  ;  V  8  ;  P  14. 

Greyish  red  above;  greyish  white  beneath.     Fins  unicolor. 

Specimens  were  caught  by  H.  B.  MoUhausen,  under  Lt.  Whipple,  in  Coal 
creek,  a  tribatary  to  the  southern  fork  of  the  Canadian  river,  Ark.,  and  also 
twenty  miles  west  of  the  Choctaw  Agency. 

3.  Cyprinella  gdnnisoni. — The  body  is  short  but  not  so  deep  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding species.  The  head  is  smaller  than  in  C.  umbrosa,  but  the  eye  preserves 
the  same  proportions.  A  characteristic  feature  may  be  found  in  the  scales  which 
show  a  greater  portion  of  their  surface,  though  equally  as  high.  Color  reddish 
brown,  dark  above  and  light  beneath. 

Collected  in  Cottonwood  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah, 
and  brought  home  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A. 

4.  Cyprinella  beckwithi. — A  species  allied  to  the  preceding  by  its  external 
form  and  general  appearance,  but  readily  distinguished  from  it  by  a  larger  head, 
and  larger  scales  also.  The  latter  one  likewise  larger  than  in  C.  umbrosa.  Color 
greyish  brown  above,  orange  red  beneath ;  fins  unicolor. 

From  the  sluices  of  the  Arkansas  river  near  Fort  Makee  ;  brought  home  by  Lt. 
E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A. 

5.  Cyprinella  suavis. — This  species  establishes  the  transition  between  the 
deep  and  slender  species.  The  head  forms  about  the  fifth,  and  the  depth  the 
fourth  of  the  total  length.  Yellowish  red  above,  and  yellowish  white  beneath 
with  a  silvery  hue. 

Collected  near  San  Antonio,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Lt.  A.  W. 
Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

6.  Cyprinella  LEPiDA. — Elongated  and  fusiform;  the  greatest  depth  taken 
upon  the  anterior  third  of  the  body,  being  contained  four  times  and  a  half  in  the 
total  length  ;  the  head  forming  a  little  less  than  the  fourth  of  the  same  length.  The 


198  [September, 

head,  therefore,  is  well  developed;  the  eye  is  circular,  its  diameter  being  con- 
tained four  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  The  scales  are  larger 
than  in  any  of  its  hitherto  known  congeners.  Light  reddish  above,  pale  sulphur 
yellow  beneath. 

Caught  in  the  Rio  Frio,  a  tributary  to  the  Rio  Nueces,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B. 
Kennedy,  under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

8.  Cyprinella  notata. — Also  an  elongated  and  fusiform  species,  but  easily 
distinguished  from  C.  lejnda,  by  a  shorter  head,  less  furcated  caudal,  and, 
especially,  by  smaller  scales  ;  the  latter  differing  also  in  their  general  outline  and 
radiating  furrows.  Reddish  above;  yellowish  beneath,  with  a  jet  black  patch 
upon  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin. 

Collected  in  the  Rio  Seco,  a  tributary  to  the  Rio  Nueces,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B. 
Kennerly,  under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

8.  Cyprinella  whipplii. — Gracefully  elongated  and  subfusiform.  Dorsal 
region  slightly  arched  upon  the  insertion  of  the  fin.  Greatest  depth  forming  a 
little  more  than  the  fifth  of  the  total  length,  whilst  the  head,  which  is  subconi- 
cal,  constitutes  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  the  same  dimension.  The  eye  is 
quite  large,  larger  than  in  any  other  species  of  the  same  genus,  since  its  diameter 
enters  but  a  little  over  three  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  head.  Another 
very  characteristic  feature  is  to  be  found  in  a  very  high  dorsal  fin,  rounded  upon 
its  upper  margin.  The  origin  of  the  ventral  fins  is  situated  opposite  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  of  moderate  development,  and  the 
lateral  line  is  but  slightly  flexed  downwards.  Reddish  brown  above ;  golden 
yellow  beneath ;  a  black  patch  upon  the  posterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 

Caught  in  the  Sugar  Loaf  creek,  a  tributary  of  Poteau  river,  itself  empty- 
ing its  waters  into  the  Arkansas  river,  near  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  by  H.  B.  M611- 
hausen,  under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

9.  Cyprinella  macrostoma. — This  species  is  very  characteristic.  The  body 
is  deep  upon  its  middle,  tapering  posteriorly.  The  head  is  subconical,  with  a 
prominent  snout  and  a  very  large  mouth.  The  eye  is  well  developed.  The  ven- 
trals  are  inserted  a  little  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Red  ; 
silvery  upon  the  opercular  apparatus  and  middle  of  the  sides. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  Devil's  River,  Texas,  by  John  H.  Clark, 
under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  and  at  China,  New  Leon,  by  Lt.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A. 

10.  Cyprinella  venusta. — Gracefully  compressed  and  fusiform  in  profile.  The 
snout  protruding  and  subconical.  The  species  is  related  to  C.  macrostoma,  from 
which  it  chiefly  diifers  by  the  relative  size  of  its  mouth  and  shape  of  the  body. 
The  ventrals  are  likewise  inserted  a  little  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
dorsal.  Greyish  red  above,  pale  beneath ;  sides  silvery.  A  black  patch  upon 
the  base  of  the  caudal  fin. 

Numerous  specimens  were  collected  in  the  Rio  Sabinal,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B. 
Kennerly,  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory. 

11.  Cyprinella  texana. — Body  very  slender  and  fusiform  ;  head  small  and 
subconical;  mouth  small;  eje  large.  Ventrals  inserted  under  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal.  Color  reddish  brown,  sides  silvery;  lateral  line  accom- 
panied by  black  dots  terminating  into  a  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal. 

From  Rio  Salado,  Texas,  and  Turkey  creek,  Texas,  collecteii  by  John  H.  Clark, 
under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham. 

12.  Cyprinella  luxiloides — At  first,  this  species  would  remind  us  of  cer- 
tain species  of  Liixilus  in  its  general  appearance.  The  body  being  deep, 
gradually  tapering  away  forwards  and  backwards.  The  head  is  well  developed, 
and  the  mouth  also.  Ventrals  inserted  slightly  in  advance  of  the  dorsal.  Red- 
dish brown  above:  silvery  beneath. 

From  San  Pedro  creek,  Texas,  collected  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Major 
W.  H.  Emory. 


1856.]  199 

13.  Cyprinella  lugubris. — Elongated,  fasiform  ;  head  large  and  mouth  ac- 
cordingly, though  the  latter  is  smaller  than  in  C.  macrostoma.  The  ventrals  are 
inserted  under  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  Dark  brown  above,  silyery 
upon  the  sides  and  under  the  belly. 

The  locality  were  this  species  was  collected  is  not  precisely  known.  It  was 
brought  borne  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith. 

14.  Cyprinella  ludibunda. — All  the  specimens  of  this  species  which  we  have 
examined  are  immature,  and  yet  there  is  no  doubt  in  our  mind  as  to  its  specific 
difference  from  all  the  species  hereto  alluded  to.  The  head  is  small  and  conical, 
with  the  snout  round  and  truncated.  The  mouth  being  small.  The  ventrals 
inserted  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  Color  reddish  brown  ; 
middle  of  sides  silvery;  lateral  line  marked  with  black  dots. 

Associated  with  the  preceding,  and  collected  under  the  same  circumstances. 

"We  next  introduce  a  genus  composed  of  small  species,  all  being  provided  with 
scales  similar  in  general  outline,  to  those  of  both  Plargyrus  and  Cyprinella :  we 
call  it 

MONTANA. 

Its  species  truly  replace  the  Plargyri  in  a  more  southern  latitude  under  a 
diminutive  aspect.  As  regards  structure,  they  differ  widely  from  Plargijrus,  as 
will  appear  by  the  following  diagnosis  :  Body  compressed,  subfusiform.  Head 
rather  small,  subconical  or  rounded.  Snout  occasionally  protruding  slightly. 
Mouth  suboblique,  terminal ;  both  jaws  generally  equal.  No  barbels.  Isthmus 
narrow.  Eyes  moderate.  Caudal  fin  bifurcated.  These  characters,  so  far,  are 
found  in  Plargyrus.  But  now  for  the  differences.  The  insertion  ofthe  ventrals  is 
situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  which  is  higher  than 
long.  The  pharyngeal  teeth  are  compressed,  of  the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the 
hooked  type,  without  grinding  surface,  instead  of  which,  a  sharp  ridge  is  observed, 
very  minutely  crenated.  They  are  disposed  upon  a  single  row  of  four,  thus : 
4—4. 

Besides  a  species  previously  described,  there  are  several  new  ones  to  be  placed 
on  record. 

1.  Montana  lutrensis  — Leitcisms  lutrensis,  B,  &  G.  in  Marcy^s  Expl.  of  Eed 
Riv.  of  La.  1853,  251.  Zool.  PI.  xiv.  figs.  9—12. 

From  Otter  creek,  tributary  of  the  northern  fork  of  Red  River,  Ark.  It  was 
also  caught  in  Gypsum  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  false  Washita  River,  by  H.  B. 
MoUhausen,  under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

2.  Montana  lecnina.—  The  largest  of  the  hitherto  known  species  of  the  genus. 
The  entire  length  measures  three  inches  and  a  quarter,  the  head  forming  the 
fourth  of  it,  the  caudal  fin  excluded.  The  body  is  very  deep  upon  its  middle, 
where  the  greatest  depth  is  a  little  less  than  the  fourth  of  the  entire  length.  The 
mouth  is  proportionally  small.  The  eye  being  circular,  its  diameter  entering  four 
times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.     The  rays  are : 

D9  +  2;A10  +  2;    0  5,1,9,8,1,7;    V9;    P  16. 

Greyish  brown  above;  white  or  dull  yellowish  beneath. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  Leon  River,  a  tributary  to  the  Rio  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Lt.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

3.  Montana  deliciosa. — This  is  one  of  the  most  slender  of  all  the  species 
hitherto  known  of  the  genus.  Its  length  is  a  little  over  two  inches  and  a  half, 
the  head  forming  the  fifth  part  of  it.  The  latter  is  proportionally  small,  sub- 
conical  anteriorly.  The  eye  is  quite  large  and  circular,  its  diameter  en- 
tering about  three  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head.  There  are  ten 
longitudinal  rows  of  scales  upon  the  greatest  depth  of  the  body ;  the  scales  them- 


200  [September, 

selves  are  large.     The  color  is  reddish  brown  above,  silvery  along  the  middle 
of  the  flanks  and  yellowish  beneath. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  Leon  River,  a  tributary  of  the 
Rio  San  Antonio,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

4.  MoNiANA  PROSERPINA, — is  remarkable  for  its  slender  body,  subconical  head, 
and  very  small  mouth.  The  eye  is  of  moderate  development.  The  total  length 
is  two  inches  and  a  quarter,  the  head  constituting  the  fifih  part  of  it.  Eleven  rows 
of  scales  may  be  counted  upon  the  line  of  greatest  depth  of  the  body.  Greyish 
brown  above  ;  metallic  greyish  white  upon  the  sides  and  beneath. 

From  Devil's  River,  Texas  ;  collected  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Gra- 
ham, U.  S.  A. 

5.  MoxiANA  AURATA. — A  most  haudsome  species,  with  a  rather  deep  body 
gradually  tapering  posteriorly,  and  a  rounded  and  subtruncated  head  bearing 
minute  spines  upon  its  upper  surface.  The  eye  is  proportionally  small,  and  the 
mouth  of  medium  size.  Chesnut  brown  above;  a  diffused  blackish  streak  along 
the  middle  of  the  flanks;  golden  beneath. 

From  Piedra  Painie,  New  Mexico  ;  collected  by  John  H,  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D. 
Graham. 

6.  MoNiANA  coMPLANATA. — The  most  compresscd  of  all  the  species  so  far  known. 
The  profile  is  regular  ;  the  peduncl'e  of  the  tail  rather  slender.  The  total  length 
is  two  inches  and  a  half,  the  head  entering  in  it  five  times  and  a  half.  The 
mouth  and  eye  are  of  but  moderate  size.  Scales  large  and  very  deciduous.  Pale 
red  above,  silvery  upon  the  sides  and  yellowish  beneath. 

Collected  at  Brownsville,  Texas,  by  Capt,  Van  Vliet,  U.  S.  A. 

7.  MoNiANA  L,T.TABiLis. — The  body  is  subelliptical  in  profile,  the  tail  slender. 
The  head  well  developed,  being  contained  four  times  and  a  half  in  the  total 
length,  which  measures  about  two  inches.  The  greatest  depth  is  equal  to  the 
length  of  the  head.  The  fins  are  quite  conspicuously  developed;  the  scales 
large,  as  usual  in  the  genus,  being  also  deciduous.  Reddish  brown  above,  yel- 
lowish white  beneath  ;  sides  silvery. 

Specimens  collected  by  H.  B.  MoUhausen,  under  Lieut.  W.  A.  Whipple,  in 
Hurah  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Pecos,  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Rio 
Bravo). 

8.  MoNiANA  PULCHELLA. — Allied  to  M.  lutrensis.  but  differing  from  it  by  a  shorter 
snout  and  a  more  compact  tail.  The  eye  is  large  also.  A  distinctive  feature 
between  the  two  species  is  to  be  found  in  the  squamation,  since  the  scales  are 
more  deeply  imbricated  in  31.  lutrensis  than  in  M.  jjalchclla.  The  color  is  reddish 
brown  ;  silvery  upon  the  sides. 

Caught  by  H.  B.  Mollhausen,  under  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the 
Sugar  Loaf  Creek,  emptying  its  waters  into  the  Poteau  River,  itself  a  tributary 
of  the  Arkansas,  near  Fort  Smith. 

9  MoNiANA  PRiGiDA. — This  species  is  a  little  more  than  three  inches  in  total 
length,  and  stands  next  to  the  largest  of  the  hitherto  known  species.  The  head 
forms  about  the  fifth  of  the  length.  The  body  is  rather  deep  and  very  much 
compressed  ;  the  caudal  fin  deeply  forked.  The  eye  is  circular,  and  its  diameter 
contained  four  times  in  the  length  of  side  of  the  head. 

The  rays  of  the  fins  are, 

D  84-2;  A  8  +  2:  C  G,  1,  9,  8,  1,  G;  V  8  ;  P  13. 

The  color  is  of  a  reddish  brown  above,  silvery  white  beneath.  The  middle  of 
the  flanks  exhibits  an  indistinct  or  rather  diffused  silvery  band,  sometimes 
blackish. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  by  John  II.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D. 
Graham,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rio  Salado,  Rio  Sabinal  and  Rio  Medina,  all  three 
tributaries  to  the  Rio  S.in  Antonio,  and  in  the  Rio  Nueces  also.  It  was  likewise 
caught  in  the  Rio  Frio,  a  tributary  of  the  Nueces  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under 
Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 


1856.]  201 

10.  MoNiANA  coucHi, — resembles  M.  gracilis  most ;  is,  however,  distinguished 
from  it  by  a  less  fusiform  body  and  a  much  shorter  head.  This  feature  may  be 
traced  upon  series  of  specimens  of  both  species  with  an  unfailing  constancy. 
The  eye  is  smaller  also,  and  so  is  the  mouth  as  might  be  deduced  from  the  cha- 
racters just  alluded  to. 

From  the  vicinity  of  China,  New  Leon,  Mexico  ;  collected  by  Lieut.  Couch, 
U.  S.  A. 

11.  MosiANA  RUTiLA, — has  the  general  physiognomy  of  M.  gracilis,  from  which  it 
differs  by  a  more  advanced  position  of  the  dorsal  fin  and  larger  scales.  Dorsal 
region  greyish ;  sides  and  abdomen  golden. 

From  Cadereita,  New  Leon,  Mex. ;  collected  by  Lieiit.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A. 

12.  MoNiANA  NiTiDA. — This  spBcies  differs  from  JI.eouchi  by  a  more  elongated 
and  fusiform  body,  more  elongated  head  and  much  larger  eye.  From  M.  rutila 
it  differs  by  the  same  characters  of  the  body,  but  the  head  differs  by  the  flatten- 
ing of  its  upper  surface.  There  are  eleven  longitudinal  rows  of  scales  upon  the 
line  of  greatest  depth  of  the  body,  five  above  and  five  below  the  lateral  line. 
The  latter,  therefore,  is  nearly  medial,  forming  but  a  slight  curve  upon  the 
middle  of  the  abdomen.  Color  pale  red,  sides  of  head  and  middle  of  the  flanks 
silvery. 

Collected  at  Cadereita,  New  Leon,  by  Lieut.  D.  N.  Couch,  U.  S.  A. 

13.  Montana  Formosa. — The  prettiest  species  of  the  genus  ;  the  body  is  ellipsoid 
in  profile  and  the  tail  very  much  tapering.  The  region  above  the  lateral  line  is 
blackish  brown  in  the  adult,  and  reddish  brown  in  the  young,  occasionally  also 
dotted  with  black  ;  the  inferior  regions  are  reddish  yellow  anteriorly  and  yel- 
lowish red  posteriorly. 

Numerous  specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  the  Eio  Mimbres,  Mex. 

14.  MoNiANA  GRACILIS. — A  Very  graceful  and  slender  species,  resembling  most 
J/,  lulrensis,  from  which  it  however  differs  by  a  much  smaller  head  and  a  more 
arched  back  ;  the  body  itself  is  more  compact.  Ash  grey  above,  yellowish  white 
beneath  ;  flanks  silvery. 

Specimens  were  collected  near  Monterey,  New  Leon,  by  Lieut.  Couch,  U.  S.  A. 

15.  Montana  gibbosa. — May  readily  be  distinguished  from  all  its  congeners  by 
a  short  and  arched  body,  resembling  a  cyprinodon  as  much  as  any  fish  we  might 
compare  it  to.     Pale  reddish  above,  whitish  beneath  ;  sides  silvery. 

Specimens  collected  ai  Brownsville,  Texas,  by  Capt.  Van  Vliet,  U.  S.  A. 

16.  MoNiANA  TRisTis. — A  slender  and  graceful  species,  subfusiform  in  profile, 
though  the  back  is  rather  arched.  The  peduncle  of  the  tail  is  long  and  of 
nearly  uniform  depth.  The  head  constitutes  about  the  fifth  of  the  length.  Eleven 
rows  of  scales,  five  above,  five  below  the  lateral  line.     Reddish  brown. 

Brought  home  by  Lieut.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A. 

The  "  Fauna  Boreali  Americana  "  records  under  the  name  of  Cyprinus  (Abra- 
nis,)  baltcaius,  a  species  of  this  family,  which  bears  a  strong  external  resemblance 
to  the  large  species  of  Luxilus,  and  so  much  so,  that,  on  a  superficial  examina- 
tion, no  one  would  hesitate  to  refer  it  to  the  latter  genus.  The  structure  of  the 
pharyngeal  teeth  affords  the  most  striking  generic  differences,  as  will  be  seen 
further  on.     In  selecting  for  it  the  name  of 

RICHARDSONIUS, 

we  have  borne  in  mind  the  eminent  labors  of  the  author  of  the  work  just  referred 
to.  We  will  characterize  the  genus  by  saying,  that  the  body  is  very  compressed, 
subelliptical  or  fusiform  in  its  outline  and  deep  upon  its  middle.  The  head  is 
proportionally  small ;  the  mouth  terminal,  slightly  oblique,  constructed  as  in 
Luxilus,  but  somewhat  larger,  yet  unprovided  with  cirrhi  or  barbels.  The  eye 
is  large.  Isthmus  very  narrow.  Caudal  fin  forked  ;  insertion  of  ventrals  situ- 
ated in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.     Anal  fin  longer  than  the 


202  [September, 

dorsal,  and  its  anterior  margin  situated  anteriorly  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
base  of  the  dorsal,  in  which  respects  it  differs  from  Luxilus.  The  pharyngeal 
bones  are  narrow,  with  a  slight  expansion  upon  their  convexity  ;  the  teeth  being 
of  the  raptatorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  strongly  hooked,  without  grinding 
surface,  instead  of  which  a  sharp  but  not  crenated  ridge.  They  are  disposed 
upon  a  double  row  of  four  or  five  and  two,  as  follows :  2  |  4 — 4  |  3,  or  2  |  5 — 
5  I  2. 

The  present  genus  bears  some  resemblance  to  Squalius,  from  which  it  may 
be  distinguished  by  the  smooth  edge  of  the  dental  ridge  and  the  long  anal,  with 
its  peculiar  position  in  reference  to  the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  also  smaller  and 
much  deeper  than  long,  which  is  not  the  case  in  Squalius. 

1.  RiCHARDSONius  BALTEATUS.  Abramis  balteatus,  Richards.  Fauui  Bor.  Amer. 
iii.  1836,  301.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  160. 

The  specimens  before  us  were  collected  at  Fort  Vancouver  and  Fort  Dalles, 
Columbia  River,  by  Geo.  Suckley,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

2.  RiCHARDSONius  LATERALIS, — is  more  of  an  elongated  and  fusiform  aspect  than 
R.  balteatus.  The  head  is  contained  four  limes  and  a  half  in  the  total  length. 
The  pharyngeal  teeth  are  five  upon  the  outer  row,  instead  of  four.  Dorsal  region 
blackish  brown  ;  lower  part  of  sides  and  abdomen  silvery;  upper  part  of  sides 
provided  with  a  black  band  extending  from  head  to  tail. 

Specimens  procured  at  Fort  Steilacoom,  Paget  Sound,  "W.  T.,  by  Dr.  Geo. 
Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

We  adopt  the  genus 

Luxilus,  Rafin. 

To  include  such  species  as  are  congenerical  with  Leuciscus  chrysoleucus  of 
Mitchill,  and  Luxilus  chrysocephalus  of  Rafinesque.  .It  is  one  of  the  most 
characteristic  genus  of  North  American  cyprinoid,  and  altogether  misunder- 
stood by  Heckel ;  for,  Cyjmnus  chrysoleucus^  Mitch.,  which  he  places  in  his 
genus  Lcucosomus,  is  generally  distinct  from  Lmciscus  imlchellus  of  Storer,  as 
I  have  had  the  opportunity  to  ascertain.  The  diagnosis  given  to  Leucosomus  by  its 
author,  and  the  figures  representing  the  pharyngeal  dentition,  leave  no  room  for 
doubt.  Leucoso7nus,  therefore,  is  not  synonymous  with  Luxilus,  but  was  really  es- 
tablished upon  a  species  most  intimately  related  to  the  one  yet  unpublished,  and 
which  is  the  type  of  the  genus  CheiJoncmus.  The  latter,  therefore,  must  give 
way  to  Lcucosomus,  a  circumstance  unavoidable  and  very  much  to  be  regretted, 
for  it  complicates  the  synonymy  of  both  Luxilus  and  Leucosomus. 

We  characterize  as  follows  the  genus  Luxilus:  "  Body  very  much  compressed, 
flattened  laterally,  and  deepest  upon  the  middle  of  its  length.  Head  propor- 
tionally small  and  compressed  like  the  body.  Mouth  small,  terminal,  unpro- 
vided with  cirrhi  or  barbels.  Eyes  quite  large.  Isthmus  small.  Caudal  fins 
forked  ;  insertion  of  ventrals  situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
dorsal.  Scales  large ;  lateral  line  forming  a  very  open  curve,  convex  down- 
wards." Pharyngeal  bones  much  stouter  superiorly  than  inferiorly ;  a  slight 
expansion  may  be  observed  upon  the  convexity  of  these  bones,  extending  up- 
wards. The  teeth  are  of  the  bruising  kind  of  the  hooked  type  with  a  slight  hook 
and  a  well  developed  grinding  surface,  both  edges  of  which  being  strongly 
crenated.  They  are  disposed  upon  a  single  row  of  five,  thus  :  5 — 5.  The  three 
uppermost  (sometimes  the  upper  two  only),  stand  out  in  bold  relief  from  the 
line  of  the  bone. 

We  meant  to  have  observed,  in  speaking  of  the  head,  that  the  lower  jaw  fits 
into  the  upper  one  when  the  mouth  is  shut  without  protrusion  of  the  snout,  and 
that  when  the  mouth  is  partly  open,  the  lower  jaw  aj^pcars  longer  than  the 
upper. 

1.  Luxilus  americanus. — Cyprinus  americanus,  Lac'ep. — Cyprinus  chrysoleucus, 
Mitch. — Leuciscus  chrysoleucus,  Storer. — Leucosomus  americanus,  Grd. — For  a  de- 


1856.] 


203 


scription  and  a  figure  of  this  species,  we  refer  to  Storer^s  "  History  of  the  Fishes 
of  Massachussetts,"  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  memoirs  of  the  American 
Academy. 

2.  LuxiLUS  coMPRESSus. — RutUus  compressus,  Eafin.  Ichth.  Ohiens.  1820,51. — 
KiiiTL.  Rep.  169. — Leucisciis  compressus,  Kirtl.  Bost.  Journ.  of  Nat.  Hist.  iv. 
1843,  306.  PI.  XT.  fig.  2.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  157. 

3.  LuxiLUS  OBESUS. — Leuciseus  ohesus,  Storer,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc  Nat.  Hist, 
i.  1845,  48  ;  and  Synops.  1846,  166. — Stilbe  ohesus,  Agass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc. 
2d.  Ser.  xviii.  1854,  359. 

4.  LuxiLTJS  occiDENTALis. — Leucosomus  occidentalism  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philada.  vii.  1854,  137. 

5.  LuxiLUS  LEPTOSOMUS. — Outline  regularly  subfusiform  ;  the  depth  forming  a 
little  more  than  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  The  head  enters  five  times 
and  a  half  in  the  same  dimension.  The  anal  fin  is  a  great  deal  larger  than 
the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  larger  than  in  any  other  species  of  the  same 
genus. 

D  9  ;  A  13+2 ;  C  5,  1,  9,  8,  1,  5  ;  V  9 ;  P  15. 

Color  greyish  brown  above ;  light  reddish  beneath  ;  sides  silvery.  Forked 
margin  of  caudal,  blackish  grey. 

From  Dry  Creek,  near  Victoria,  Texas ;  collected  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  un- 
der Major  W.  H.  Emory,  TJ.  S.  A.,  Commissioner  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Boundary. 

G.  LuxiLUS  SECo. — Body  deeper  than  in  L.  leptosomiis ;  depth  equal  to  the 
fourth  of  total  length.  Head  contained  five  times  and  a  half  in  the  same  dimen- 
sion. Eye  very  large  ;  its  diameter  entering  three  times  only  in  the  length  of 
the  side  of  the  head.  Mouth  small.  Scales  of  moderate  development.  Light 
brown  above,  yellowish  white  beneath  ;  sides  silvery. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  the  Rio  Seco,  a  tribunary  of  the 
Rio  Nueces,  Texas,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  U.  S.  A. 

7.  LuxiLUS  LuciDus. — General  form  resembling  that  of  L.  seco.  The  head, 
however,  is  contained  but  four  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  head. 
The  mouth  is  a  good  deal  larger,  whilst  the  eye  is  smaller.  The  scales,  like- 
wise, attain  to  a  greater  development.  The  color  is  the  same  as  in  the  preceding 
species,  with  the  exception  that  the  tint  of  the  back  has  a  greyish  hue  and 
extends  more  to  the  sides. 

Collected  by  H.  B.  MoUhausen,  under  Lieut.  A.  W.  Whipple,  TJ.  S.  A.,  in 
Coal  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Canadian  River,  and  also 
twenty  miles  west  of  Choctaw  Agency. 

In  the  Ichthyologia  ohiensis  we  find  the  genus 

Semotilus,  Rafin. 

which,  though  imperfectly  characterised,  leaves  not  doubt  as  to  the  species  the 
author  intended  to  include  in  it.  Semotilus  dorsalis  and  Semotilus  ccphalus,  are 
both  well  known  species.  S.  diplemia,  on  the  other  hand,  does  not  come  under 
this  head.  The  genus  Semotilus  we  therefore  restore  with  the  following  charac- 
ters :  Head  subconical,  both  jaws  equal  or  else  even  anteriorly ;  cleft  of  mouth 
slightly  oblique  upwards.  The  mouth  itself  being  large,  surmounted  with  soft 
lips  and  without  barbels.  The  isthmus  is  rather  narrow.  The  insertion  of  the 
ventral  fins  is  situated  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  which 
is  higher  than  long.  The  caudal  is  bifurcated.  The  scales,  of  moderate  size. 
The  pharyngeal  bones  are  narrow,  very  slightly  expanded  upon  the  upper  half 
of  their  curve.  The  teeth  are  of  the  voratorial  kind,  of  the  hooked  type  with- 
out grinding  surface,  stoutish,  moderately  hooked  and  disposed  upon  a  double 
row  in  the  following  manner:  2  |  5 — 5  |  2;  sometimes  2  |  4 — 5  |  2.  Generally 
speaking,  a  black  or  brown  spot  may  be  observed  at  the  base  of  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  dorsal  fin. 


204  [September, 

Besides  the  two  species  just  referred  to,  the  present  genus  will  include  : 

3.  Sbmotilus  ateomacclatus. — Oyprinus  airomaculatus,  Mitch. — Leuciscus  airo- 
muculatus  of  more  moderu  writers.  Leuciscus  iris,  Val.  in  Cuv.  ^-  Val.,  Hist. 
Nat.  Poiss.  sii.  1844,  255,  pi.  496. 

4.  Semotilus  macrocephalus. — Easily  distinguished  by  its  very  large  head 
which  forms  more  than  the  fourth  of  the  entire  length.  Its  body  is  very  much 
compressed  and  tapering  posteriorly.  The  scales  are  more  uniformly  imbricated 
than  in  S.  airotnaculahis,  in  which  there  is  a  noted  difference  it  that  respect  be- 
tween the  anterior  and  posterior  portions  of  the  body.  The  species  of  this 
genus  are  generally  very  uniform  ;  the  number  of  the  rays  of  the  fins  hardly 
undergoes  any  variation.     In  the  present  species  they  stand  as  follows : 

D  9+2  ;  A  9  +  2  ;  C  6,  1,  9,  8,  1,  5  ;  V  8  ;  P  15. 

Two  rudimentary  rays  in  front  of  both  the  dorsal  and  anal,  one  of  which  very 
exiguous.  Brownish  grey  above  ;  silvery  white  beneath.  A  black  spot  at  the 
base  of  caudal  also. 

Specimens  were  collected  at  Fort  Pierre,  Nebr.,  by  Dr.  John  Evans,  U.  S. 
Geologist. 

5.  Semotilus  speciosus. — A  graceful  and  slender  fish,  subfusiform  in  its  out- 
line, the  head,  which  is  conical  and  pointed  forwards,  constituting  exactly  the 
the  fourth  of  the  entire  length.  The  ventrals  are  situated  a  little  further  than 
in  S.  atromaculalits.  The  scales  of  the  dorsal  region  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin 
are  quite  small ;  and  those  on  the  thoracic  region  smaller  than  posteriorly  along 
the  sides  of  the  tail. 

There  are  thirteen  rays  in  the  pectorals  ;  the  number  of  rays  in  the  other  fins 
does  not  diifer  from  the  preceding  species. 

The  dorsal  region  is  reddish  brown  ;  the  abdomen  is  yellowish  or  whitish.  A 
black  vitta  extends  from  the  nose  across  the  face  and  eye  to  the  base  of  the 
caudal,  where  exists  also  a  circular  black  spot,  similar  to  the  one  upon  the  base 
of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal. 

Collected  in  the  Sweet  Water,  a  tributary  of  Platte  or  Nebraska  River,  by  the 
late  J.  Soule  Bowman, 

We  come  next  to  a  small  fish,  constituting  a  new  genus,  not  without  analogy 
with  the  Gudgeons,  differing  from  the  true  Gudgeons,  by  the  absence  of  barbels 
either  maxillary  or  buccal  and  a  less  prominent  snout.     We  propose  to  call  it 

TIAROGA, 

and  characterise  it  as  follows  :  Head  small,  subconical,  depressed.  Mouth 
obliquely  terminal,  of  moderate  size  and  without  barbels  of  any  kind.  Upper 
jaw  slightly  longer  than  the  lower.  Eye  of  medium  size.  Isthmus  very  wide. 
Body  slender,  subfusiform,  compressed.  Fins  are  well  developed  ;  dorsal  and 
anal  narrow  and  high  ;  caudal  bifurcated.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  takes 
place  in  advance  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  scales  are  small ;  the 
lateral  line,  medial.  The  pharyngeals  are  similar  to  those  in  Gohio.  The  teeth 
are  likewise  of  the  same  character :  slender,  subcylindrical  upon  their  base  com- 
pressed above,  of  the  raptatorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  without  grinding 
surface  and  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  one  and  three,  thus:  1  |  3 — 3  |  1. 
So  far  but  one  single  species  is  known. 

Tiaroga  cobitis. — About  two  inches  and  a  half  in  total  length,  the  head 
forming  about  the  fifth  of  it.  The  eyes  approximate  the  upper  surface  of  the 
head  which  is  rounded.  The  upper  regions  are  brownish,  with  small  blackish 
spots;  the  inferior  regions  are  unicolor  of  a  yellowish  tint.  A  black  spot  upon 
the  base  of  the  caudal  fin. 

Specimens  collected  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J.  D.  Graham,  in  the  Rio 
San  Pedro,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Gila. 


1856.]  205 

About  three  years  since,  the  genus 

Gila,  B.  &  G. 
was  proposed,  to  include  species  whose  body  was  subfusiform,  compressed,  with 
the  back  more  or  less  arched,  especially  in  large  and  old  specimens,  and  some- 
times tapering  very  much  posteriorly,  with  the  peduncle  of  the  tail  very  slender. 
The  head  being  depressed  and  proportionally  small,  with  its  upper  outline  often 
concave ;  the  snout  is  elongated ;  the  eyes  are  of  moderate  size ;  the  isthmus 
small.     The  mouth  is  of  medium  size,  the  upper  jaw  overlapping  the  lower,  so 
as  to  conceal  its  cleft  from  above.     No  barbels,  or  rudiments  of  barbels.     The 
pharyngeal  bones  are  well  developed,  the  inferior  limb,  elongated,  the  upper  one 
forming  an  open  curve  ;  the'convexity  being  somewhat  expanded,  the  expansion 
tapering  along  the  upper  and  inward  limb.     The  teeth  are  well   developed,  of 
the  raptatorial  kind  of  the  hooked  type,  without  grinding^surface,  subcylindrical 
slightly  compressed  and  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  one  or  two  and  four  or 
five  as  follows  :  1  |  4 — 5  |  2,  or  even,  2  |  4 — 5  |  2.     The  ventral  fins  are  inserted 
in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.     The  caudal  is  bifurcated. 
The  scales  are  small  on  the  dorsal  region  and  of  medium  size  on  the  sides,  and 
longer  than  high.     The  lateral  line  forms  an  open  curve  along  the  middle  of 
the  abdomen. 

The  species  which  we  now  include  in  this  genus,  are  the  following : 

1.  Gila  robusta,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila,  vi.  1853,  368;  and  in 
Siiffr.  Rep.  Zuni  and  Color.  Riv.,  1853,  148.  Fishes,  PI.  I. 

From  Zuni  River. — Dr.  Woodhouse. 

2.  Gila  elegans,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vi.  1853,  3G9;  and  in 
Sitgr.  Rep.  Zuni   and  Color.  Riv.  ,  1853,  149.  Fishes,  PL  II. 

Specimens  from  Zuni  River,  collected  by  Dr.  Woodhouse  ;  from  the  Colorado, 
collected  by  A.  Schott,  under  Major  Emory,  and  from  the  Gila,  collected  by 
Dr.  Heermann,  under  Lieut.  J.  G.  Parke,  U.  S.  A. 

3.  Gila  gracilis,  B.  &  G.  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vi.  1853,  369;  and  in 
Silgr.  Rep.  Zuni  and  Color.  Riv.,  1853,  151.  Fishes,  PI.  III. 

From  Zuni  River. — Dr.  Woodhouse. 

4.  Gila  grahamii,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sc.  Phila.  vi  1853,  389. 
From  Rio  San  Pedro,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Gila — John  H.  Clark. 

5.  Gila  emorii,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vi.  1853,  388. 
From  Gila  River,  collected  by  Dr.  John  L.  Leconte. 

"We  separate  from  the  genus  Gila,  under  the  name  of 

TIGOMA, 
some  species  formerly  excluded  by  us  in  other  genera,  to  which  we  add  a  fev/ 
others  not  hitherto  described.  They  all  bear  a  general  resemblance  to  Gila, 
from  which  they  differ  by  a  much  smaller  mouth,  and  larger  scales,  and  those 
of  the  dorsal  region,  though  smaller  than  on  the  sides,  are  not  so  disjjropor- 
tionate.  The  ventrals  are  inserted  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
dorsal,  and  the  caudal  is  bifurcated.  It  is  not  deemed  superfluous  to  state  that 
there  are  no  barbels  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  and  a  characteristic  of  this  o-e- 
nus  as  distinct  from  Gila,  consists  in  its  tei'minal  mouth  and  even  jaws.  The 
pharyngeal  bones  resemble  very  much  those  of  Gila,  but  the  inferior  limb  is 
not  quite  so  long,  the  convexity  not  quite  so  expanded,  and  the  upper  limb  more 
curved  inwards.  As  to  the  teeth,  it  requires  a  minute  observation  to  detect  a 
difference ;  they  are  more  compressed  and  more  strongly  hooked,  otherwise  of 
the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the  hooked  type  either  without  a  grinding  surface,  or 
else  a  grinding  surface  more  or  less  developed.  They  are  disposed  in  the  fol- 
lowing wise :  2  |  5 — 5  |  2,  2  |  4—5  |  2,  or  1  ]  4—5  |  2,  and  some  intermediate 
formulas. 

A.  Teeth  without  grinding  surface. 


206  [September, 

1.  TiGoMA  PxiLCnEhtj&..— Gila  puleheUa,  B.  &  G,     Pror.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
Vii.  1854,  29. 

Prom  Rio  Mimbres,  a  tributary  of  Guzman  Lake,  Mex. — John  H.  Clark. 

2.  TiGOMA  coNPORMis. — Laviniaconformis,  B  •&  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
vii.  1854,  137. 

From  Posa  Creek,  San  Joaquin  Valley,  Cal. — Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann. 

3.  TiGOMA  BicoLOR. — 'A  large  species,  the  largest  of  the  genus  hitherto  known 
to  us.  It  is  twelve  inches  in  total  length,  the  head  forming  the  fourth  of  it.  The 
greatest  depth  is  nearly  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head.  The  eye  is  subcircu- 
lar,  and  its  diameter  contained  about  six  times  in  the  length  of  the  side  of  the 
head.  The  origin  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  but  slightly  in  advance  of  the 
dorsal.  The  latter  is  higher  than  long  throughout  the  genus.  The  scales  are 
quite  large.  The  dortal  region  is  bluish  grey  ;  the  sides  and  belly  are  silvery 
■white,  sometimes  golden,  but  always  in  contrast  with  the  tint  of  the  back. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  Tlamath  Lake,  0.  T.,  by  Dr.  John 
S.  Newberry,  under  Lt.  Williamson,  U.  S.  A. 

4.  TiGOMA  ruRPCREA. — This  is  a  much  stouter  fish  than  T.  pulchella,  which 
it  resembles  in  other  respects  ;  but  its  head  is  larger  and  its  body  shorter.  The 
anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  caudal  than  the  tip 
of  the  snout,  whilst  in  T.  pulchella  it  is  nearer  to  the  snout  than  the  extremity 
of  the  caudal.  The  scales  are  also  larger  than  in  T.  pulchella.  The  color  is  of 
purplish  black  above  and  on  the  sides  ;  beneath  yellowish. 

Collected  at  San  Bernardino,  in  the  upper  waters  of  Rio  Huagui,  west  of  the 
Sierre  Madre,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  Kennerly,  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory. 

5.  TiGOMA  INTERMEDIA. — Intermediate  between  T.  pulchella  and  T.  purpurea, 
more  closely  related  however  to  the  former  than  to  the  latter.  The  fins  are 
much  less  developed,  the  inferior  fins  especially  are  quite  small. 

Collected  in  the  Rio  San  Pedro,  of  the  Gila,  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J. 
D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A. 

6.  TiGOMA  OBESA. — A  very  characteristic  species  by  its  short  and  deep  body, 
its  short  and  conical  head,  and  its  small  fins.  It  bears  a  general  resemblance 
to  T.  purpurea,  but  its  head  is  much  smaller.  Color  of  dorsal  region  bluish 
grey  ;  upper  half  of  sides  dotted,  lower  half  unicolor  and  yellowish  white  like 
the  belly. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  in  Salt  Lake  Valley  by  J.  Soule 
Bowman. 

7.  TiGOMA  HUMBOLDTi. — Rcsemblcs  T.  obesa  by  a  deep  and  rather  short  body, 
but  the  latter  is  covered  Avith  much  larger  scales.  The  head  and  eyes  are  also 
much  larger.  The  dorsal  region  above  the  lateral  line  is  bluish  or  greyish 
black  and  so  the  upper  surface  of  the  head.  The  rest  is  red  and  golden,  except 
a  narrow  blackish  streak  below  the  lateral  line,  extending  from  the  thoracic 
belt  to  near  the  anal  fin. 

Collected  in  Humboldt  river  by  J.  Soule  Bowman,  and  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith, 
U.  S.  A. 

8.  TiGOMA  LiNEATA. — The  general  aspect  is  elongated,  the  body  being  subfu- 
siform,  and  the  head  small  and  conical,  constituting  a  little  less  than  the  fourth 
of  the  total  length.  The  ground  color  is  yellowish ;  the  centre  of  the  scales 
of  the  upper  regions  being  black,  the  back  and  upper  half  of  the  flanks  ap- 
pear as  if  marked  with  alternate  lines  of  black  and  yellow. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  likewise  collected  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith. 

9.  TiGOMA  GRACILIS — The  body  is  elongated  and  compressed,  subfusiform,  re- 
sembling T.  lineata,  but  the  head  is  more  elongated.  The  ventrals  are  inserted 
but  a  little  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  whilst  they  are  more 
so  in  T.  lineata.  In  the  latter  the  pectorals  are  short  and  broad  ;  in  the  present 
species  they  are  narrow  and  elongated.  The  scales  are  smaller  than  in  T. 
lineata.     Bluish  grey  above  and  on  the  sides  ;  yellowish  beneath. 


1856.]  207 

Collected  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwlth,  U.  S.  A. 

B.  Teeth  provided  with  a  grinding  surface  more  or  less  conspicuous. 

10.  TiGOMA  GiBBOSA. — OUa  gibbosa,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  vii, 
1854,  28. — Resembles  T.  -purpuren^  but  its  scales  are  a  good  deal  smaller. 

Specimens  were  collected  near  Santa  Cruz,  by  John  H.  Clark,  under  Col.  J. 
D.  Graham,  U.  S.  A.  and  at  Tuczon,  Sonora,  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann,  under 
Lt.   J.  G.  Parke,  U.  S.  A. 

11.  TiGOMA  NiGRESCENS — This  is  quite  an  elegant  species,  being  elongated 
and  slender  like  T.  pulchella  and  T,  gracilis.  It  differs  from  T.  gibbosa  by  a  more 
conical  head  and  snout.  The  ground  color  is  yellftwish,  the  body  of  the  scales 
being  covered  with  crowded  black  dots,  the  back  and  sides  appear  almost  black, 
The  belly  is  unicolor.  In  the  young,  the  upper  regions  are  lighter  than  in  the 
adult. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  the  Boca  grande  and  Janos  river,  by  Dr.  C.  B. 
Kennerly  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory,  U.  S.  A. 

12.  TiGOMA  PULCHRA. — The  body  is  gracefully  elongated,  in  which  respect  it 
resembles  T.  nigrescens,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  head 
and  larger  scales.  The  color,  moreover,  is  of  a  far  more  brilliant  tj'pe :  the 
dorsal  region  is  reddish  or  blackish  brown,  the  sides  and  belly  of  a  uniform 
golden  yellow  ;  a  diffused  black  streak  may  occasionally  be  seen  along  the 
upper  portion  of  the  flanks,  very  likely  more  predominent  in  the  male  than  in 
the  female. 

Collected  in  Chihuahua  River  and  tributaries,  by  John  Potts,  Esq.,  of  Chihua- 
hua, Mex. 

13.  TiGOMA  CRASSA — This  species  has  a  short  and  deep  body  ;  the  greatest 
depth  being  more  than  the  fourth  of  the  entire  length.  The  head  is  small  and 
conical,  constituting  nearly  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length  of  the  fish.  The  scales 
are  very  large,  higher  than  long  and  the  lateral  line  deflexed  upon  the  abdo- 
men as  usually  the  case  in  this  genus.  The  color  of  the  back  is  bluish  or 
purplish  black,  greyish  black  on  the  sides  where  the  yellowish  ground  color 
appears ;  beneath  unicolor. 

Caught  in  the  Sacramento  River  near  Fort  Reading,  Cal.,  by  Dr.  John  S.  New- 
berry, under  Lt.  R.  S.  Williamson,  U.  S.  A. 

Next  to  these  numerous  species  in  which  the  system  of  dentition  seems  to  be 
in  a  unstable  condition,  we  place  the  new  genus 

CHEONDA, 

which  has  the  general  aspect  of  both  Gila  and  Tigoma,  by  the  position  of  the 
ventrals  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  by  the  absence  of  barbels 
at  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  which  is  of  moderate  size. 

The  body  is  elongated,  fusiform  in  profile,  and  very  much  compressed.  The 
caudal  fin  is  bifurcated.  The  head  is  rather  small  and  subconical,  and  the 
snout,  though  rounded,  is  yet  elongated.  The  eye  is  large  and  the  isthmus 
small  or  narrow.  The  scales  being  of  medium  size  and  the  lateral  line  greatly 
deflexed  upon  the  abdomen.  The  teeth  are  of  the  prehensile  kind,  of  the 
hooked  type,  with  a  grinding  surface ;  they  are  compressed  and  disposed  upon 
a  double  row  of  two  and  four  and  five,  thus :  2  |  4 — 5  |  2. 

1.  Cheonda  cooperi. — The  fins  are  well  developed  and  the  anal  is  larger 
than  the  dorsal.     Their  formula  is  as  follows : 

D  10-hl2  ;  A  11  +  2  ;  C  7,  1,  9,  8,  1,  6 ;  V  O-j-l ;  P  16, 

The  dorsal  region  is  reddish  grey ;  the  sides  and  belly  silvery  white,  with  a 
golden  reflect. 

Collected  at  Fort  Vancouver,  Columbia  River,  by  Dr.  John  G.  Cooper. 

2.  Cheonda  ccerulea. — May  readily  be  distinguished  from  its  congener  by 


208  [September, 

the  presence  of  mitch  smaller  fin ;  the  anal  Is  a  good  deal  smaller  than  the  dorsal, 
and  the  ventrals  a  little  less  anterior,  with  reference  to  the  dorsal. 

D  10+2  ;  A  8-f  2  ;  6,  1,  9,  8,  1,5;  V  10+1 ;  P  16. 

Upper  regions  of  a  greyish  azur ;  inferior  regions  dull  silvery  white  ;  black 
dots  scattered  all  over  the  back,  sides  and  belly. 

Caught  in  Lost  River,  0.  T.,  by  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry,  under  Lt.  R.  S.  'William- 
son, U.  S.  A. 

There  is  another  generic  type,  for  which  we  have  provided  the  name  of 

,  SiBOMA, 

composed  so  far  of  but  two  species,  one  of  which  originally  referred  to  the 
genus  Lavinia.  It  is  to  be  recognized  by  a  stout  and  somewhat  compressed 
body,  covered  with  large  scales.  The  caudal  is  crescent-shaped  posteriorly; 
the  origin  of  the  ventrals  is  situated  a  little  posteriorly  to  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  dorsal,  or  immediately  under  it.  The  head  is  rather  small,  sloping 
towards  a  wedge-shaped  snout,  rounded  superiorly.  The  mouth  is  of  small 
size,  horizontal,  terminal,  with  jaws  even.  No  barbels.  Eye  below  the  me- 
dium size.  Isthmus  rather  narrow.  Pharygngeal  bones  stout,  expanded  upon 
their  convexity,  with  the  inferior  branch  short  and  bent  inwardly  so  that  its 
extremity  is  directed  outwardly,  whilst  the  upper  branch  is  slightly  bent 
inwards.  The  teeth  are  large  and  very  compressed,  and  terminated  by  a 
slender  hook.  They  arc  of  the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the  hooked  type  without 
grinding  surface  properly  so  called,  but  instead  of  a  sharp  edge  along  the  inner 
margin  of  the  teeth,  a  blunt  and  narrow  ridge  may  be  observed.  They 
are  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of  one  and  two  and  four  and  five,  as  fol- 
lows:  1  I  4—5  I  2. 

1.  SiBOMA  CRASSiCAUDA. — Lavinia  crassicauda,  B.  &  G.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  viii.  1854,  137. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  procured  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann,  under  Lt. 
R.  Williamson,  in  the  San  Joaquin,  Mercede  and  Mohave  Rivers,  Cal. 

2.  SiBoifA  ATRARiA. — The  largest  specimen  of  this  species  which  we  have  ex- 
amined is  about  seven  inches  in  length,  and  although  small,  compared  to  the 
specimens  of  S.  crassicauda,  to  which  we  had  to  compare  it,  yet  the  distinctive 
features  between  the  two  species  appear  very  striking.  And  first  of  all,  the 
imbrication  of  the  scales  in  S.  atraria,  is  such  as  to  expose  more  of  their  surface 
than  in  S.  crassicauda,  and  moreover  the  lateral  line  in  S.  atraria  runs  along 
the  seventh  row  of  scales  from  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals  upwards,  leaving 
eleven  rows  above  it,  to  the  base  of  the  dorsal  fin,  Avhilst  in  ^S'.  crassicauda,  there 
are  as  many  rows  of  scales  below  as  above  the  lateral  line.  The  absolute 
number  of  longitudinal  rows  of  scales  is  the  same  in  both  species.  The  head 
is  proportionally  larger  than  in  S.  crassicaudu,  but  the  fins  are  much  less  de- 
veloped. The  ground  color  is  olivaceous,  the  sides  and  the  back  being  nearly 
black  or  brownish  black,  from  the  number  of  confluent  maculae  and  dots. 
The  fins  itself  are  blackish  upon  an  olivaceous  ground.  The  sides  and  upper  part 
of  the  head,  arc  likewise  brownish  black. 

Found  in  a  spring,  in  Utah  District,  near  the  Desert,  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith. 

The  species  which  are  arranged  under  the  genus 

Ptyciiochkilus,  Agass. 

remind  us  by  their  general  appearance  of  both  3Iylocheilus  and  Mylopharodon. 
They  have  an  elongated,  subcylindrical  and  compressed  body,  an  elongateel 
head,  a  mouth  deejily  cleft,  but  no  barbels  upon  its  angle.  The  upper  jaw 
overlaps  the  lower,  though  the  mouth  remains  horizontal  and  subterminal. 
The  eye  is  of  moderate  size;  and  so  with  the  isthmus.  The  ventral  fins  are 
inserted  a  little  in  advance  of  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal.  The  caudal 
is  furcated.     The  scales,. of  medium  size  ;  the  lateral  line  nearly  medial.     The 


1856.]  209 

pharyngeal  bones  are  long  and  slender,  slightly  expanded  upon  their  convexity, 
with  the  inferior  limb  much  more  slender  than  the  upper.  The  teeth  are  of  the 
raptatorial  Icind,  of  the  hoolied  type  without  grinding  surface,  subconical, 
slightly  hooked,  and  disposed  upon  a  double  series  of  two  and  four  or  five, 
thus:  2  I  4— 4  |  2,  or  2  [  5—5  |  2. 

1.  Ptychocheilus  grandis. — Gila  ffrandis,  Ayvles,  Vroc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc' 
i.  1854,  18. — Piychocheilus  major^  Agass.  Amer.  Journ.  of  Sc.  2d.  Ser.  xix. 
1855,  229. 

San  Francisco,  Cal. — Dr.  Newberry. 

2.  Ptychocheilus  oregonensis. — Cyprinus  {Leuciscus)  oregonensis,  Rich.  Faun. 
Bor.  Amer.  iii.  1836,  305. — Ptychocheilus  gracilis,  Agass.  &.  Pick.  Amer.  Journ. 
of  Sc.  2d.  ser.  xix.  1855,  229. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  at  Fort  Vancouver  and  Fort  Steila- 
coom,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  at  Astoria,  0.  T.  by  Lt.  Trowbridge,  and  in  Villa- 
mette  River,  by  Dr.  Newberry,  under  Lt.  Williamson,  U.  S.  A. 

3.  Ptychocheilus  rap  ax. — This  is  a  large  species  too,  differing  from  P.  grandis 
by  a  proportionally  shorter  head,  a  more  advanced  position  of  the  ventral  fins 
and  by  much  smaller  scales  on  the  dorsal  region  in  advance  of  the  dorsal.  The 
inferior  limb  of  the  pharyngeal  bones  is  not  so  long  and  slender,  and  there  are 
but  four  teeth  upon  the  main  row,  instead  of  five.  The  teeth  and  bones  are 
stouter.     Colors,  blackish   brown  above  ;  whitish  beneath. 

From  Monterey,  Cal. ;  collected  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  TJ.  S.  A. 

4.  Ptychocheilus  lucius. — A  very  characteristic  species.  The  body  is  com- 
pressed, but  the  head  is  flattened  or  depressed  and  very  much  developed,  con- 
stituting nearly  the  fourth  of  the  entire  length.  The  dorsal  and  ventrals  are 
situated  quite  posteriorly.  The  scales  are  below  the  medium  size,  and  the 
lateral  line  is  bent  downwards  upon  the  abdomen.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are 
very  slender ;  the  inferior  limb  is  almost  exiguous  and  proportionally  as  long 
as  in  P.  grandis.  There  are,  however,  but  four  teeth  upon  the  main  row,  instead  of 
five,  as  in  the  case  of  P.  grandis.  Color  bluish  grey  above ;  silvery  gclden 
beneath. 

Collected  in  the  Rio  Colorado,  by  A.  Schott,  under  Major  W.  H.  Emory, 
Commissioner  U.  S.  and  Mex.  Boundary. 

5.  Ptychocheilus  vorax. — The  head  is  also  depressed  in  this  species,  but  it  is 
much  smaller  since  it  contitutes  the  two-ninths  of  the  entire  length.  The 
body  is  much  deeper  than  in  P.  lucius,  and  the  ventrals  are  situated  more  in 
advance  of  the  dorsal.  The  dorsal  itself  is  not  situated  so  far  back.  The  scales  are 
very  small  upon  the  dorsal  region  between  the  dorsal  fin  and  the  occiput. 
Bluish  above  ;  silvery  beneath. 

Specimens  were  brought  home  by  Lt.  E.  G.  Beckwith,  U.  S.  A.  The  precise 
locality,  not  known. 

APPENDIX, 

The  following  species  are  here  recorded  as  complementary  to  the  preceding 
ones. 

1.  Hybognathus  REGIUS. — A  large  and  beautiful  species,  the  largest  that 
has,  so  far,  come  to  our  knowledge,  some  of  the  specimens  measuring  seven 
inches  in  length.  The  body  is  gracefully  elongated,  compressed,  fusiform 
in  its  outline.  The  greatest  depth,  taken  immediately  in  advance  of  the  dorsal 
fin  is  contained  about  five  times  in  the  length,  or  five,  and  a  third  of  a  time. 
The  head  is  of  moderate  development,  subconical,  subtruncated,  contained  six 
times  in  the  total  length.  The  mouth  is  quite  small.  The  isthmus,  very  narrow. 
The  origin  of  the  ventrals  recedes  a  little  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal, 

16 


210  [September, 

which  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal,  is  nearer  to  the  tip  of  the  snout  than  the 
base  of  the  central  rays  of  the  caudal. 

D  2+9;  A  2+9;  C  5,  1,  9,  8,  1,  '7 ;  V  8 ;  P  15. 

There  are  thirty-eight  scales  in  the  lateral  line  ;  six  longitudinal  rows  above 
it,  and  four  beneath,  upon  the  line  of  greatest  depth.  Color  brownish  red 
above,  pale  reddish  beneath ;  flanks  shining  of  silver  and  gold. 

Inhabits  the  Potomac  River,  and  probably  all  the  fresh  waters  of  Maryland. 
It  is  commonly  called  Smelt,  at  Washington  and  vicinities,  and  Gudgeon  at 
Baltimore  and  surrounding  counties. 

2.  Hybognathus  nitidus. — Leuciscus  nitidus,  Dekay,  N.  Y.  Fauna,  iii.   1842, 
209.  PL  xxxiii.  fig.  105.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  162. 
Collected  at  Westport,  Lake  Champlain. — S.  F.  Baird. 

HUDSONIUS. 

Body  elongated,  compressed,  fusiform  in  profile,  and  covered  with  quite  large 
scales.  The  lateral  line  being  nearly  medial.  The  head  is  of  but  moderate  size  ; 
the  snout  being  subconical  and  rounded  anteriorly.  The  mouth  is  subterminal, 
somewhat  protractile,  in  which  situation  it  is  directed  obliquely  forwards  and 
downwards  ;  when  shut,  the  lower  jaw  fits  within  the  upper,  the  snout  being 
slightly  protruding.  There  are  no  barbels  about  the  mouth.  The  eyes  are  large  ; 
the  isthmus  is  small.  The  dorsal  is  higher  than  long  ;  its  anterior  margin  is  even 
with  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals.  The  anal  has  a  proportionally  longer  base 
than  the  dorsal.  The  caudal  is  deeply  furcated.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are 
well  developed ;  the  inferior  limb  is  rather  short,  its  extremity  being  flattened 
and  slightly  turned  outwardly.  From  the  middle  of  the  convexity  a  sudden 
expansion  occurs,  tapering  into  the  upper  limb,  slightly  curved  downwards. 
The  teeth  are  of  the  bruising  kind,  of  the  hooked  type,  provided  with  a  grinding 
surface.  But  there  occurs  many  irregularities,  being  more  or  less  hooked  and 
the  grinding  surface  more  or  less  developed.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  observe 
all  these  variations  upon  the  pharyngeal  of  a  single  specimen.  The  teeth  are 
disposed  upon  a  double  row  with  the  following  variations :  2  |  4 — 4  |  2, 
2  I  4—4  I  1,  0  1  4—4  I  2,  or  0  I  4—4  |  1. 

1.  HuDSONius  FLUviATiLis.—  Clupea  Imdsonia,  Clinton,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.  I.  1824,  49.  PI.  ii.  fig.  2. — Leuciscus  hudsonius,  Dekay,  Fauna,  of  N.  Y. 
III.  1824,  206.  PI.  xxxiv.  fig.  109.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  157.— Agass.  Lake 
Sup.  1850,  272. 

Specimens  collected  in  Chicago  Harbor,  Lake  Michigan,  and  in  the  Root 
River,  at  Racine,  Wise. — S.  F.  Baird. 

2.  HuDSONius  AMARUS. — This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding, 
from  which  it  diS"ers  by  a  smaller  head  and  smaller  eye.  Its  opercle  is 
also  broader  compared  to  its  height  or  depth.  The  head  constitutes  the  sixth 
of  the  total  length.  The  greatest  depth  taken  immediately  in  advance  of  the 
dorsal,  enters  a  little  over  five  times  in  the  total  length. 

The  coloration  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  Jl.fluviatUis,  with  the  exception  that 
the  black  snot  at  the  base  of  the  tail  disappears  at  a  much  earlier  period.  The 
species  grows  to  a  much  larger  size  also  ;  we  have  seen  specimens  seven  inches 
long,  in  which  the  satin  band  along  the  sides  and  the  black  spot  of  the  tail  had 
given  way  to  a  uniform  golden  hue  extending  to  nearly  the  entire  body. 

Caught  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  as  far  up  the  Potomac  River  as  Washington, 
where  it  is  caught  along  side  with  Hijhognathus  regius,  and  similarly  called 
Smelt. 

Hybopsis,  Agass. 

This  genus  was  left  rather  vaguely  defined  by  its  author,  for  there  are  many 
genera  in  which  "the  mouth  is  protractile  downwards,  after  the  fashion  of 
Catostomus"  with  the  lips  neither  swollen  nor  thickened.  And  many  other  genera 


1856.]  211 

too,  in  which  there  is  "  only  four  or  five  compressed  and  hooked  teeth  in  each 
main  row,  and  one  or  two  in  a  second  row."  What  is  really  of  generic  value 
is  left  for  us  to  conjecture,  since  we  are  not  in  possession  of  its  typical  species. 

The  generic  characters  which  we  now  offer  are  based  upon  Leu ciscus  star erianus 
and  a  new  species  from  Alabama,  and  should  they  prove  generally  distinct  from 
H.  gracilis,  a  new  name  will  have  to  be  coined  for  our  species. 

Body  elongated,  compressed,  subfusiform  in  profile,  covered  with  rather 
large  scales.  The  lateral  line  being  straight,  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks. 
The  head  is  of  moderate  size,  subconical  and  rounded  upon  the  snout  which 
protrudes  beyond  the  lower  jaw.  A  barbel,  inserted  upon  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillar}',  maj'  he  seen  at  the  angle  of  the 
mouth.  The  eyes  are  large,  th'e  isthmus  narrow.  The  dorsal  is  a  little  higher, 
and  the  anal  deeper,  than  long.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  takes  place 
opposite  the  second  ray  of  the  dorsal,  hence  very  nearly  under  its  anterior 
margin.  The  tail  is  deeply  furcated.  The  pharyngeal  bones  have  the  same 
form  and  appearance  as  in  Hudsonius ;  the  teeth  are  likewise  of  the  same  kind 
(bruising)  and  type  (hooked  with  a  grinding  surface),  but  more  irregular  yet. 
Sometimes  not  hooked,  the  grinding  surface  contorted  and  nearly  absent,  or 
even  resembling  a  truncated  cone.  They  are  disposed  upon  a  double  row  of 
four  and  one  :   1  |  4 — 4  |  1,  or  0  j  4 — 4  |  1. 

This  genus,  it  will  appear,  is  intimately  related  to  Hudsonius,  from  which  it 
chiefly  differs  by  the  presence  of  barbels  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  and  by  its 
straight  lateral  line  also. 

1.  Hybopsis  storerianus. — Rutilus  Sioreriamis,  Kirtl.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.  I.  1842,  71. — Leuciscus  storeriaiius,  Kirtl.  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  V.  1845, 
30.  PL  ix.  fig.  2.— STORER,-Synops.  1846,  265. 

From  Marietta,  Ohio. — Prof.  E.  B.  Andrews;  Eussellville,  Ky. — Dr.  Shumard 

2.  Hybopsis  winciielli. — It  is  a  shorter  and  more  contracted  species  than 
the  preceding.  The  head  forming  but  the  fifth  of  the  total  length,  whilst 
it  constitutes  the  sixth  in  II.  storerianus.  The  eye  and  mouth  are  also  larger  ; 
the  same  is  the  case  with  the  scales.  The  color  is  pale  red  with  a  silvery  streak 
along  the  middle  of  the  flanks. 

From  Black  Warrior  River,  Ala. — Prof.  A.  Winchell. 


'■  I 


CLINOSTOMUS. 

A  genus  instituted  to  include  several  new  species,  together  with  one  pre- 
viously described  as  a  Leuciscus.  Its  characters  are  as  follows  :  Body  elongated, 
compressed,  subfusiform  in  profile.  The  head  is  compressed  like  the  body,  the 
frontal  surface  being  very  declivous  and  sloping  towards  a  pointed  rostrum,  so 
that  in  profile  the  head  is  subtriangular,  and  if  broader,  would  be  wedge-shaped 
when  seen  from  above.  The  mouth  is  very  large,  the  lower  jaw  longer  than 
the  upper,  beyond  which  it  protrudes,  giving  to  the  cleft  an  oblique  direction 
upwards.  The  eye  is  very  large ;  the  isthmus,  quite  narrow.  The  dorsal  is 
higher  than  long,  and  inserted  on  the  space  between  the  ventrals  and  the  anal, 
a  little  nearer  to  the  former  than  the  latter  in  a  vertical  line.  The  caudal  is 
deeply  furcated.  The  scales  are  of  but  moderate  development,  varying  con- 
siderably in  size  between  the  different  species.  The  lateral  line  forms  a  down- 
wards curve  upon  the  abdomen  so  as  to  bring  its  convexity  nearer  to  the  ventral 
than  the  dorsal  outline.  The  pharyngeal  bones  are  rather  slender,  the  lower 
limb  especially;  a  slight  expansion  may  be  observed  upon  their  convexity;  the 
upper  limb  being  flattened,  bent  inwardly  and  either  shorter  or  of  equal  length 
with  the  lower  limb.  The  teeth  are  of  the  raptatorial  kind,  of  the  hooked  type 
without  grinding  surface,  and  disposed  thus :  2  |  4 — 4  |  2,  or  2  |  5 — 4  |  2,  and 
sometimes  1  |  4 — 4  |  2. 

This  genus  is  more  closely  related  to  Ptychocheilus  than  to  any  other  of  the 
family.  The  pharyngeal  teeth  are  constructed  upon  the  same  pattern  ;  the 
chief  difference  being  found  in  the  inclined  cleft  of  the  mouth,  and  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  lower  jaw  beyond  the  upper. 


212  [September, 

1.  Clinostomcs  elongatus. — Luxilus  elongaius,  Kirtl.  Rep.  1838,  pp.  169, 
193. — Bost.  Journ.  Nat  Hist.  III.  1840,  339.  PL  iv.  1. — Leuciscus  elongatus, 
Dekay,  Fauna,  of  N.  Y.  III.  1843,  214.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  161.— Val.  va. 
Cuv.  k  Val.  Hist  Nat.  Poiss.  XVII.  1844,  494. — Leuciscus  producius,  Storer, 
Synops.  1846,  164. 

Inhabits  most  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  River. 

2.  Clinostomus  fonduloides. — The  body  is  proportionally  much  shorter 
than  in  C.  elongatus,  and  less  tapering  posteriorly  also.  The  head  consti- 
tutes a  little  more  than  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  The  greatest  depth  is 
equal  to  the  length  of  the  head.  The  eye  is  a  little  smaller  than  in  any  of  its 
hitherto  known  congener ;  its  diameter  entering  three  times  in  the  length  of  the 
side  of  the  head.  The  scales  are  a  good  deal  larger  than  in  C.  elongatus.  The 
color  is  of  a  pale  red,  with  a  silvery  hue  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks,  and  a 
few  scattered  black  spots. 

The  specimens  before  us  we  caught  in  the  creeks  and  inlets  of  the  Potomac 
River,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Washington,  D.  C,  the  largest  of  which  measuring 
about  three  inches. 

3.  Clinostomus  afpixis. — Resembles  the  preceding  one  in  its  general  bear- 
ing. The  body  however  seems  to  be  more  tapering  posteriorly,  the  head 
larger  and  the  mouth  more  deeply  cleft,  since  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
maxillary  reaches  a  vertical  line  passing  through  the  anterior  rim  of  the  pupil, 
whilst  in  C .  funduloides  the  extremity  of  the  same  bone  extends  but  half  way 
between  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit  and  the  pupil.  The  eye  is  a  little  larger 
also,  whilst  the  scales  are  smaller. 

Inhabits  the  waters  of  James  River,  Va. — Collected  by  S.  F.  Baird. 

4.  Clinostomus  carolinus. — The  head  is  larger  than  in  C.  affinis,  and  the 
body  more  elongated,  compared  to  the  depth.  The  eye  is  a  great  deal  larger, 
and  the  scales  smaller.  Blackish  brown  above,  with  scattered  black  spots ; 
reddish  beneath  ;  flanks  golden. 

From  Salem,  N.  C. — Collected  by  J.  T.  Lineback  and  School.  Specimens 
sent  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Alburnus  lepidulus. — The  most  slender  and  elongated  of  the  species 
hitherto  known  to  us.  The  total  length  is  about  four  inches,  in  which  length, 
the  depth  enters  a  little  over  eight  times.  The  head  itself  constitutes  about 
the  sixth  of  the  length.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  maxillary  scarcely 
reaches  the  vertical  line  drawn  in  advance  of  the  orbit.  The  caudal  fin  is  a 
little  longer  than  the  head.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin  is  nearly 
equidistant  between  the  tip  of  the  snout  and  the  concavity  of  the  caudal.  The 
pectorals  and  ventrals  are  rather  small.  A  broad  silvery  band  maybe  observed 
above  the  lateral  line. 

Specimens  from  Black' Warrior  River,  Ala. — Prof.  A.  Winchell. 

Plargyrus  argentatus. — A  specimen  of  this  species  is  about  three 
inches  long,  the  head  forming  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  A  vertical  line 
drawn  across  the  anterior  rim  of  the  orbit,  intersects  the  extremity  of  the 
maxillary  bone.  The  eye  is  large ;  its  diameter  entering  three  times  in  the 
side  of  the  head.  The  dorsal  scales  anterior  to  the  dorsal  fin  are  quite  small, 
contrasting  greatly  with  those  of  the  side  which  are  well  developed.  The 
anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  nearer  to  the  insertion  of  the  rays  of  the  caudal 
fin  than  the  tip  of  the  snout.  The  dorsal  region  is  pale  red,  whilst  the  sides 
appear  as  if  coated  with  silver. 

Inhabits  the  waters  of  James  River,  Va. — S.  F.  Baird. 

CERATICHTHYS,  Baird. 

Body  elongated,  fusiform  or  subfusiform,  somewhat  compressed.  Head 
flattened  above,  very  declivous  anteriorly  with  the  snout  rounded  and  over- 
lapping the  lower  jaw.     Mouth  moderate  in  size,  subterminal   and  horizontal 


1856.]  213 

provided  with  a  barbel  upon  its  angle,  and  inserted  upon  the  extremity  of  the 
maxillary  bone.  Eye  approximating  the  upper  surface  of  the  head,  and  rather 
moderate  in  size.  The  isthmus  is  wide.  The  insertion  of  the  ventrals  is  even 
with  a  vertical  line  drawn  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  The 
latter  is  higher,  and  the  anal  deeper — than  long.  The  scales  are  large,  and  the 
lateral  line  nearly  straight  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks.  The  pharyngeal 
bones  are  pretty  stout  upon  their  convexity  which  is  very  slightly  expanded, 
whilst  the  upper  and  lower  branches  are  nearly  equally  developed,  the  latter 
however,  more  slender.  The  teeth  are  stoutish,  compressed,  of  the  prehensile 
kind  of  the  hooked  type,  generally  without  grinding  surface.  Sometimes, 
however,  a  grinding  surface  may  be  observed  upon  some  of  the  teeth  which  are 
subject  to  some  variations  being  compressed  or  else  subconical,  generally 
hooked  and  occasionally  conical.     They  are  disposed  upon  a  single  row  :  4 — 4  . 

1.  Ceratichthys  biguttatus,  Bd. — Semotilus  biguttattis,  Kirtl.  Bost.  Journ. 
Nat.  Hist.  III.  1840,  344.  PI.  v.  fig.  1. — Leuciscus  biguttatus^  Dekay,  Fauna  of 
N.  y.  III.  1842,  214.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  161. 

From  Yellow  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Mahoning. — J.  P.  Kirtland. 

2.  Ceratichthys  amblops. — Rutilus  amblops,  Rafin.  Ichth.  Ohiens.  1820,  51. 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. — Rafinesque. 

3.  Ceratichthys  leptocephalus. — A  species  easily  to  be  distinguished  from 
its  congener,  by  its  small  head  which  enters  four  times  and  a  half  in  the 
total  length.  The  body  itself  is  proportionally  shorter  than  in  C.  amhlops 
especially.  Its  scales  are  likewise  larger  than  in  the  latter  species.  The  color 
is  of  a  uniform  blackish  grey  above,  and  greyish  white  beneath. 

Specimens  were  collected  at  Salem,  N.  C,  by  J.  T.  Lineback  and  School,  and 
preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

NocoMis  BELLicus. — It  is  a  more  bulky  and  deeper  fish  than  its  con- 
gener from  Nebraska.  And  what  is  still  more  characteristic,  its  head  is 
smaller,  hence  its  mouth  smaller  also.  We  could  not  detect  the  small  teeth 
constituting  the  inner  row,  but  supposed  they  got  lost  in  the  preparation  of  the 
pharyngeal  bones.  At  any  rate,  whetlier  lost  or  entirely  absent,  we  have  here 
a  second  species  of  the  genus  Nocomis.  Color  reddish  above ;  reddish  yellow 
beneath,  with  an  obsolete  black  spot  upon  the  base  of  the  caudal. 

Caught  in  the  Black  Warrior  River,  Ala. — Prof.  A.  Winchell. 


Description  of  the  Byssus  in  the  genus  Unio. 
By  Isaac  Lea. 

Professor  Kirtland  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  for  July. 
1840,*  some  observations  he  had  made  on  the  anatomical  and  physiological 
characters  of  the  Naiades,  and  was  the  first  a  few  years  before  to  have  noticed, 
that  at  least  some  species  of  Unio,  when  very  young,  were  anchored  to  some 
foreign  substances  by  "  a  small  silky  filament"  attached  to  the  foot.  I  had 
casually  observed  the  fact  in  a  single  instance,  in  Unio  complanaius  from  the 
Schuylkill,  but  had  not  the  opportunity  of  again  witnessing  it.  The  Professor 
followed  up  his  discovery  at  different  periods,  and  found  thus  attached  the  young 
of  the  following  species ;  viz.,  zigzag,  elegans,  dehiscens,  ebenus,  crassus,  foliatus, 
pyramidatus,  crassidens  and  gibbosus. 

The  fact  at  the  time  was  considered  of  great  interest,  and  it  was  verj'  much 
desired  that  further  observations  should  have  been  made.  Nothing  has,  how- 
ever, to  my  knowledge,  been  since  published  in  connexion  with  the  subject 
neither  in  this  country  nor  in  Europe.  M.  D'Orbigny  discovered  in  the  Rio 
Parana,  South  America,  a  very  remarkable  fresh  water  bivalve,  which  he  named 

*  Page  167  figs,  a  and  b. 


214  [September, 

Byssanodonta  Paranensis,  (V03'.  dans  I'Ameriqiie  Merid.)  This  always  remains 
attached  by  a  byssus,  proceeding  from  the  foot.  It  has  amterior  and  posterior 
adductor  muscles. 

In  the  examination  of  the  soft  parts  of  a  very  large  number  of  species  of  this 
family,  from  Georgia,  which  I  have  been  enabled  to  do  through  the  kindness  of 
Bishop  Elliott,  I  have  noticed  in  the  adults  of  two  small  species,  a  perfect  bi/ssus 
attached  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  foot,  posterior  to  the  base. 

In  dissecting  five  specimens  of  Unio  acuiissimus,  nobis,  from  Etowah  River, 
Georgia,  I  found  in  a  full  grown  specimen,  one  and  a  quarter  inches  wide,  a 
large  fine  byssits,  fully  an  inch  in  length,  thicker  than  a  horse  hair,  quite  flattened, 
semitransparent,  and  without  any  appearance  of  fibre,  but  rather  hornlike.  At 
the  point  of  insertion  in  the  foot,  the  filament  is  a  little  enlarged  and  rounded, 
and  there  is  also  at  the  same  point  the  rudiment  or  remains  of  a  second  one. 
The  other  extreme  end  of  this  filament,  where  it  was  attached  to  the  foreign  sub- 
stance to  which  the  animal  had  anchored  itself,  is  evidently  perfect,  shewing  the 
true  length  of  the  bi/ssus.  At  this  end  it  is  divided  into  four  branches,  undoubt- 
edly having  been  attached.  Of  the  five  specimens  before  me,  one  only  has  the 
byssus  remaining  ;  but  it  is  evident,  from  the  fact  that  each  of  the  others  has  a 
longitudinal  cicatrix  at  the  point  of  the  former  attachment,  that  every  one  had 
been  furnished  with  a  byssiis. 

I  found  also  that  the  same  kind  of  byssus  existed  in  the  adult  of  the  closely 
allied  species,  Unio  Conradicus,  nobis,  which  accompanied  the  above  from  the 
same  locality.  There  are  three  of  this  species,  one  of  which  has  a  portion  of  the 
byssus  attached  in  the  same  manner,  but  evidently  broken  off  and  not  being  more 
than  the  fourth  of  an  inch  long.  This  filament  is  much  more  delicate  than  that 
described  above,  not  being  thicker  than  a  human  hair.  It  is  not  flattened,  but 
rounded.  Close  to  its  insertion  in  the  foot  is  a  second  one,  shorter  and  probably 
the  remains  of  a  separate  filament  of  attachment,  the  genus  Pinna  having  in- 
numberable  fine  threads  of  attachment,  the  shell  itself  of  one  species  being  some- 
times found  more  than  two  feet  in  length. 

In  all  the  eight  specimens  of  the  two  Unioncs  above  mentioned,  the  impressed 
cut  or  cicatrix  made  by  the  byssus  is  very  observable,  so  that  there  cannot  re- 
main a  doubt,  but  that  they  had  all  been  attached  until  they  had  arrived  at 
adolescence. 

As  part  of  these  were  no  doubt  anchored  when  taken  from  the  water,  and 
part  of  them  free  and  locomotive,  it  appears  that  it  cannot  be  necessary  to 
their  existence  that  they  should  retain  their  normal  condition  of  attachment. 

There  are  other  allied  species,  forming  with  these  a  group,  oi  Vihich  acutissimus 
is  the  type,  which  I  have  not  had  the  advantage  of  examining  ;  but  I  have  no 
doubt  that  those  will  all  be  found  to  be  also  anchored  by  a  byssus,  in  the  same 
manner. 

These  facts  will  I  hope  draw  the  attention  of  the  Zoologist  more  closely  to  ob- 
serve the  habits  of  this  family. 


Dr.  LeConte,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  appointed  to  revise  the 
"list  of  members  and  correspondents  of  the  Academy,  presented  a  cor- 
rected copy  of  the  list ;  which  report  was  adopted,  and  the  Committee 
discharged. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  read  his  report  for  September. 


EliECTION. 


Mr.  Wm.  Gr.  Binney,  of  Germantown,  Dr.  Wm.  Smith  Forbes,  and 
Mr.  Wm.  Weightnian,  of  Philadelphia,  were  elected  members  of  the 
Academy. 


185G.]  215 

October  1th,   1856. 
Mr.  Ord,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  W.  Gr.  Binney,  dated  Germantown,  October  5th,  1856,  ac- 
knowledging his  election  to  membership. 

From  H.  W.  Kennedy,  dated  Buenos  Ayres,  August  5th,  1856, 
transmitting  specimens  for  the  museum. 

On  leave  granted,  Mr.  Lea  offered  the  following  resolutions,  which 
were  unanimously  adopted. 

Resolved,  That  the  members  of  the  triennial  General  Convention  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  with  their  familieSj  be  invited  to 
visit  the  Museum  on  public  days,  during  their  session  in  this  city. 

Resolved,  That  an  invitation  be  transmitted  to  the  members  of  the 
United  States  Agricultural  Society  to  visit  the  Museum  on  public  days, 
during  their  session  in  this  city. 


October  l^th. 

Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Library  Department  of  the  Koyal  Bavarian  Academy  of 
Sciences,  dated  November,  1855,  transmitting  donations. 

From  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences  at  Upsal,  dated  August  7th, 
1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Journal  (Vol.  iii.  part  2,)  and 
the  Proceedings  (vol.  vii.  Nos.  2-7,)  of  the  Academy. 

From  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Naples,  dated  March  10th, 
1854,  accompanying  vol.  vi.  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Academy. 

Dr.  LeConte  presented  a  paper,  for  publication  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Academy,  entitled  "  Synopsis  of  the  Melolonthidae  of  the  United 
States,  by  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. ;"  referred  to  a  Committee  consist- 
ing of  Mr.  Schaf  hirt,  Mr.  Guex,  and  Dr.  Bridges. 

A  paper  was  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled 
"  Notice  upon  the  species  of  the  genus  Salmo  of  Authors,  observed 
chiefly  in  California,  by  Charles  Girard,  M.  D. ;"  referred  to  a  Com- 
mittee consisting  of  Drs.  Morris,  Hallowell,  and  Bridges. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  a  paper,  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  en- 
titled "  Notices  of  extinct  Vertebrated  animals  of  New  Jersey,  collected 
by  Professor  Cook,  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  W.  Kitchell,  by  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. ;  referred  to  a  Committee 
consisting  of  Drs.  Le  Conte,  Hallowell,  and  T.  B.  Wilson. 

Mr.  Lea  exhibited  two  specimens  of  Uniones,  illustrating  his  paper 
on  the  Byssus  of  the  Genus  Unio,  read  September  23d. 

On  leave  granted,  Mr.  Vaux  moved  that  the  Academy  authorize  the 
publication  of  the  list  of  members  and  correspondents  recently  report- 
ed by  the  Committee  appointed  to  prepare  said  list;  which  was  so 
ordered. 


216  [October, 

October  2\st. 

Mr.  Ord,  President,  ia  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Rev.  M.  A.  De  Wolf  Howe,  Secretary  of  the  House  of 
Clerical  and  Lay  Deputies  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church,  dated  October  18.56,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of 
an  invitation  to  visit  the  Museum  of  the  Academy. 

From  George  French  Angus,  Secretary  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Aus- 
tralian Museum,  dated  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  May  1st,  1856, 
offering  exchanges.     Referred  to  the  Curators  with  power  to  act. 

From  the  Hon.  W.  L.  Marcy,  Secretary  of  State,  dated  Washington, 
October  1st,  1856,  transmitting  a  collection  of  Books  for  the  Academy, 
sent  to  the  Department  of  State  by  Charles  Huffnagle,  Esq.,  Consul- 
General  of  the  United  States  at  Calcutta. 

From  Joseph  Barnard  Davis,  dated  Shelton,  Staffordshire,  October 
3d,  1856,  acknowledging  his  election  as  Correspondent. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  : — 

"  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Birds  in  the  National  Museum, 
Washington,  and  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  by  John  Cassin;"  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting 
of  Drs.  Leidy,  Bridges,  and  Wilson. 

''Notes  on  the  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  by  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D."  "  Notice  of 
a  collection  of  Reptiles  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  presented  to  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  by  Dr.  Hammond, 
U.  S,  A.,  by  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D."  Both  referred  to  a  Committee 
consisting  of  Messrs.  Cassin,  Le  Conte,  and  Vaux. 

"  Notices  of  Remains  of  extinct  Vertebrated  Animals,  discoverd  by 
Prof.  E.  Emmons,  by  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D."  "  Notices  of  some  re- 
mains of  Fishes,  discovered  by  Dr.  Jno.  E.  Evans,  by  Joseph  Leidy, 
M.  D."  Both  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Bridges, 
Mr.  Lea  and  Dr.  Le  Conte. 


October  2Sth. 

Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Comittee  on  Dr.  Le  Conte's  paper,  read  14th  inst.,  reported  in 
favor  of  publication  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy. 

The  Committees  on  Drs.  Girard's  and  Leidy's  papers,  read  14th 
inst. ;  on  Mr.  Cassin's,  and  Drs.  Hallowell's  and  Leidy's  papers,  read 
21st  inst.,  severally  reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Academy. 


1856.]  217 


Notice  upon  the  Species  of  the  genus  Salmo,  of  authors,  observed  chiefly  in  Oregon 

and  California. 

By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D. 

In  the  21st  volume  of  the  "  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poisons,"  published  in 
1848,  Valenciennes  subdivides  the  genus  Salmo  of  Artedi,  Linnaeus,  and  others 
into  three  genera:  the  salmons  proper  (^Salmo),  the  salmon  trouts  (Fario),  and 
the  brook  trouts  (Salar),  each  characterised  by  the  number  and  arrangement  of 
the  vomerine  teeth. 

This  method  we  have  applied  to  the  species  of  the  present  synopsis,  which  is 
but  an  abstract  of  a  more  elaborate  memoir  to  be  published  shortly,  accompanied 
with  figures  of  most  of  the  species. 

Needless  to  say  that  the  observations  here  recorded  have  all  been  made  upon 
specimens  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

The  sources  whence  specimens  were  obtained,  are  enumerated  under  each 
special  heading  ;  all  being  well  known  to  the  lovers  and  cultivators  of  Natural 
History. 

Genus  Salmo,  (Artedi),  Valenc. 

Gkn.  char.  Body  fusiform  ;  head  large  ;  mouth  generally  deeply  cleft,  and. 
armed  with  conspicuous  teeth.  Pre-maxillary  (intermaxillary)  bones  short  and 
rather  situated  upon  the  sides  of  the  snout  than  upon  its  extremity ;  the  max- 
illaries  are  attached  behind  them  and  composed  of  a  single  bone.  The  lower  jaw 
is  strong,  and  terminates  frequently  into  a  small  knob  or  tubercle,  which,  in 
some  species,  acquires  a  very  great  developement.  Strong  and  conical  teeth, 
disposed  upon  a  single  row,  are  implanted  upon  the  dentary.  A  f-ew  teeth  on 
the  front  of  the  vomer;  none  on  the  shaft  of  that  same  bone  ;  a  single  row  of 
them  is  also  observed  along  the  palatines,  and  two  rows  upon  the  pterygoids 
and  upon  the  tongue.  There  is  one  anterior  dorsal  fin,  followed  posteriorly  by  a 
small  adipose  more  or  less  thick.  The  caudal  is  well  developed,  and  either 
truncated  posteriorly  or  slightly  emarginated. 

Syn.  Salmo,  Artedi,  Gen.  Pise.  ed.  Walbaum,  1192,  58. — Valenc.  Hist.  Nat. 
Poiss.  xxi.  1848,  166. 

The  scales,  on  all  the  species,  have  that  common  character  of  being  deprived 
of  those  radiating  grooves  or  furrows  which  extends  from  the  organic  centre  of 
the  scale  to  its  periphery.  The  concentric,  or  lines  of  growth,  are  the  only  ones 
extant,  and,  in  many  instances  (in  Salmo  and  Fario,  especially),  they  are  inter- 
rupted or  else  have  become  obsolete  upon  the  posterior  section  of  tha  scales. 
In  many  instances,  also,  they  have  disappeared  from  the  organic  centre  itself, 
which,  under  the  microscope,  appears  perfectly  homogeneous.  Generally  speak- 
ing, their  outline  is  subelliptical,  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  longitudinal 
or  horizontal  axis  of  the  body.  Differences  of  minor  value  may  be  observed  in 
each  species. 

1.  Salmo  scouleri.  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  iii,  1836,  158  and  223.  PI.  xcvi. — 
Dekay  New  Y.  Fauna,  iii,  1842,  242. — Storer,  Synops.  1848,  194. 

The  "  Ekewan"  of  the  natives  of  the  Columbia  river.  Is  identical  with  the 
"  Observatory  Inlet  salmon."  A  specimen  collected  by  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry, 
under  Lt.  W.  R.  Williamson,  in  the  Des  Chutes  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Colum- 
bia, 0.  T. 

2.  Salmo  quinnat.  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  iii,  1836,  219. — Dekay,  New  Y. 
Fauna,  iii,  1842,  242. — Storer,  Synops.  1846,  196. — Common  Salmon  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke. 

Body  fusiform  in  profile,  compressed.  Head  forming  about  the  fifth  of  the 
entire  length.  Maxillary  bone  curved,  extending  beyond  the  orbit.  Dorsal 
region  olivaceous,  studded  with  irregular  black  spots  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  fins 


218  [October, 

similarly  spotted.  Region  beneath  the  lateral  line,  nnicolor  ;  silvery  along  the 
middle  of  the  flanks,  and  yellowish  on  the  belly.  Inferior  fins  unicolor.  Head, 
aboTe  blackish  grey,  its  sides  bluish  grey. 

A  specimen  from  Columbia  river,  was  preserved  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  under 
Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

3.  Salmo  spectabilis,  Grd. — Body  subfusiform  in  profile,  very  much  com- 
pressed, the  head  forming  about  the  fourth  of  the  total  length.  Maxillary  bone 
curved,  extending  to  a  vertical  line  passing  somewhat  posteriorly  to  the  entire 
orbit.  Anterior  margin  of  dorsal  fin,  a  little  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout 
than  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Bluish  grey  above  ;  silvery  beneath.  Dorsal  region 
and  upper  portion  of  the  flanks  spread  over  with  light  spots. 

By  its  general  appearance,  this  species  resembles  Sal/no  hoodii  most,  but  may 
readily  be  distinguished  from  it  by  a  more  elongated  and  elliptical  head,  hence 
a  mouth  more  deeply  cleft,  with  the  maxillary  extending  further  back. 

Specimens  collected  at  St.  Mary's  Mission,  Flathead  valley,  Oregon,  by  Dr. 
Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

Genus  Fario,  Valenc. 

Gen.  char. — All  the  characters  of  the  salmons,  differing  from  the  latter  by 
the  presence  of  only  one  row  of  teeth  upon  the  shaft  of  the  vomer. 
Syn.  Fario,  Valenc.     Hist.  Nat.  des  Poiss.  xxi.  1848,  27'?. 

1.  Fario  aurora,  Grd. — Red  Char  of  Lewis  and  Clarke. — Body  fusiform,  com- 
pressed ;  head  forming  the  fourth  of  the  length,  the  caudal  fin  excluded.  Upper 
jaw  longest.  Maxillary  gently  undulating ;  its  posterior  extremity  extending  to 
a  vertical  line  passing  considerably  behind  the  entire  orbit.  Anterior  margin 
of  dorsal  fin  equidistant  between  tlae  tip  of  the  snout  and  the  insertion  of  the 
caudal.  Ground  color  greyish — silvery  above ;  sides  and  belly  yellowish  orange 
Dorsal  fin  spotted. 

Specimens  collected  at  Astoria,  0.  T.,  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A. 

2.  Fario  tscppitch,  Grd. — Salmo  tsuppitch,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  iii.  1836, 
324. — Storer,  Synops.  1846,  197. — Salmon  Trout  oi  i\iQ  settlers. 

Body  very  much  elongated,  compressed,  fusiform  in  profile  ;  head  forming 
about  the  sixth  of  the  total  length.  Snout  rounded,  with  the  jaws  subequal. 
Maxillary  gently  curved,  dilated  posteriorly,  and  extending  to  a  vertical  line 
passing  slightly  behind  the  orbit.  Anterior  margin  of  dorsal  fin  nearer  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal  fin.  Ground  color  of  dorsal 
region  olivaceous,  clouded  with  bluish  brown,  and  scattered  about  with  round- 
ish black  spots  which  extend  over  the  dorsal,  the  adipose  and  the  caudal 
fins.  Upper  surface  of  head  bluish  black.  Sides  and  inferior  region  of  the 
body  unicolor,  yellowish  brown  ;  inferior  fins  unicolor  also.  Sides  of  head 
yellowish. 

A  female  specimen  26  inches  long,  caught  at  Fort  Dallas  on  the  Columbia 
River,  Oregon,  was  skinned  and  preserved  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  under 
Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

3.  Fario  argyreus,  Grd. — Body  very  much  compressed,  rather  deep  upon  its 
middle  region  and  quite  tapering  posteriorly.  Head  moderate,  constituting  the 
fifth  of  the  entire  length.  Jaws  equal.  Maxillary  slightly  curved ;  its  free  ex- 
tremity extending  to  a  vertical  line  drawn  posteriorly  to  the  orbit.  Anterior 
margin  of  dorsal  fin  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the 
caudal  fin.  Bluish  grey  above ;  silvery  along  the  middle  of  the  flanks  ;  yellowish 
white  beneath. 

This  species  is  quite  characteristic  in  its  outline,  since  it  is  much  more  taper- 
ing towards  the  tail  than  in  any  other  of  its  congeners.  In  other  respects  it  re- 
sembles somewhat  Fario  aurora,  but  its  elongated  and  low  anal  fin  will  distin- 
guish it  from  the  latter  at  the  very  first  glance. 


1856.]  219 

Specimens  were  collected  at  Cape  Flattery,  W.  T.,  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge, 
U.  S.  A.,  and  at  Fort  Steilacoom,  Puget  Sound,  W.  T.,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley, 
U.  S.  A.  o  ,  ,    J  J, 

4.  Fario  gairdneri,  Grd. — Salmo  gairdnerii,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  iii,  1836, 
221.— DeKay,  New  York,  Fauna  iii,  1843,  243.— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  196.— 
Body  fusiform  in  profile,  very  compressed ;  head  comprised  four  times  in  the 
length,  the  caudal  fin  excluded.  Upper  jaw  longest.  Maxillary  curved,  extend- 
ing to  a  vertical  line  intersecting  the  posterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  Anterior 
margin  of  dorsal  fin  equidistant  between  the  extremity  of  the  snout  and  the 
base  of  the  caudal.  Caudal  fin  furcated.  Back  silvery  grey ;  sides  silvery, 
and  belly  yellowish  or  whitish.  Body  obsoletely  spotted  with  black;  similar, 
but  more  distinct,  spots  on  the  dorsal  and  caudal  fins. 

A  purplish  red  tint  is  sometimes  apparent  over  the  middle  of  the  flanks. 
A  specimen  collected  in  Klamath  River,  0.  T.,  by  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry,  under 
Lt.  W.  R.  Williamson,  Top.  Eng. 

5.  Fario  clarkii,  Grd. — Salmo  clarhii,  Rich.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  iii,  1836,  224 
— Storer,  Synops.  1846,  197. 

Body  fusiform ;  head  well  developed,  forming  the  fifth  of  the  total  length. 
Maxillary  slightly  bent,  extending  to  a  vertical  line  drawn  inwardly  to  the  pos- 
terior rim  of  the  orbit.  Jaws  equal.  Anterior  margin  of  dorsal  fin  a  little 
nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal  fin.  Back 
bluish  grey ;  upper  surface  of  head  blackish  grey ;  sides  silvery  grey  ;  fins  ash 
grey  ;  dorsal  and  caudal  spotted.  Upper  regions  of  head  and  body  studded  with 
irregular  black  spots  or  specks. 

Specimens  collected  at  Fort  Dallas,  Columbia  River,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley, 
under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

6.  Fario  stellatus,  Grd. — Common  trout  of  the  settlers.  Opkalloo,  Wasco 
Indians, 

Body  elongated  and  fusiform ;  head  well  developed,  contained  four  times  and 
three-quarters  in  the  total  length  ;  jaws  equal ;  maxillary  gently  curved,  reaching 
a  vertical  line  drawn  posteriorly  to  the  orbit.  Anterior  margin  or  dorsal  fin  a 
little  nearer  to  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  caudal  fin.  Back  light  olive  ; 
belly  light  yellowish  white.  Head,  body  and  fins  profusely  spotted  with  black, 
giving  it  a  very  peculiar  aspect,  easily  recognised  amongst  all  the  other 
species  of  the  same  genus. 

Specimens  were  collected  at  Fort  Steilacoom  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.; 
at  Schoalwater  Bay,  W.  T.  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper ;  at  Cape  Flattery,  W.  T., 
Astoria  and  Humboldt  Bay  by  Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  and  in  Des  Chutes  River, 
0.  T.,  by  Dr.  John  S.  Newberry  under  Lt.  Williamson. 

Genus  Salar,  Valenc. 

Gen.  Char. — All  the  characters  of  the  Salmons,  but  differing  from  them  as 
well  as  from  the  genus  Fario  in  being  provided  with  a  double  row  of  teeth  upon 
the  shaft  of  the  vomer,  and  none  on  the  front  of  that  same  bone. 

Syn.  Salar,  Valeno.     Hist.  Nat.  des  Poiss.  xxi,  1848,  314. 

1.  Salar  lewisi,  Grd. — Body  rather  thickish  upon  its  middle  region  ;  head 
moderate,  constituting  a  little  less  than  the  fifth  of  the  total  length.  Lower 
jaw  longest.  Maxillary  gently  curved,  its  posterior  extremity  reaching  a  verti- 
cal line  drawn  immediately  behind  the  orbit.  Anterior  margin  of  dorsal  fin  a 
little  nearer  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin.  Ground 
color  of  the  upper  region  bluish  grey,  of  the  inferior  region  yellow  or  orange. 
The  back,  peduncle  of  tail,  dorsal,  adipose,  and  caudal  fins,  spotted  with  black. 
The  belly  and  lower  fins  are  unicolor,  a  deep  orange  hue  existing  along  the  rays 
and  also  in  the  shape  of  a  dot  upon  the  abdominal  scales,  and  which  disappears 
by  long  standing  in  alcohol. 

This  is  the  trout  alluded  to  in  Lewis  and  Clarke's  "  Travels."  They  "  caught 
(at  the  Falls  of  the  Missouri)  half  a  dozen  trout  from  sixteen  to  twenty-three 


220  [October, 

inches  long,  precisely  resembling  in  form  and  the  position  of  the  fins,  the  moun- 
tain or  specklrtd  trout  of  the  United  States,  except  that  the  specks  of  the  former 
are  of  a  deep  black,  while  those  of  the  latter  are  of  a  red  or  gold  color  :  they 
have  long  sharp  teeth  on  the  palate  and  tongue,  and  generally  a  small  speck  of 
red  on  each  side  behind  the  front  ventral  fins  ;  the  flesh  is  of  a  pale  yellowish 
red,  or  when  in  good  order,  of  a  rose  colored  red." — London  edition  of  1814,  p. 
192,  4to.  A.nd  further  on,  page  487,  we  read:  "The  mountain  or  speckled 
trout  are  found  in  the  waters  of  the  Columbia  within  the  mountains ;  they  are 
the  same  with  those  found  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Missouri,  but  are  not  so 
abundant  in  the  Columbia  as  in  that  river.  We  never  saw  this  fish  below  the 
mountains,  but  from  the  transparency  and  coldness  of  the  Kooskoskee,  we  should 
not  doubt  of  its  existence  in  that  stream  as  low  as  its  junction  with  the  south 
east  branch  of  the  Columbia." 

It  would  be  an  interesting  point  to  compare,  side  by  side,  specimens  caught 
in  the  Columbia,  with  those  of  the  Missouri  river.  We  should  not  be  surprised 
if  the  result  of  such  a  composition  should  refer  the  specimens  from  the  basin  of 
the  Columbia  to  Fario  gairdneri. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  collected  at  the  Falls  of  the  Missouri  River, 
Rocky  Mountains,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  under  Gov.  I.  I.  Stevens. 

2.  Salar  virginalis,  Grd. — Body  subfusiform  in  profile,  otherwise  compressed; 
head  comprised  about  four  times  in  the  length,  the  caudal  fin  excluded.  Jaws 
subequal ;  posterior  extremity  of  maxillary  extending  to  a  vertical  line  inter- 
secting the  posterior  rim  of  the  orbit.  Anterior  margin  of  dorsal  nearer  the 
extremity  of  the  snout  than  the  insertion  of  the  caudal  fin.  Greyish  brown 
above  with  a  purplish  reflection  and  subcircular  black  spots ;  beneath,  olivaceous, 
unicolor. 

Specimens  collected  by  the  party  under  Lt.  Beckwith,  in  Utah  creek,  and  at 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass,  upper  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  (Rio  Bravo). 

3.  Salar  iridea,  Grd. — Sal-mo  iridea,  Gibbons,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  i. 
1855,  36. — Salmo  rivularis,  Ayres,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  i,  1855,  43. — Body 
subfusiform  in  profile,  otherwise  compressed  ;  head  well  developed,  constituting 
a  little  less  than  the  fourth  of  the  total  length.  Jaws  subequal;  posterior  ex- 
tremity of  maxillary  extending  a  little  beyond  the  orbit.  Anterior  margin  of 
dorsal  fin  equidistant  between  the  snout  and  the  insertion  of  the  caudal.  Red- 
dish brown  above,  with  small  and  numerous  black  spots ;  yellowish  white 
beneath. 

Specimens  were  collected  in  the  headwaters  of  San  Matteo  Creek,  Cal.,  by  R. 
D.  Cutts ;  at  Petaluma,  Cal.  by  E.  Samuels,  near  Humboldt  Bay,  by  Lt.  W.  P. 
Trowbridge,  and  finally  specimens  obtained  by  Dr.  Ayres,  of  San  Francisco, 
under  the  name  of  Salmo  rivularis,  proved  identical  with  Salmo  iridea,  of  Dr. 
Gibbons.  Dr.  Gibbons'  description  was  drawn  from  a  very  immature  specimen, 
but  has  the  priority  over  Dr.  Ayres's  appellation.  The  aspect  of  the  male  is 
quite  diS'erent  from  that  of  the  female,  so  that  their  identification  requires  a 
very  close  study  of  their  intrinsic  characters. 


Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  vertehrated  animals  of  New  Jersey,   collected  by  Prof. 
Cook  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  W.  Kitchell. 

Macrophoca,  Leidy. 

1.  Macrophoca  atlantica,  Leidy. 

Based  upon  three  specimens  of  molar  teeth,  obtained  by  E.  Davis,  Esq.,  from 
the  miocene  marl  of  Cumberland  County.  Genus  belonging  to  the  Zeuglodont 
family. 

Crowns  of  the  molar  teeth  broader  than  the  length,  laterally  compressed  coni- 
cal ;  anterior  and  posterior  borders  acute,  the  former  with  a  series  of  two  and  the 
latter  with  four  conical  tubercles  having  denticulated  borders ;  inner  and  outer 


1856.]  221 

surfaces  exceedingly  roughened,  especially  towards  the  base,  by  longitudinally 
acute  and  broken  ridges.  Rout  composed  of  an  antero-posterior  pair  of  fangs 
confluent  half  their  length.  Length  of  largest  tooth  2i  inches  ;  length  of  crown 
10  lines,  breadth  12J  lines. 

PoLYGONODON,  Leidy. 

2.  PoLYGONODON  VETUS,  Leidy. 

Based  on  a  specimen  of  the  crown  of  a  tooth  found  in  the  marl  (cretaceous) 
of  Burlington  Co.,  by  L.  T.  Germain,  Esq. 

Length  three  times  the  breadtli ;  transverse  section  elliptical ;  with  trenchant 
borders  ;  with  six  planes  on  one  side  and  seven  on  the  other.  Length  1^  inches, 
breadth  J  an  inch.     May  it  be  an  incisor  of  Mososaurus  9 

IscHYRHiZA,  Leidy. 

3.  IscHYRHizA  MiRA,  Leidy. 

Based  upon  an  imperfect  specimen  of  a  remarkable  tooth  apparently  of  a  fish, 
obtained  by  L.  T.  Germain,  Esq.,  from  the  cretaceous  green  sand  of  Burlington 
County. 

Crown  of  the  tooth  when  perfect,  apparently,  laterally  compressed  conical, 
invested  with  smooth  shining  enamel.  Fang  more  robust  than  the  crown,  curved 
pyramidal,  quadrate  in  section,  with  the  base  rugged  and  divided  antero-pos- 
teriorly.  Pulp  cavity  expanded  within  the  fang,  closed  below,  and  narrowing 
towards  the  crown.  Probable  length  of  tooth  when  entire  about  2  inches  ;  length 
of  fang  10}  lines,  breadth  of  its  base  8  lines. 

4.  Sphyr/ena  speciosa,  Leidy, 

Founded  on  a  specimen  of  tlie  crown  of  an  anterior  tooth  obtained  by  E.  Davis, 
Esq.,  from  the  miocene  marl  of  Cumberland  County.  Posterior  border  of  the 
crown  nearly  straight  or  slightly  sigmoid,  trenchant  border  minutely  denticulated, 
sides  towards  the  base  striated,  apex  semi-barbed.  Length  4  lines,  breadth 
2  lines. 

Edaphodon. 

5.  Edaphodon  mirificus,  Leidy. 

Based  on  eight  specimens  of  upper  and  lower  maxillary  bones,  found  in  the 
Green  Sand  of  New  Jersey. 

The  superior  maxillaries  are  3f  inches  long  in  the  median  line  and  2  inches 
wide  posteriorly ;  and  they  present  the  matrices  of  three  teeth.  The  inferior 
maxillaries  are  5.}  inches  long  and  2|  inches  deep;  and  besides  the  matrices  of 
the  three  large  teeth,  they  present  two  or  three  apparent  small  ones  near  the 
apices  of  the  bones,  and  another  small  one  to  the  inner  side  of  the  largest 
tooth. 


I^otes  on  ike  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Pkilad'a. 

By  Edw.  Hallowell,  M.  D. 

Fam.  GECKOTID^^. 
Gen.  Hemidactylus,  Cuvier,  Wagler,  Gray,  Wiegmann. 
Section  Dactyloperes  ou  a  pouce  comme  tronques  (Peropus  Wiegmann.) 
A.     H.  Dactyloperes  a  lames  sous-digitales  entieres.     D.  &  B. 

Dumeril  and  Bibron  mention  but  one  species  belonging  to  this  division,  viz., 
Hemidactylus  ouallensis,  inhabiting  Oualan,  Tahiti,  Vanicoro  and  Tongatabou. 
It  differs  very  materially  from  the  one  about  to  be  described.  I  do  not  find  any 
species  of  Hemidactylus  inhabiting  Jamaica  in  the  Catalogue  of  Reptiles  in  the 
British  Museum,  by  Mr.  Gray. 


222  [OCTOBER; 

Hemidactylus  pr^signis,  nob. 

Char.  Mental  plate  large,  and  triangular ;  immediately  behind  it  a  transverse 
row  of  four  plates,  the  two  exterior  large,  the  two  middle  quite  small ;  seven  to 
eight  plates  margin  the  upper  jaw  on  each  side,  and  as  many  the  lower ;  scales 
upon  the  abdomen  much  larger  than  those  upon  throat  and  neck ;  in  the  latter 
regions  granular  ;  color  brownish  above,  lighter  brown  or  grej'ish  beneath. 

Description.  The  head  is  long  and  rather  narrow,  depressed  in  front,  covered 
above  with  granulations  larger  upon  the  front ;  rostral  plate  large,  somewhat 
quadrangular  in  shape ;  the  nostril,  which  is  more  or  less  circular,  situ- 
ated at  its  upper  and  external  angle ;  of  the  seven  plates  which  margin 
the  upper  jaw  the  first  appears  to  be  the  highest;  these  plates  are  all  very  dis- 
tinct, and  more  or  less  quadrangular  ;  the  mental  plate  is  large  and  triangular, 
broader  than  long;  there  are  four  plates  immediately  behind  it,  the  two  inter- 
mediate very  small,  the  two  lateral,  which  are  in  contact  with  the  first  inferior 
labial,  quite  large;  the  eyes  are  large,  the  pupil  circular;  auricular  openings 
moderate  ;  body  moderately  st<fut,  covered  above  with  granulations  of  nearly 
equal  size;  tail  longer  than  head,  neck  and  body,  rather  stout  at  base,  covered 
above  and  upon  the  sides  with  imbricated  scales,  jsresenting  below  a  longitu- 
dinal row  larger  than  the  others ;  chin  and  throat  covered  with  small  granulations 
of  nearly  equal  size  ;  the  abdomen  is  covered  ivith  smooth  and  qvite  large  imhricated 
scales,  contrasting  strongly  with  the  small  granulations  upon  the  chin  and  throat ; 
under  surface  of  extremities  covered  with  scales,  those  of  the  posterior  much 
larger  ;  granulations  above  ;  anterior  surface  of  thighs  with  scales  ;  the  thumbs 
are  deprived  of  nails,  the  remaining  toes  dilated  with  undivided  subdigital 
laminEe ;  no  femoral  or  anal  pores. 

Coloration.  Uniform  brown  above,  with  no  lines  or  spots  ;  lighter  brown  or 
greyish  beneath. 

lUmcnsions.  Length  of  head  9  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  6  ;  length  of  neck  and 
body  to  vent  1  inch  8  lines  ;  of  tail  3^  inches  ;  of  arm  3  lines  ;  of  forearm  3  ;  of 
hands  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  4  ;  of  thigh  6  lines  ;  of  leg  4  lines  ;  of  feet 
to  extremity  of  longest  toe  5  J  lines. 

Habitat.  Jamaica.  Two  specimens  presented  by  Caspar  W.  Pennock,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  species  differs  very  much  from  the  only  species  of  Pero- 
pus  heretofore  described ;  among  other  particulars  in  the  following ;  It  has  four 
scales  behind  the  mental  instead  of  six.  In  Ouallensis  there  are  twenty-four 
superior  labial  plates  and  twenty-six  inferior  ?  and  the  scales  upon  the  under 
surface  of  the  animal  are  not  represented  as  unequal  in  size. 

Fam.  IGUANIDJE. 
Lezards  lauANiENS  ou  Sauriens  Eunotes,  Dumeril  et  Bibron.      , 
NOROPS,  Wagler. 

The  following  are  the  characters  of  the  genus  Norops  as  given  by  Dumeril 
and  Bibron,  (Erpet.  Gen.  Tome  iv.  p.  81.) 

"  Skin  beneath  the  neck  forming  a  salient  fold  ;  a  sort  of  small  throat  pouch 
without  denticulations  ;  neither  palatine  teeth  nor  femoral  pores.  Fourth  toe  of 
the  foot  longer  than  the  third.  Scales  of  the  body  carinated,  in  part  imbricate  ; 
those  upon  the  sides  much  smaller  than  upon  the  back  and  abdomen.  Tail 
moderate,  not  prehensile,  destitute  of  crest  like  the  back." 

But  one  species  of  this  genus  has  been  described,  viz.,  Norops  auratus,  from 
Surinam  and  other  parts  of  Guiana.  The  specimen  in  our  collection,  received 
from  the  Garcilen  of  Plants,  is  from  Mexico.  The  toes  are  dilated,  but  not  to  so 
great  an  extent  as  in  many  species  of  Anolis.  The  present  species  with  the  same 
generic  characters,  is  totally  destitute  of  any  such  dilatation. 

Norops  macrodactylus,  nob. 
Char.     Scales  upon  snout  tricarinate  ;  those  of  supra-orbitar  ridges  separated 
from  each  otlier  hjr  a  row  of  smaller  scales  ;  twelve  rows  of  dorsal   scales  dis- 
tinctly carinated ;   scales  upon  abdomen   carinated ;   upon  flanks  very  small ; 


1856.]  223 

fingers  and  toes  not   dilated  ;  color  white  above  and  upon  abdomen  ;  a  lateral 
vitta  passing  over  the  tympanum,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 

Description.  Head  long  and  narrow,  with  a  marked  depression  in  front ; 
nostrils  lateral,  in  a  single  scale,  about  a  line  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout, 
with  several  rows  of  small  scales  immediately  behind  them  ;  their  lower  margin 
is  on  a  line  with  the  exterior  ridge  projecting  over  the  orbit ;  the  rostral  plate 
is  broad  and  narrow,  its  upper  margin  forming  an  obtuse  angle  ;  the  scales  upon 
the  front  part  of  the  head  are  more  or  less  hexagonal,  depressed,  tricarinate  ; 
the  supra-orbitar  ridge  on  each  side  is  composed  of  a  ridge  of  larger  scales,  separated 
from  each  other  hy  a  row  of  smaller  ones;  eight  larger  scales  upon  the  orbit ;  oc- 
cipital plate  quite  distinct ;  six  or  seven  supra-labials ;  42  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw,  the  eleven  or  twelve  posterior  tricarinate  ;  tongue  triangular,  smooth, 
deeply  notched  behind,  very  slightly  in  front,  more  or  less  adherent  beneath  ; 
scales  upon  the  temples  subequal ;  auricular  opening  of  moderate  size ;  body 
slender,  presenting  above,  twelve  rowsof  distinctly  larger  scales;  about  as  broad 
as  long,  hexagonal,  each  with  a  distinct  carina  extending  its  whole  length. 
The  scales  upon  the  abdomen,  of  which  from  sixteen  to  eighteen  rows  may  be 
counted,  appear  somewhat  larger  than  those  upon  the  back,  and  are  also 
distinctly  carinated;  the  scales  upont  he  flanks  are  very  small,  quadrangular, 
carinated,  presenting  a  very  small  spine  posteriorly  ;  extremities  slender  ;  toes 
not  dilated,  presenting  a  row  of  transverse  scales  beneath  ;  tail  of  moderate 
length  ;  a  well  marked  gular  pouch  in  the  larger  specimen,  commencing  at  the 
chin  and  extending  upon  the  abdomen,  (in  the  smaller  specimen,  probably  a  fe- 
male, this  is  scarcely  visible.) 

Coloration.  Head,  back  and  upper  part  of  tail  white  above;  abdomen  and 
under  part  of  tail  of  same  color  ;  the  gular  fold  in  the  larger  specimen  is  dark 
colored ;  sides  brown,  white  spotted,  a  lateral  white  stripe  extending  from 
beneath  the  eye,  along  the  side  of  the  head,  immediately  above  the  tym- 
panum, passing  along  the  side  of  the  neck,  about  a  line  above  the  shoulder,  and 
extending  the  whole  length  of  the  side  of  the  body,  and  becoming  lost  upon  the 
tail.  The  white  spots  are  upon  either  side  of  this  white  lateral  line,  but  in  the 
larger  specimen  they  are  absent,  and  the  lateral  line  is  of  a  brown  color  and 
more  narrow,  the  ground  color  white. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  6  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  3  ;  length  of  neck  and 
body  to  vent  14  lines  ;  of  tail  1  inch  9  lines  ;  of  humerus  3  lines  ;  of  arm  3  lines  ; 
of  hand  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  2\  ;  of  foot  to  extremity  of  longest  toe  6 
lines.     Total  length  3  inches  5  lines. 

Dimensions  of  a  larger  specimen.     Length  of  head  7  lines  ;  breadth  4  ;  length  of 

neck  and  body  to  vent  1 J  inches ;    of  tail ;    of  arm  3f  lines  ;    of  forearm 

3| ;  of  hand  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  3  J  lines;  of  thigh  bh  lines  ;  of  leg  5|  ; 
of  foot  to  extremity  of  longest  toe  8  J. 

Habitat.  New  Grenada.  Two  specimens  from  the  Philadelphia  Museum  in 
exchange. 

Gen.  Anolis,  Daudin, 

Char. — "  Fingers  dilated  beneath  the  anti-penultimate  phalanx,  forming  a 
sub-oval  disk,  more  or  less  enlarged,  provided  with  imbricated  scaly  lamellte  ;  be- 
neath the  neck  a  goitre,  which  when  it  is  not  distended  assumes  the  form  of  a  gular 
pouch  more  or  less  developed;  palatine  teeth,  no  pores  to  the  thighs." — D.  &  B. 

The  genus  Anolis  is  divided  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron  first  into  two  grand  divi- 
sions, viz.,  A.  with  fingers  but  slightly  dilated,  constituting  the  genus  Draco- 
nura  of  Wagler  and  Wiegmann  This  comprises  but  two  species.  B.  with 
fingers  distinctly  dilated,  constituting  the  genus  Dactyloa.  This  latter  division 
includes  twenty-three  species.  These  are  again  subdivided  into  (a.)  species  in 
which  the  abdomen  is  provided  with  flattened  scales,  smooth  or  carinated,  and 
for  the  most  part  imbricated,  of  which  there  are  twenty-two,  and  (/>.)  species 
with  the  abdominal  scales  granular,  of  which  there  is  at  present  known  but 
one,  viz.  Anolis  camaeleonides. 

The  subdivision  a.  is  again  divided  into   species  in  which  the  scales  of  the 


224  ['October, 

sides  are  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  back  and  abdomen,  (1  sp.)  (6.)  In 
which  the  scales  of  the  sides  are  of  about  the  same  dimension  as  those  of  the 
back  and  abdomen ;  this  group  is  again  divided  into  (a.)  species  in  which  the 
scales  upon  the  upper  and  lateral  parts  of  the  body  are  mingled  with  tubercles, 
(1  sp.  loysiana,)  and  (6.)  in  which  the  scales  of  the  upper  parts  and  sides  of  the 
body  are  homogeneous  or  not  mingled  with  tubercles.  This  last  division  com- 
prises by  far  the  greater  number,  viz.,  twenty  species.  The  genus  Anolis  is 
exclusively  American  ;  of  the  twenty-five  species  described  by  Dumeril  and 
Bibron,  two  are  from  Surinam;  five  from  Cuba,  exclusively;  one  from  Cuba  and 
the  United  States ;  one  from  Cuba  and  Mexico  ;  one  from  Cuba  and  Jamaica;  five 
from  Martinique,  exclusively ;  one  from  Martinique  and  St.  Domingo,  one 
from  Chili;  two  from  Brazil;  two  from  the  West  Indies;  one  from  the  island 
of  Tortola;  one  from  St.  Domingo,  exclusively;  one  from  Cayenne,  and  one  of 
unknown  origin. 

Of  these  twenty-five  species  of  Anolis,  Dumeril  and  Bibron  represent 
at  least  one  half  as  entirely  new,  (1837,)  with  the  exception  of  two  or 
three  previously  described  by  Wiegmann.  One  has  since  been  described  (1851,) 
by  Prof.  Aug.  Dumeril,  in  the  Catalogue  Methodique  de  la  Collection  des 
Reptiles  des  Museum  d'histoire  Naturelle  de  Paris.  (A.  Heterodermus  from  New 
Grenada.) 

De  la  Sagra's  work  on  Cuba  contains  figures  of  six  species  viz.,  vermi- 
culatus,  Carolinensis,  lucius,  Sagraei,  Loysiana,  (A.  cantholis,)  Fernandina 
(CamEeliopsis,)  (A.  camfelionides,  D.  &  B.)  Daudin  has  figured  two  species 
viz. :  A^  lineatus  and  punctatus.  Anolis  velifer  is  figured  in  Guerin  Iconogra- 
phic  du  Fv,egne  Animal,  Tome  1,  pi.  12.  The  Prince  de  Wied  has  figured  two 
species  of  Anolis,  viz.:  A.  gracilis,  (nasicus,D  .  &  B.)  and  A.  viridis,  punctatus, 
Daudin,  according  to  Dumeril  and  Bibron. 

Among  the  reptiles  belonging  to  this  genus  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy, 
are  several  well  known  species,  viz. :  Anolis  equestris,  (5  sp.)  A.  camaelo- 
nides,  (1.)  A.  carolinensis,  (28  sp.)  A.  punctatus,  (1  sp.)  A.  Edwardsii,  (4  sp.)  the 
last  from  Jamaica,  and  others  from  Cuba,  Mexico  and  Jamaica,  which  we  cannot 
make  out  as  described  in  the  systems.  A  number  of  these  were  collected  in  Jamaica 
at  the  instigation  of  my  excellent  friend.  Dr.  Caspar  W  Pennock,  and  generously 
presented  by  him  to  the  Academy,  and  others  by  another  friend,  Dr.  Betton, 
of  Germantown.  These  are  the  more  valuable,  inasmuch  as  the  Herpetology  of 
Jamaica  appears  to  be  but  incompletely  known ;  but  one  species  of  Anolis  is 
described  by  Mr.  Gray  as  inhabiting  that  island,  viz. :  A.  stenodactylus. 

Anolis  (Draconura,  Wieg.)  tropidogaster,  Nob. 

Char. — Head  of  moderate  size,  covered  in  front  with  elevated  scales  or  tuber- 
cles of  neaily  equal  size;  supraciliary  ridges  separated  from  each  other  by  two 
rows  of  smaller  scales  ;  four  or  five  large  unicarinate  scales  upon  each  orbit ; 
occipital  plate  not  in  contact  with  the  supraciliary  ridge ;  temples  covered  with 
small  granulations ;  middle  rows  of  dorsal  scales  the  largest ;  scales  upon  abdo- 
men strongly  carinated  ;  color  brownish,  extremities  banded  with  brown. 

Description. — This  species  of  Anolis  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  remarkably 
strong  carination  of  the  ventral  scales,  being  even  more  strongly  carinated  than 
those  of  A.  carolinensis,  resembling  much  the  scales  of  Phrynosoma  cornutum. 
The  head  is  of  moderate  size,  snout  not  prolonged;  the  rostral  plate  is  broader 
than  long,  rounded  above ;  the  snout  is  covered  with  elevated  scales  or  tuber- 
cles, of  nearly  equal  size ;  the  scales  upon  the  front  are  unequal,  tricari- 
nate ;  this  region  presents  a  marked  depression,  bounded  on  each  side  by  an 
indistinct  ridge  ;  the  supraciliary  ridge  on  each  side  is  constituted  by  a  row  of  Jive  large 
and  very  distinct  plates  separated  from  each  other  in  the  middle  by  two  rows  of  smaller 
scales ;  there  is  a  group  of  four  or  five  large  unicarinate  scales  upon  each  orbit, 
bordered  with  others  of  a  smaller  size,  with  numerous  granulations  exteriorly, 
and  a  row  of  very  small  plates  between  these  large  plates  and  the  supraciliary 
ridge ;  occipital  plate  rather  large,  irregular  in  shape,  very  distinct,  separated  from  the 
iupraciliary  ridges  by  several    rows   of  smooth  scales;    nostrils    lateral,  circular 


1856.]  225 

about  a  line  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout ;  eight  small  quadrangular  plates 
margin  the  upper  jaw;  4/  teeth  may  be  coanted  in  the  upper  jaw,  the  eleven  or 
twelve  posterior  on  each  side  tricuspid,  the  intermaxillary  very  small,  the  suc- 
ceeding ones  pointed  and  conical,  and  considerably  larger.  38-40  teeth  in  the 
lower  jaw,  the  twelve  posterior  tricuspid;  tongue  triangular,  more  or  less  adhe- 
rent beneath,  deeply  notched  posteriorly ;  temples  covered  with  very  small  granu- 
lations, a  little  larger  above ;  tj^mpanum  of  moderate  size,  scales  on  the  flanks 
small  and  granular,  much  smaller  than  those  upon  the  back,  of  which  the 
middle  rows  are  the  largest;  scales  of  the  back  carinated,  not  very  dis- 
tinctly ;  those  upon  the  abdomen  much  larger  than  those  upon  the  back,  quad- 
rangular, and  very  strongly  carinated;  body  and  extremities  slender;  a  well  de- 
veloped gular  pouch  ;  fingers  and  toes  without  any  dilatation  whatever;  third 
and  fourth  fingers  of  equal  length,  fourth  toe  much  the  longest. 

Coloration. — Brownish  above  with  a  greyish  tinge  upon  the  body,  extremities 
banded  with  brown  ;  abdomen  whitish. 

Dimensions. — Length  of  head,  G  lines  ;  greatest  breadth,  3  ;  length  of  neck  and 
body  to  tail,  13  lines  ;  tail  mutilated  ;  length  of  forearm,  3J  lines  ;  of  arm,  3  lines ; 
length  of  thigh,  5  lines ;  of  leg,  6  ;  of  hand  to  extremity  of  longest  finger,  3 
lines;  of  foot  to  extremity  of  longest  toe,  TJ  lines.  An  Anolis  resplendens,  D.  &  B? 

Habitat. — New  Grenada. 

Anolis  punctatissimus,  nob. 

Char.  Of  moderate  size,  scales  upon  supra-orbitar  ridges  separated  from  each 
other  by  smaller  polygonal  scales  ;  from  nine  to  fifteen  carinated  polyogonal  scales 
upon  orbit ;  a  well  marked  depression  upon  the  occiput ;  occipital  scale  sepa- 
rated from  supraciliary  ridge  by  four  rows  of  scales ;  temples  granulated  ;  ab- 
dominal scales  carinated  ;  tail  much  compressed ;  color  blue  or  light  green, 
covered  above  and  upon  the  sides  with  minute  white  spots  ;  total  length  about  0 
inches. 

Description.  Nostrils  small,  subcircular,  their  anterior  margin  about  J  a  line 
from  the  extremity  of  the  snout ;  scales  upon  front  polygonal,  carinated  ;  those 
upon  the  supraorbitar  ridge  large,  carinated,  separated  from  each  other  by  smaller 
polygonal  and  more  or  less  carinated  scales ;  from  ni7ie  to  fifteen  or  more  conglomera- 
rated  polygonal  carin&ted  scales  over  the  orbit,  surrounded  with  granules,  the 
greater  number  external ;  a  very  well  marked  depression  upon  the  occiput ;  the  occi- 
pital plate,  which  is  smooth,  is  subcircular,  occupying  the  bottom  of  the  cavity, 
and  is  separated  from  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  by  four  rows  of  scales  ;  seven  plates 
upon  the  upper  jaw,  the  third  or  fourth  quadrangular,  and  remarkable  for  its  ex- 
treme length  ;*  temples  granulated,  auricular  opening  suboval,  rather  large, 
its  posterior  edge  minutely  denticulated  ;  no  crest  upon  neck  or  body ;  scales: 
upon  sides  granular,  those  upon  back  a  little  larger,  especially  the  three  or  four  rows 
upon  the  middle  line;  scales  upon  abdomen  with  rounded  posterior  margins,  im- 
bricate, carinated,  much  larger  than  those  upon  sides  and  back  ;  tail  much  com- 
pressed, larger  than  head,  neck  and  body,  verticillate,  covered  with  carinated 
scales,  the  four  or  five  inferior  rows  much  the  largest,  its  superior  and  inferior 
margins  denticulated  ;  from  sixteen  to  nineteen  lateral  rows  of  verticillate  scales 
may  be  counted,  larger  than  the  rest,  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  tail  being 
destitute  of  them  ;  scales  along  superior  border  of  thighs  and  forearms  very  dis- 
tinctly carinated  ;  a  longitudinal  fold  under  the  throat. 

Coloration.  Snout,  front  and  sides  of  head  whitish,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow  ; 
body  above  and  upon  the  sides  light  blue,  (probably  green  during  life,)  covered 
all  over  with  white  spots  ;  tail  yellowish  ;  no  black  marks  or  lines  upon  the 
body. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  9  lines ;  greatest  breadth  5;  length  of  body  to  vent 
\\  inches;  of  anterior  extremities  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  1  inch  ;  of  pos- 
terior to  extremity  of  longest  toe  1  inch  9  lines;  of  tail  4^  inches  ;  total  length 
6^  inches. 

*  Not  a  constant  character ;  in  another  specimen  eight  plates. 

17 


226  [October, 

Habitat.  Jamaica,  Three  specimens,  two  adult  and  one  young  presented  by 
Dr.  Betton, 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  species,  although  it  might,  with  some  propriety,  be  named 
punctatus,  from  the  great  number  of  small  white  spots  with  which  it  is  covered, 
differs  entirely  in  appearance  from  the  punctatus  of  Daudiu,  of  which  we  have 
one  specimen  from  Surinam.  The  head  in  punctatus  is  much  longer,  the  neck 
more  contracted  and  the  body  and  tail  longer.  The  scales  on  the  front  of  the 
head  are  smooth  in  punctatus,  carinated  in  punctatissimus,  and  their  shape  and 
general  arrangement  are  very  different;  the  row  of  plates  above  the  supra-labials 
are  larger  in  the  former  species ;  the  scales  upon  the  flanks  are  oblong  in  punc- 
tatus, those  upon  the  back  flattened  ;  the  tail  is  altogether  difi'erent ;  it  is  sub- 
round  in  punctatus,  with  smooth  scales,  without  verticillse,  and  the  much  larger 
row  of  scales  along  the  median  line.  The  one  is  an  inhabitant  of  Jamaica  the 
other  of  Surinam  and  Brazil. 

Anolis  leucocephaltjs,  nob. 

Char.  Of  larger  size  than  usual  among  the  smaller  species  of  Anolis  ;  head 
much  depressed  in  front,  covered  with  large  and  smooth  polygonal  scales  ; 
scales  of  supra  orbitar  ridge  in  contact  at  the  middle  ;  temples  covered  with 
polygonal  scales  ;  upon  sides  suboval,  smooth,  larger  than  those  upon  back  and 
abdomen,  interspaces  filled  with  small  granules;  abdominal  scales  smooth;  no 
dorsal  crest ;  tail  compressed  cyclo-tetragonal  at  base ;  color  whitish  with 
blotches  of  green. 

Description.  Head  long  and  narrow,  depressed  in  front,  where  it  is  covered 
with  large  and  smooth  scales,  much  larger  than  in  most  other  species  of  Anolis  ; 
scales  upon  the  snout  on  the  contrary  very  small ;  nostrils  small,  suboval,  their 
anterior  margin  a  line  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  situated  on  the  side  of  a 
slight  prominence,  just  within  the  ridge  extending  from  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  orbit  to  below  the  nostril  and  terminating  at  its  anterior  border ;  the  supra- 
orbitar  ridge  is  composed  of  four  or  live  large  scales  ;  they  are  in  contact  at  their 
middle,  but  not  anteriorly  or  posteriorly  ;  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  is  not  prolonged 
anteriorly,  the  front,  as  before  stated,  being  covered  with  smooth  and  large  scales; 
differing  more  or  less  in  shape;  ten  or  eleven  quadrilateral  plates  may  be 
counted  upon  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw,  44  teeth  in  the  lower,  the  ten  an- 
terior on  each  side  pointed,  the  12  posterior  tricuspid  ;  36  in  the  upper,  eighteen 
on  each  side,  the  ten  anterior  pointed,  the  rest  tricuspid  ;  tongue  slender,  deeply 
notched  posteriorly,  entire  in  front,  three  rows  of  smooth  scales  upon  the  side 
of  the  head,  between  the  supra-orbitar  plates  and  the  anterior  orbitar  ridge  ; 
temples  covered  with  smooth  polygonal  scales,  the  .ntperior  and  posterior  roics  the  largest; 
auricular  openings  of  moderate  size,  suboval,  not  denticulated ;  scales  upon  the 
sides  suboval,  smooth,  separated  from  each  other,  the  interspaces  /died  with  small 
granides  ;  these  lateral  scales  are  larger  than  those  upon  the  back  and  abdomen; 
those  upon  the  neck  and  back  are  more  closely  united ;  subround  or  polygonal ; 
those  upon  the  abdomen  for  the  most  part  quadrangular,  perfectly  smooth  ;  no 
crest  upon  the  back  or  neck  ;  a  large  goitre  extending  from  the  chin  as  far  as  the 
abdomen  ;  a  veiy  large  portion  of  its  surface  w]\en  distended  appears  to  be  desti- 
tute of  scales  ;  the  scales  upon  the  under  part  of  the  thighs  and  in  front  of 
the  arms,  as  well  as  upon  the  under  part  of  the  anterior  extremities  are  quite 
small,  having  the  appearance  of  granulations ;  those  along  the  superior  margin 
of  the  thighs  are  quite  large.  Extremities  slender;  tail  cyclo-tetragonal  at  base, 
compressed  in  the  rest  of  its  extent;  longer  than  head,  neck  and  body,  slightly 
denticulated  above,  verticillate,  seven  distinct  vertical  rows  of  scales  larger 
than  the  rest;  four  or  five  rows  upon  the  under  part  of  the  tail  strongly  cari- 
nated. 

Coloration.  General  color  whitish,  with  blotches  of  green ;  abdomen  white, 
with  a  shade  of  green  ;  throat  yellowish  white  ;  in  another  and  smaller  specimen 
the  white  is  more  pure  and  the  blotches  brown. 

Dimensions.     Length  of  head  8  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  5  lines  ;  length  of  body 


1856.]  227 

2  inches  9  lines  ;  of  anterior  extremities  9  lines  ;  of  posterior  extremities  1  inch  ; 
of  tail  3J  inches  ;  total  length  6  inches  and  ^. 

Habitat.  Jamaica.  One  specimen  presented  by  Dr.  Caspar  W.  Pennock,  the 
other  without  a  label. 

Gen.  Remarks.  The  scaling  of  the  frontal  region  is  so  entirely  different  from 
that  of  the  other  species  of  Anolis  being  composed  of  flat  and  large  polygonal 
plates,  that  with  the  large  size  of  the  scales  upon  the  sides  of  the  body,  larger 
than  those  upon  the  back  and  abdomen,  being  just  the  reverse  of  what  obtains 
in  most  of  the  other  species  of  Anolis,  it  might,  with  some  degree  of  propriety  be 
considered  as  belonging  to  a  subgenus  ;  but  as  the  multiplication  of  subgenera  in 
our  opinion  tends  only  to  confusion,  and  to  discourage  the  young  naturalist, 
and  is  in  fact,  at  variance  with  a  true  and  philosophical  study  of  nature,  we  pre- 
fer not  making  one,  leaving  it  to  be  placed  in  a  group  different  from  those  already 
recognized,  viz  ,  with  scales  upon  the  sides  larger  i\\a.xi  those  upon  the  back  and 
abdomen,  and  larger  and  flat  plates  upon  the  head. 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  we  think,  that  Anolis  leucocephalus  is  a  species  new 
to  Herpetology,  the  only  one  closely  approaching  it  being  that  recently  described 
by  Prof.  Aug.  Dumeril,  in  his  Catalogue  Methodique  de  la  Collection  des  Reptiles 
du  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  de  Paris,  p.  59.  (Anolis  heterodermus,  A.  Dum.) 
who  observes  that  the  only  species  of  Anolis  previously  described  with  scales 
upon  the  sides,  surrounded  with  small  granulations  is  the  Anolis  camajleonides 
or  Chamelopsis  Fernandina  of  Cocteau  figured  in  de  la  Sagra's  splendid  work  ou 
the  Natural  History  of  Cuba.  Mr.  Dumeril's  species  is  found  in  New  Granada, 
and  differs  from  leucocephalus  in  having  a  small  denticulated  carina  upon 
the  neck  and  back,  in  its  carinated  scales  upon  the  tail,  in  the  absence  of  a 
large  goitre,  and  the  presence  of  the  voluminous  scales  upon  the  supra-orbitar 
ridges,  and  the  margins  of  the  snout. 

Anolis  sericeus,  nob. 

Char.  Head  small,  scales  upon  muzzle  carinated  ;  supra-orbitar  ridges  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  by  several  rows  of  scales ;  supra-orbitar  scales  nine  in 
number;  temples  covered  with  granulations;  scales  upon  back  and  abdomen 
carinated ;  tail  not  compressed,  long ;  color  brown,  extremities  banded  and 
blotched  with  brown  ;  brown  bands  upon  the  tail ;  total  length  4|  inches, 

Description.  The  head  is  small,  with  a  marked  depression  in  front ;  the 
nostrils  are  quite  small,  circular,  about  half  a  line  from  the  extremity  of  the 
snout ;  situated  upon  the  side  of  a  well  marked  prominence  above  and  within 
the  line  of  the  orbitar  ridge,  which  does  not  extend  so  far  as  the  nostril ;  scales 
upon  the  muzzle  carinated,  much  smaller  than  those  upon  the  front,  which  are 
subequal,  polygonal,  the  exterior  ones  larger  than  those  at  the  bottom  of  the 
cavities  above  mentioned  ;  supra-orbitar  ridge  low,  in  contact  tvith  the  si/pra-orbitar 
scales,  and  separated  Jrom  each  other  by  several  rows  of  scales;  supra-orbitar  scales 
nine  in  number  ;  occipital  scales  thickly  conglomerated,  forming  an  .almost  tri- 
angular patch  with  the  occipital  in  the  middle,  not  depressed,  and  separated  from 
the  supra-orbitar  ridge  by  a  row  of  three  or  four  scales  ;  temples  covered  with 
granulations;  nine  quadrangular  plates  upon  the  upper  jaw  ;  auricular  openings 
quite  large,  suboval,  not  denticulated  ;  tympanum  distinct ;  body  slender  without 
a  crest ;  scales  upon  the  sides  granular,  smaller  than  those  upon  the  back,  which 
are  imbricate  and  carinated;  those  upon  the  abdomen  much  larger  than  those 
upon  the  sides  and  back,  quadrangular  and  very  distinctly  carinated  ;  extremi- 
ties slender,  covered  above  with  carinated  scales,  very  strongly  marked  upon  the 
thighs,  below  with  granulations  ;  tail  very  long,  round  and  thicker  at  base,  not  com- 
2)ressed,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point. 

Coloration.  Predominant  color  brown ;  a  small  brownish  blotch  upon  the  oc- 
ciput, a  much  larger  one  across  the  neck,  commencing  behind  the  auricular 
openings  and  interosculating  with  one  upon  the  anterior  portion  of  the  back  ; 
extremities  banded  and  blotched  with  brown ;  brown  bands  upon  the  tail ;  under 
parts  black,  spotted  and  blotched  with  brown. 

Dimensions. — Length  of  head  6  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  4  lines  ;  length  of  body 


228  [OCTOBERj 

10  vent  1  inch  2  lines;  of  tail  3  inches;  of  anterior  extremities  10^  lines  ;  of 
posterior  IJ  inch.     Total  length  4  inches  8  lines. 

Habitat. — El  Euceros  le  Jalapa,  Mexico.  One  specimen,  presented  by  Mr. 
Pease. 

Gen.  Remarks. — In  A.  Sagrcei  the  supra-orbitar  ridges  are  in  contact. 

Anolis  acutus,  nob. 

Char. — Head  long  and  slender,  with  a  longitudinal  depression  in  front ;  snout 
prolonged,  acute,  supraciliary  ridges  in  contact ;  temples  granulated ;  dorsal 
scales  carinated  ;  the  two  or  three  middle  rows  the  largest ;  abdominal  scales 
carinated  ;  tail  much  compressed  ;  color  brownish. 

Description. — Head  long  and  slender,  with  a  longitudinal  depression  in  front ; 
snout  prolonged,  acute,  rounded  anteriorly  ;  nostrils  of  moderate  size,  circular, 
their  anterior  margin  nearly  three-fourths  of  aline  from  the  snout;  they  are 
situated  upon  a  prominence,  above  and  within  the  extremity  of  the  supra-orbitar 
ridge ;  scales  in  the  depression  immediately  behind  the  nostrils  smaller  than 
those  upon  the  snout;  behind  the  latter  a  double  row  of  large  smooth  hexagonal 
scales  ;  these  are  a  continuation  of  the  supra-orbitar  ridge,  which  is  composed  of 
five  or  six  large  and  smooth  scales,  the  anterior  one  the  largest;  these  ridges  are 
closely  in  juxtaposition ;  the  scales  at  the  bottom  of  the  frontal  cavity  are  much 
smaller  than  those  forming  its  borders;  occipital  plate  longer  than  broad,  sub- 
oval,  surrounded  with  scales,  its  anterior  angle  almost  in  contact  with  the  pos- 
terior border  of  the  supra-orbitar  ridges;  eight  quadrangular  plates  along  the 
margin  of  the  upper  jaw  ;  three  or  four  rows  of  scales  between  the  superior  marginal 
labial  plates  and  the  sapra-orbitir  ridge;  temples  covered  with  granulations  ;  auricular 
openings  large,  circular,  not  distinctly  denticulated  ;  scales  upon  flanks  granu- 
lar, much  smaller  than  those  upon  back  and  abdomen ;  dorsal  scales  carinated,  larger 
than  most  of  those  upon  the  back  ;  a  moderately  developed  gular  pouch  extend- 
ing from  the  chin  to  the  abdomen;  extremities  slender;  tail  much  compressed, 
except  at  the  base.,  verticillate,  the  verticilke  near  the  root  about  1|  lines  apart; 
three  or  four  rows  of  large  and  carinated  scales  beneath  the  tail ;  under  surface 
not  denticulated,  upper  very  slightly;  scales  upon  superior  margin  of  arms  and 
thighs  slightly  carinated  ;  posterior  surface  of  thighs  covered  with  granulations. 

Coloration.  General  tint  chocolate  brown  above  with  a  tinge  of  green  ;  under 
parts  bluish  ;  two  brownish  lines  en  chevron  upon  the  neck  ;  a  brownish  inter- 
rupted line  stretching  across  the  occiput ;  body  brown  spotted  ;  snout  of  a  lighter 
brown. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  9  lines ;  greatest  breadth  5  ;  length  of  body  to 
vent  I2  inch;  (tail  mutilated.) 

Habitat.     Cuba  ? 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  species  would  appear  to  correspond  with  A.  nasicus,  D. 
k  B.,  but  in  that  the  ventral  scales  are  smooth. 

Anolis  augusticeps,  nob. 

Char.  Head  long  and  narrow,  temples  granulated  ;  scales  upon  back  and  abdo- 
men smooth  ;  tail  moderately  compressed,  with  a  larger  row  of  scales  above 
along  the  median  line ;  color  light  pea  green,  with  numerous  black  spots  and 
undulating  lines. 

Description.  Head  long,  narrow,  snout  acute,  rounded  in  front ;  anterior  mar- 
gin of  nostril  situated  about  half  a  line  in  front  of  extremity  of  the  snout;  nos- 
trils latero-superior,  the  prominence,  which  is  usually  observed  near  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  snout,  beng  in  this  species  scarcely  observable  :  supra-orbitar 
ridge  composed  of  four  or  five  large  scales,  in  contact  in  front,  separated  in  the 
middle  by  three  very  small  scales ;  occii)ital  plate  much  longer  than  broad,  sur- 
rounded by  polygonal  scales  differing  much  in  size,  separated  laterally  and 
anteriorly  from  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  on  each  side  by  a  small  plate  ;  eight  or 
nine  plates  along  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw,  on  each  side  four  or  five  poste- 
rior teeth  larger  than  the  others  ;  temples  covered  with  granulations ;  external 


185G.]  229 

openings  of  the  ears  small,  not  denticulated  ;  neck  and  body  without  a  crest ; 
a  moderately  developed  gular  pouch  ;  body  slender ;  flanks  covered  with  granula- 
tions smaller  than  those  upon  the  back,  which  are  smooth;  ahaommal  scales  larger 
than  those  upon  the  flanks  and  back,  smooth;  tail  of  moderate  length,  cyclo-tetra- 
gonal  at  base,  moderately  compressed,  presenting  a  row  of  scales  above  along  the 
median  line,  much  larger  than  the  rest,  and  below  four  rows  of  large  scales  strongly 
carinated  ;  extremities  slender. 

Coloration.  General  tint  light  pea  green  above,  with  numerous  black  spots 
and  undulating  lines  ;  thighs  black  spotted  posteriorly  ;  head  above  dusky 
white  ;  abdomen  white  ;  throat  white,  black  spotted. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  1  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  3  ;  length  of  body  to 
vent  11  lines;  (tail  mutilated.) 

Habitat.  Cienfuegos,  Cuba.  One  specimen  prestented  to  Mus.  Acad,  by  Capt. 
Baker. 

Anolis  Sagr^i,  D.  &  B. 

Char. — Scales  upon  muzzle  tricarioate,  temples  covered  with  granulations 
and  larger  scales;  supra-orbitar  ridges  not  in  contact;  occipital  plate  well 
defined,  suboval,  separated  from  the  sui'ra-orbitar  ridge  by  three  or  four  rows 
of  scales;  dorsal  and  abdominal  scales  carinated;  tail  compressed,  a  row  of 
scales  much  larger  than  the  others  along  the  median  line  above  ;  beneath  four 
rows  of  iHrger  scales  more  strongly  carinated,  the  two  inferior  the  largest: 
Color  whitish  with  a  tinge  of  green  or  brown.  The  young  with  green  triangular 
markings  along  the  back  and  tail. 

Description. — Head  small,  snout  not  prolonged,  nostrils  small,  subcircular, 
about  three-fourths  of  a  line  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout ;  nostrils  lateral, 
situated  upon  the  side  of  a  slight  prominence  ;  supra-orbitar  ridge  composed  of 
four  or  five  scales,  of  which  the  anterior  one  is  much  the  largest;  this  ridge  is 
continuous  with  a  curvilinear  one  upon  the  front,  unitirg  with  that  of  the  oppo- 
site side  at  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  snout,  at  its  middle  forming  the  ex- 
ternal boundaries  of  a  slight  depression  upon  the  front,  at  the  bottom  of  which 
are  several  smaller  scales;  scales  upon  the  muzzle  smaller  than  those  upon  the 
from,  tri-carinate  ;  seven  supra-orbitar  scales,  four  of  them  quite  large,  sepa- 
rated from  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  by  a  single  row  of  small  scales  in  contact  at  one  point 
only;  occipital  plate  well  developed,  suhoval,  surrounded  by  small  scales,  sepa- 
rated from  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  by  three  or  four  rows  ;  supra-orbitar  ridges 
not  in  contact;  seven  distinct  quadi angular  plates  upon  the  upper  jaw;  five 
upon  the  lower;  temples  covered  u'ith  granulations  and  larger  scales;  auricular 
openings  circular,  denticulated  anteriorly  ;  of  moderate  size;  tympanum  distinct ; 
scales  upon  the  flanks  quite  small,  granulated,  smaller  considerably  than  those 
upon  the  back,  tvhich  are  carinated;  abdominal  scales  quadrangular,  carinated, 
much  larger  than  those  upon  the  back ;  no  crest  upon  neck  or  body  ;  ex'remities 

slender;    tail (mutiUted,)  scales  carinated,   a  single  dorsal  roiv  much  larger 

than  the  others,  four  inferior  rows  lart;er  and  more  strongly  carinated  than  the 
other  scales  ;  the  two  middle  ro*s  the  largest ;  a  small  gular  pouch. 

Coloration. — Above  whitish  with  a  tinge  of  green,  tilotched  with  olive;  sides 
marked  with  white  spots  and  fascia;;  under  parts  whitish  with  a  tinge  of  green. 

Dimensions.— Length  of  head  5  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  3  lines  ;  length  of  body 
11  linfs;    of  tail ;  of  anterior  extremities  7  lines;  of  posterior  13  J. 

JIahilat. —Cienfuegos,  Cuba.     Two  specimens  presented  by  Capt.  Baker. 

In  a  smaller  but  more  perfect  specimen,  the  tail  is  longer  than  the  head,  neck 
and  body,  the  former  being  1  inch  4  lines  in  length,  the  latter  1  inch  8  lines, 
compressed  laterally  ;  in  its  posterior  half  very  slender,  almost  filamentary. 

Dimensions  of  a  larger  specimen.  Length  of  head  7  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  4 
lines  ;  length  of  body  to  vent  1  inch  ^  lines  ;  tail  mutilated  The  coloration  of 
this  specimen  is  whitish,  with  narrow  br -wn  interrupted  bands  upon  the  neck, 
with  brownish  longitudinal  bands  along  the  flanks,  and  transverse  white  spots 
and  fascite  ;  extrenaities  banded  with  browa  above;  under  parts  white  without 
spots;  in  another  there  are  dark  triangular  spots  which  coalesce  upon  the  tail 


230  [October, 

including  hexagonal  patches  of  white;  extremities  banded  with  olive,  under 
parts  white.  Habitat  the  same.  The  specimens  thus  marked  are  probably  the 
young,  and  we  are  inclined  to  think  are,  as  well  as  the  larger  brown-colored 
specimens,  identical  with  Anolis  Sagraei. 

Another  specimen  of  intermediate  size,  characterized  by  the  same  difference 
in  form  of  the  scales  and  granulations  upon  the  temples,  tricarinate  scales  upon 
the  front  and  muzzle,  and  carinated  scales  upon  the  back  and  abdomen,  prpsents 
a  coloration  very  much  resembling  that  of  fig.  2,  in  pi.  xiii.  of  De  la  S«gra's 
work,  viz.,  on  each  side  of  the  body  and  tail  a  row  of  dark-coloied  undulated 
markings,  and  dark-colored  bands  upon  the  extremities  ;  but  the  scales  upon 
the  head  and  body  in  this  figure  are  not  represented  as  carinated.  In  Sagraei, 
as  before  mentioned,  the  supra-orbitar  ridges  are  represented  by  Dumeiil 
and  Bibron  to  be  in  contact;  but  in  the  text  of  De  la  Sagra's  work,  they  are 
represented  to  be  separated  by  a  single  row  of  scales  ;  in  our  specimens  we  find 
one  intermediate  row  of  large  scales,  or  two  smaller  rows,  one  of  which  is  more 
or  less  imperfect. 

Anolis  heterolepis,  nob. 

Among  the  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  is  one  which  at  first, 
from  the  triangular  markings  upon  the  back,  I  supposed  to  be  the  young  of  the 
preceding  species,  but  on  a  closer  examination  I  find  that  it  differs  very  materi- 
ally in  the  following  parliculars  :  1st.  The  snout  is  evidently  less  acute,  more 
depressed,  and  is  covered  with  smaller  scales;  the  scales  between  the  supra- 
orbitar  ridges  anteriorly  are  much  smaller,  there  being  but  two  rows  in  Sagraei 
and  five  in  the  species  now  under  consideration  ;  the  occipital  plate  is  larger  ;  the 
granulations  upon  the  flanks  are  much  smaller  and  smooth  instead  of  being  cari- 
nated, and  the  ventral  scales  are  smooth,  whereas  in  Sagraji  they  are  very  dis- 
tinctly carinated.  The  tail  is  considerably  longer  than  the  head,  neck  and  body, 
cyclo-tetragonal  at  base,  compressed  in  the  greater  part  of  its  extent,  quite  slender 
posteriorly,  with  transverse  rows  of  larger  scales  resembling  verticillae,  about  a 
line  apart;  the  three  or  four  rows  of  scales  beneath  much  larger  than  the  others 
and  strongly  carinated.  The  present  species  differs  also  in  a  marked  manner 
from  Sagraei  in  having  the  plate  immediately  beneath  the  first  infra-labiaf  and 
behind  the  mental,  much  smaller,*  this  plate  being  remarkably  large  in  Sagraei — 
and  in  having  the  scales  upon  the  chin  between  the  inframaxillary  rows  of  scales 
much  smaller.  We  propose  for  this  species  the  name  of  Anolis  heterolepis. 
It  is  at  once  distinguished  from  angusticeps  by  the  long  and  narrow  head  of  the 
latter. 

Coloration. — Light  pea  green  above,  with  triangular  spots  of  a  deeper  shade 
on  each  side  of  the  median  line  of  the  back,  the  apices  t'luching  each  other; 
chin  and  throat  marked  with  green,  presenting  in  the  latter  region  irregularly 
longitudinal  lines  ;  somewhat  similar  markings  upon  the  occiput,  and  a  green 
colored  blotch  upon  each  temple  ;  under  parts  of  body  and  extremities  white  with 
a  tinge  of  green,  more  marked  upon  the  abdomen. 

Dimensions. — Length  of  head  6^  ''nes  ;  greatest  breadth  SJ  ;  length  of  neck 
and  body  to  vent  13  lines;  of  tail  2  inches  9  lines.  Total  length  4  inches  4.} 
lines. 

Habitat. — Cienfuegos,  Cuba.     One  specimen,  presented  by  Capt,,  Baker. 

Adienda. — In  comparing  the  different  species  of  Anolis  above  described  viith 
each  other,  the  following  remarks  may  aid  in  their  future  determination  : — 
equestris,  camitleonides,  Edwardsii  and  Carolinensis,  are  so  distinctly  charac- 
terized as  to  be  readily  recognized  from  the  descriptions  of  authors,  more 
especially  of  Dumerii  and  Bibron,  the  admirable  descriptions  of  Bibron  of  these 
and  the  many  other  species  throughout  the  work  being  beyond  all  praise.  In 
xericeus  the  middle  dorsal  rows  of  scales  are  not  sensibly  larg  r  than  the  others, 
and  there  is  no  larger  row  of  scales  along  the  middle  line  of  the  tail  above  ;  the 

*This  plate  is  also  small  in  A.  sericeus. 


1856.]  231 

tail  is  round -in  Sagrfei  it  is  high  and  very  much  compressed,  with  a  dorsal  row 
of  larger  scales.  In  acutus  the  scales  upon  the  abdomen  are  indistinctly  cari- 
nated,  in  tropidogaster  strongly;  the  scales  upon  the  frontal  region  are  smooth 
in  acutus,  tricarinate  in  tropidogaster  ;  tbe  supraciiiary  ridges  are  closely  in 
contact  in  acutus,  separated  by  two  rows  of  scales  in  tropidogaster.  But 
although  these  species  resemble  each  other  much  in  color,  the  most  marked 
point  of  difference  is  in  the  toes,  wbich  are  dilated  in  acutus,  as  they  most  com- 
monly are  in  the  genus  Anolis,  but  not  in  tropidogaster.  Angusliceps  is 
readily  recognized  by  its  small  size  and  narrow  head  ;  heterolepis,  by  its  smooth 
ventral  scales  and  triangular  markirgs,  and  the  arrangement  of  scales  upon  the 
temples,  which  are  composed  of  granulations  and  larger  scales,  as  in  Sagraei. 
The  two  median  dorsal  rows  of  scales  in  acutus  are  sensibly  larger  than  the 
others,  and  the  two  plates  behind  the  mental,  beneath  the  first  and  second  or 
pre-labials,  broader  than  those  which  succeed  them. 

After  a  careful  comparison  of  the  descriptions  of  the  species  in  Dumeril  and 
Bibron,  I  do  not  find  any  which  present  the  saujc  characters  as  those  given 
above.  Besides  these,  Mr.  Gray  has  described  seven  species,  viz.  :  A.  occipi- 
talis, porcatus,  flavescens,  lineatopus,  stenodactylus,  reticulatus,  aeneus.  Of 
these  the  habitat  of  porcatus  is  Cuba ;  that  of  aeneus,  tropical  America.  Of  the 
species  of  which  an  account  is  given  by  me,  the  most  remarkable  is  A.  leuco- 
cephalus,  from  the  anomalous  form  of  the  plates  upon  the  head  and  the  scales 
upon  the  body,  those  upon  the  sides  contrary  to  what  usually  obtains,  being 
much  larger  than  those  upon  the  back  and  abdomen. 

Anolis  alligator,  Dum.  et  Bib. 

Char. — Head  resembling  closely  that  of  Alligator;  supra-orbitar  ridges  closely 
in  contact;  occipital  pla'e  in  contact  with  the  supra-orbitar  ridge;  scales  upon 
temples  ot  unequal  size,  with  an  anterior  marginal  row  of  larger  scales;  two  or 
three  middle  dorsal  rows  of  scales  larger  than  the  others;  small  granules  inter- 
spersed between  the  scales  upon  tbe  body  ;  ventral  scales  smooth  ;  no  dorsal  or 
caudal  crest;  tail  slender,  slightly  compressed  at  its  middle  ;  color  dark  bluish, 
with  black  maculaiions;  a  black  spot  beneath  each  axilla. 

Description. —  Head  not  elongated,  stout,  thick  at  base,  front  very  slightly 
ridged,  with  a  depression  in  the  middle,  covered  as  well  as  the  muzzle  with 
rough  but  not  carinated  scales  ;  rostral  broad  and  narrow  ;  immediately  behind 
it  two  large  quadrangular  plates,  with  a  smaller  one  between  ;  posterior  to  this 
transverse  row  two  longitudinal  rows  of  quadrangular  plates  ;  front  covered 
with  polygonal  plates  of  unequal  size,  many  of  them  quite  large;  nostrils  large, 
subeircular,  rather  more  than  half  a  line  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  situ- 
ated within  the  continuation  of  the  supra-orbitar  ridge,  at  the  anterior  extremity 
of  a  slight  prominence  ;  supra-orbitar  ridge  composed  of  five  large  plates,  rough, 
but  not  carinated,  with  two  smaller  ones  bebiud  the  anterior  by  far  the  largest; 
the  two  ridges  closely  in  contact;  from  five  to  eight  or  nine  supra-orbitar  plates 
not  carinated,  separated  from  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  by  a  single  row  of  small 
scales;  occipital  plate  urceolate,  with  large  scales  laterally,  smaller  ones  behind,  i?i 
contact  in  front  with  the  supra-orbitar  ridges;  eight  quadrilateral  plates  margin 
the  upper  jaw  on  each  side  ;  three  rows  of  scales  above  the  marginal  plates,  in 
front  of  the  orbit,  the  inferior  the  largest ;  scales  upon  the  temples  of  very  unequal 
size,  with  a  distinct  anterior  marginal  row  of  larger  scales ;  auricular  openings  rather 
large,  denticulated  ;  body  rather  stout,  covered  above  with  scales  elevated  in  the 
middle,  but  not  carinated;  the  two  or  three  middle  rows  a  little  longer  than  the  others ; 
scales  upon  the  flanks  smaller  than  those  upon  the  back,  but  not  granulated ;  each  scale 
upon  thz  body  is  surrounded  by  very  small  and  scattered  granulations,  resembling  in 
size,  though  not  so  closely  approximated  as  in  Varanus  ;  ventral  scales  smooth,  larger 
considerably  than  those  upon  the  body,  rounded  posteriorly ;  no  crest  upon  neck 
or  back;  tail  longer  than  head,  neck  and  body,  thick  at  base,  slightly  compressed 
at  its  middle,  very  slender  except  toward  base,  covered  with  carinated  scales  ; 
above  a  large  median  row,  almost  smooth  beneath,  and  of  nearly  equal  size  in 
tho  specimen  examined,  except  five  or  six  rows  ou  each  side,  about  5J  lines 


232  [October, 

from  the  anus ;  scales  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  thighs  very  slightly  carinated, 
some  of  them  with  a  double  carina;  a  pular  fold. 

Coloration. — Above  bluish,  with  black  maculae  ;  under  parts  lighter,  with  a 
tinge  of  yellow  and  ferruginous;  a  black  spot  beneath  each  axilla. 

Dimensions.  —  Length  of  head  8  lines;  greatest  breadth  5  lines;  length  of  body 
to  vent  1  inch  7  lines;  of  tail  2  inches  9  lines.     Total  length  4  inches. 

Habitat. — Unknown.  One  specimen  in  Museum,  belonging  to  the  Green  Col- 
lection, presented  by  Dr.  Bache. 

Gen.  Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  Carolinensis  in  the  less  prolonged 
snout,  the  absence  of  the  well-marked  ridges  upon  it,  the  juxtaposition  of  the 
supra-orbitar  ridges,  th**  smooth  ventral  scales,  and  in  its  mode  of  coloration. 
The  specimen  described  by  Dumeril  and  Bibron  was  found  in  Martinique.  The 
general  resemblance  of  the  head  to  that  of  Alligator  i>  quite  striking.  Accord- 
ing to  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  who  have  given  an  excellent  description  of  this 
animal,  the  black  markings  under  the  axillae  are  constant, 

Anolis  Carolinensis. 

We  have  twenty-eight  specimens  of  Anolis  Carolinensis  from  Cuba  and  the 
southero  portion  of  the  United  States.  These  evidently  belong  to  the  same  spe- 
cies ;  the  specimens  differ  more  or  less  in  color,  some  being  of  a  beautiful  bright 
green  with  scarcely  any  spots,  others  more  or  less  spotted  and  lined  upon  the 
back,  throat  and  under  part  of  the  tail  ;  nearly  all  have  the  dark-colored  spot 
upon  the  temple  ;  three  or  four  of  the  specimens  have  a  broad  white  band  with 
irrfgnlar  edges  upon  the  middle  line  of  the  back,  constituting  a  well-marked 
Yariety. 

Habits  The  following  remarks  in  regard  to  the  habits  of  these  interesting 
animals  have  been  communicated  to  me  by  a  friend  in  the  South,  who  has  had 
ample  opportunities  of  observing  them  carefully : 

1st.  That  the}'  drink  frequently. 

2d.  That  when  they  shed  they  uniformly  swallow  their  exuvias. 

3d.  That  when  they  happen  to  break  their  caudal  appendage  it  is  renewed. 
The  growth  of  the  tail,  it  appears,  is  more  rapid  after  the  broken  ends  have 
united.  I  have  myself  had  for  a  long  time  several  of  these  beautiful  creatures 
alive,  and  they  became  so  tame  as  whenever  a  drop  of  water  was  presented  to 
them  upon  the  tip  of  the  finger,  to  leave  the  part  of  the  twig  on  which  they  hap- 
pened to  be  and  eagerly  run  up  after  it,  protruding  their  tongues  and  lapping 
very  much  after  the  manner  of  the  dog.  They  change  their  color,  frequently 
being  sometimes  more  or  less  brown,  but  are  usually  of  a  light  and  beautiful 
pea  green.  Their  favorite  food  appeared  to  be  flies,  which  they  devoured 
greedily. 

Gen.  BRACHYSAURUS,  nob. 

Char.  Head  short,  covered  above  with  polygonal  flattened  plates  of  unequal 
size;  nostrils  tubular,  in  a  single  plate,  near  its  posterior  margin;  no  distinct 
occipital  plate  ;  a  row  of  broad  hexagonal  scales  over  each  orbit ;  a  row  of  large 
and  smooth  plates  upon  the  side  of  the  head  ;  no  transverse  folds  upon  the  neck  ; 
scales  upon  back,  sides  and  abdomen  carinated  ;  the  dorsal  and  middle  row 
larger  than  the  others,  tectiform  ;  no  pores  upon  thighs  or  in  front  of  anus. 

B.    EUYTHROGASTER,    nob. 

Description.  The  head  is  of  moderate  size,  short  and  thick,  rounded  above, 
longer  than  broad,  covered  above  with  polygonal  scales  of  unequal  size,  uni- 
carinate ;  the  rostral  plate  is  broad  and  narrow,  very  slightly  elevated  ;  imme- 
diately behind  it  arc  two  triangular  plates,  with  a  larger  one  between  them  ;  the 
nostrils  are  circular,  looking  backward  and  upward,  situated  near  the  posterior 
margin  of  a  quadrangular  plate  ;  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  on  each  side  is  consti- 
tuted by  a  row  of  polygonal  scales  of  unequal  size,  seven  in  number,  in  contact 
at  their  middle,  there  being  no  intermediate  longitudinal  row  of  scales  ;  between 
the  two  posterior  scales  of  the  supra-orbitar  ridges  are  two  large  quadrangular 


1856.]  233 

scales,  with  a  broad  pentagonal  one  behind  them ;  a  few  small  scales  between 
the  large  snpra-orbitar  plates — four  or  five  in  number — and  the  supraciliary 
ridge  ;  five  or  six  narrow  quadrangular  supra-labial  plates,  the  fourth  the  longest ; 
a  long  and  smooth  plate  below  the  orbit,  in  front  of  it  five  others,  the  second, 
counting  from  the  nostril,  the  highest,  the  first  immediately  below  the  nasal 
plate  ;  beneath  these  plates  and  above  the  supra-labials  a  row  of  smaller  plates; 
eyelids  covered  with  granulations;  mental  plate  triangular,  five  or  six  inferior 
labials  ;  36  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  the  seven  or  eight  posterior  tricuspid,  the 
others  pointed,  conical,  the  anterior  quite  small;  40  in  the  lower,  the  twelve  last 
tricuspid;  a  row  of  small  palatine  teeth,  one  on  each  side  ;  tongue  triangular, 
smooth  above,  deeply  notched  posteriorly,  very  slightly  so  in  front;  tympanum 
circular,  of  moderate  size,  somewhat  depressed  ;  neck  slightly  folded  upon  its 
sides;  body  moderately  robust,  covered  for  the  most  part  with  large  scales 
broader'than  long,  unicarinate,  the  carinae  strongly  developed  ;  the  median 
dorsal  row  larger  than  the  others,  tectiform  ;  extremities  slender,  covered  with 
carinated  scales  ;  third  and  fourth  fingers  of  equal  length  ;  fourth  .toe  much  the 
longest ;  tail  cyclo-tetragonal  at  base  ;  no  femoral  and  no  anal  pores. 

Coloration.  Greyish  white  above,  upon  head,  back  and  extremities  brownish; 
beneath  of  same  color,  except  upon  chin  and  throat  and  sides  of  abdomen,  which 
are  of  a  beautiful  pink  red  color. 

Dimensions.     Length  of  head  8  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  6  ;  length  of  neck  and 

body  to  vent  1  inch  8  lines  ;   of  tail ;  of  humerus  5  lines  ;  of  forearm  4 

lines  ;  of  hand  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  6  lines  ;  of  femur  6  lines  ;  of  tibia 
7  lines  ;  of  foot  to  extremity  of  longest  toe  1  inch. 

Ilabitat.  New  Grenada.  One  specimen  received  from  Philadelphia  Museum 
in  exchange. 

Gen.  Remarks.  The  genus  above  characterized  differs  from  Sceloporus,  among 
other  particulars  in  being  destitute  of  femoral  pores,  in  the  presence  of  the  row 
of  larger  scales  along  the  median  line  of  the  back,  and  in  the  scaling  of  the 
head  ;  from  Proctrotretus,  in  having  carinated  and  not  smooth  scales  upon  the 
abdomen,  as  well  as  in  the  two  last  mentioned  particulars.  In  Ophryessa,  in 
Enyalius,  Wagl.,  and  in  Microlophus,  there  is  a  larger  row  of  scales  along  the 
median  line  of  the  back,  and  in  Dipso-saurus  also,  to  which  it  has  little  or  no 
other  resemblance  ;  but  in  Ophryessa  the  scaling  of  the  head  is  quite  different, 
presenting  numerous  small  and  rough  polygonal  tubercles  above  ;  the  scales 
upon  the  back  are  not  so  broad,  and  are  much  more  strongly  carinated.  Ophry- 
essa is  a  much  larger  animal,  and  has  a  well  marked  though  not  elevated  crest. 

Gen.  PROCTROTRETUS,  Dumeril  et  Bibron. 

Char.  Head  subpyramido-quadrangular,  more  or  less  depressed,  cephalic 
plates  moderate,  polygonal,  occipital  in  general  not  very  distinct;  palatine  teeth  ; 
neck  folded  upon  the  sides,  or  entirely  simple;  tympanic  membrane  slightly  de- 
pressed;  body  rounded  or  slightly  depressed,  covered  with  imbricated  scales, 
the  superior  carinated,  the  inferior  smooth  ;  neither  caudal  nor  dorsal  crest ; 
toes  simple ;  tail  long  and  conical,  or  moderate,  slightly  depressed  ;  no  femoral 
pores ;  anal  pores  in  the  males. — D.  &  B. 

Proctrotretus  niger,  nob. 

Char.  Of  small  size;  color  black  or  dark  brown  above.  Scales  of  moderate 
dimensions,  quadrangular,  strongly  carinated,  the  margin  of  the  scales  distinct; 
a  fold  upon  the  side  of  the  neck,  bifurcating  anteriorly  ;  temples  covered  with 
scales ;  post-auricular  regions  with  granulations,  and  sides  of  the  neck  with 
small  scales  ;  a  single  row  of  plates  above  the  supra-labials ;  posterior  surface  of 
thighs  granulated. 

Description.  Head  small,  depressed,  with  a  rather  acute  snout,  covered  above 
with  polj'gonal,  unequal  scales,  not  carinated  ;  immediately  behind  the  rostral 
are  three  plates,  the  two  external  much  more  extended  transversely  than  the 
middle  ;  behind  these  are  three  others,  the  two  lateral  more  extended  longitu- 
dinally, and  more  narrow  than  the  middle  one  ;  exterior  to  these  lateral  plates, 


234  [October, 

and  between  Ihem  and  the  nasal,  are  two  small  quadrilateral  ones ;  immediately 
behind  the  middle  of  the  three  plates  described  is  a  large  heptagonal  one,  with 
a  quadrangular  plate  situated  obliquely,  and  much  mure  broad  than  long,  on 
each  side,  in  contact  with  iis  antero-lateral  facet;  on  the  left  side  this  contact  is 
interrupted  by  a  small  supplementary  quadrangular  plate  ;  the  large  hexagonal 
plate  occupies  the  middle  of  the  frontal  region,  and  lies  between  the  two  large 
quadrangular  plates,  constituting  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  supraciliary  ridge  ; 
this  ridge  is  composed  of  eight  plates,  more  or  less  quadrangular,  in  contact  in 
the  middle,  the  upper  surface  of  each  plate,  as  well  as  that  of  the  other  plates 
of  the  head,  presenting  numerous  vermiculations  ;  the  nostrils  are  subcircular, 
each  in  a  single  plate,  nearer  its  posterior  margin  ;  immediately  behind  the  nasal 
is  a  very  small  plate,  and  immediately  below  it  another,  but  larger,  between  it 
and  the  single  row  of  plates  above  the  supra-labials ;  posterior  to  these  two 
plates  are  five  others  of  unequal  size,  occupying  the  interspace  between  those 
just  mentioned,  and  the  anterior  inferior  margin  of  the  orbit ;  of  these  the  upper- 
most is  the  largest;  there  are  five  superior  labials  ;  the  superior  surface  of  the 
orbits  is  protected  by  numerous  plates,  of  which  two  rows  are  conspicuously 
larger  than  the  others,  the  innermost,  the  most  extended  transversely,  consisting 
of  four  or  five  large  plates,  more  or  less  vermiculated  upon  their  upper  surface  ; 
the  external  superior  border  of  the  orbit  is  composed  of  narrow  longitudinal 
plates  placed  one  above  another ;  body  slender,  covered  above  and  upon  the 
sides  with  33  rows  of  quadrangular  carinated  scales,  the  carinse  very  distinct, 
those  upon  the  back  the  strongest,  arranged  in  ten  longitudinal  and  parallel 
rows,  each  carina  running  along  the  middle  of  the  scale,  the  margins  of  which 
are  well  defined,  but  not  extending  in  a  point  beyond  it ;  auricular  opening 
rather  large,  a  few  scales  in  front;  temples  covered  with  scales;  a  fold  upon  the 
neck,  bifurcating  in  front ;  post-auricular  region  granulated ;  immediately  pos- 
terior to  the  mental  are  three  or  four  large  and  more  or  less  quadrangular  plates; 
extremities  slender,  upper  surface  covered  with  carinated  scales  ;  posterior  sur- 
face of  thighs  granulated,  tail  of  moderate  length,  longer  than  head,  neck  and 
body  tapering  to  a  point,  cyclo-tetragonal  at  base  ;  posterior  margin  of  anus 
granulated,  the  scales  immediately  behind  the  granulations  smooth  ;  scales  of 
chin,  throat,  abdomen  and  under  surface  of  extremities  smooth  ;  no  transverse 
fold  upon  neck;  no  pores  in  front  of  the  anus. 

Coloration. — Very  dark  brown,  or  black  above;  a  very  narrow  and  somewhat 
indistinct  yellow  band,  commencing  at  the  axilla  and  extending  along  the 
flanks;  a  broader  brownish  one  and  less  distinct  above;  under  parts  bluish 
mingled  with  copper  color,  with  metallic  reflections;  chin  and  throat  con- 
spicuously black,  spotted,  the  larger  spots  in  front;  minute  black  dots  distributed 
over  abdomen  and  under  surface  of  extremities. 

Dimensions. — Length  of  head  4.}  lines;  greatest  breadth  2|  lines;  length  of 
neck  and  body  1  inch;  of  tail  1  inch  9  lines;  of  arm  2  lines;  of  forearm  2  lines; 
of  hand  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  3  lines;  of  thigh  2|  lines;  of  leg  3  lines; 
of  foot  to  extremity  of  longest  toe  6  lines;  of  tail  1|  inch.  Total  length  3  inches 
IJ  line. 

Hab. — Quinquina  Island.  A  single  specimen,  presented  by  W.  W.  Ruschen- 
berger,  M.D.,  U.S.N. 

Gen.  Remarks. — The  scales  in  this  species  are  much  smaller  than  in  Proctro- 
tretus  nigro-maculatus,  Wiegmanni,  pictus  or  Ohilensis,  being  about  the  size  of 
those  of  P.  tenuis,  but  quite  different  in  shape.  It  is  perhaps  the  smallest  of 
the  Proctrotretes,  and  is  very  readily  recognized. 

ECPHYMOTES,  Cuvier. 

ECPHYMOTES    TORQUATUS. 

A  femalS  specimen  of  Ecphymotes  torquatus  from  Buenos  Ayres,  presented  by 
Dr.  A.  Kennedy,  presents  the  following  appearances,  in  which  it  differs  from  those 
described.  The  rostral  plate  is  more  extended  transversely  and  is  less  high  ; 
immediately  behind  the  rostral  are  two  large  subquadrate  plates  instead  of  four 


1856.]  235 

much  smaller,  and  behind  these  two  large  subtriangular  ones,  resembling  verj 
much  the  anterior  frontals  in  many  species  of  serpents ;  these  are  separated 
from  the  rostral  by  two  narrow  plates  on  each  side;  posterior  to  these  is  a  trans- 
verse row  of  five  plates,  the  two  external  subequal,  the  middle  one  long  and 
hexagonal. 

Coloration.  The  black  vertical  band  in  front  of  the  shoulder  exists,  but  is  not 
seen  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  neck;  the  general  color  is  olive,  without  spots 
or  markings  distinctly  visible  ;  anterior  extremities  banded  in  front;  no  brown 
marks  in  front  of  the  anus  or  upon  thighs,  these  portions  of  the  animal  as  well 
as  under  part  of  tail  being  white  without  any  spots  whatever.  The  specimen  is 
largely  distended  with  eggs,  one  of  which  measures  eight  lines  in  length  by  five 
and  a  half  in  breadth.  A  younger  specimen  from  the  same  locality  is  more  or 
less  spotted  with  black  upon  the  back,  the  spots  assuming  somewhat  the  form 
of  narrow  irregular  interrupted  bands,  upon  a  ground  color  of  olive  ;  extremities 
and  tail  black  spotted,  inner  part  of  thighs  and  tail  white ;  black  band  of  neck 
interrupted  in  the  middle.  The  plates  upon  the  head  in  this  younger  specimen 
are  arranged  in  the  following  manner  :  Four  in  a  transverse  row  immediately 
behiad  the  rostral;  then  two  large  quadrangular  plates  ;  then  a  transverse  row 
of  five,  posterior  to  which  is  another  row  of  larger  plates,  the  two  exterior 
forming  part  of  the  supra-orbitar  ridge. 

URODELA,  Dumeril. 

Heredia  oregonensis,  Girard. 

We  received  a  few  days  ago,  with  a  collection  of  Crustaceans  and  Fishes  from 
California,  a  specimen  of  a  Caducibranchiate  Urodele,  which  appeared  to  me 
to  me  new,  and  for  which  it  occurred  to  me  the  name  Heteroglossa  might  be 
proper  to  distinguish  it  from  the  ordinary  Bolitoglossidse  ;  but  in  looking  into 
tbe  last  number  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  I  find  a 
description  of  a  specimen  from  Oregon,  by  Mr.  C.  Girard,  which  corresponds  in 
so  many  particulars  with  it,  the  chief  point  of  difference  being  the  length  of  the 
tail,  which  is  represented  as  being  longer  than  the  head  and  body,  that  I  hesitate 
to  consider  it  as  new. 

Gen.  char.  Maxillary  teeth  small ;  two  longitudinal  patches  of  sphenoidal 
teeth,  diverging  posteriorly,  arranged  in  oblique  rows  ;  a  curvilinear  series  of 
Tomero-pahitine  teeth  on  each  side,  almost  in  contact  posteriorly,  pHSsing  be- 
tween the  posterior  nares  and  the  anterior  margin  of  the  orbit,  separated  from 
the  sphenoidal  by  an  interspace  without  tee-th  ;  tongue  supported  by  a  cylin- 
drical pedicel,  attached  in  front ;  free  posteriorly  and  at  the  sides ;  no  parotids  ; 
toes  4 — 5. 

Sp.  char.  Size  moderate;  tail  cylindrical;  color  olive,  or  brownish  yellow, 
minutely  spotted  with  black  above  and  upon  the  flanks  ;  under  parts  Indian 
yellow. 

Description.  Head  broader  than  body,  truncate  anteriorly,  nostrils  small  and 
wide  apart,  about  half  a  line  from  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw ;  eyes  prominent, 
pupil  elliptical  ;  gape  of  the  mouth  linear  throughout  the  greatest  part  of  its 
extent ;  no  parotids  ;  no  lateral  lines  of  pores  along  the  body  ;  a  transverse  fold 
across  the  neck;  maxillary  teeth  quite  small,  internal  nares  of  moderate  size, 
ovoid,  a  series  of  vomero-palatine  teeth  on  each  side  meeting  posteriorly,  pre- 
senting the  form  of  an  arch,  the  convexity  forward,  passing  immediately  behind 
the  internal  nasal  opening,  between  it  and  the  anterior  border  of  the  orbit,  ex- 
tending about  three-fourths  of  a  line  beyond  the  external  margin  of  the  nasal 
foramen.  Two  patches  of  longitudinal  sphenoidal  teeth,  meeting  in  front,  but 
diverging  posteriorly,  leaving  an  interspace  in  the  shape  of  the  letter  V  reversed  ; 
the  teeth  in  these  patches  are  arranged  in  oblique  rows,  converging  on  each 
side  toward  the  longitudinal  interspace  between  them,  and  are  not  closely  set; 
the  tongue  is  obcordate,  entire,  longer  than  broad,  supported  upon  a  central 
cylindrical  pedicel  as  in  the  mushroom-tongued  Urodeles,  hut  is  attached  in  front 
at  the  tip,  and  by  a  semi-transparent  membrane  along  its  middle  as  far  as  the 


236  [October, 

pedicel,  the  posterior  portion  and  sides  being  free  ;  body  and  extremities  slender ; 
four  fingers  and  five  toes ;  first  finger  very  short,  the  third  the  longest ;  first  toe 
quite  short,  considerably  shorter  than  the  fifth,  third  and  fourth  of  about  equal 
length;  two  well  marked  tubercles  ujion  the  palms  of  the  hands,  the  one  at  the 
base  of  the  first,  the  other  at  the  base  of  the  fifth  finger;  none  are  observed 
upon  the  toes  ;  tail  tapering,  cylindrical,  slightly  compressed,  not  so  long 
as  head,  neck  and  body. 

Coloration.  Brownish  above,  but  on  close  inspection  with  a  magnifying  glass, 
the  whole  surface  appears  to  be  covered  with  minute  black  points  upon  an  olive 
ground  ;  the  sides  are  also  minutely  punctated  with  black;  under  parts  Indian 
yellow,  without  spots. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  5  lines;  greatest  breadth  4;  length  of  neck  and 
body  to  veut  1  inch  7  lines  ;  length  of  tail  1  inch  7  lines  ;  total  length  3  inches 
7  lines. 

Habitat  California?  (This  Urodele  was  sent  from  California  without  indica- 
tion of  locality,  it  may  therefore  have  been  found  in  Oregon.)  One  specimen 
presented  by  Mr.  George  B.  Davidson,  of  the  U.  C.  Survey.' 

Oen,  Remarks.  This  remarkable  Urodele  differs  greatly  in  the  arrangement  of 
its  teeth  from  Aneides,  the  rows  of  which  are  closely  approximated  and  thickly 
set,  (Fam.  Plethodontida3,)  but  resembles  more  closely  Spelerpes,  but  differs 
from  it  more  especially  in  the  tongue  being  tied  down  anteriorly,  whereas  in 
the  ordinary  Bolitoglossidaj  it  is  mushroom-shaped,  as  the  name  indicates,  and 
free  all  around  ;  the  tongue  in  the  Bolitoglossidae  is  for  the  most  part  entire, 
(in  lon^icauda  it  is  notched  posteriorly,)  but  the  minute  arrangement  of  the 
sphenoidal  teeth  is  different.  This  animal  would  appear  to  belong  to  the  group 
Ensatinina  of  Mr.  Gray,  but  in  Triton  ensatus  (Ensatina  Escholtzii,  Gray,)  there 
are  no  sphenoidal  teeth. 

Appmdix.  Since  the  above  was  written  my  attention  has  been  directed  by 
P.  L.  Sclater,  Esq.,  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  to  the  work  of  Mr.  Gosse, 
entitled  a  Naturalist's  Sojourn  in  Jamaica,  by  Philip  Henry  Gosse,  F.  L.  S.,  &c., 
London,  1851,  in  which  I  find  descriptions  of  the  species  of  Anolis,  iodurus  and 
opalinus,  (see  also  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  second  series, 
1850,  p.  344,  345.)  Anolis  leucocephalus  is  identical  with  Placopsis  ocellata  ; 
Gosse,  p.  346.  Besides  the  above,  Mr.  Gosse  has  described  another  species  of 
Anolis  inhabiting  Jamaica,  viz.,  Draconura  catenata,  and  two  species  of  Spbajrio- 
dactylus,  viz.,  S.  argus  and  oxyrhinus.  The  author  gives  a  very  interesting 
account  of  the  habits  of  the  two  species  iodurus  and  opalinus  described  by  him 
(p.  220,  227.)  A  figure  is  also  given  of  Anolis,  (Dactyloa)  Edwardsii,  pi.  iv. 
The, reptiles  of  Jamaica  appear  for  the  most  part  to  be  specifically  distinct  from 
those  of  Cuba.  The  following  is  a  comparative  list  of  those  enumerated  by 
Dumeril  and  Bibron,  Mr.  Gray,  Mr.  Gosse,  and  others,  including  those  described 
or  mentioned  in  this  paper.  To  these  1  have  added  a  list  of  the  reptiles  of  Mar- 
tinique, for  the  habitat  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  Dumeril  and  Bibron. 


1856.] 


237 


CUBA. 

CHELONIA. 

Cheloniab^, 
Chelonia  mydas. 
Chelonia  virgata. 
Chelonia  caouana. 

TSSTDDINID*. 
EMYDIDiE. 

Emys  decussata. 
Emys  rugosa. 

SAURIA. 
Crocodilid^. 
Crocodilus  aivitus. 
CrocodiUis  rhombifer. 
Geckotid^. 
Hemidactylus  mabouia. 
Sphseriodactylus  sputator. 
Sphajriodactylus  cinereus.j 

Gymnodact J  lus  albogularis. 

Iguantd^. 
Cyclura  Harlani. 
Anolis  equestris. 
Anolis  Sagrffii. 
Anolis  vermicuIatuB. 
Anolis  Carolinensis. 
Anolis  lucius. 
Anolis  angusticeps,  H. 
Anolis  heterolepis,  H. 
Anolis  (Aeantholis)  Loysiana. 
Anolis  camajleoiiidps  (ChamaB' 

leolis  Fernandina) 
Holoti-opis  microlophus. 
Holotropis  vittatus. 

Lacertid^. 
Ameiva  Auberi. 


CHALCIDIDiB. 

Amphisbsena  punctata. 
Diploglossus  tjagrasi. 


OPniDIA. 

BoiD^. 
Tropidurus  mel  nurus. 
Leionotus  maculatus, 
Epicrates  anguliferus. 
Notophis  bicarinatus. 


DlACRANTERID^. 

Dromicus  antillensis. 
Dromicus  cursor. 
Dromicus  angulifer,  (Coluber 
cantherigerus.) 

TYPHLOPIDiE. 

Typhlops  lumbricalis. 
lyphlops  Kiehardii. 


JAMAICA. 
CHELONIA. 

CHELONIADiE. 

Sphargis  coriaeea. 


Testudinid^;. 
Testudo  carbonaria? 

EMi'DlD^. 

Emys  decussata. 

SAURIA. 

CROCOniLIDiE. 

Crocodilus  acutus. 

Geckotid^;. 
Hemidactylus  stenodactylus. 
Spha>riodactylu8  sputator. 
Sphferiodactylus  punctatissimus 
Sphasriodactylus  argus,  G. 
Spha!riodactylus  oxyrhinus,  G. 
riatydactylus  theconyx. 

Iguanid.*;. 
Anolis  Edwardsii 
Anolis  punctatissimus,  H- 
Anolis  tfagra^i. 
Anolis  iodurus,  G. 
Anolis  opalinus,  G. 
Placopsis  ocellata,  G. 
Cyclura  Collei. 
Cyclura  lophoma. 


Lacertid^. 
Ameiva  Sloanei. 


SCINCID.«. 

Eumeces  Sloanei. 
Diploglossus  Shawii. 

OPHTDTA. 

UOIDiB. 

Cbilabothrus  inoruatus. 
JLeinotus  maculatus. 


Leptoqnathid.e. 
Ischognathus  DeKayi. 


Diacranterid^. 
Dromicus  antillensis. 
Natrix  atra?  G. 
Natrix  callila^ma?  O. 
Natrix  capistrata?  6. 
Typhlopid^. 
Typhlops  lumbricalis. 


BATRACHIA. 
IIylid*. 

Hylodes  Ricordii. 
Trachyccphalu*  marmoratus. 
Phyllobatcs  bicolor 

BUFONID^. 

Bufo  peltocephalus. 


BATRACniA. 
HyiiDiB. 
Litoria  luteola,  G. 
Trachycephalus  lichenatus,  G. 
llyla  brunnea,  G. 


MARTINIQUE. 

CHELONIA. 

CHEL0NIAD.fi. 


TESTUDI^^l>^. 
Emydida 

SAURIA. 


Geckotid^. 
Hemidactylus  mabouia. 
Sphseriodactylus  sputator. 
Sphaiiiodacty lus  p unctatissimus 
Sphijeriodactylus  fautasticus. 
Gymnodactylus  albogularis. 
Platydactylus  theconyx. 

lunANID.*. 

Anolis  alligator. 
Anolis  marmoratus. 
Anolis  cristatellus. 
Anolis  vermieulatus. 
Anolis  lineatus. 
Anolis  pulchellus. 
Anolis  chloro  cyanus. 
Basilicus  mitratus. 
Iguana  tuberculatus. 
Iguana  uudicollis. 
Holotropis  Uerminieri. 
Tropidolepis  (Sceloporusi  undu- 
latus? 

'  LACERTIBiE. 

Ameiva  Pleii. 

Cnemidophorus  lemniscatus. 
Cnemidophorus  sexliueatus. 

CHALCIDIDiE. 

Amphistiena  coeoa 

SCINCID.S. 

Eumeces  mabouia. 
Diploglossus  Pleii. 
Gymnopthalmus  quadrilineatus. 
OPIIIDIA. 

BOlDiB. 

Epicrates  ceuchris. 


OXYCEPHALn).S. 

Oxybelis  jeneus. 

DlACEANTERIDai. 

Dromicus  antillensis. 
Dromicus  cur.«or. 
Dromicus  Pleii. 


Stenocephaub.^. 
Homalocranion  semicinctum. 

DiP.SADICjE. 

Dipsas  annulata. 

Crotalid^. 
Bothrops  lanceolatus. 

BATRACHIA. 
Hylodes  martiuicensie, 


Bufo  agua. 


BuFONro.*. 


238  [OCTOBER; 

Hence  it  would  appear,  that  with  the  exception  of  Emys  decussata,  Crocodilus 
acutus,  Spb.-Briodactylus  sputator,  Anolis  Sagrsi,  Leionotus  maculatus,  Dro- 
micus  aatillensis,  and  Typhlops  lumbricalis,  unless  several  of  the  others  have 
been  incorrectly  determined,  the  species  belonging  to  the  Islands  Jamaica  and 
Cuba,  although  but  90  miles  distant,  are  altogether  different,  and  that  several 
of  the  genera  vyhich  exist  in  the  one  are  wanting  in  the  other.  Besides  the 
above  we  have  in  our  collection  a  small  serpent  of  the  size  of  a  Calamarian, 
with  a  very  short  and  broad  frontal  (vertical)  plate,  a  large  pre-ocular,  no  loral 
and  broad  gastrostega,  carinated  scales  and  a  double  row  of  black  spots  along 
the  back,  from  Jamaica,  included  in  the  donation  of  Dr.  Penrock,  which  is 
identical  with  Storeria  DeKayi,  B.  &  G.  (Ischognathus  DeKayi,  Dum.  et  Bib.* 
With  the  exception  of  Anolis  Carolinensis,  the  reptiles  of  Cuba  differ  in  their 
species  altogether  from  those  of  the  United  States,  even  the  southern  portion  of 
it;  and  not  only  so,  but  with  the  exception  of  Emys,  Hylodes  and  Bufo,  and 
perhaps  Ischognathus,  there  does  not  appear  to  be  even  a  genus  common  to  the 
two  countries.  Were  the  Herpetology  of  each  of  the  West  India  Islands 
fully  known  and  very  accurately  determined,  many  highly  interesting  and 
important  facts  would  be  developed,  tending  much  to  elucidate  the  laws  which 
govern  the  geographical  distribution  of  species. 


Notice  of  a   Collection  of  Reptiles  from   Kansas  and  Nebraska,  presented  to  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  by  Dr.  Hammond,  U.  S.  A. 

By  Edw.  Halloweli,,  M.D. 

Ord.  CIIELONIA,  Brog. 

Earn.  EMYDID^,  Gray. 

Elodites  ou  ToRTtjES  PALUDiNES,  Dumeril  &  Bibron. 

Five  specimens  of  Emys  pseudo-grographica,  (young.)  The  shell  of  the 
largest  of  these  specimens  measures  two  and  a  half  inches  in  length,  by  two 
inches,  five  lines  in  breadth,  and  is  almost  orbicular;  the  carinse  upon  the  ver- 
tebral plates  are  very  distinct.  Color  of  carapax  olive,  with  orange  colored  con- 
centric and  irregular  lines,  most  conspicuous  when  the  epidermis  is  removed  ; 
an  areola  towards  the  posterior  margin  of  each  of  the  plates  ;  sternum  yellowish, 
marked  with  irregular  dark  colored  lines  ;  extremities  and  head  and  neck  marked 
with  longitudinal  lines  of  yellow  and  black  ;  a  curvilinear  transverse  yellow  band 
on  each  side,  behind  the  eyes  continuous  with  one  running  down  the  neck,  and 
a  longitutinal  one  between  the  eyes  ;  24  marginal  plates.  This  species,  according 
to  Prof.  Holbrook,  is  found  in  many  of  the  rivers  that  empty  into  the  Mississippi, 
but  never  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 

Ord.  SAURIA,  Brogn. 
Fam.  Iguanidje. 

Three  specimens  of  Crotaphytus  coUaris,  Holb. 

These  differ  from  those  from  the  Creek  boundary  presented  by  Dr.  Woodhouse, 
and  another  large  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  from  Arkansas,  in 
wanting  the  numerous  spots  with  which  the  latter  are  covered.  The  black 
bands  upon  the  neck  and  between  the  shoulders  are  very  distinct ;  the  general 
color  above  is  blue,  more  or  less  deep,  with  a  tinge  of  green,  with  transverse 
bands  of  white  upon  the  body  and  tail;  deeper  bands  of  blue  upon  the  posterior 
extremities;  under  parts  white,  with  dark  colored  markings  under  the  chin  in 
two  of  the  young;  the  plates  upon  the  front  in  all  the  specimens  are,  for  the 
most  part  larger  than  those  upon  the  muzzle  ;  those  constituting  the  semi-  circular 
ridges  along  the  internal  margin  of  the  orbit  quite  large ;  occipital  plate  distinct  ; 

*This  species  has  a  wide  range,  being  found  in  Massachusetts  and  Georgia. 
Dumeril  and  Bibron  say  they  have  received  a  specimen  from  Mexico. 


1856.]  239 

many  of  the  plates  (11  or  12,)  upon  the  orbits  are  much  larger  than  the  rest;  this 
difference  exists  also  in  the  Creek  boundary  specimens,  but  is  not  so  well 
marked;  femoral  pores  very  distinct ;  these  in  some  of  the  Creek  boundary 
specimens  are  very  large,  (J  a  line  in  diameter,)  much  larger  than  in  any  speci- 
men of'Sceloporus  I  have  seen  ;  eight  eggs  quite  large,  from  eight  to  nine  lines  in 
length,  were  counted  in  the  ovaries  of  the  largest ;  in  which  also  the  femoral 
pores  were  very  distinct,  so  that  the  femoral  pores  do  not  belong  exclusively  to  the 
male  in  Crotaphytus ;  the  stomach  which  is  a  large  and  rounded  sac  was  dis- 
tended with  the  debris  of  grasshoppers  and  coleopterous  insects  ;  one  of  the 
former  nearly  entire. 

Habitat. — Arkansas,  Louisiana  near  the  confines  of  Texas,  Western  Texas, 
Kansas. 

The  two  specimens  of  Holbrookia  maculata  (Cophosaurus  Troschel)  do  not 
differ  very  materially  from  the  many  specimens  we  have  from  the  Creek  and 
Cherokee  countries  presented  by  Dr.  Woodhouse  ;  the  marginal  plates  upon  the 
upper  jaw  constituting  the  delicate  fluting  in  that  region  are  more  narrow,  and 
the  markings  upon  the  back  are  more  regularly  disposed,  and  the  white  spots  are 
much  less  Dumcrous  than  in  some  of  the  Creek  specimens.  The  plates  upon  the 
head  will  be  found  to  vary  considerably  in  individual  form  and  arrangement  in 
the  latter. 

Habitat. — Creek  boundary.  Western  Texas,  New  Mexico. 

The  specimens  of  rhrynosoma  cornutum  present  nothing  remarkable;  the 
abdomen  and  chin  of  a  young  one  are  spotted  all  over  with  black  spots,  and 
lines  of  different  shapes. 

Habitat. — Arkansas,  western  country  from  Missouri  to  Texas,  Creek  and  Chero- 
kee countries,  Western  Texas,  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  Kansas. 

LACERTIDiE. 

Seven  specimens  of  Cnemidorophous  gularis,  Baird  and  Girard.  These  are 
distinguished  from  C.  sexlineatus  by  the  broader  stripes  and  larger  size  of  the 
scales ;  the  fronto-nasal  plates  appear  also  to  be  comparatively  smaller  in  gularis. 

Habitat. — Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Kansas. 

SCINCID^. 

Five  specimens  of  Plestiodon  obsoletum,  B.  &  G. — No  two  of  them  are  colored 
precisely  alike.  They  all  have  a  general  resemblance,  yet  each  differs  from  the 
other.  This  difference  is  produced  mainly  by  the  greater  or  less  extent  to  which 
tbe  scales  are  spotted  with  black  ;  in  one  specimen,  the  greater  part  of  each 
scale  upon  the  body  being  thus  spotted;  in  another,  the  ground  color,  which  is 
drab,  greatly  preponderates  ;  head  brown  or  olive,  marked  with  dark  lines  and 
spots,  under  parts  silvery  white. 

Habitat. — Borders  of  Rio  San  Pedro,  Texas,  Kansas. 

CHALCIDID^. 

Ophisaurus  ventralis,  two  specimens. 

These  present  different  markings  ;  they  both  are  drab  colored  above,  with  a 
brown  band  running  from  the  occiput  along  the  middle  of  the  back  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  tail ;  sides  black,  with  two  narrow  white  vitta;,  the  upper  termi- 
nating five  inches  from  the  extremity  of  the  tail ;  the  lower  on  the  left  side  4 
inches  2  lines  from  the  anus ;  and  on  the  right  1  inch  4  lines  ;  three  white  lines 
upon  the  tail  anteriorly ;  two  narrow  brown  bands  on  each  side  of  the  abdo- 
men. Length  of  head,  neck  and  body  5j  inches  ;  of  tail  1  foot  2  inches.  Tbe 
other  specimen  is  olive  above,  with  a  brown  band  along  the  middle,  but  the  neck 
and  anterior  part  of  the  body  is  marked  with  white  narrow  oeellated  spots,  and 
and  instead  of  the  lateral  vitta  there  are  upon  the  sides  on  a  black  ground,  three 
rows  of  interrupted  white  spots,  often  united  so  as  to  form  a  line  with  very  im- 
perfect margins ;  under  surface  silvery  white  ;  length  of  head,  neck  and  body 
7|  inches  ;  of  tail,  1  foot,  5  inches,  4  lines. 

A  specimen  from  Verdigris  river  resembles  the  first  in  its  markings;  another 


240  ■  [October, 

and  very  large  and  stout  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  is  black 
above  without  any  vitta  whatever,  but  marked  with  transverse  longitudinal 
rows  of  small  spots  ;  in  another,  ttie  ground  color  above  is  brown,  and  black  upon 
the  sides  with  longitudinal  lines  of  black  expanded  at  intervals,  and  in  these 
places  surrounded  with  light  colored  spots,  the  spots  upon  the  black  ground  and 
on  the  sides  much  larger;  in  another,  there  are  longitudinal  lines  of  white  spots 
upon  a  black  ground  upon  the  back,  with  narrow  lines  of  the  same  color  upon 
the  sides;  in  anotberj  there  are  transverse  bands  of  white  spots  on  each  side, 
upon  the  back,  which  is  of  a  beautiful  light  brown,  and  white  spots  upon  the 
head,  the  lateral  white  lines  barred  at  intervals  with  cross  bars  of  the  same 
colors,  with  ten  rows  of  dark  brown  spots  upon  the  middle  of  the  tail.  A 
specimen  from  South  Carolina  is  light  brown  above  with  lateral  rows  of  darker 
brown ;  another  from  North  Carolina  is  of  a  uniform  drab  color  above,  the 
scales  upon  the  sides  which  are  greyish  marked  with  numerous  black  spots  of 
different  dimensions  and  irregular  in  shape,  the  abdomen  dark  dale  color ;  under 
part  of  tail  olive  with  four  longitudinal  lines  of  black  spots,  so  that  it  will  be 
seen  that  this  species  varies  much  in  its  mode  of  coloration.  According  to  Dr.  Hol- 
brook,  the  under  surface  during  life  is  bright  yellow,  most  remarkable  at  the 
abdomen.  Dumeril  and  Bibron  describe  four  varieties,  including  two  nominal 
speiies,  (punctatus  and  striatulus,)  mentioned  by  Cuvier. 

Ilabilat. — From  Southern  Virginia  to  Cape  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  and  in  many  of  the  States  bordering  on  the  Missouri  and  Ohio  rivers. 
Its  Northern  range  west  of  |he  Alleghanies  is  Michigan,  according  to  Dr.  Holbrook, 

Ord.  OPHIDIA. 

SbRPENTES  INNOCUI. 

Fam.  CALAMARIDJ^:. 

The  Calamarians  belong  to  the  second  section  or  sub-order  of  Ophidians,  the 
Afilyphodont  or  Aaemii)phid  Serpents  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  characterized  as 
having  "recurved,  conical,  rounded,  full  and  smooth  teeth,  without  cannelation 
at  their  points,  implanted  in  both  jaws."  The  serpents  belonging  to  this  family 
have  the  "body  very  slender,  rounded,  and  almost  of  the  same  thickness  from 
the  head  to  the  tail."  Dumeril  and  Bibron  assert  that  all  the  serpents  belonging 
to  it  are  terrestrial,  and  divide  the  family  into  nine  genera,  distributed  in  the  E. 
Indies,  (Oligodon  without  palatine  teeth,)  (4  sp.)  Java,  Sumatra,  Borneo  and 
Celebes  (Calamaria,)  (12  sp.)  Mexico,  Cayenne,  Surinam,  Santa  Cruz,  Bolivia, 
New  Granada,  Java,  (Rabdosoma,)  (G  sp.)  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  (Homalosoma,) 
(1  sp.)  Celebes,  Macassar,  (Rabdion,)  (2  sp.)  Java,  (Elapoidis  )  (1  sp.)  Ceylon, 
and  the  Phillipines,  (Aspidura,)  (1  sp.)  N.  America,  (Carphophis,)  (2  sp.)  and 
(Conocephalus)  (1  sp.)  To  the  two  last,  originating  in  N.  America,  we  add  the 
following,  contained  in  the  Kansas  collection,  and  which,  in  its  general  charac- 
ters, bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  Homalosoma,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  cari- 
nation  of  the  scales,  the  acuteness  of  the  snout,  the  shape  of  the  frontal  (vertical) 
plate,  &c. 

Gen.  MIOROPS,  nob. 

Char.  Head  small,  flattened  above  and  posteriorly,  depressed  in  front ;  snout 
acute  ;  nine  plates  upon  the  top  of  the  head,  the  pre-frontal  considerably  larger 
than  the  internasals  ;  frontal  plate  short,  but  longer  than  broad,  the  two  lateral 
margins  nearly  straight;  nostril  in  a  single  plate,  near  its  anterior  margin; 
a  frenai,  one  anterior  ocular  and  two  posterior  oculars  ;  seven  superior  labials, 
the  fifth  and  sixth  the  largest,  the  sixth  intercalated  between  the  fifth  and 
seventh,  the  eye  resting  on  the  third  and  fourth  ;  occipital  plates  margined  ex- 
ternally by  a  row  of  four  or  five  plates;  pupil  circular;  posterior  geneials  very 
long,  anterior  small  and  transverse;  teeth  minute,  existing  both  in  the  palate 
and  maxillaries  ;  scales  strongly  carinated,  except  the  two  inferior  rows,  elonga- 
ted, slightly  notched  posteriorly  ;  gastrosteganot  ascending highupon  the  flanks; 
tail  short  and  pointed,  with  a  double  row  of  scutes. 


1856.]  241 

MiCROPS    LINEATUS,    DOb. 

Char.     Size  about  the  same  as  that  of  Homalosoma  lutrix. 

The  head  is  quite  small,  slightly  rounded  above,  depressed  in  front;  nine 
plates ;  snout  acute  ;  nostril  in  a  single  plate,  which  is  more  or  less  quad- 
rangular, quite  near  its  superior  margin,  and  very  much  nearer  its  anterior  than  its 
posterior  extremity;  on  the  leftside  this  plate  is  cleft  inferiorly  below  the  nostril ; 
a  loral ;  one  anterior  orbitar  ;  two  posterior  orbitars  :  seven  superior  labials, 
the  eye  resting  on  the  third  and  fourth,  the  sixth  acutely  angular,  intercalated 
between  the  fifth  and  the  seventh,  not  reaching  the  margin  of  the  jaw  ;  body 
slender,  thicker  in  the  middle,  covered  with  19  rows  of  scales,  all  of  which  are 
very  strongly  carinated,  except  the  three  or  four  inferior  rows,  the  last  being  quite 
smooth  and  larger  than  the  others  ;  scales  with  the  exception  of  the  three  inferior 
rows  on  each  side  narrow,  subellipical,  bi-punctate  posteriorly,  the  carina  reach- 
ing the  entire  length  of  the  scale;  tail  short  and  tapering  to  a  point;  abdom. 
scut.  138.  subcaud.  34;  a  single  prseanal. 

Coloration.  Brown  above,  with  three  narrow  yellow  dorsal  vittaj ;  the  middle 
occupying  one  row  and  half  of  the  adjoining  row  of  scales  ;  head  above  brown ; 
upper  jaw  light  yellow;  abdomen  and  under  part  of  tail  yellow,  with  a  double 
row  of  triangular  spots  of  a  bluish  green  color  along  the  middle  and  base  of  tail; 
these  spots  are  sometimes  confluent  at  their  bases ;  the  spots  beneath  the  epi- 
dermis are  perfectly  black. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  4  lines ;  greatest  breadth  2  ;  length  of  body  to  vent 
7  inches  5  lines  ;  of  tail  1  inch  4  lines. 

Habitat.     Kansas.     One  specimen  in  Mus.  Acad.,  presented  by  Dr.  Hammond. 

Gen.  Remarks.  At  first  sight  this  serpent  might  be  taken  for  a  young  Tropi- 
donote,  but  a  close  inspection  of  the  frontal  and  other  plates  and  the  shape  of 
the  head  indicate  the  difference.  It  is  of  nearly  the  same  size  as  Homalosoma 
lutrix  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  but  in  that  genus  the  snout  is  obtuse  and  the 
shape  of  the  frontal  plate  not  the  same,  and  that  of  the  scales,  which  are  smooth, 
is  very  different ;  the  nasal,  however,  is  in  a  single  plate.  In  Ischognathus 
Dekayi  the  frontal  plate  is  broader,  the  nostrils  between  two  plates,  and  there 
is  no  loral  (Leptognathien,  D.  &  B.)  In  Conocephalus  the  snout  is  acute,  and  the 
frontal  plate  similar  but  more  narrowed,  but  there  is  no  pre-ocular  and  but 
one  post-ocular,  a  long  frenal  and  the  nostril  between  two  plates.  In  Strepto- 
phorus  (Leptognathien)  the  frontal  is  broader,  the  pre-frontals  very  greatly 
larger  than  the  inter-nasals;  the  nostrils  between  two  plates ;  no  pre-ocular, 
two  post-oculars  and  a  long  frenal. 

Fam.  CORYPHODONTID^E, 

CORYPHODON  FLAVIVENTRIS. 

Among  the  reptiles  presQnted  to  the  Academy  by  Dr.  Hammond  is  one  specimen 
of  the  Coluber  flaviventris  of  Say,  (Say's  Expedition  to  Rocky  Mountains,  vol,  i,p. 
185.)  This  specimen  is  olivaceous  above,  yellow  beneath,  except  upon  chin  and 
throat,  and  along  margins  of  lower  jaw,  which  are  white  ;  under  part  of  tail  of  a 
lighteryellow  than  that  upon  abdomen  ;  seven  superior  labials,  the  eye  resting  on 
the  third  and  fourth  ;  asmall  supplementary  plate  on  each  side,  below  the  anterior 
frontal,  intercalated  between  the  second  and  fourth  labials  ;  a  quadrangular 
frenal,  two  post-oculars  ;  nostrils  between  two  plates;  plates  upon  temples  as 
described  by  Say  ;  17  rows  of  smooth  elongate  scales  near  the  middle  of  the  body; 
the  inferior  row  the  largest;  17  rows  upon  neck,  15  near  the  tail ;  tail  of  moder- 
ate length,  longer  than  in  Ablabes.  171  abdom.  scuta  ;  a  bifid  prsEanal ;  5G 
sub-caud.  (tail  mutilated).  Total  length  2  ft.  6  inches  ;  of  Lead,  neck  and  body 
2  ft. ;  circumference  2  inches.  Say  describes  the  posterior  and  basal  edge  of 
the  scales  as  black,  and  in  one  specimen  an  indistinct  double  row  of  reddish 
brown  spots  irregularly  alternating  on  each  side  of  the  abdomen ;  these  markings 
are  not  observed  in  Dr.  Hammond's  specimen. 

The  genus  Coryphodon  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron  takes  its  name  from  two 
Greek  words  Ko^y^»,  Cacumen,  summum  in  quavis  re,  summit,  and  oSouc,  tooth,  in- 

18 


242  [October, 

dicating  the  progressive  augmentation  or  length  of  the  teeth  as  they  recede 
backward,  the  following  being  the  essential  characters  as  given  by  the  learned 
authors,  Erpet.  Gen.  Tom.  vii.  p.  ITS. 

Les  Coryphodontikns. 

Char.  "  Serpents  with  smooth  unequal  teeth ;  the  anterior  much  shorter 
than  those  which  follow,  and  increasing  successively  in  length  from  in  front 
posteriorly."  They  constitute  the  seventh  family  of  the  great  sub-order  of  Agly- 
phodont  Ophidians.  The  characters  of  the  genus  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 
family.  The  scales  of  this  genus  are  more  or  less  elong&i^^,  smooth  or  carinated. 
It  is  the  only  one  of  the  family,  and  comprise  six  species,  inhabiting  North  and 
S.  America,  the  E.  Indies  and  the  Indian  Archipelago,  (Sumatra,  Phillipines). 
Several  serpents  have  been  described  under  the  generic  name  Bascanion  by  Prof. 
Baird  and  Girard,  having  all  smooth  scales,  but  as  the  characters  are  drawn 
from  the  external  forms  alone  and  not  the  teeth,  and  inasmuch  as  many  of 
these  are  of  secondary  importance,  and  not  always  constant,  this  genus,  it 
appears  to  us,  cannot  be  retained.  e.  g.  The  head  in  Coryphodon  pan- 
therinus,  a  South  American  species,  is  not  narrow  but  broad,  the  supple- 
mentary plate  beneath  the  ant-orbitar  is  absent,  andthere  are  but  15  rows  of 
scales,  &c.  In  a  specimen  of  Coryphodon  constrictor  before  me,  the  eye  rests 
on  the  fourth  and  fifth  superior  labial,  which  is  prolonged  upward,  and  the 
supplementary  plate  below  the  large  anterior  orbitar  is  between  the  third  and 
fourth  upper  labials ;  the  same  occurs  in  another  specimen  belonging  to 
the  Bonaparte  collection.  This  arrangement,  however,  is  probably  exceptional. 
In  the  young  specimen  found  at  Beesley's  Point,  and  which  does  not  differ 
materially  in  its  coloring  from  that  discovered  in  Kansas,  there  are  but  5 
superior  labials,  the  third  and  fifth  greatly  prolonged,  the  eye  resting  solely  on 
the  third,  and  there  are  three  posterior  labials.  The  external  characters  of  Mas- 
ticophis  apply  almost  equally  well  to  Psammophis,  an'  African  and  Asiatic 
genus,  yet  how  different  the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  teeth  in  Masticophis 
flavigularis  (Herpetodryas)  and  in  the  latter  genus. 

Among  the  specimens  is  one  which  appears  to  be  a  young  Coryphodon  con- 
strictor ;  the  general  coloration  resembles  very  much  that  of  Ablabes  triangu- 
lum,  but  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  the  head  and  the  form  of 
the  frontal  plate.  The  following  are  its  characters,  which  may  be  interesting, 
showing  the  great  chasge  which  age  sometimes  develops  in  the  coloration  of 
serpents:  Head  long,  flattened  above,  depressed  in  front;  frontal  long  and 
narrow,  narrower  behind,  excavated  laterally  ;  eye  large,  seven  superior  labials, 
the  eye  resting  on  the  third  and  fourth  ;  nostril  between  two  plates  ;  a  more  or 
less  quadrangular  loral ;  one  large  ant-orbitar,  very  narrow  below,  broad  above, 
appearing  upon  the  top  of  the  head,  between  the  prefrontal  and  supraorbitar ; 
a  small  supplementary  plate  beneath  it ;  two  post-oculars  ;  two  rows  of  plates 
upon  each  temple  between  the  occipital  and  superior  labials;  scales  perfectly 
smooth,  17  rows  near  the  middle  of  the  body ;  inferior  lateral  rows  the  largest. 
Total  length  1  foot  1\  lines  ;  length  of  head  6  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  3  ;  length 
of  tail  3  inches. 

Coloration.  Head  above  brown,  occipital  and  frontal  plates  marked  with  yellow ; 
chin,  throat  and  superior  labials  yellow,  the  posterior  edges  of  the  latter  black  ; 
a  red  and  ash  brown  circular  spot  immediately  behind  the  occipital  plates  ; 
54  well  marked  transverse  reddish  brown  blotches  upon  the  back,  not  reach- 
ing to  the  tail,  becoming  indistinct  in  a  space  of  2]-  inches  ;  the  lateral  extremi- 
ties of  the  transverse  blotches  are  separated  from  the  abdominal  scutes  by  four 
and  a  half  rows  of  scales  ;  sides  covered  all  over  with  brown  spots  ;  a  black  spot 
near  the  exterior  extremity  of  each  abdominal  scute,  at  its  posteii^or  margin,  and 
one  or  more  smaller  near  the  middle,  upon  the  anterior  part  of  the  abdomen  ; 
rest  of  abdominal  surface  and  of  under  part  of  tail  yellow,  in  the  latter  region 
almost  white.     Ab.  scut.  171  ;  one  bifid  prreanal ;  80  subcaud. 

Gen.  Remarks.  The  colors  of  this  animal  are  so  different  that  it  might  be 
readily  mistaken  for  a  distinct  species.     The  Col.  vernalis  of  Dekay  has  been 


1856.]  243 

taken  for  the  young  of  the  Constrictor,  which  hardly  differs  more  in  color  from 
the  adult  than  does  Col.  vernalis,  but  Col.  vernalis  is  no  doubt  the  adult  age, 
and  appears  to  belong  to  a  different  genus,  viz.,  Herpetodryas. 

Herpetodryas  vernalis. 

Syn.  Col.  vernalis,  Dekay  Col.  vernalis,  Holbrook,  N.  Am.  Herpet.  vol. 
3,  p.  79.  Chlorosoma  vernalis,  Baird  and  Girard,  Cat.  N.  Am.  Serp.  p.  108. 

Two  specimens.  These  do  not  differ  from  the  other  well  known  individuals. 
This  serpent  has  a  wide  range,  being  found  in  New  York,  Maine,  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin,  Massachusetts,  (Baird  &  Girard,)  Connecticut,  (Holh.)  We  have  one 
specimen  from  Rhode  Island  presented  by  Mr.  S.  Powell.  Wagler  gives  as  the 
type  of  his  genus  Chlorosoma  the  Coluber  viridissimus  of  Linnseus,  (habitat 
Surinam,)  which  is  a  serpent  about  three  feet  in  length,  the  Col.  vernalis  a  little 
more  than  one.  The  two  serpents  belong  to  different  families,  the  one  being  an 
Isodontian,  according  to  Dumeril  and  Bibron's  arrangement,  having  the  teeth 
smooth,  alike,  equally  spaced,  and  the  head  larger  than  the  neck,  and  is  inno- 
cuous, the  other  belonging  to  the  suborder  of  Opistoglyphes,  having  one  or 
more  posterior  teeth  longer  and  channelled,  and  is  venomous.  (Fam.  Dipsadiens.) 
The  Col.  viridissimus  of  Linnaeus  (Chlorosoma  viridissimum,  Wagler,)  belongs 
to  the  genus  Dryophylax  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  characterized  as  having  the 
"  head  conical,  rather  long,  but  little  distinct  from  the  trunk,  in  which  the  infe- 
rior region  is  separated  from  the  flanks  by  a  more  or  less  salient  line  which  the 
gastrostega  form  toward  their  extremities  ;  tail  usually  long,  tapering  and 
rather  slender;  eyes  of  the  ordinary  size,  pupil  round,  subcaudal;  scutes  bifid.' 
(Tome  vii.  p.  1103.)  Dumeril  and  Bibron  state  that  they  do  not  retain  the 
generic  name  of  Chlorosoma  of  Wagler,  he  not  having  characterized  it  with 
sufficient  precision.  In  Dryophylax  viridissimus  the  eye  rests  on  the  fourth  and 
fifth  superior  labials,  (third  and  fourth  in  vernalis,)  there  is  but  one  anterior 
orbitar,  (two  in  vernalis,)  and  there  is  no  loral,  the  posterior  frontals  passing 
down  alongside  of  the  head  to  join  the  superior  labials.  There  is  but  one  tem- 
poral plate,  (three  in  vernalis,)  and  there  are  eight  superior  labials,  (seven  in 
vernalis  ;)  tail  9  inches  8  lines  in  viridissimus,  3  inches  4  lines  in  vernalis. 

Sub-Gen.  ELAPHIS,  Aldrovandi. 

Char.  "Head  usually  but  little  distinct  from  the  body,  and  for  the  most  part 
slightly  conical,  with  a  snout  inclined  a  little  downward  ;  trunk  almost  always 
cylindrical;  sides  of  the  abdomen  but  little  angular;  scales  of  the  trunk  strongly 
or  feebly  carinated." — D.  et  B. 

Elaphis  Alleghaniensis. 

Syn.     Scotophis  Alleghaniensis,  B.  &  G. 

Two  specimens.  The  coloration  of  these  corresponds  very  well  with  the  de- 
scriptions of  Coluber  Alleghaniensis  by  Prof.  Holbrook,  of  Scotophis  Alleghani- 
ensis, by  Baird  and  Girard,  except  that  the  posterior  part  of  the  abdomen  and 
under  part  of  tail  is  not  uniformly  slate  black,  being  tinged  to  a  certain  extent 
with  yellow;  the  number  of  superior  marginal  labial  plates  in  these  specimens 
is  eight,  the  seventh  the  largest;  the  two  inferior  rows  only  appear  to  be  smooth, 
except  upon  the  neck,  (according  to  Holbrook  four,  and  Baird  and  Girard  seven  ;) 
near  the  occiput  the  scales  are  perfectly  smooth.  Total  length  3  feet  8]-  inches, 
(Fr.;)  of  tail  5|  inches  ;  of  another  3  feet  6^- ;  of  tail  5J.  Abdom.  scut.  221  in 
one;  1  bifid  prseanal ;  66  subcaudal ;  in  the  other,  ab.  scut.  227  ;  subcaudal  176. 
Circumference  of  first  specimen  at  its  middle  3  inches  7  lines  ;  of  second  2 
inches  4  lines.     Subcaudal  scutes  larger  in  the  larger  specimen. 

The  genus  Elaphis  appears  to  be  very  well  characterized,  and  comprehends, 
according  to  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  thirteen  species  distributed  in  various  parts 
of  the  world — Montevideo,  (pleurostictus,)  borders  of  the  Caspian,  Persia,  S. 
Europe,  Japan,  (virgatus,)  N.  America,  islands  south  of  Japan,  (conspicillatus.) 
It  is  one  of  the  very  few  genera  of  serpents  common  to  Europe  and  America. 


244  [October, 

The  species  inhabiting  the  United  States  are  Elaphis  Alleghaniensis,  guttatus, 
quadrivittatus  and  vulpinus ;  three  others  have  been  described  by  Dumeril  and 
Bibron,  viz.,  E.  spiloides,  rubriceps  and  Holbrookii ;  and  Profs.  Baird  and  Girard 
describe  also  three,  viz.,  Scotophis  Lindheimerii,  confinis,  listus  ;  the  only  speci- 
mens of  these  we  have  at  present  in  our  collection  beside  the  three  first  enume- 
rated, are  two  of  vulpinus,  presented  by  Dr.  Gavin  Watson,  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Buffalo,  New  York,  which  are  readily  determined  from  the  description  of  Baird 
and  Girard,  and  which  undoubtedly  belong  to  the  genus  Elaphis,  which,  accord- 
ing to  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  was  established  by  Aldrovandi  in  1640  for  thequad- 
ri-radiatus  of  Gmelin,  (Elaphis  fcervone.)  Elaphis  Holbrookii  is  represented  as 
without  spots  or  bands  upon  the  flanks. 

The  geographical  range  of  Alleghaniensis,  accerding  to  Prof.  Holbrook,  is  the 
Blue  Ridge,  Virginia,  Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  and  Mountains  of  Caro- 
lina, and  according  to  Profs.  Baird  and  Girard,  Carlisle,  Penna.,  Creek  boundary, 
(Hallowell.) 

Ablabes,  D,  &  B. 

Char. — "  Colubriform  serpents  with  a  moderate  head,  generally  somewhat 
distinct  from  the  trunk,  which  is  almost  cylindrical ;  abdomen  separated  from 
the  flanks  by  an  angle  but  little  salient,  the  scuta  being  scarcely  elevated  upon 
the  sides  ;  snout  short,  smooth  and  rounded ;  eyes  rather  small ;  tail  of  moderate 
length,  somewhat  tapering ;  scales  of  the  trunk  rhomboidal,  for  the  most  part 
short  and  without  carinse." — D.  &  B. 

Ablabes  Triangulum.    Var.  calligaster. 

Among  the  collection  of  reptiles  presented  by  Dr.  Hammond,  are  three  snakes 
resembling  the  Coluber  eximius  of  Dekay,  but  which  differ  in  the  markings  about 
the  head,  in  the  general  color,  but  more  especially  in  the  number  of  scales,  there 
being  but  twenty-one  rows  in  eximius,  and  from  twenty  to  twenty-seven,  (20  to- 
wards the  tail  and  25  upon  the  neck,)  in  one  of  these  specimens  ;  25  in  the  others. 
The  blotches  upon  the  back,  of  which  there  are  fifty,  are  more  narrow  than  in  that 
species, their  external  margins  being  separated  from  the  abdominal  scutes  by  seven 
rows  of  scales;  the  blotches  are  from  three  to  five  lines  in  length  by  eight  in  breadth; 
there  are  eighteen  transverse  spots  upon  the  tail ;  two  rows  of  lateral  spots,  the 
superior  much  larger  than  the  inferior ;  the  head  is  long,  the  frontal  (vertical) 
plate  longer  than  broad,  the  gape  of  the  mouth  extensive,  the  eye  resting  on  the 
4th  and  5th  superior  labials  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  gape ;  scales  per- 
fectly smooth,  more  narrow  and  elongate  than   in  eximius;  210  abdom.  scut.  1 
bifid  prajanal ;  65  subcaudal ;  total  length  2  feet  7  inches,  (Fr.)  ;  of  tail  5  inches 
3  lines  ;  another  2  feet  6}  inches,  and  a  third,  2  feet  8J  inches  in  length  ;  in 
another  206  ab.  scut.;  a  single  praeanal,  243  subcaud.  ;  and  in  a  third  198  abdom. 
scut,  one  single  prajanal  and  41  subcaudal.     These  numbers  agree  sufficiently 
well  with   those  of  calligaster,  as  given   by  Harlan,  viz.  abdom.  213,  caudal  52, 
(Med.  &  Phys.  Research,  p.  122.)  whereas  in  eximius  the  abdominal  plates,  ac- 
cording to  Harlan,  run  as  high  as  250  in  number.     Dr.  Holbrook,  however,  gives 
198   abdom.,   1  pr£eanal,  247    subcaudal,  and  Harlan  states   that  in   a  living 
one  which  he  observed,  there  were  only  33pair  of  caudal  scutes.  In  Professor  Baird 
and  Girard's  specimens  of  eximius,  the  number  of  abdominal  plates  varied  from 
200  to  214,  and  the  abdominal  from  49  to  55  ;  the  total  length  from  2  l&QiAl  inches 
to  3  feet  10  inches,  corresponding  in  this  respect  with  Harlan's    description  of 
calligaster,  which  he  says  was  about  4  feet  long  ;  so  that  there  does  not  appear  to 
be  any  material  difference  between  the  eximius  of  Dekay,  and  the  specimens 
under  consideration,  either  in  the  number  of  plates  or  in  the  length  of  the 
animal,  but  chiefly,  as  before  stated,  in  the  greater  number  of  rows  of  scales  of 
the  latter;  in  all  Profs.  Baird  and  Girard's  specimens  of  eximius,  and  in  those  of 
the  Academy,  the  number  being  but  21.     There  can  be  little  doubt,  we  think, 
that  the  specimens  from  Kansas  are  identical  with  the  calligaster  of  Say,  for 
Dr.    Harlan,  who   appears  to  have  first    described   those  in  the  Philadelphia 
Museum,  is  of  opinion  that  they  may  be  a  variety  of  eximius.     Prof.  Holbrook, 


1856.]  245 

who  examined  the  originals  of  Say,  states  that  they  are  the  same,  differing  only 
in  the  greater  number  of  plates  in  calligaster  ;  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  he 
may  not  have  counted  the  rows  of  scales.  In  all  of  the  Kansas  specimens,  the 
coloration  of  the  head  and  neck  is  different  from  that  usually  observed  in  exi- 
mius,  and  in  two  of  them  entirely  so,  there  being  in  each  two  dark  brown  longi- 
tudinal blotches  upon  the  temples,  and  on  the  neck,  one  on  each  side,  and  another 
about  half  the  length  of  these  between  them,  the  triangular  spots  described  by 
Lacepede,  being  altogether  absent.  Ground  color  of  head  above  brown,  with  no 
white  stripes  or  bands,  but  a  band  of  dark  browu  extending  across  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  pre-frontal  plates.  The  ground  color  of  the  body  and  tail 
above  is  brown,  the  transverse  spots  or  blotches  much  darker,  each  with  a 
slight  margin  of  a  lighter  brown  than  the  ground  color;  the  blotches  are  more 
narrow  than  in  eximius,  occupying  from  two  to  three  rows  of  scales  only  in 
length,  and  from  eight  to  ten  in  breadth  ;  45  in  one,  (the  45th  opposite  the  anus,) 
upon  the  body;  18  upon  the  tail;  47  in  another;  and  18  upon  the  tail,  and  in  a 
third  49;  the  49th  opposite  the  anus,  and  14  upon  the  tail;  blotches  upon  tail 
quite  narrow,  minutely  black  spotted  and  maculated,  as  well  as  interspaces  and 
sides;  color  of  abdomen  as  in  eximius.  Notwithstanding  the  great  resem- 
blance in  the  number  of  abdominal  and  subcaudal  plates,  and  general  appear- 
ance, we  are  inclined  to  consider  the  above  specimens  as  belonging  to  a  variety 
distinct  from  eximius,  being,  in  fact,  the  calligaster  of  Say.  We  have  recently 
received  from  Kimball's  Museum,  Boston,  (whither  the  originals  of  Say  had  been 
transferred,)  through  Dr.  Holbrook,  one  of  the  originals  of  Say's  calligaster  ;  the 
tail  is  broken  off  with  a  small  portion  of  the  body,  but  it  corresponds  with  Dr. 
Harlan's  description,  and  Prof.  Holbrook's  notice  of  it,  the  scales,  of  which  there 
are  twenty-five  rows,  being  perfectly  smooth.  We  therefore  have  a  confirmation 
of  the  statement  of  Prof.  Holbrook,  of  the  specific  identity  of  eximius  and  cal- 
ligaster, and  of  the  opinion  of  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  who  place  it,  as  well  as 
clericus,  among  the  synonyms  of  Ablabes  triangulum,  and  I  am  happy  to  agree 
with  those  learned  and  very  eminent  Herpetologists. 

The  following  may  be  given  as  the  characters  of  Albabes  triangulum,  var. 
calligaster. 

Char. — Head  rather  long  ;  seven  superior  labials  ;  body  of  moderate  thickness, 
with  from  25  to  27  rows  of  smooth  scales  ;  tail  about  l-6th  of  the  total  length  ; 
color  brown  above,  with  from  45  to  49  rows  of  black  transverse  narrow  blotches 
upon  back  and  14  to  18  upon  tail;  two  lateral  rows  of  smaller  blotches  upon 
sides  ;  under  part  of  body  beautifully  tesselated  with  black  and  white  ;  abdom. 
scut.  198,  210,  subcaudar41,  65  ;  length  2  feet  6|,  2  feet8i  and  3  feet  10  inches, 
(Fr.) 

OeograpMcal  Distribution. — Kansas,  Missouri. 

Oen.  Remarks. — Dumeril  and  Bibron  state  that  the  name  triangulum  has  pre- 
cedence over  that  of  eximius  of  Dekay,  having  been  applied  to  the  same  species 
by  Count  Lacepede,  in  his  Hist,  des  Serpens,  published  in  1789,  Tome,  2,  p.*331. 
The  description  of  Lacepede  is  very  precise,  but  it  appears  to  us  that  it  applies, 
not  to  the  eximius  as  usually  described,  but  rather  to  the  clericus  of  Baird  and 
Girard.  The  description  of  Lacepede  is  as  follows:  "Nous  nommons  ainsi 
(triangle,)  cette  espece  de  couleuvre  parce  qu'on  voit  sur  le  sommet  de  la  tete,  qui 
est  garni  de  neuf  grandes  ecailles  une  tache  triangulaire  charge  dans  le  milieu 
d'une  antre  tache  triangulaire  plus  petite  et  d'une  couleur  beaucoup  plus  claire 
ou  quelquefois  plus  foncee ;  des  ecailles  unies  et  en  lozange  couv'rentle,  dessus  du 
corps,  qui  est  blanchatre  avec  des  taches  rousses  irregulieres  et  bordees  de  noir;  on, 
voit  un  rang  de  petites  taches  de  chaque  cote  du  dos  et  une  tache  noire  allongee, 
et  placee  obliquement  derriere  chaque  ceil."  The  length  of  Count  Lacepedes 
specimen  was  2  feet  7  inches  2  lines,  tail  3  inches.  Abdom.  sc.  213,  subcaud. 
48  pair.  There  can  be  no  doubt  therefore  of  the  priority  of  Lacepede's 
description  which  is  very  accurate,  but  inasmuch  as  but  one  row  of  lateral  spots 
is  mentioned,  there  is  some  doubt  whether  it  applies  to  eximius  or  to  the  ser- 
pent described  by  Baird  and  Girard,  having  only  o?ze  row  of  lateral  spots, 
(Ophibolus  clericus.)     We  have  a  number  of  specimens  with  but  a  single  row  of 


246  October  J 

lateral  spots  with  transverse  blotches  much  broader,  and  reaching  to  the  abdo- 
minal rows  of  scales,  but  in  which  the  size  and  position  of  the  eyes  do  no* 
appear  to  form  constant  characters.  The  blotches  in  a  recent  specimen  are  o^ 
a  bright  red,  a  very  inappropriate  color  for  a  clercius,  according  to  our  present 
notions.  The  specimens  marked  eximius  are  all  immature,  v?ith  one  excep- 
tion, but  all  have  the  double  row  of  spots. 

Ablabe3jTriangulum,  var,  clericus] 

Char. — A  large  triangular  red  blotch  upon  posterior  part  of  head  and  neck, 
with  a  smaller  one  of  a  lighter  color  in  the  middle  ;  a  black  band  from  the  eye 
to  the  angle  of  the  mouth ;  27  rows  of  quadrate  blotches  upon  the  back,  of  a 
bright  red  color  bordered  with  black,  the  27th  opposite  the  anus;  eight  upon  the 
tail ;  the  blotches  upon  the  back  separated  from  the  abdominal  scuta  by  a  row 
and  one  half  of  scales,  and  sometimes  reaching  as  far  as  the  last  row ;  a  single 
row  of  much  smaller  lateral  spots  of  a  red  color  bordered  with  black,  inter- 
mediate as  respects  the  position  of  the  larger  ones,  occupying  the  last  or  abdo- 
minal row  of  scales,  and  a  portion  of  the  abdominal  plates ;  21  rows  of  scales ; 
abdom.  scut.  19G,  pra3anal  single,  subcaud.  44 ;  circumference  2  inches  7  lines. 
Total  length  2  feet  7i  inches,  of  tail  3  inches  11  lines. 

It  will  be  observed  that  these  characters  differ  very  little  from  those  given  by 
Count  Lacepede. 

Ilahiiat. — Clark  county,  Virginia,  Mississippi  and  neighborhood  of  Haddonfield, 
New  Jersey. 

For  description  of  var.  eximius,*  see  Dr.  Holbrook's  work,  N.  American 
Herpet.,  vol.  3,  p.  69. 

The  geographical  range  of  eximius,  according  to  Prof.  Holbrook,  is  Maine, 
Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Illinois,  and  high  up  the 
Missouri,  (calligaster,  Say,)  and  New  York,  (Prof.  Baird.) 

Gen.  TANTILLA,  B.  and  G. 

Among  the  Ophidians  of  Dr.  Hammond's  collection  is  a  very  small  Calamarian, 
resembling  in  its  general  appearance  Carphophis  ama;na,  Dum.  and  Bib.,  but 
much  more  slender  and  of  a  lighter  brown  color.  The  arrangement  of  the 
plates  upon  the  head,  however,  is  quite  different,  and  I  cannot  find  a  genus  into 
which  to  place  it,  among  those  of  the  Calamarians  characterized  by  Dum.  and 
Bibron,  in  the  Catalogue  of  North  American  Serpents  of  Baird  and  Girard,  un- 
less it  be  Tantilla,  or  of  the  snakes  in  the  British  Museum,  by  Mr.  Gray. 
The  following  are  its  characters  : — Head  small,  slightly  rounded  above,  depressed 
in  front ;  snout  smooth,  rounded,  nine  plates  upon  the  top  of  the  head,  the  two 
anterior  frontals  much  smaller  than  the  posterior,  which  pass  down  on  each 
side  of  the  head  between  the  posterior  nasal  and  the  anterior  orbitar  plates,  and 
are  in  contact  with  the  siijjcrior  labials;  nostrils  between  two  plates,  situated  in  the 
anterior  of  the  two  for  the  most  part,  at  its  posterior  edge ;  vertical  or  frontal  plate 
short  and  broad,  hexagonal,  the  posterior  angle  much  more  acute  than  the  an- 
terior; occipitals  rather  long,  pentagonal;  the  supraciliaries  do  not  project  over 
the  eye  ;  but  two  temporal  plates  ;  no  loral,  the  posterior  frontal  taking  the  place 
of  it;  one  ant-orbitar  and  one  post-orbitar,  the  latter  somewhat  larger  than  the 
former ;  six  superior  labials,  the  eye  resting  on  the  third  and  fourth,  the  fourth, 
fifth  and  sixth  much  larger  than  the  preceding  ones  ;  eye  small ;  six  inferior 
labial?,  the  fourth  the  largest;  body  slender,  somewhat  thicker  near  the  middle, 
with  15  rows  of  smooth  and  rhomboidal  scales  ;  five  longitudinal  rows  of  smooth 
rhomboidal  scales,  four  scales  in  each  beneath  the  neck,  between  the  posterior 
geneial  and  front  abdominal  scutes ;  three  inferior  lateral  rows  of  scales  larger 

*Dr.  Dekay  says  of  the  eximius,  "it  is  rare  to  find  them  exceeding  4  feet ;  the 
more  usual  length  is  about  two." 


1856.]  247 

f.han  the  others  ;  color  light  brown  or  olive  above,  lighter  beneath,  approaching  to 
white,  a  narrow  dark  colored  line  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  commencing  at 
the  occiput;  head  of  a  darker  brown  than  the  rest  of  body;  ab.  scut.  130  ;  one 
single  praeanal  and  42  bifid  sub-caud. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  3  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  2  ;  length  of  neck  and 
body  5  inches  ;  of  tail  1  inch  6J  lines ;  total  length  6  inches  9;^,  lines. 

Habitat.     Kansas. 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  serpent  corresponds  very  closely  with  Tantilla  of 
Baird  and  Girard,  and  may  be  their  Tantilla  gracilis,  which,  however,  wants 
the  vertebral  line.  In  their  species  the  posterior  frontal  do  not  come  in  contact 
with  the  labials  and  the  vertical  plate  is  represented  as  anteriorly  acute.  Tbe 
number  of  rows  of  smooth  scales,  of  orbitar  plates  and  abdominal  and  sub-caudal 
scutes  agree  very  well,  there  being  129   of  the  former  and  45  of  the  latter. 

We  do  not  find,  however,  that  the  inferior  row  of  scales  is  considerably  broader 
than  the  others,  if  indeed  so  broad  as  the  row  above  it. 

Habitat.    Indianola. 

CORONELLA  LAURBNTI,  1768. 

Char.  "  Serpents  with  posterior  superior  maxillary  teeth  longer  and  on  the  same 
line  with  the  others,  without  interval ;  trunk  elongated  ;  scales  smooth  ;  snout 
rounded  and  but  little  elongated."  D.  &  B. 

CORONELLA   DOLIATA,  var. 

There  is  one  specimen  of  Coronella  doliata,  one  foot  three  inches  in  length ; 
and  two  specimens  resembling  the  Calamaria  elapsoidea  of  Holbrook,  which  ap- 
pear to  be  the  young  of  the  former.  They  do  not  belong  to  the  genus  Calamaria, 
which  has  but  one  nasal  plate  and  no  frenal,  elapsoidea  having  no  frenal  and 
the  nostril  between  two  plates.  We  have  also  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy 
a  specimen  marked  elapsoidea  from  the  Creek  boundary,  which,  however,  has  a 
loral  plate  and  is  no  doubt  a  young  coronella.  The  following  notes  may  charac- 
terize suflBciently  these  specimens:  Cor.  doliata,  adult.  Head  resemblicg  that  of 
Elaps ;  vertical  (frontal)  plate  a  little  longer  than  broad ;  two  lines  in  breadth  ; 
occipitals  short ;  pre-frontals  (posterior  frontals)  much  larger  than  the  inter- 
nasals  (ant.  frontals)  ;  nostrils  between  two  plates  ;  a  small  and  narrow  frenal ; 
one  anterior  and  two  posterior  oculars,  seven  superior  labials,  the  eye  resting  on 
the  third  and  fourth  ;  21  rows  of  smooth,  quadrangular,  elongated  scales  ;  tail 
short,  3  inches  3  lines  in  length.  Abdom.  scut.  200;  one  single  prasanal ;  52 
subcaudal. 

Coloration.  Twenty-nine  red  spots  upon  the  back,  bordered  with  black  ;  in- 
terspaces between  the  black  bands  white  ;  the  red  spots  are  for  the  most  part 
more  narrow  in  the  middle,  more  extended  laterally  ;  the  black  bands  occasional- 
ly almost  touching  each  other;  the  black  bands  coalesce  with  black,  gub-quad- 
rate  spots  upon  the  abdomen,  having  other  black  spots  intermediate;  a  black, 
transverse  band  across  the  occipital  plates ;  a  few  black  spots  upon  the  upper 
labials  ;  ground  colour  below  light  yellow ;  the  black  bands  upon  the  back  are 
from  two  to  two  and  a  half  lines  measured  longitudinally,  being  about  thrice 
the  dimensions  of  those  of  a  specimen  from  Delaware.  The  red  spots  or  trans- 
verse bands  occupy  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  rows  of  scales,  as  do  also  the 
black  bands  upon  the  margins.  In  the  specimen  from  Delaware  the  red  spots 
occupy  a  much  greater  space,  the  first  comprising  11  rows  of  scales,  butC  in  the 
Kansas  specimen  ;  the  second  six,  in  the  Kansas  specimen  three,  and  the  black 
margins  are  also  much  more  narrow,  occupying  IJ  rows  of  scales  ;  the  black 
tesselated  markings  upon  the  abdomen  also  differ,  and  the  alternate  black  spots 
are  not  seen  except  towards  the  tail ;  the  snout  is  more  acute,  and  the  number 
of  rows  of  scales  is  less,  viz.:  19.  Ab.  scuta  18G  ;  one  single  praeanal ;  and  42 
sub-caudal. 

In  the  specimens  of  Ophibolus  gracilis,  B.  and  G.,  the  anterior  black  rin2;3 
so  extend  as  to  cover  the  whole  head  above,  except  the  very  tips  ;  in  other  speci- 
mens the  black  rings  run  into  each  other.     In  another  there  were  only  21  pairs 


248  [October, 

of  rings.  They  are  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  ;  number  of  rows  of  scales  not 
mentioned,  (Cat.  N.  Am.  Reptiles  in  Smith.  Inst.  p.  91).  Ophibolus  is  not  cha- 
racterized with  sufficient  precision  to  be  retained,  including  as  it  does  two  genera, 
Ablabes  and  Coronella,  belonging  to  different  families,  the  one  (Ablabes)  an 
Isodontian,  with  teeth  of  equal  length,  the  other  (Coronella)  a  syncraterian, 
(posterior  teeth  in  the  latter  much  larger  and  stronger  than  those  which  precede 
them,  a  well  marked  character  in  our  specimens).  The  one  from  Delaware 
corresponds  very  well  with  Prof.  Holbrook's  Coronella  doliata,  though  the  rings 
are  not  so  generally  confluent  with  the  spots  upon  the  abdomen. 

In  one  of  the  younger  specimens,  one  9  J  the  other  7f  inches  in  length,  the  red 
blotches  are  much  wider  apart,  the  black  rings  more  narrow  in  proportion  and 
the  white  interspaces  wider  than  in  the  other.  The  black  rings  in  rows,  in  these 
specimens  entirely  surround  the  abdomen.  (We  need  for  the  thorough  elucida- 
tion of  the  natural  history  of  the  Coronellians  resembling  each  other  so  much 
in  color,  a  greater  number  of  specimens  and  of  all  ages.  Our  friends  would 
confer  a  favor  upon  science  would  they  take  care,  as  has  been  the  case  to  a 
great  extent  in  the  Kansas  collection,  to  send  us  numerous  specimens  of  the  same 
species.) 

Gen.  Ramarlis.  The  coloration  of  this  serpent  differs  very  considerably  from 
that  of  the  figure  of  Ophibolus  gentilis,  B.  and  G.,  in  the  exploration  of  the  Red 
river  of  Louisiana,  by  Capt.  Randolph  B.  Marcy  and  George  B.  McClellan.  The 
blotches  in  that  figure  are  much  more  extended,  and  the  black  marginal  rings 
much  wider  apart.  In  one  of  these  specimens  there  were  25  instead  of  29  pairs 
of  black  rings,  the  red  portion  occupying  a  much  greater  space  ;  but  in  another 
there  were  28;  dorsal  row  of  scales  21;  Ab.  scut.  198  ;  sub-caud.  45;  total 
length  20  inches.  These  black  ringed  Coronellians  will  probably,  when  a  suf- 
ficient number  of  specimens  shall  have  been  procured  from  diiferent  parts  of 
the  Union  to  determine  the  question,  turn  out  to  be  for  the  most  part  varieties 
of  one  and  the  same  species. 

Gen.  Tropidonotus,  Kuhl. 

The  genus  Tropidonotus  belongs  to  the  family  of  Syncraterians  of  Dum.  and 
Bibron,  in  which  the  teeth  are  in  a  continuous  row  without  interval,  and  the 
posterior  longer  than  the  others  ;  the  scales  in  this  genus,  as  its  name  indicates, 
are  always  carinated,  more  especially  those  upon  the  flanks.  The  tail  is  of 
moderate  length.  Three  species  in  the  collection  belong  to  this  genus,  viz.  : 
Tropidonotus  parictalis  of  Say,  of  which  there  are  three  fine  specimens  ;  a  much 
larger  one,  (Trop.  obliquus,)  and  Trop.  ordinatus. 

TuopiDONOTUS  PARiETALis,  Say. 

The  collection  made  by  Dr.  Hammond  includes  two  specimens  of  Tropidonotus 
parietalis.  Both  these  serpents  correspond  with  the  short  but  clear  de- 
scription of  Say.  The  red  spots  on  the  sides  are  very  apparent;  one  of  the 
specimens  is  quite  stout,  the  circumference  being  3^  inches  at  the  middle;  147 
abdom.  scut,  a  single  prseanal,  (tail  mutilated)  19  rows  of  scales,  the  inferior 
row  smooth,  the  middle  stripe  broad,  occupying  one  and  the  half  of  each 
adjoining  row  of  scales.  In  the  smaller  specimen,  Ab.  so.  155.,  and  83  sub- 
caudal ;  tail  of  moderate  length,  rather  long  and  tapering. 

Habiiat.  Between  San  Antonio,  El  Paso,  Missouri  (Say);  Kansas,  California, 
(Dr.  Heermann);  Rio  San  Pedro,  Texas,  (Woodhouse.) 

There  is  but  one  specimen  of  Tropidonotus  ordinatus  (young)  with  the  lateral 
stripes  very  distinct,  three  rows  of  alternate  black  spots;  extremities  of  abdo- 
minal scales  black  spotted  anteriorly ;  occipital  plates  bi-punctate  ;  21  rows  of 
scales  all  carinated,  inferior  row  largest;  ab.  sc.  167,  a  single  prajnal,  78  sub- 
caudal.     Total  length,  1  foot  1  inch  7  lines,  of  tail  3^  inches. 

Tropidonotus  obliquus,  nob. 
Char.     Head  long,  flattened  above,  nostril  between  two  plates,  a  loral,  other 
plates  normal,  8  superior  labials,  the  eye  resting  on  the  4th  and  5th,  6th  and  7th 


1856.]  249 

the  largest;  immediately  behind  the  middle  post-ocular  one  temporal  plate  be- 
tween the  occipital  and  the  superior  labials  ;  23  rows  of  carinated  scales,  the 
inferior  row  but  slightly  carinated  and  larger  than  the  others ;  scales  strongly 
emarginate  posteriorly,  the  carinae  running  the  whole  length  of  the  scale  ;  scales 
long  and  ratber  narrow  upon  the  back,  broader  towards  the  abdomen.  140  ab.  sc. 
1  bifid  pra3anal,  and  69  sub  caudal ;  tail  rather  long,  tapering  to  a  point ;  body 
robust,  size  about  that  of  Tr.  sipedon. 

Coloration.  Greyish  above,  with  large  transverse  and  more  or  less  oblique 
blotches  of  the  same  color  bordered  with  black,  extending  as  far  as  the  abdo- 
minal scales;  they  are  quite  broad,  occupying  about  five  rows  of  scales,  and  have 
very  irregular  margins  ;  the  interspaces  between  them  are  comparatively  very 
narrow,  from  a  scale  to  nearly  two  in  width  ;  32  of  these  oblique  blotches  may 
be  counted,  the  32d  opposite  the  anus  ;  18  or  19  transverse  brownish  bands 
upon  the  tail;  under  surface  resembling  very  much  that  of  sipedon,  the  ground 
color  yellow,  which  predominates  greatly  at  the  anterior  part;  throat  and  under 
jaws  quite  yellow,  the  posterior  margins  of  the  inferior  labials  bordered  with 
brown. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  1  inch  5  lines ;  greatest  breadth  9 ;  length  of 
body  2  feet,  1  inch,  7  lines  ;  of  tail  8  inches;  total  length,  2  feet,  10  inches,  1 
line  ;  circumference  3  inches,  1  line. 

Gen.  Remarks. — This  serpent  differs  from  Trop.  rhombifer  and  transversus. 
It  resembles  very  much  a  specimen  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  Holbrook  from 
Chicago,  sent  to  him  sometime  ago  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  and  which  he  has  kindly 
permitted  me  to  examine.  They  both  are  of  the  same  length,  have  similar  mark- 
ings, and  the  same  number  of  rows  of  scales.  It  may  be  a  variety  of  Trop. 
sipedon. 

Heterodon  nasious. 

There  are  three  specimens  of  Heterodon  nasicus  B.  and  G.,  in  very  excellent 
pieservation.  These  Heterodons  are  remarkable  for  their  prominent  rostral 
plate  and  bulging  cheeks,  giving  them  a  physiognomy,  to  use  the  expression  of 
Prof.  Scblegel,  quite  different  from  that  of  our  ordinary  Heterodons.  The  abdo- 
men and  under  part  of  tail  is  almost  entirely  black.  In  two  of  the  specimens  the 
vertical  (frontal)  plate  is  as  broad  as  long,  in  one  broader  by  about  half  a  line  ; 
the  shape  of  the  vertical  plate  differs  entirely  from  that  of  simus,  but  much  more 
from  that  of  niger  and  platyrhynos.  In  a  specimen  of  simus  there  are  eight 
small  plates  between  the  frontal  and  rostral,  and  the  anterior  nasal  and  su- 
pero-nasals;  in  nasicus  'fourteen,  in  platyrhynos  and  niger  there  is  but  one, 
(the  azygos)  immediately  behind  the  rostral.  In  a  specimen  of  niger  there  is 
but  one  loral  plate,  the  posterior  supra-nasal  (posterior  frontal)  passing  down 
upon  the  side  to  take  the  place  of  the  upper  one  in  simus  ;  and  in  platyrhynos 
two.  The  entire  length  of  the  largest  of  these  specimens  of  nasicus  is  one 
foot,  three  inches,  tail  2  inches  7  lines,  circumference  1  inch  7  lines.  It  appears 
to  be  a  smaller  species  than  simus,  and  much  smaller  than  platyrhynos  and 
niger.  Prof.  Baird  and  Girard,  however,  give  over  two  feet  as  the  dimensions 
of  a  specimen  from  Sonora.  Ab.  sc.  137,  1  bifid  praeanal,  43  sub-caudal.  In  2d. 
137,  ab.  sc.  sub-caud.  43.  In  3d,  137,  ab.  sc.  sub-caud.  44. 

Habitat.     Rio  Grande,  Red  River,  Arkansas,  Fort  Webster,  Sonora. 

Gen.  rcmarlcs  The  figure  in  Capt.  Marcy's  report  does  not  accurately  repre- 
sent this  animal ;  the  bulging  of  the  cheeks,  a  prominent  characteristic,  is  not 
sufiSciently  shown,  and  the  nostril  is  in  a  single  plate,  which  is  not  the  case. 

VENENOSI. 

Trigonocephalus  contortrix. 

There  are  four  specimens  of  Trigonocephalus  contortrix,  which  present  no- 
thing very  peculiar.  In  one  of  them  the  black  color  predominates  greatly  upon  the 
abdomen;  dorsal  rows  of  scales  near  the  middle  in  all  23.  In  a  fine  specimen 
from  Pottsville,  Pa.,  presented  by  Mr.  C.  T.  Hughes,  the  dorsal  rows  are  but  21, 


250  [October, 

ab.  sc.  146  ;  a  single  prteanal,  38  sub-caud.  followed  by  7  bifid  near  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  tail ;  in  the  Pottsville  specimen,  148  ab.  sc.  1  bifid  near  the 
anus,  21  single  and  20  bifid  plates  at  the  end  of  the  tail.    In  a  2d  142,  ab.  sc. 

1  bifid  near  the  anus,  25  single  and  21  bifid.  la  all  the  specimens  the  sub-cau- 
dal scales  are  single  anteriorly  and  bifid  posteriorly.  The  Trigonocephali,  like 
the  Crotali,  have  a  deep  pit  between  the  eye  and  the  nostril,  in  which  they 
differ  from  the  Vipers.  They  have  plates  upon  the  head,  unlike  Bothrops  and 
several  other  genera,  and  are  destitute  of  rattles.  This  serpent  was  first  de- 
scribed by  Linnceus  under  the  name  Boa  contortrix  ;  and  afterwards  by  Pali- 
sot  de  Beauvois,  who  calls  it  Angistrodon  mokeson.  It  has  been  placed  in  no  less 
than  five  different  genera,  viz. :  Boa,  Angistrodon,  Cenchris,  Scytalus,  and  Tri- 
gonocephalus,  with  three  diS'erent  specific  names. 

Habitat.  This  serpent  has  a  very  wide  geographical  range.  From  N.  Eng- 
land to  Florida,  and  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  to  Alleghanies,  (Holbrook)  Ohio, 
Penn.,  S.  Carolina,  Louisiana,  Texas,  (B.  and  G,) 

Crotalus  conpluentus. 

There  is  one  specimen  of  Crotalus,  which  corresponds  sufficiently  well  with 
Say's  description  of  Crotalus  confluentus.  The  spots  are  more  crowded  together 
anteriorly  than  in  the  specimen  described  in  Sitgreave's  report ;  the  interspaces 
between  the  first  fourteen  being  much  more  indistinct  than  between  those 
which  follow,  especially  the  first  seven  which  present  the  appearance  of  narrow 
white  transverse  bands  ;  they  are  confluent  only  to  a  slight  extent.  Total 
length  including  rattle,  1  foot  8^  inches  ;  of  tail  including  rattle  1  inch  8  lines  ; 
of  rattle  9  lines ;  (4  rattles  and  terminal  appendage)  of  head  1  inch,  breadth 
f ;  25  or  27  rows  of  scales.  178  ab.  sc,  a  single  praeanal,  1  bifid,  14  single  and 

2  bifid  sub-caudal,  the  last  near  the  rattle  ;  circumference  2  inches.  40  brown 
subquadrate  spots,  more  or  less  marginated,  may  be  counted  upon  the  back  and 
four  or  five  upon  the  tail;  the  last  nine  or  teu  have  more  the  appearance  of  bars 
than  regular  blotches.  A  much  larger  Crotalus  than  the  above  is  found  in 
California,  of  which  an  excellent  figure  is  given  in  Capt.  Marcy's  Exploration  of 
Red  River,  pi.  1,  under  the  name  of  Crotalus  confluentus.  We  have  several 
in  the  collection  of  the  Academy,  presented  by  Dr.  Heermann,  of  which  a 
notice  will  be  given  in  the  forthcoming  volume  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  report, 
under  the  direction  of  Capt.  Williamson.  These  are  of  a  yellowish  color  be- 
neath, with  brownish  maculations  ;  the  subquadrate  spots  upon  the  back  a  deep 
brown  bordered  with  orange.  One  of  these  specimens  measures  more  than  3 
feet  in  length  ;  23  rows  of  scales.  The  predoninating  color  in  the  specimens,  ex- 
cept that  of  the  dorsal  subquadrate  blotches,  is  sulphur  yellow.  The  name  of  Cro- 
talus Lecontii  might  perhaps  with  propriety  be  given  to  this  species  from  Cali- 
fornia, and  that  of  confluentus  be  retained  for  the  smaller  crotalus  with  quad- 
rate blotches,  from  Missouri  and  Kansas.  The  serpent  figured  in  the  Explora- 
tion of  Red  River,  has  more  the  general  appearance  of  the  former,  and  the  shape 
of  the  rattle  corresponds,  this  in  confluentus  tapering  to  a  point ;  and  not  quad- 
rangular as  in  the  larger  animal. 

RANIDiE. 

There  is  in  the  collection  a  specimen  of  Rana  halecina,  which  does  not  differ 
in  any  important  particular  from  the  R.  halecina  found  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Philadelphia,  unless  it  be  that  in  the  latter  the  internal  nares  appear  to  be 
larger,  and  the  tongue  more  narrow.  The  vocal  vesicles  are  quite  distinct,  the 
pores  upon  the  orbit  conglomerated  and  very  apparent ;  others  are  observed 
upon  the  neck  and  anterior  part  of  the  back,  and  a  band  extends  along  the 
upper  margin  of  each  flank,  from  the  posterior  angle  of  the  eye  to  near  the 
thigh;  Dumeril  and  Bibron  state,  that  it  is  with  some  doubt  that  they  separate 
this  species  (the  halecina,)  from  palustris,  but  admit  that  they  are,  and  they  are 
no  doubt  distinct.  They  are  both  very  common  in  the  neighborhood  of  Phila- 
delphia.    The  Rana  halecina  has  vocal  vesicles,  the   palustris  has  none ;  the 


1856.]  251 

spots  as  Dumeril  and  Bibron  observe,  are  subquadrate  in  palustris,  but  round  in 
halecina;  the  thighs  are  very  differently  marked  in  the  two  species,  and  the 
tympanum,  as  stated  by  the  authors  above  mentioned,  is  smaller  in  palustris, 
but  it  appears  to  us  that  the  snout  is  more  acute  in  the  latter  than  in  halecina, 
being  the  reverse  of  the  diagnosis  as  given  by  them. 

Rana  pipiens. 

There  is  but  one  specimen  of  Rana  pipiens  in  the  collection,  and  that  is  abont 
half  grown.  It  does  not  differ  materially  from  one  of  the  same  dimensions  from 
Absecom,  N.  J.,  except  in  the  size  of  the  tympanum,  which  in  the  Kansas  specimen 
is  not  more  than  21  lines  in  diameter  ;  whereas  in  the  one  found  at  Absecom  it  is  6 
lines,  being  the  same  as  in  a  very  large  and  full  grown  specimen  from  Buffalo, 
New  York.  The  general  color  is  olive  above,  minutely  and  sparsely  spotted 
with  black,  with  very  indistinct  bars  of  a  deeper  olive  upon  the  posterior  ex- 
tremities. The  mottlings  below  resemble  each  other,  except  that  in  the  Abse- 
com specimen  they  are  of  a  chocolate  color,  and  the  color  of  the  abdomen  less 
clouded ;  they  both  appear  to  be  females.  The  difference  in  the  size  of  the 
tympanum  is  certainly  remarkable,  but  without  a  greater  number  of  specimens, 
we  are  unwilling,  on  that  account,  to  give  it  a  new  specific  name.  Besides  the 
above,  there  are  several  other  smaller  specimens  of  the  same  olive  color  above, 
the  rows  upon  the  posterior  extremities  of  a  darker  color,  the  body  covered 
with  minute  black  spots,  in  the  youngest  resembling  ;lie  R.  conspersa  of  Major 
Le  Conte,  which  is,  probably,  the  young  of  R.  pipiens.  According  to  Major 
Le  Conte,  conspersa  wants  the  ridge  upon  the  tympanum.  Under  part  mottled 
as  in  the  larger  individual. 

There  is  a  single  specimen  of  a  very  small  Batrachian  resembling  the  Acris 
gryllus,  grey  spotted  above  with  the  triangular  spots  upon  the  head  ;  thighs  and 
eyes  obliquely  spotted  with  brown ;  under  parts  white ;  length  from  snout  to 
posterior  extremity  of  body  G  lines;  length  of  anterior  extremities  3  lines  ;  of 
posterior  9J. 

BUFONID^. 

BUPO   AMERIOANUS. 

There  are  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Hammond,  two  very  large  toads,  larger  than 
any  specimens  of  Bufo  americanus  that  I  have  seen.  They  measure  3  inches 
11  lines  in  length,  (from  snout  to  vent,)  the  dimensions  of  the  Bufo  ameri- 
canus, as  given  by  Prof.  Holbrook,  being  but  2  J  inches.  The  longitudinal  ridges 
upon  the  head  are  as  in  Americanus,  and  there  is  a  narrow  vertebral  line  running 
from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  to  near  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body;  the 
general  color  is  dusky  above  mingled  with  olive,  with  a  few  subround  black 
spots  and  linear  maculations  ;  the  black  colored  maculations  are  more  distinct 
upon  the  sides  ;  under  part  yellow,  mingled  with  orange  posteriorly  ;  the  warts 
upon  the  sides  of  the  body  above  and  upon  the  posterior  extremities  are  remark- 
able for  their  large  size. 

The  Bufo  punctatus  of  Profs.  Baird  and  Girard  appears  to  be  the  young  of 
this  species  ;  they  are  of  an  ash  grey  with  subround  spots,  and  irregular  mark- 
ings of  black,  containing  one  or  more  prominent  red  colored  points  or  tubercles. 
Under  parts  white,  with  a  tinge  of  blue  upon  the  abdomen,  except  posteriorly, 
the  under  surface  of  the  posterior  extremities  of  a  yellow  color.  I  cannot  make 
out  that  this  toad  differs  essentially  from  Bufo  americanus,  and  in  this  my  friend 
Major  Le  Conte  agrees,  who  also  examined  the  specimen. 

The  most  striking  difference  between  this  species  and  the  Americanus,  con- 
sists in  the  much  greater  breadth  of  the  tongue,  and  its  greater  comparative 
evertil'ity  ;  in  two  specimens  of  equal  size,  the  tongue  in  the  Kansas  specimen 
is  six  lines  in  breadth,  in  Bufo  Americanus  but  three.  In  the  largest  specimen 
the  tongue  measures  7  lines  in  breadth,  and  is  somewhat  less  evertile  th^n  in 
the  smaller  specimen.  This  species  is  very  different  from  Bufo  halophila,  B. 
&  G.,  inhabiting  California;  the  latter  is  much  more  warty,  the  warts  being 


252  [October, 

very  numerous  and  much  developed  along  the  middle  of  the  back;  the  mark- 
ings beneath  are  also  different,  halophila  being  largely  maculated  beneath. 

Engystoma  olivacedm,  Dob. 

There  is  a  single  specimen  of  Engystoma,  one  inch  one  line  in  length 
by  seven  lines  in  breadth  ;  the  anterior  extremities  6  ;  the  posterior  1  inch 
10  lines  in  length.  The  general  color  above  is  olive,  with  dark  colored  spots 
posteriorly;  these  are  observed  in  considerable  number  upon  the  poste- 
rior part  of  the  body  and  upper  part  of  the  thighs  ;  a  few  also  are  seen  over  the 
shoulders  ;  the  sides  are  obscurely  marbled  with  brown  ;  under  surface  yellow, 
immaculate;  a  well  marked  fold  passes  across  the  head  behind  the  eyes,  ex- 
tending down  alongside  of  the  head. 

This  specimen  is  larger  than  any  of  those  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy, 
and  the  coloration  is  quite  different  from  that  of  Dr.  Holbrook's  figure  (N.  Am. 
Herpet.  vol.  v.  pi.  vi.,)  and  the  specimens  from  Georgia  in  the  collection  pre- 
sented by  Maj.  Le  Conte.  These  are  all  more  or  less  mottled  with  brown  beneath 
and  brown  or  chestnut  colored  above. 

Dimensions.  As  above,  length  of  tarsus  and  toes  9  lines  ;  of  leg  4  lines  ;  of 
thigh  4;  of  arm  '2,  of  forearm  2. 

Gen.  Remarks.  Dumeril  and  Bibron  describe  five  species  of  Engystoma — two 
from  N.  America,  (carolinense  and  rugosum,)  two  from  S.  America,  (ovale  and 
micropSj^and  one  from  Malabar,  (ornatum.) 

Habitat.  According  to  Dr.  Holbrook,  Engystoma  Carolinense  has  never  been 
found  north  of  Charleston,  its  range  extending  westward  to  the  lower  Missis- 
sippi. 

URODELA. 
aMBYSTOMID^. 

Ambystoma  luriddm,  var.  fasgiatum. 

There  is  but  one  specimen  of  Urodela,  viz.,an  Ambystoma.  This  is  the  same 
animal  apparently  figured  in  Dumeril  and  Bibron's  work,  pi.  105,  under  the 
name  Ambystome  abandes,  (variete,)  but  it  differs  entirely  from  Ambystoma 
fasciatum,  (opacum,)  not  only  in  coloring  but  in  the  arrangement  of  the  teeth; 
these  in  fasciatum  are  placed  in  th-ee  distinct  groups,  whereas  in  the  present 
specimen  they  are  in  a  continuous  series,  forming  a  very  obtuse  angle,  the 
lateral  prolongations  passing  behind  the  internal  nares  and  terminating  in  a 
line  with  their  external  margin,  presenting  the  same  arrangement  as  in  Axa- 
hjstoma,  luridtrm.,  of  which  it  is  probably  a  variety,  having  nothing  to  distinguish 
it  from  that  species  but  the  coloration.  Dumeril  and  Bibron  state  that  their 
specimen  was  received  from  the  neighborhood  of  New  Orleans. 

One  cannot  but  remark,  in  studying  the  collection  of  reptiles  above  noticed, 
the  great  difference  in  the  geographical  range  of  the  genera  and  species  composing 
it.  The  Emysdoes  not  exist  with  us,  neither  does  a  single  one  of  the  genera  of 
the  lizards,  unless  it  be  Cnemidophorus.  Of  the  innocuous  serpents  four  are 
common  to  Pennsylvania  and  Kansas,  viz.,  Elaphis  Alleghaniensis,  Ablabes 
triangulum,  Tropidonotus  ordinatus  and  Herpetodryas  vernalis.  The  others, 
viz.,  Tropidonotus  parietalis,  unless  it  be  considered  a  climatal  variety  of  si- 
talis,  Tropidonotus  obliquus,  Microps  lineatus,  Coryphodon  flavivenlris,  Coro- 
nella  doliata,  Tantilla  gracilis  and  lleterodon  nasicus  are  unknown  to  us.  The 
genera  of  innocuous  serpents  in  the  collection  common  to  Pennsylvania  and  Kan- 
sas, are  Elaphis,  Ablabes,  Tropidonotus,  Coryphodon  and  Heterodon.  Of  the 
venomous  serpents,  Trigonocephalus  contortrix,  which  is  one  of  the  most  widely 
diffused  of  our  serpents  exists  in  both  regions,  but  Crotalus  confluentus  is  found 
only  in  the  far  west  and  south-western  portions  of  North  America.  Of  the 
Kanida?,  R.  halecina  and  pipiens  are  common  to  both,  and  of  the  Bufonida;  B. 
Americanus  ;  but  we  have  no  Engystoma,  and  among  the  Urodela  no  Ambys- 
-oma,  with  an  arrangement  of  teeth  and  system  ef  coloration  in  all  respects 


1856.]  253 

similar  to  the  specimen  in  the  collection,  which  appears  to  us,  as  above  men- 
tioned, to  be  closely  allied  to  luridum. 

We  have  not  at  present  the  materials  for  a  complete  representation  of  the 
Herpetological  fauna  of  America  either  North  or  South,  but  these  will  hereafter 
no  doubt  present  some  very  curious  results,  when  compared  with  the  fauna  of 
the  West  India  Islands,  and  other  parts  of  the  globe.  In  order,  however,  to 
arrive  at  the  truth  in  a  matter  so  important,  it  will  be  necessary  to  determine 
with  the  utmost  precision  the  characters  both  of  the  genera  and  species,  and 
this  cannot  be  done  without  a  knowledge  of  the  anatomy,  as  well  as  of  the  ex- 
ternal forms. 


Descriptions  and  Notes  on  Birds  in  the  Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia  and  in  the  National  Museum,  Washington. 

By  John  Cassin. 

1.  BuTEO  CooPERi,  nobis. 

About  the  size  of  Buteo  borealis.  Bill  strong,  edges  of  upper  mandible  lobed, 
wings  long,  quills  wide,  fourth  quill  longest,  tail  moderate,  legs  rather  long, 
tarsi  feathered  in  front  slightly  below  the  joint,  behind  and  remainder  in  front 
naked,  with  about  13  transverse  scales  in  front  and  11  behind. 

Total  length  (skin)  21J  inches,  wing  15,  tail  9  inches. 

Tail  white  at  base,  external  feathers  with  their  outer  webs  cinereous  and  their 
inner  webs  white  mottled  with  cinereous,  other  feathers  of  the  tail  mottled  and 
striped  longitudinally  with  white,  bright  rufous,  dark  brown  and  cinereous,  darker 
on  the  outer  webs.     A  subterminal  transverse  band  of  dark  brown,  tip  white. 

Plumage  of  the  head  above  white  at  base,  tipped,  and  with  longitudinal 
stripes  of  brownish  black ;  back  and  rump  brownish  black,  upper  tail  coverts 
white,  transversely  barred  with  dark  brown  and  tinged  with  rufous,  wing  coverts 
and  quills  cinereous  darker  on  outer  webs  of  primaries  and  lighter  on  their 
exposed  ends.  Under  parts  white,  with  narrow  stripes  of  dark  brown,  numerous 
on  the  neck,  throat  and  flanks,  (breast,  abdomen  and  under  tail  coverts  pure 
white,)  a  few  of  the  same  on  the  under  wing  coverts,  tibi«  faintly  tinged  with 
yellowish.     Bill  dark  bluish,  tarsi  yellow. 

Obs.  This  is  the  young  plumage,  and  the  present  specimen  is  the  only  one 
that  I  have  ever  seen.  It  is  from  California,  and  is  in  the  collection  made  by 
Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  while  attached  to  Lieut.  Williamson's  party  that  surveyed  a 
route  for  a  railroad  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

This  bird  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  Buteo  eythronotus  of  South  America, 
and  has  nearly  the  same  light  cinereous  color  of  the  wings,  quite  different  from 
any  other  North  American  species.  I  have  named  it  in  honor  of  Di.  Cooper,  a 
talented  and  active  young  naturalist,  the  son  of  William  Cooper,  Esq.,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  of  American  Naturalists. 

2.    EOPSALTRIA    CINEREA,    nobiS. 

Bill  thick  and  rather  long,  distinctly  notched  near  the  end,  wing  rather  long, 
first  quill  spurious,  fourth  slightly  longest,  tail  moderate,  tarsi  and  toes  slender, 
feathers  of  the  head  above  slightly  lengthened. 

Total  length  (of  skin)  5  inches,  wing  2|,  tail  2  inches. 

Entire  upper  parts  cinereous,  feathers  on  the  head  with  faint  lines  of  brown 
on  the  shafts.  Quills  dark  ashy  brown,  edged  externally  with  pale  ashy,  tail 
dark  ashy  brown,  narrowly  tipped  with  white.  Throat  and  abdomen  white, 
breast  pale  ashy,  under  wing  coverts  white.  Obscure  line  from  the  bill  to  the 
eye,  and  ring  around  the  latter,  white,  spot  in  front  of  the  eye,  dark  ashy  brown. 
Bill  dark,  base  of  lower  mandible  white,  feet  dark. 

Hab.     Moonda  river,  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  DuChaillu. 

Obs.  This  little  bird  is  nearer  the  genus  Eopsaltria,  than  any  other  that  I  can 
find  at  present,  though  perhaps  not  strictly.  Two  specimens  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  DuChaillu  are  all  that  I  have  seen.  It  is  a  plain  little  bird,  having  the 
general  appearance  of  Vireo  and  Eopsaltria. 


254  [October, 

3.  SiTTA  ACULEATA,   nobis. 

About  the  same  size  as  Sitta  caroUnensis  and  much  resembling  it,  but  with  the 
bill  longer  and  much  more  slender.  The  colors  of  the  upper  parts  are  darker 
than  in  >S^..  caroUnensis,  and  the  white  of  the  tail  of  less  extent. 

Hab.  California.  Specimen  in  Nat.  Mus.  Washington,  and  Mus.  Acad., 
Philadelphia. 

Obs.  This  is  the  western  style  of  Sitta,  nearly  allied  to  the  common  species 
of  the  States  on  the  Atlantic.  It  may  very  readily  be  distinguished  by  its  long, 
slender  and  pointed  bill,  which  is  a  constant  and  unvarying  character.  Numer- 
ous specimens  are  in  the  collections  above  referred  to,  and  it  appears  to  be  a 
common  bird  of  the  western  regions  of  North  America. 

4.  ToDiRAMPHUs  VARius,  (Eytou,)  Auctorum. 

Halcyon  varia,  Eyton,  Proc.  Zool.  Soe.,  London,  1839,  p.  101. 

Blyth  Jour.  As.  Soc.  IBengal,  xv.,  p.  11. 

Whatever  may  be  the  bird  described  by  Mr.  Eyton  as  above,  it  is  quite  certain 
that  Mr.  Blyth  as  cited,  describes  Halcyon  concreta,  Temm.  PL  Col.  iv.,  pi .  346 
The  latter  describes  at  length,  and  the  species  can  readily  be  identified  with 
Temminck's  plate,  even  without  specimens.  We  regard  it  as  quite  probable,  too, 
that  Mr.  Eyton  alludes  to  the  same  bird,  and  at  present  regard  his  name  as  a 
synonyme  for  Halcyon  concreta. 

This  bird  does  not  belong  to  the  genus  Todiramphiis. 

5.  COLUMBA   IRIDITORQUES,    nobiS. 

About  the  size  of  Turtur  eythrophrys.  Wing  rather  long,  quills  broad,  second 
quill  longest,  tail  rather  short,  feathers  broad,  legs  short. 

Total  length  (of  skin,  male)  about  lOj  inches,  wing  6J,  tail  4  inches.  Female 
smaller. 

Neck  behind  with  a  wide  collar  of  cinnamon  color,  with  golden  violet  and 
green  metallic  lustre.  Entire  head  cinereous,  light  on  the  throat  and  in  front, 
darker  and  with  a  green  metallic  lustre  on  the  occiput,  other  upper  parts  very 
dark,  nearly  black  with  a  tinge  of  cinereous,  and  on  the  back  and  rump  with 
green  and  violet  metallic  lustre,  especially  next  to  the  nuchal  collar.  Under 
parts  vinaceous,  under  tail  coverts  light  chestnut,  under  wing  coverts  dark 
cinereous.  Two  central  tail  feathers  dark  cinereous,  others  same  color  on  their 
outer  webs,  and  dark  chestnut  on  their  inner  webs,  and  widely  tipped  with  yel- 
lowish white.    Legs  yellow. 

Hab.  St.  Paul's  river  and  Moonda  river.  Western  Africa.  Dr.  MacDowell's 
collection  and  Mr.  DuChaillu's  collection.     Spec,  in  Mus.  Acad.  Philada. 

Obs.  This  handsome  species  of  Dove  has  been  in  the  collection  of  the  Aca- 
demy for  some  years,  having  been  collected  by  Dr.  MacDowell,  but  I  have  never 
succeeded  in  finding  a  name  for  it.  It  is  not  given  in  the  Columbidcn  of  the 
Prince  Bonaparte's  Conspectus  Avium. 

Several  specimens  are  in  Mr.  DuChaillu's  collections.  This  species  does  not 
intimately  resemble  any  other  known  to  me,  and  may  be  immediately  recognized 
by  its  wide  nuchal  collar,  the  colors  of  which  are  very  brilliant.  The  back  and 
rump  and  some  of  the  wing  coverts  have  also  brilliant  metallic  lustre. 

6.  Zapornia  umbrina,  nobis. 

"Zapornia  spilinota,  Gould,"  Peale,  Voy.  Vincennes,  Birds,  p.  224. 

About  the  size  of  Z.  spilonota,  Gould.  Bill  rather  long,  membrane  of  the 
nostril  very  large,  wing  rather  long,  third  quill  longest,  tertiaries  long,  tail 
short,  legs  moderate,  toes  long. 

Total  length  (skin)  5f  inches,  wing  3,  tail  2  inches. 

Entire  upper  parts  reddish  brown  or  snuff  color,  darkest  on  the  rump,  which 
color  is  continued  on  the  sides  below  the  lower  edges  of  the  wings.  Under  parts 
dark  cinereous,  lighter  on  the  throat,  under  tail  coverts  brownish  black  with 
transverse  stripes  of  white,  under  wing  coverts  brown  edged  with  white,  feet 
light  colored,  bill  darker. 

Hab.  Eeejee  Islands.  Specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring 
Expedition,  (Vincennes  and  Peacock.) 


1856.]  255 

Obs.  This  bird  was  given  in  Mr.  Peak's  volume  on  the  Birds  and  Quadrupeds 
of  Capt.  Wilkes's  Expedition,  as  Zapornia  spilonota,  Gould,  but  though  very  pro- 
bably of  the  same  genus,  is  distinct,  and  we  have  not  found  it  described. 

T.  Tachypetes  Palmerstoni,  (Gmelin.) 

Pelecanus  Palmerstoni,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  573,  (1788.) 

Obs.  This  is  a  species  quite  distinct  from  T.  aquila,  and  is  apparently  exclu- 
sively an  inhabitants  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  From  that  species  the  present  bird 
may  readily  be  distinguished  by  its  much  larger  gular  pouch,  which  in  the 
living  bird  is  of  a  red  color.  Its  quills  and  tail  feathers  are  much  narrower  and 
the  latter  is  longer.  So  far  as  can  be  determined  from  preserved  specimens,  the 
two  species  are  nearly  of  the  same  size,  thongh  the  present  bird  is  the  more 
slender. 

Numerous  specimens  are  in  the  collection  of  the  Exploring  Expedition, 
(Vincennes  and  Peacock.) 


Notices  of  Remains  of  Extinct  Vertebrated  Animals  discovered  by  Professor  E. 

Emvions. 
By  Joseph  Leidt,  M.  D. 

Cetacea. 

1.  Orycterocetus  cornctidens,  Leidy. 

0.  quadratidens,  Proc.  A.  N.  S.  VII,  378. 

The  genus  was  originally  proposed  6n  several  long  horn-like  teeth,  together 
with  fragments  of  jaws  found  in  the  miocene  deposit  of  Virginia.  Prof.  Em- 
mons has  also  discovered  a  tooth,  apparently  of  the  same  species,  in  the  mio- 
cene deposite  of  North  Carolina.  The  tooth  bears  a  wonderful  resemblance  to 
the  horn  of  a  young  ox.  It  is  nearly  5  inches  long  in  the  curve  and  over  an 
inch  in  diameter  at  base,  which  is  hollowed  into  a  deep  conical  cavity,  as  in 
the  spermaceti  whale. 

Sauria. 

2.  Drepanodon  impar,  Leidy. 

This  species  is  founded  on  the  crown  of  a  tooth  discovered  by  Prof,  Emmons 
in  the  miocene  deposit  of  Cape  Fear,  North  Carolina. 

The  specimen,  in  form,  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  crown  of  the  in- 
ferior canine  tooth  of  a  bear,  but  it  has  only  one  trenchant  ridge,  and  this  is 
situated  postero-internally.  The  enamel  is  thin  and  smooth ;  the  base  of  the 
crown  is  hollowed  conically.  Length  of  specimen  10  lines;  breadth  at  base 
antero-posteriorly  7  lines,  transversely  5  lines. 

3.  Pliogonodon  priscus,  Leidy. 

Founded  on  two  much  mutilated  specimens,  consisting  of  the  crowns  of  teeth, 
discovered  by  Professor  Emmons  in  a  miocene  deposite  of  Cape  Fear,  in  North 
Carolina. 

Teeth  elongated  conical,  nearly  straight  or  only  slightly  curved  inwardly,  in 
section  circular,  with  a  pair  of  opposed  carinaa  on  the  inner  side ;  surfaces 
divided  into  numerous  narrow  planes,  with  a  few  vertical  interrui^ted  plicae, 
which  are  more  numerous  on  the  inner  side,  ^namel  finely  wrinkled  ;  and  the 
dentine  concentric.  Base  of  crown  hollowed.  Probable  length  of  crown  when 
perfect  2  inches,  breadth  of  base  |-  of  an  inch. 

The  teeth  differ  from  those  of  3fososaurus  in  their  narrower  proportion, 
straightness,  circular  section,  and  plicae  of  the  enamel ;  from  those  of  Polypty- 
cliodon  in  the  possession  of  divisional  planes  and  opposed  carinag ;  and  from 
those  of  Pleiosaurus  in  the  former  character  and  the  circular  section. 

4.  Pal-5:osaurus  ?  (Compsosaurus)  priscus,  Leidy  :  ante  p.  165. 

Half  a  dozen  isolated  teeth  of  this  saurian  are  contained  in  the  collection  of 
Prof.  Emmons. 


256  [October, 

5.  Omosaurus  perplexus,  Leidy. 

An  enaliosaurian,  based  upon  a  number  of  teeth  of  varied  character,  vertebrae, 
fragments  of  ribs  and  other  bones,  and  the  impression  of  a  dermal  pLxte,  obtained 
from  the  coal  field  of  Chatham  Co.,  North  Carolina,  by  Prof.  Emmons  and  also 
by  Prof.  M.  Tuomey. 

Teeth  elongated  conical,  pointed,  nearly  straight,  or  n:ore  or  less  mo- 
derately curved  inwardly,  with  opposed  carinte  on  the  inner  side,  which 
are  entire  or  denticulated ;  transverse  section  subcircular,  flattened  in- 
ternally ;  surfaces  even,  or  more  or  less  distinctly  fluted  on  the  outer  side  or  all 
around,  and  covered  with  minute  interrupted  ridges,  which  are  vertical  on  the 
even  surface,  oblique  on  the  fluted  surface,  and  divergent  downward  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  carinas.  Crown  solid,  enamel  thin,  dentine  concentric  ;  fang  sub- 
cylindrical,  hollowed  at  base.  Length  from  5  lines  to  1^  inches,  breadth  from 
2  lines  to   4|  lines. 

Bodies  of  the  vertebrse  bi-concave  and  much  constricted,  as  m  Palceosaw'us? 
and  Ch-jKysaunis.  Length  of  one  of  the  posterior  cervical  bodies  16  lines, 
depth  of  its  articular  surfaces  17  lines,  width  15  lines. 

Dermal  plate  covered  with  radiating,  bifurcating  and  anastomosing  ridges. 

Allied  to  Clepsysaurus  and  Centemodon,  Lea,  and  probably  identical  with  them. 

Labyrinthodonta. 

6.  DicTYOCEPHALUS  KLEGANS,  Leidy. 

Founded  on  the  upper  portion  of  a  cranium  discovered  by  Prof.  Emmons  in 
the  coal-field  of  Chatham  Co.,  N.  C.  Plates  of  the  cranium  covered  with  reti- 
cular ridges  in  a  general  radiant  manner.  Parietals  comparatively  short, 
broader  in  front  than  behind ;  parietal  foramen  near  the  centre  of  the  bones. 
Occipitals  quadrate,  a  little  longer  than  broad.  Posterior  outline  of  the  cranium 
with  a  superficial  transverse  concavity  on  each  side  and  not  a  deep  sinus  as  in 
Trematosaurus  and  Arcliegosmirus.  Breadth  of  occipital  outline  28  lines  ;  length 
of  parietals  8J-  lines,  breath  anteriorly  3J  lines,  posteriorly  3  lines.  Probable 
length  of  head,  considering  it  to  have  had  nearly  the  proportions  of  Tremato- 
saurus, 4  inches,  breadth  2^-  inches. 

Pisces. 

7.  IscHTRHiZA  AXTiQUA,  Leidy. 

The  genus  was  originally  based  on  a  tooth  found  in  the  Green  Sand  of  New 
Jersey.  Two  teeth  aj^parently  of  a  second  speceis  have  been  obtained  by  Prof. 
Emmons  on  the  Neuse  River,  N.  C. 

Crown  of  the  teeth,  when  perfect,  apparently,  laterally  compressed  conical. 
Fang  robust,  quadrately  pyramidal,  curved ;  with  a  rugged  base  which  is  bifur- 
cated antero-posteriorly  and  more  deeply  before  than  behind.  Pulp  cavity  en- 
tirely closed  at  bottom.  Probable  length  of  specimens  when  entire  IJ,  and  2 
inches;  length  of  fang  10  lines,  and  1  inch  ;  breadth  of  crown  at  base  antero- 
posteriorly  5  lines,  6  lines ;  laterally  3|  1.,  4|- 1. ;  breath  of  fang  at  bottom  an- 
tero-posteriorly 7  1.,  8^  1.;  laterally  6J  1„  7  1. 


Notice  of  some  Remains  of  Fishes  discovered  hy  Dr.  John  E.  Evans. 
By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

1.  Clupea  humilis,  Leidy. 

Founded  on  an  impression  of  the  fish  upon  one  half  of  a  clay  stone  nodule 
from  a  tertiary  deposit  of  Green  River,  Missouri.  ' 

Length  3^- inches;  greatest  depth  16  lines.  Dorsal  fin  with  15  rays;  abdo- 
minal 7,  anal  14;  caudal  20?  From  the  head  to  the  position  of  the  anus  28 
abdominal  spines  may  be  counted. 

2.  Cladocyclus?  occidentalis,  Leidy. 

Based  on  specimens  of  isolated  scales,  attached  to  masses  of  an  ash-colored 
chalk,  from  the  cretaceous  deposite  of  the  upper  Missouri. 


1856.]  257 

The  scales  are  almost  the  size  of,  and  bear  considerable  resemblance  to,  those 
of  Calastomus  hubalus.  A  nearly  circular  scale  is  about  1|-  inches  in  diameter, 
and  an  ovoidal  scale  has  been  nearly  2  inches  wide  and  1  inch  long.  Deep 
radiant  grooves  mark  the  uncovered  portion,  and  minute  granule-like  points  the 
opposed  portion,  while  the  intermediate  ti-acts  are  smooth. 

3,  Enchodus  shumardi,  Leidy. 

Based  on  the  specimen  of  a  right  dental  bone  found  in  company  with  Clado- 
cyclus  occidentalia.  The  bone  has  been  about  an  inch  in  length,  and  in  the 
specimen  it  supports  a  series  of  six  large  teeth,  of  which  the  first  one  is  2  lines 
long  and  the  last  one  |  of  a  line.  The  border  of  the  bone  outside  of  the  long 
teeth  is  fringed  Avith  minute  teetli. 

The  species  is  named  in  compliment  to  Dr.  Benj.  F.  Shumard,  of  St.  Louis, 
who  assisted  Dr.  Evans  in  his  important  explorations. 


The  Secretary  announced  the  death  of  Mr.  Samuel  B.  Ashmead,  late 
a  member  of  the  Academy. 


ELECTION. 


Drs.  Ellwood  Wilson  and  Robert  E.  Griffith,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
Dr.  Eugene  Francfort,  of  Middletown,  Conn.,  were  elected  members  of 
the  Academy. 


19 


1856.]  259 

November  ^th,  1856. 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Science  and  Belles  Lettres  of  Lyons, 
dated  July  14th,  1856,  transmitting  itsMemoires. 

From  the  Linnean  Society  of  Lyons,  dated  July  9th,  1856,  of  the 
same  tenor. 

From  the  Imperial  Society  of  Agriculture,  Natural  History,  and  the 
Useful  Arts,  of  Lyons,  dated  July  8th,  1866,  of  the  same  tenor. 

A  paper  was  read,  entitled  "  Description  of  a  new  Species  of  Tanager 
of  the  genus  Saltator,  by  Philip  Lutley  Sclater."  Referred  to  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  Mr.  Cassin,  and  Dr.  Hallowell. 

Mr.  Lea  presented  a  paper  entitled  "  Descriptions  of  Eleven  new 
species  of  Unioues  from  Georgia,  by  Isaac  Lea.''  Referred  to  a  com- 
mittee, consisting  of  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  Mr.  Binney,  and  Dr.  Leidy. 

Mr.  Lea  read  portions  of  a  letter  from  Dr.  J.  Lewis,  dated  Mohawk, 
N.  Y.,  October  28th,  1856,  giving  a  list  of  living  mollusca  in  "  Little 
Lakes,"  Otsego,  County,  ^N.  Y.  Referred  to  the  Committee  on  Pro- 
ceedings. 

"  The  geological  character  of  the  basin  in  which  the  upper  or  northern  Lake 
lies,  is  sufficiently  explained  by  the  out-cropping  rocks  of  "  Coriferous  lime- 
stone "  that  appear  near  its  eastern  and  western  shores.  The  bottom  of  the 
lake  was  formerly,  no  doubt,  either  a  stratum  of  the  "  Coriferous  "  or  the 
"  Onondaga  Limestone  "  of  the  New  York  Geological  surveys. 

The  lake  is  fed  by  a  few  small  streams  that  drain  a  considerable  extent  of 
territory  of  the  same  geological  character,  and  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  lime  enters  the  lake  in  solution,  where,  by  the  influences 
of  light,  heat,  evaporation,  and  animal  and  vegetable  life,  most  of  the  lime  is 
deposited  in  the  form  of  a  greenish  grey  mud,  in  which  are  immense  numbers 
of  shells,  which  are  perhaps  the  accumulation  of  ages,  and  form  in  the  lake  and 
the  surrounding  marshes  beds  of  marl,  in  many  places  over  20  feet  deep.  In 
such  a  locality  the  mollusca  might  be  expected  to  exhibit  some  unusual  or 
singular  features,  and  such  indeed  is  the  case. 

The  species  that  have  fallen  under  my  observation  have  been  sought  only  in 
the  upper  lake.  The  lower  lake  (which  does  not  exhibit  the  marl  of  the  upper 
to  any  remarkable  extent)  is  so  variable  in  its  depth,  from  being  raised  or 
lowered  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a  mill  on  its  outlet,  that  a  favorable  oppor- 
tunity for  examining  it  has  not  occurred  at  such  times  as  could  be  made  availa- 
ble.    The  species  do  not  differ,  so  far  as  known,  from  those  of  the  upper  lake. 

Unio  radiatus  (var  ?)  Lam. 

Anodonta ?  between  fragilis  and  fluviatilis. 

Cyclas  similis,  Say,     In  shallow  water. 

Cydas  rhomboidea,  Say.     Borders  of  marshes. 

Cyclas  crocea,  Say.     Borders  of  marshes. 

Pisidium  variahile.     Prime. 

Pisidtum  compressum.     Prime. 

Pisidium  ventricosum.     Prime,  (obtusale  ?  Pff.) 

Lymncea  gracilis,  Jay.     Dead  shells  only  seen  in  fragments. 

Lymnoea  columella,  Say.     On  aquatic  plants. 

Lymncea  appressa,  Say.     One  dead  shell  seen  only. 

PROCEED.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  VOL.  VIII.  NO.  VI.  20 


260  [November, 

Lymncea .    Small  and  white  ;  rarely  seen  except  in  marl. 

Lymncea  desidiosa,  Say.     Shores. 

Lymncea  humilis,  Say.     Shores. 

Planorbis  trivolvis,  var.  corpulentus,  Say.     Rarely  seen. 

Planorhis  campanulattis,  Say. 

Planorbis  bicarinaius,  Say.     Small  and  white. 

Planorbis  hirsutus,  Say.     Borders  of  marshes. 

Planorbis  deftectus,  Say.     Borders  of  marshes. 

Planorbis  parvus,  Say.     Borders  of  marshes. 

Physa  heterostropha,  Say. 

Ancylus,  two  species.     On  rushes. 

Paludina  decisa  ?  Say.  Shell  coated  with  a  fine  red  pigment,  very  adherent ; 
animal  of  a  lighter  color  than  any  variety  of  decisa  I  have  seen. 

Amnicola  limosa,  Say. 

Am.  (Pal.)  pallida  ?  Lea.     (Small,  acutely  conic ;)  rare. 

Valvata  tricarinata,  Say. 

Valvata,  var.  bicarinata,  Lea.  Runs  into  every  change  of  carination  that  can 
be  supposed.     Sometimes  one,  sometimes  two  of  the  carinje  are  absent. 

Valvata  sincera,  Say.  Animal  blue,  seen  through  the  shell,  which  is  white 
and  translucent,  while  the  shells  of  tricarinata,  bicarinata  and  varieties  are  of 
usual  characteristic  green.     Shells  smooth,  polished. 

Valvata  striata,  Lewis.  Undescribed.  Shell  conical,  depressed,  umbilicate, 
aperture  round ;  epidermis  brown  and  very  regularly  striate.  Has  all  the  other 
features  of  sincera,  except  color  and  translucency.  Animals  not  observed.  Very 
rarely  seen.  Of  several  hundred  living  specimens  of  Valvata,  only  seven  were 
of  this  species.     These  are  all  the  aquatic  species  yet  observed." 

Mr.  Lea  also  read  a  letter  from  Thomas  Biddle,  Jr.,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul 
at  Singapore,  dated  August  21st,  1856,  enclosing  one  from  Prof.  Oldham 
of  Calcutta,  offering  to  exchange  the  publications  of  the  Asiatic  Society, 
and  of  the  Greological  Society  of  British  India,  for  those  of  the  Academy. 
Referred  to  the  Publication  Committee  with  power  to  act. 


November  11th. 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  paper  was  presented^ for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  entitled 
"  Characters  of  an  undescribed  Bird,  belonging  to  the  genus  Campylo- 
rhynchus  of  Spix,  with  remarks  upon  other  species  of  the  same  group. 
By  Philip  Lutley  Sclater,  M.  A."  Referred  to  a  committee  consisting 
of  Dr.  Wilson,  Mr.  Cassin  and  Col.  MeCall. 

Mr.  Cassin  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper  en- 
titled "Birds  of  Southern  Indiana,  by  Rufus  Haymond."  Referred  to 
Mr.  Cassin,  Dr.  Wilson  and  Col.  McCall. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  en- 
titled ''  Notice  of  remains  of  two  species  of  Seal,  by  Joseph  Leidy, 
M.  D."  Referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Bridges,  Mr.  Vaux, 
and  Dr.  Hallowell. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  a  paper  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  en- 
titled "  Descriptions  of  new^Fossil  Species  of  MoUusca,  collected  by  Dr. 
F.  V.  Hayden,  in  Nebraska  Territory,  under  the  direction  of  Lieut.  G. 
K.  Warren,  of  the  U.  S.  Topographical  Engineers,  with  a  catologue  of 
all  the  remains  hitherto  described  and  identified  from  the  Tertiary  and 


1856.]  ^  261 

cretaceous  rocks  of  that  region.  By  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden, 
M.  D."  Referred  to  a  committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Leidy,  Mr.  Lea  and 
Dr.  Bridges. 

Dr.  Carson  exhibited  a  specimen  of  cochineal  received  by  him  from 
Prof.  Henry,  and  accompanied  by  a  letter  from  Capt.  A.  W.  Bowman, 
U.  S.  A.,  dated  Fort  Stanton,  New  Mexico,  September  13th,  1856, 
stating  that  the  specimen  was  collected  on  Sept.  9th,  in  about  lat.  34'^ 
from  the  most  common  variety  of  Cactus,  known  as  "  prickly  pear,"  Dr. 
C.  remarked  that  the  specimen  was  interesting  in  consequence  of  exhib- 
iting the  webby  matter  thrown  out  by  the  insect  at  a  certain  period  of 
its  growth. 

Dr.  Uhler  called  attention  to  a  second  specimen  of  red  and  black  cat- 
fish, similar  to  and  obtained  from  the  same  locality  as  the  one  presented 
by  him  some  weeks  ago. 


November  ISth, 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Dr.  Hallowell  presented  a  paper  entitled,  "  On  a  new  and  remarkable 
genus  of  Ranidffi,  from  the  river  Parana,  by  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D." 
Referred  to  a  committee  consisting  of  Maj.  Le  Conte,  and  Drs.  Leidy  and 
Uhler. 

Dr.  Rand  announced  the  death,  on  the  16th  inst.,  of  Edmund  Lang, 
M.  D.,  late  a  member  of  this  Academy. 


November  25th. 
Db.  BeidgeS;  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committees  to  which  were  referred  Messrs.  Sclater's  and  Lea's 
papers  read  4th  inst.;  Messrs.  Sclater's  Haymond's,  Leidy's,  Meek  and 
Hayden's  papers  read  11th  inst.;  and  Dr.  Hallowell's  paper  read  18th. 
inst.;  severally  reported  in  favor  of  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 

Description  of  a  new  species  of  Tanager  of  the  genus  Saltator. 

By  Philip  Lutlet  Sclatek. 

Saltator  atripennis. 

Supra  olivaceo-viridis  ;  capite  alis  et  cauda  nigris  ;  vitta  superciliari  longa  et' 
macula  auriculari  utrinque  albis  ;  subtus  pallide  cinerascenti-albus,  gula  alba, 
crisso  ochracescente  ;  rostro  nigro  ;  pedibus  nigro-fuscis.     Long,  tota  T-'i,  alae 
4-2,  caudfe  3-6  poll.  angl. 

Hab.  in  Nova  Grenada,  Popayan. 

Mus.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philada. 

Two  specimens  of  this  very  distinct  species  of  Saltator  are  in  the  Academy's 
collection,  one  marked  "  Popayan,"  the  other  "  Neio  Grenada."  There  is  na 
known  bird  of  the  genus  to  which  it  shows  great  resemblance,  but  I  think  it 
may  be  most  naturally  arranged  near  to  S.  orenocensis. 


262  [November, 

Description  of  eleven  New  Species  of  Exotic  Uniones,  from  Georgia. 

By  Isaac  Lea. 

Ukio  Elliottii.  Testa  grande  plicata,  subquadrata,  inflata,  valde  in^^quilate- 
rali ;  valvulis  percrassis ;  natibus  prominentibus,  tumidis  ;  epidermide  nigra, 
nitida;  dentibus  cardinalibus  permagnis,  duplicis ;  lateralibus  crassis,  longiS; 
lamellatis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita  argentea  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Othcalooga  Creek,  Gordon  Co.,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  gracilior.  Testa  Isevi,  elliptica,  inflata,  injequilaterali ;  valvulis  tenui- 
bus  ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  tenebroso-fusca,  obsolete  radiata  et  nitida ; 
dentibus  cardinalibus  compressis  erectisque ;  lateralibus  lamellatis,  longis  sub- 
curvisque ;  margarita  albida  et  valde  iridescente. 

Eab.     Buckhead  Creek,  Burke  Co.,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  pullatis.  Testa  loevi,  transversa,  inflata,  valde  infequilaterali ;  valvulis 
crassis  ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  tenebroso-nigrd  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus 
Curtis,  crassis,  duplicis  ;  lateralibus  crassis,  longis  subrectisque ;  margarita  vel 
purpurea  vel  salmonis  colore  tincta  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Creeks  near  Columbus,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  favosus.  Testa  Ifevi,  subtriangulari,  subcompressa,  inffiquilaterali ;  pos- 
tice  subangulata;  valvulis  subcrassis  ;  natibus  prominulis,  ad  apices  undulatis; 
epidermide  luteo-olivacea,  virido-maculata;  dentibus  cardinalibus  magnis,  erec- 
tisque ;  lateralibus  crassis,  sublongis  subrectisque ;  margarita  argentea  et  valde 
iridescente. 

Hab.     Othcalooga  Creek,  Gordon  Co.,  Geo.    Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  rutilans.  Testa  Irevi,  elliptica,  inflata,  valde  inEequilaterali,  in  medio 
ad  basim  paulisper  compressa ;  valvulis  tenuibus  ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epider- 
mide luteo-viridi  et  valde  radiata;  dentibus  cardinalibus  parvis,  compressis, 
duplicis  ;  lateralibus  prselongis,  lamellatis  subcurvisque ;  margarita  cferuleo- 
alba  et  valde  iridescente. 

Hab.     Othcalooga  Creek,  Gordon  Co.,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  errans.  Testa  Itevi,  oblonga,  compressd  ;  valde  insequilaterali ;  valvulis 
subcrassis  ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  tenebroso-fusca,  obsolete  radiata  ; 
dentibus  cardinalibus  parvis,  compressis  ;  lateralibus  prfelongis,  lamellatis  sub- 
rectisque ;  margarita  vel  purpurea  vel  salmonis  colore  tincta  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Tobesaufkie  Creek,  near  Macon,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  vicinus.  Testa  laevi,  oblonga,  compressa,  inasquilaterali ;  valvulis  sub- 
crassis ;  natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  virido-fusca,  obsolete  radiata ;  dentibus 
cardinalibus  parvis,  acuminatis  compressisque  ;  lateralibus  longis  subcurvisque; 
margarita  argentea  et  valde_ iridescente. 

Hab.     Swift  Creek,  near  Macon,  Gecrgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  subellipsis.  Testa  laevi,  elliptica,  inflata,  inaequilaterali,  ad  basim  ro- 
.tunda  ;  valvulis  crassis;  natibus  subprominentibus  ;  epiderme  tenebroso-brun- 
nea,  polita,  radiata  ;  dentibus  cardinalibus  brevibus,  tumidis,  subelevatisque  ; 
lateralibus  praelongis  subrectisque  ;  margarita  argentea  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Creeks  near  Columbus,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

■Unio  geminus.  Testa  lajvi,  elliptica,  inflata,  inaequilaterali ;  valvulis  crassis  ; 
natibus  prominulis  ;  epidermide  tenebroso-castanea,  obsolete  radiata,  ad  um- 
bones  polita;  dentibus  cardinalibus  magnis,  acuminatis,  duplicis  ;  lateralibus 
longis,  crassis  subcurvisque  ;  margarita  purpurea  et  iridescente. 

Hab.     Buckhead  Creek,  Burke  Co.,  Georgia.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  rostr/Efokmis.  Testa  laevi,  valde  transversa,  compress3i,  at  latere  planu- 
lata,  valde  in«Equilaterali,  postice  acute  acuminata ;  valvulis  tenuibus  ;  natibus 
vix  prominulis,  ad  apices  undulatis  ;  epidermide  tenebroso-fusca,  obsolete  ra- 


1856.]  .  263 

diata,  dentibus  cardinalibus  parvis,  acuminatis,  duplicis  ;  lateralibus  praelongis, 
lamellatis  rectisque  ;  margarita  subpurpurea  et  iridescente. 
Hab.     Swift  Creek,  near  Macon,  Geo.     Bishop  Elliott. 

Unio  Blandiands.  Testa  tuberculata,  quadrata,  inflata,  subinoequilaterali, 
postice  truncata  et  emarginata,  ad  basim  emarginata,  in  medio  sulcata  ;  valvu- 
lis  percrassis  ;  natibus  prominentibus,  incurvis,  ad  apices  rugoso-imdulatis  ; 
epidermide  tenebroso-castanea;  dentibus  cardinalibus  crassissimis,  crenulatis, 
duplicis;  lateralibus  brevibus,  percrassis  rectisque;  margarita  argentea  et  iri- 
desceute. 

Hab.     Othcalooga  Creek,  Gordon  Co.,  Geo.    Bishop  Elliott. 


Characters  of  an  apparently  undescribed  bird  belonging  to  the  genus  Campylorhyn- 
CHUS,  of  Spix,  with  remarks  upon  other  species  of  the  same  group. 

By  Philip  Lutley  Sclater,  M.  A. 

Campylorhynchus  hdmilis. 

Supra  rufescenti-griseus  albo  et  nigro  mixtus ;  dorsi  et  scapularium  pennis 
medialiter  albis  inde  nigris  hoc  colore  rufescenti-griseo  undique  limbatis : 
nucha  ci''m  cervice  postica  et  linea  postoculari  rufis;  capitis  aiitici  pennis 
nigris  rufo  terminatis :  alls  caudaque  nigris  supra  albido  regulariter  transfas- 
ciatis,  subtus  autem  fere  unicoloribus,  rectricibus  omnibus  albo  late  terminatis  : 
linea  lata  et  elongata  superciliari  et  corpore  subtus  lactescenti-albis ;  crisso 
nigro  regulariter  transfasciato :  stria  parva  guttural!  utrinque  nigra :  rostro 
plumbeo:  pedibus  brunneis:  long,  tota  5.5,  alee  2.5,  caudas  2.2,  rostri  a  rictu 
.75  poll.  angl. 

Hab.  in  Mexico  Boreali  prope  Mazatlan  (Bell). 

This  bird  nearly  resembles  the  Campylorhynchus  capistratus,  of  Southern 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  figured  by  Des  Murs  in  his  Iconographia  Ornitho- 
logique  (pi.  63),  but  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  its  diminutive  size  and 
the  rufous  head  and  post-ocular  stripe,  these  parts  being  black  in  the  other 
species.  There  are  three  specimens  of  it  in  the  Academy's  collection.  One  of 
these  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Bell,  near  Mazatlan,  a  second  is  marked  "  California, 
Dr.  GambcVs  collection"  and  the  third  is  one  of  the  birds  procured  during  the 
voyage  of  the  Venus,  but  has  no  locality  afBxed.  The  Academy's  collection, 
likewise,  contains  six  examples,  which  I  consider  referable  to  Camp,  capistratus. 
Four  of  these  present  the  usual  normal  appearance  of  that  bird,  but  the  remain- 
ing two  are  considerably  inferior  in  size,  and  but  slightly  exceed  the  present 
species  in  dimensions.  One  of  these  latter  birds  is  also  much  spotted  and 
blotched  on  the  lower  surface,  and  seems  to  be  in  that  state  of  plumage  in 
which  it  "^as  characterized  by  Lesson  as  Picolaptes  rufinucha.  But  as  the  black 
head  is  persistent  in  all  these  examples,  even  in  such  as  are  in  manifestly  im- 
mature plumage,  I  am  induced  to  believe  that  the  present  bird  with  its  rufous 
head  and  size,  still  more  diminutive  than  in  the  smallest  examples  of  C. 
capistratus,  is  really  to  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 

I  think  it  very  probable  that  this  is  the  Campylorhynchus  described,  but  not 
named,  hy  Prince  Bonaparte,  in  his  Notes  upon  ^Delattre's  collections,  (p.  43.) 

The  genus  Campylorhynchus  was  established  by  Spix  in  the  first  volume  of 
his  Birds  of  Brazil.  In  the  Magazin  de  Zoologie  in  1835,  M.  de  Lafresnaye,  pro- 
posed to  use  Lesson's  term  Picolaptes,  for  the  same  group.  This  is  not  proper, 
as  M.  de  Lafresnaye  has  himself  subsequently  acknowledged,  because,  in  the 
first  place,  Spix's  name  has  the  priority ;  and  secondly.  Lesson's  term  was  applied 
by  him  originally  to  a  particular  genus  belonging  to  the  different  subfamily 
(Dendrocolapiince)  for  which  it  should  be  retained,  although  the  same  author 
subsequently  described  several  typical  members  of  the  group  as  being 
Picolaj)ta.  Many  species  of  this  genus  present  very  great  similarity  in  plumage, 
and  from  this  fact  and  from  their  being  considerable  variation  in  the  size  and 
coloring  of  individuals,  in  some  of  the  species,  there  is  often  much  difficulty 
in  determining  them  satisfactorily. 


264  .  [November, 

As  to  the  true  position  of  the  group,  I  quite  agree  with  M.  de  Lafresnaye,  who 
first  described  the  greater  part  of  the  species,  that  its  natural  place  is  among 
the  true  wrens  near  the  the  genus  Thryothorus,  though  pointing  through  the 
closely-allied  forms  Heleodytes  and  Donacobius,  towards  the  mocking-birds 
{3Iimus.) 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  species  of  Campylorhynchus,  which  I  consider 
to  rest  on  good  authority : 

1.  C.  scolopaceus,  Spix,  Av.  Bras.  i.  pi.  19,  fig.  1.  (Opetiorhynchus  furdinus,  P. 
Max.)  from  Brazil :  one  specimen  in  the  Academy's  collection.  The  synonyms 
of  this  bird  in  Prince  Bonaparte's  Conspectus,  have  been  somehow  mixed  up 
with  those  of  the  last  species  of  the  genus  next  preceding  it.  Spix  has  figured 
it  with  tolerable  accuracy.  Turdus  variegatus,  of  Gmelin,  is]  sometimes  con- 
sidered to  be  identical  with  this  species. 

2.  C.  hyposticius,  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.,  1855,  p.  68,  from  Eastern  Peru.  An  ally 
of  the  preceding,  but  having  the  body  below  much  more  thickly  covered  with 
spots.  The  only  specimens  I  have  seen  of  it  were  those  received  by  Mr.  Gould, 
which  were  obtained  by  Hawkswell,  on  the  Ucayali. 

3.  C.  unicolor,  Lafr.,  R.  Z.,  1846,  p.  53.  (^Pieolapies  scolopaceus,  Lafr.  &  D'Oorb., 
Syn.  Av.  in  Mag.  de  Zool.,  ISST,  p.  46.  Anumbius  scolopaceus,  D'Orb.  Voy.,  p. 
256),  from  Bolivia.  Two  specimens  of  this  bird  are  in  the  Academy's  collection. 
They  may  be  distinguished  from  C.  scolopaceus,  to  which  they  are  most  closely 
related,  by  their  nearly  uniform  white  under-surface. 

4.  C.  unicoloroides  (I)  Lafr.,  R.  Z.,  1846,  p.  316,  from  Bolivia.  I  am  not  ac- 
quainted with  this  species.  It  would  seem,  from  its  curious  name,  to  be  closely 
allied  to  the  last. 

5.  C.  zonatus,  (Less.  Cent.  Zool.,  t.  70.)  A  Mexican  species  not  uncommon  in 
collections.  The  Academy  possesses  three  examples,  one  of  which,  was  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Pease,  in  the  province  of  Vera  Cruz. 

6.  C.  zonatoides  (!)  Lafr.,  R.  Z.,  1846,  p.  92,  from  New  Grenada.  I  have  not 
yet  seen  this  bird  in  very  perfect  plumage.  There  is  one  specimen  in  the 
Academy's  collection  probably  referable  to  this  species. 

7.  G.  mcgalopterus,  Lafr.,  (Des  Murs,  Icon.  Orn.,  p.  54.)  A  large  species,  re- 
cognized by  its  being  wholly  spotted  and  barred  with  black  and  white.  There 
are  examples  in  the  Academy's  collection,  probably  from  Mexico. 

8.  C.  pallescens,  Lafr.,  R.  Z.,  1846,  p.  93.  One  specimen  in  the  Academy's 
collection,  which  I  take  to  belong  to  this  species,  seems  to  be  closely  allied  to 
the  preceding,  but  distinguished  by  its  nearly  uniform  head,  more  obsoletely 
spotted  under-surface,  and  differently  marked  tail.     It  is  labelled  "  Guyaquil." 

9.  C.  nuchalis,  Cab.  Orn.  Notiz.  in  Weigm.  Archiv.  I.,  p.  206. — This  bird  is 
very  like  0.  meyaloptcrus,  but  much  smaller  in  size,  and  with  the  head  and 
nape  unstriped.  There  are  examples  in  the  Academy's  collection  from  Vene- 
zuela, and  I  have  often  seen  it  from  Trinidad. 

10.  C.  brevirosiris,  Lafr.,  R.  Z.,  1845,  p.  339,  from  Bogota.  I  have  not  met 
with  this  species. 

11.  C.  brunneieapillus,  (Picolaptes  b)'unneicapillus,Lsifv.,  et  Cass.  B.  Cal.  pi.  25, 
p.  156),  from  Texas  and  Northern  Mexico.  There  are  specimens  of  this  bird 
and  of  its  eggs  in  the  Academy's  collection.  The  latter  are  rather  peculiar  in 
coloring,  and  somewhat  resemble  those  of  the  European  Redbreast — {Erythacus 
rubecula.) 

13.  C.  capistratus,  (Picolaptes  capisiratus,  Less.  U.  Z.,  1842,  p.  174:  Picolaptes 
rufinucha,  Lafr.  R.  Z.,  1845,  p.  339,  et  Less.  Descr.  d.  Mamm.  &  Ois.,  p.  285),  from 
Southern  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

13.  C.  humilis. 


1856.]  265 

Besides  these  species,  Thryothorus  ffuttaius,  Gould,  P.  Z.  S.,  1836,  p.  39,  and 
Picolapies  cinnamomeus,  Less.  R.  Z.,  1844,  p.  433,  are  sometimes  considered  as 
probably  referable  to  species  of  this  group. 

A  very  closely  allied  form  is  Heleodytes,  of  Cabanis.  I  have  made  remarks 
on  the  synonyms  of  the  type  of  this  genus  (S".  ffrisem),  in  Proceedings  Zool. 
Society, 'l856,  p.  97. 


Notice  of  remains  of  two  species  of  Seals. 
By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

1.  Phoca  Wymani. 

Remains  of  a  Seal.     Wyman,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  x.  229. 

Phoca  Wymani,  Leidy.     Anc.  Fauna  of  Nebraska,  8. 

A  tooth,  apparently  an  inferior  canine,  from  the  miocene  deposite  of  Virginia, 
recently  presented  to  the  Academy  by  Prof.  Tuomey,  I  suspect  to  belong  to  the 
same  species  as  the  remains  of  a  seal  from  the  same  deposite,  described  by  Prof. 
Wyman. 

The  tooth  is  14  lines  long,  and  about  as  robust  in  its  proportions  as  the  cor- 
responding tooth  of  P.  barbata.  The  crown  is  4J  lines  long  and  3J  broad  at 
base  ;  and  it  presents  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  ridge,  of  which  the  former  is 
denticulated,  and  bifurcates  half  way  towards  the  base.  The  enamel  is  rugose, 
especially  towards  the  base  of  the  crown  internally ;  and  at  one  or  two  points 
in  front  and  behind  it  presents  a  short  inconspicuous  tubercle. 

2.  Phoca  debilis  Leidy. 

A  species  of  seal  is  apparently  indicated  by  three  specimens  of  molar  teeth 
obtained  by  Capt.  Bowman,  U.  S.  A.,  from  the  sands  of  Ashley  River,  South 
Carolina.  The  teeth  bear  considerable'  resemblance  to  the  corresponding  ones 
of  Otaria  jubata,  having  small,  compressed  conical  crowns,  tuberculate  in  front 
and  behind,  and  single,  long,  gibbous  fangs.  The  smallest  specimen  is  5J  lines 
long,  and  the  largest,  when  perfect,  was  about  an  inch  long. 


Descriptions  of  new  fossil  species  o/ Mollusc^  collected  by  Dr.  F.  V,  Hay  den,  in  Ne- 
braska Territory;  together  with  a  complete  Catalogue  of  all  the  remains  of  Inverte- 
brata  hitherto  described  and  identified  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  Formations 
of  that  region. 

By  F.  B.  Meek  and  F.  V.  Hayden,  M.  D. 

Since  the  publication  of  our  former  papers  on  the  Nebraska  fossils,  some  ad- 
ditional collections  have  come  to  hand,  containing  new  species,  which  we  here 
propose  to  describe.  Along  with  these  we  also  find  better  specimens  of  some  of 
the  species  previously  investigated  by  us,  than  those  first  received,  so  that  we 
are  now  able  to  correct  a  few  errors  into  which  we  had  been  led,  in  consequence 
of  having  only  imperfect  specimens  to  examine.  The  extensive  material  at  our 
command,  also  enables  us  to  rectify  some  little  confusion  in  the  labors  of  others, 
which  doubtless  resulted  from  the  same  cause.  In  order  to  do  this,  as  well  as 
to  furnish  a  convenient  index  to  these  Nebraska  species,  we  append  to  this 
paper  a  complete  list  of  all  the  fossil  invertebrata  now  known  from  the  rocks  of 
that  country. 

In  glancing  over  this  catalogue,  the  paleontologist  will  not  fail  to  be  struck 
with  the  great  preponderance  of  Lamellibranchiata,  Gasteropoda,  and  Cephalopioda 
over  all  the  other  invertebrate  forms  of  life.  Among  all  the  collections  we  have 
yet  seen  from  this  region,  the  Bryozoa  are  represented  by  but  one  rare  species 
of  Reticidipora,  and  the  Brachiopoda  by  only  one  species  of  Caprinella  and  one  of 
Lingula,  both  so  rare  that  but  a  single  specimen  of  each  has  been  found  ;  while 
of  the  whole  great  class  of  Echinodermata,  which  existed  in  such  vast  numbers, 
and  presented  such  an  infinite  variety  of  beautiful  forms,  during  these  epochs  in 


266  [November, 

some  parts  of  the  world,  we  have  yet  only  seen  from  this  region,  a  single  frag- 
ment, too  imperfect  to  give  any  clue  to  its  generic  relations.  The  paucity  of 
some,  and  entire  absence  of  others,  of  the  more  common  genera  of  Mollusca, 
such  as  Ostrea,  Oryphcea,  Exogyra^  Sfc,  in  these  collections  is  worthy  of  notice. 
Future  investigations,  it  is  true,  may  add  more  species  to  our  present  meager 
list  of  these  rare  forms,  yet  it  is  probable  we  have  here  something  like  an  ex- 
pression of  the  numerical  proportions  in  which  many  of  the  lower  types  of  life 
existed  in  these  ancient  seas. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  ninety-one  species  enumerated  in  this  catalogue, 
forty-four  belong  to  the  Tertiary  system,  and  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  to 
the  Cretaceous.  None  of  the  former  are  known  to  occur  in  the  States,  or  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic,  while  of  the  Cretaceous  species,  nine  appear  to 
be  common  to  the  Nebraska  formations  and  those  of  the  States,  and  four  are 
identical  with  forms  occurring  in  the  old  world.*  Of  these  nine  species  hav- 
ing so  great  a  geographical  range,  six,  or  nearly  one-third  of  all  that  class  of 
Mollusca  contained  in  the  list,  belong  to  the  Cephalopoda,  while  nearly  all  the  re- 
maining one  hundred  and  seventy-six  species,  which  appear  to  be  restricted  to  the 
north  west,  belong  to  the  Lamellihranchiata  and  Gasteropoda.  This,  however,  is 
not  so  surprising  when  we  bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  the  habits  and  organiza- 
tion of  these  ancient  Blolluscavnust  have  been  such,  from  what  we  know  of  their 
existing  analogues  in  our  present  seas,  that  the  former  depended  on  accident, 
or  feeble  locomotive  organs,  for  their  gradual  distribution  over  the  world  from 
their  various  centers  of  creation,  while  the  Cephalopoda,  owing  to  their  superior 
locomotive  powers,  were  capable  of  wandering  freely  far  out  over  the  most 
profound  parts  of  the  ocean. 

In  order  to  convey  a  clear  idea  of  the  relative  positions  and  vertical  range  of 
the  fossils  enumerated  in  this  catalogue,  as  well  as  of  the  nature  and  order  of 
succession  of  the  various  strata  from  which  they  were  obtained,  we  give  at  the 
end  of  these  remarks,  a  more  com^jlete  section  of  the  Nebraska  formations  than 
has  been  yet  published.  Future  investigations  may,  it  is  true,  show  a  more 
intimate  relation  between  the  sub-divisions  represented  in  this  section  than  we 
are  aware  of  at  this  time,  yet  so  far  as  we  now  know,  each  one  of  them  appears 
to  have  been  formed  during  the  prevalence  of  physical  conditions  so  widely  dif- 
ferent from  those  in  existence  at  the  time  of  the  deposition  of  each  of  the  others, 
that  not  a  single  species  of  the  fossils  found  in  them  seems  to  be  common  to 
any  two,  excepting  No.  4  and  5,  and  perhaps  No.  2  and  3,  We  think,  however, 
when  more  is  known  in  regard  to  the  range  of  species  in  these  rocks,  it  may  be 
found  convenient  to  group  them  together  as  follows  : — 
Group  A.     Miocene. 

"       B.     Eocene. 

"       C.     No.  4  and  5  of  the  section. 

"       D.     No.  2  and  3     "  " 

"       E.     No.  1  "  " 

At  any  rate,  by  such  a  classification,  we  would  have  divisions  which,  so  far  as 
our  present  knowledge  extends,  appear  to  be  characterized,  not  merely  by  dis- 
tinct species,  but  by  rather  different  types  of  fossils. 

In  one  of  our  former  papers,  we  mentioned  the  fact  that  some  of  the  forms  in  ' 
division  No.  4  resemble  those  of  the  upper  Green  Sand  of  English  geologists. 
Although  this  is  the  case,  later  collections  appear  to  show  that  many  species  we 
had  supposed  restricted  to  the  upper  of  these  two  rocks,  also  occur  in  the  lower. 
In  addition  to  this,  we  have  more  recently  ascertained  that  Pleurotoma  minor 
(Evans  and  Shumard's  unpublished  MSS.,)  as  well  as  a  species  of  Fasciolarmf 

*  It  is  quite  probable  a  few  other  species  may  yet  be  found  in  Nebraska  that 
will  prove  to  be  common  to  the  Cretaceous  rocks  of  that  region  and  those  of  the 
States,  as  well  as  with  those  of  the  old  world.  We  look  for  them  chiefly 
amongst  the  Cephalopoda. 

t  These  genera  are  generally  regarded  as  having  been  introduced  towards  the 
close  of  the  Cretaceous  epoch. 


1856.]  >  267 

perhaps  identical  with  our  F.  bticcinoides,  both  of  which  were  at  first  only  met 
with  in  the  bed  of  No.  5,  likewise  occur  in  No.  4.  From  these  facts,  we  are  in- 
clined to  regard  these  two  rocks  as  only  well  marked  subordinate  members  of 
the  same  natural  group,  which  is  of  the  age  of  the  true  chalk. 

Too  few  fossils  have  yet  been  found  in  No.  2  and  No.  3  to  settle  very  definite- 
ly their  position  in  the  Cretaceous  system,  though  the  late  discovery  by  one  of 
us*  of  Inoceramiis  problematicus,  near  the  base  of  the  first,  appears  to  show  that 
this  bed  is  not,  at  any  rate,  older  than  the  upper  Green  Sand,  and  that  it  may 
also  belong  to  the  chalk. 

In  our  section  of  the  Nebraska  formations,  given  in  a  paper  published  in  the 
8th  vol.  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  page  63,  it  will  be  remembered  we 
placed  provisionally  the  beds  of  sandstone  and  clay  composing  formation  No.  1, 
seen  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Sioux  river  and  below  there,  along  with  the  Cretace- 
ous strata,  stating  at  the  same  time  that  they  were  not  positively  known  to 
belong  to  that  system.  We  still  think  it  barely  possible  these  beds  may  be 
older  than  Cretaceous,  though  if  represented,  as  we  think  they  are,  by  similar 
beds  seen  holding  about  the  same  position  near  the  mouth  of  Judith  river,  far  up 
towards  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  we  must  either  refer  them  to  the  Cretaceous 
system,  or  admit  the  introduction  of  the  genus  Baculiies  before  that  epoch,  as  we 
have  fragments  of  a  small  species  of  that  genus  from  the  Judith  river  beds. 
At  the  same  time  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  these  strata  at  the  last  named 
locality  are  characterized  by  a  group  of  fossils  remarkably  distinct  from  those  in 
the  rocks  above,  and  that  one  species  belongs  to  the  genus  Hettangia,  a  type  of 
bivalves,  not  known  to  occur,  in  the  old  world,  in  more  modern  formations  than 
those  of  the  age  of  the  Lias.  If  not  older  than  Cretaceous,  we  think,  from  these 
facts,  as  well  as  from  the  stratigraphical  position  of  these  beds,  they  probably 
represent  some  of  the  older  members  of  that  system.  What  relation  they  bear 
to  the  formations  near  the  same  locality,  in  which  the  saurian  remains  were 
found,  supposed  by  Prof.  Leidy  to  be  allied  to  the  genera  Iguanodon  and  Mega- 
losaurus,  is  still  an  unsettled  question. 

Should  these  Big  Sioux  and  Judith  river  formations  prove  to  be  Jurassic,  or 
even  to  represent  both  the  Jurassic  and  Triassic  systems,  it  would  not  conflict 
with  the  statement  made  by  us  in  our  last  paper,  that  Mr.  Marcou  was  mistaken 
in  coloring  as  Triassic  and  Jurassic  the  immense  extent  of  country  referred  to 
by  us  between  these  two  localities,  as  we  know  this  great  area  to  be  wholly 
occupied  by  well  marked  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  strata,  while  the  above 
named  doubtful  beds,  no  whei;e  come  to  the  surface  near  the  Missouri,  between 
these  two  widely  separated  localities,  excepting  for  a  short  distance  below  the 
mouth  of  Judith  river. 

It  would,  perhaps,  be  premature  to  attempt,  at  the  present  time,  the  task  of 
tracing  out  in  much  detail  the  parallelism  of  the  various  members  of  the  Cre- 
taceous system  in  Nebraska,  with  those  of  New  Jersey  and  other  well  known 
districts  in  the  States,  or  with  those  of  the  south  western  Territories  ;  yet  the 
occurrence  of  several  of  the  more  common  and  characteristic  fossils  of  the  upper 
two  Nebraska  formations,  such  as  Ammonites  placenta,  Scaphites  Conradi,  Bacu- 
lites  ovatus,  Nautilus  Dekayi,  ^c,  in  the  first  and  second  Green  Sand  beds  and 
intervening  ferruginous  stratum  of  New  Jersey,f  as  well  as  in  the  "Kotten  Lime- 
stone" of  Alabama,  clearly  indicates  the  synchronism  of  these  deposits,  notwith- 
standing their  widely  separated  geographical  positions. 

At  the  same  time  the  total  absence  of  the  above  named  fossils,  and  indeed  so 
far  as  we  yet  know,  of  all  the  other  species  of  the  lowest  and  upper  two  Nebraska 
Cretaceous  formations,  in  the  rocks  from  which  Roemer  and  others  collected  so 
many  species  in  Texas,  and  other  south  western  localities,  renders  it  highly  pro- 
bable that  if  the  latter  occur  at  all  in  Nebraska  they  must  be  represented  by 

*  Dr.  Hayden. 

f  For  our  knowledge  of  the  geological  positions  of  these  fossils  in  New 
Jersey,  we  are  indebted  to  Prof.  Geo.  H.  Cook,  of  the  geological  survey  of  that 
State. 


268  [November, 

the  beds  No.  2  and  3  of  our  section.  This  conclusion  is  further  strengthened 
by  the  fact  that  the  only  Nebraska  species  yet  found  in  the  south  west,  so  far 
as  we  know,  are  Inoceramus  problematicus  and  Osirea  congesta,  both  of  which  are 
unknown  in  the  north  west  excepting  in  the  above  named  beds,  and  are  mainly 
restricted  to  the  latter.  The  well  marked  specific  characters  ofthese  two  fossils, 
and  their  limited  vertical  range,  together  with  their  extensive  geographical 
distribution,  render  the  bed  in  which  they  occur  a  horizon  of  the  highest 
importance  in  the  identification  of  strata  at  remotely  separated  localities  in  these 
far  western  territories. 

That  these  beds,  or  formations  of  the  same  age,  are  widely  distributed  over  a 
vast  area  of  country,  extending  from  near  the  great  bend  of  the  Missouri  in  lat. 
44°  15'',  long.  99°  20'',  westward  to,  and  perhaps  beyond,  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  and  far  south  into  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  is  highly  pro- 
bable, from  the  occurrence  of  their  characteristic  fossils  at  many  widely  separated 
localities  in  this  region.  At  any  rate,  we  know,  from  information  obtained 
through  Mr.  Henry  Pratten,  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  i\i&i Inoceramus 
problematicus  is  found  in  a  light  colored  limestone  overlying  a  red  sand  stone  on 
Little  Blue  river,  a  tributary  of  Kansas  River.  Col.'  Fremont  also  collect- 
ed specimens  of  the  same  shell  from  a  similar  rock  on  Smoky  Hill  river,  in  lat. 
39°,  long.  98°,  and  at  other  localities  between  there  and  the  Rocky  mountains.* 
More  recently,  Lieut.  Abert  found  the  same,  or  a  closely  allied  species,  at  a  point 
as  far  south  west  as  lat.  35°  13'  N.,  long.  107°  2'  W.,  and  apparently  on  the 
western  declivity  of  the  anticlinal  axis  of  the  Rocky  mountains.f  Roemer  like- 
wise collected  in  Texas  specimens  of  a  shell  he  refers  to  Inoceramus  myteloides  of 
Mantell,  which  is  considered  identical  with  /.  problematicus  of  Schlotheim.  In 
addition  to  this,  we  have  seen,  in  Mr.  Marcou's  collection,  specimens  of  Osirea 
congesia,  from  Galisteo,  between  Fort  Smith  and  Santa  Fe,  where  it  probably 
holds  the  same  geological  position  as  the  so-called  Gryphcea  dilatata. 

The  formations  from  which  the  above  named  fossils  were  obtained  Jn  the 
south  western  Territories,  appear,  from  the  statements  of  the  various  explorers 
of  that  region,  to  repose  on  a  series  of  red,  yellow,  and  whitish  sandstones  and 
various  colored  clays,  which  are  referred  by  Mr.  Marcou  to  the  Jurassic  and 
Triassic  systems.  These  lower  beds  we  think  are  represented  wholly,  or  in 
part  in  Nebraska,  by  our  formation  No.  1,  which,  as  previously  stated,  we  re- 
gard as  probably  belonging  to  the  lower  part  of  the  Cretaceous  system,  though 
it  may  be  older. 

In  the  remarks  accompanying  our  paper  on  the  fossils  of  the  Lignite  Tertiary 
formations  of  Nebraska,  although  satisfied  they  must  be  middle  or  lower  Tertiary 
types,  we  refrained  from  the  expression  of  any  opinion  as  to  the  exact  age  of 
the  beds  in  which  they  were  found  ;  not  having  been  able  to  identify  positive- 
ly any  of  the  species  with  characteristic  forms  of  either  of  these  members  of  the 
Tertiary  system  in  other  countries.  Being  all  specifically  distinct  from  previously 
known  forms,  and  belonging  nearly  exclusively  to  land  and  fresh  water  genera, 
we  could  of  course  base  no  conclusions  on  comparisons  with  the  fossils  of  the 
Tertiary  formations  hitherto  most  successfully  investigated  on  other  parts  of 
this  continent,  since  the  latter  deposits  are  almost  wholly  characterized  by 
marine  genera.  So  far  as  we  had  been  able  to  compare  them  with  figures  and 
descriptions  of  foreign  species,  the  evidence  appeared  contradictory,  some  of 
them  being  like  Miocene  and  others  like  Eocene  types.  As  we  now  have,  how- 
ever, the  additional  weight  of  evidence  derived  from  Dr.  Newberry's  investi- 
gations of  the  fossil  flora  of  these  formations,  in  favor  of  the  conclusion  that  they 
are  of  Miocene  age,  we  can  no  longer  hesitate  in  referring  them  to  that  epoch. 
Dr.  Newberry's  opinion  on  this  point  is  worthy  of  the  highest  confidence,  since, 
in  addition  to  an  extensive  and  accurate  general  knowledge  of  fossil  botany, 
he  has  had  the  advantage  of  being  able  to  make  direct  comparisons  of  these 
plants  with  the  flora  of  well  determined  Miocene  deposits  in  California. 

*  See  Prof.  Hall's  figures  and  remarks  in  Fremont's  report,  p.  174,  pi.  4. 

f  Lieut.  Abert's  report  of  explorations  in  New  Mexico  and  California,  p.  547. 


1856.]  269 

Vertical  Section  of  the  Geological  formations  of  Nebraska  Territory,  so  far  as  determined. 


Subdivisions. 

Localities. 

II 

a  .2 
h5 

• 
E-( 

Pi 

a 
o 

Beds  of  clay,  sandstone  and  lignite,  containing 
numerous  remains  of  plants,  and  land  and  fresh 
water,  with  a  few  marine  or  estuary  moUusca. 

Great  extent  of  country  on 
both  sides  of  the  Missouri, 
between    Heart    and    Milk 
rivers. 

-4^ 

o 

CO 

< 

M 
EH 

EH 

Light  colored  indurated  clars,  with  occasional 
beds  of  sandstone,  conglomerate,  and  white  lime- 
stone, the   latter  in  thin  layers.    Numerous  re- 
mains of  Mammalia  and  CMlonia,  with  a  few  land 
and  fresh  water  moUusca. 

JMauvaises  Terres 

of 

White  River. 

o 

s 
s 

01 

6 

Gray  and  yellowish  arenaceous  clays,  sometimes 
weathering  to  a  pink  color.     Great  numbers    of 
marine  vwllusca,  with  a  few  land  plants,  bones  of 
Mosasaurus,  &c. 

Moreau  Trading  Post  and 
under  the  Tertiary  at  Bear 
and  Sage  Creeks. 

Fox  hills. 

o 

EH 
M 

OQ 
O 

o 

d 
IZ! 

Bluish  and  dark  gray  plastic  clay,  containing 
numerous  marine  moUusca. 

Great    area    about   Fort 
Pierre  and  along  the    Mis- 
souri below.    Under  No.  5, 
at  Sage  and  Bpar  Creeks. 

Great  Bend  of  the  Mis- 
souri. Near  Milk  and  Muscle 
shell  rivers. 

s 

O 

o 

•"5 

A 

1 

6 

Lead  gray  calcareous  marl,  weathering  to  light 
yellowish  tint.    Scales  of  fishes— Osfrea  congesta, 
Inoceramus  problematicus,  Ac. 

Bluffs  along  the  Missouri 
below  Great  Bend. 

g 

Dark  gray  laminated  clay.     Scales  of  fishes, 
with  a  few  small  Ammonites,  Ac. 

Along  Missouri  Bluffs,  be- 
low mouth  of  James  River. 

§ 

rH 

d 

Heavy  bedded  yellowish  sandstone,  passing  down- 
wards into  alternations  of  sandstone  and  clay,  con- 
taining bits  of  water-worn  lignite  and  bands  of  dark 
carbonaceous  matter.     This  formation  is  not  posi- 
tively known  to  belong  to  the  Cretaceous  System. 

Near  the   mouth  of  Big 
Sioux    River,    and    between 
there   and    Council   Bluffs. 
Near  Judith  River  ? 

if 

o  S 
o  a 

CARBONIFEROUS 
SYSTEM.  UPPER. 

Yellow  limestone,  containing  Fusvlina   eylin- 
drica,   Terebratula  subtileiu,   Spirifer   Meusebach- 
anus,  Allorisma  regularis  and  other  fossils  of  the 
Coal  measures. 

Forms  shoals  in  the  Mis- 
souri near  Black  Bird  Hills. 
Eight  or  ten  feet  above  low 
water  mark  at  Council  Bluffs. 

a 

270  [November, 

Descriptions  of  Species. 
Natica  Tuomyana, 

Shell  subglobose,  thick  and  solid  ;  spire  not  much  elevated  ;  volutions  four  to 
four  and  a  half,  convex,  last  one  crossed  by  strong  folds ;  suture  distinct  or 
slightly  grooved  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  closely  arranged  lines  of  growth, 
crossed  by  flat  revolving  bands  ;  aperture  apparently  ovate ;  umbilicus  very  small 
or  only  rudimentary.  Length  and  breadth  about  -88  inch  ;  apical  angle  slightly 
convex  ;  divergence  about  110°. 

We  have  seen  but  one  specimen  of  this  species,  a  portion  of  the  body  volution 
of  which  is  broken  away.  The  outer  lip  seems  to  have  been  bevelled,  and  joins 
the  body  whorl  above,  at  an  angle  of  about  90°.  The  revolving  bands  are  gene- 
rally faint,  and  wider  than  the  grooves  between  them  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
whorls,  but  more  distinct  and  about  equal  to,  or  smaller  than,  the  depressions 
near  the  middle  and  below.     The  inner  lip  is  not  callous  in  the  umbilical  region. 

This  species  may  be  at  once  distinguished  from  any  other  known  to  us  from 
the  Nebraska  formations,  by  its  greater  thickness,  and  the  strong  vertical  folds 
and  revolving  bands.  We  name  it  in  honor  of  Prof.  M.  Tuomy,  State  Geologist 
of  Alabama  and  South  Carolina. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  Judith  River,  in  a  sandstone,  probably  the 
same  as  No.  1  of  the  section. 

Bulla  scbcylindrica. 

Shell  elongate  oval,  or  subcylindrical ;  spire  umbilicate  ;  surface  (of  cast) 
marked  with  faint  remains  of  lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  about  forty  revolving 
stritE,  generally  a  little  narrower  than  the  elevated  spaces  between.  Aperture 
very  narrow,  arcuate,  extending  a  little  above  the  summit  of  the  body,  and  in- 
creasing in  breadth  very  gradually  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  extremity.  Um- 
bilicus small  or  closed.  Length  -91  inch ;  breadth  -48  inch.  Breadth  of  aper- 
ture near  the  centre  '12  inch  ;  breadth  at  the  widest  place  below  -24  inch. 

This  species,  of  which  we  have  seen  only  a  cast,  is  near  Bulla  pupa  of  Evans 
and  Shumard,  (unpublished  MSS.,)  but  the  form  of  the  aperture  is  quite  different, 
being  very  narrow,  almost  linear,  excepting  at  the  lower  end,  where  it  widens 
out  gradually,  on  the  inner  side,  to  about  twice  its  breadth  near  the  middle, 
while  that  of  B.pupa  is  "  elongate  ovate."  From  our  B.  volvaria  (Proceedings 
of  the  Academy  of  March  last,  page  69,)  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  larger 
size,  and  the  equal  breadth  of  the  two  ends  ;  it  differs  from  all  the  other 
ISiebraska  species  we  have  seen,  in  its  greater  size  and  much  more  elongate 
form. 

Locality  and  position.  Near  mouth  of  Milk  River,  formation  No.  4  of  the  ac- 
companying section. 

Panop^a  occidentalis. 

Shell  elongate  ovate ;  posterior  end  broader  than  the  anterior,  subtruncate 
and  gaping  ;  buccal  end  narrowly  rounded,  almost  closed ;  base  straight  along 
the  middle,  rounding  up  abruptly  behind,  and  gradually  in  front;  cardinal 
border  nearly  parallel  with  the  base  behind  the  beaks,  and  sloping  in  front  ; 
beaks  small,  rather  depressed,  incurved,  approximate  and  located  a  little  in 
advance  of  the  center  ;  surface  ornamented  by  irregular  concentric  wrinkles  or 
undulations,  most  distinct  on  the  upper  half. 

We  have  but  one  specimen  of  this  species,  which  shows  none  of  the  internal 
characters,  and  has  lost  its  finer  surface  markings,  if  there  were  any,  by  the 
exfoliation  of  the  external  lamina.  It  is  too  imperfect  to  give  exact  measure- 
ments, though  it  must  have  been  about  3-10  inches  in  length,  2  inches  high,  and 
1-42  inches  wide.  We  are  in  some  doubt  whether  or  not  it  is  distinct  from  a 
species  described  by  Prof.  Tuomy  under  the  name  of  F.  cretacea,  (see  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Academy,  Sept.,  1854,  page  170,)  though  it  is  much  larger;  and  it 
is  hardly  probable,  had  his  species  differed  much  in  the  breadth  of  the  two  ex- 


1856.]  271 

tremities,  he  would  have  omitted  to  mention  it.  It  is  more  narrowly  rounded 
in  front  than  any  of  the  casts  we  have  seen  from  the  New  Jersey  formations,  or 
than  any  species  we  have  seen  figured  in  foreign  works. 

Locality  and  position.  Sandstone  near  mouth  of  Judith  River,  probably  No.  1 
of  the  section. 

MaCTRA  FORMOSA. 

Shell  thin,  triangular  oval,  somewhat  compressed ;  cardinal  border  sloping 
from  the  beaks  at  an  angle  of  about  115°,  straight  in  front,  and  slightly  convex 
behind  the  beaks ;  extremities  narrowly  rounded,  almost  angular,  nearly  alike  ; 
base  forming  a  broad  regular  curve  ;  beaks  small,  elevated,  approximate,  central 
or  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth, 
which  become  stronger  and  more  regular  on  the  large  lanceolate  lunule  and 
escutcheon.     Length  I'TO  inches  ;  breadth  '82  inch;  height  1-36  inches. 

The  lunule  and  escutcheon  extend  from  the  beaks  to  the  extremities  of  the 
shell,  the  former  being  slightly  impressed,  and  the  latter  bounded  by  a  very 
obscure  ridge.  By  grinding  down  upon  the  cardinal  edge  of  a  right  hand  valve, 
we  found  it  thin,  and  having  under  the  beaks  apparently  an  oblique  cardinal 
tooth  and  a  small  ligamentary  pit,  the  former  being  divided  into  two  diverging 
parts  ;  while  the  anterior  and  posterior  portions  of  the  edge  have  each  a  long 
groove,  probably  for  the  reception  of  slender  lateral  teeth  in  the  other  valve. 

Locality  and  position.     Same  as  last. 

Mactra  Warrenana. 

Shell  triangular  oval,  moderately  compressed ;  cardinal  border  sloping  from 
the  beaks  at  an  angle  of  about  110°  ;  anterior  end  narrowly  rounded ;  posterior 
end  wider,  rounded  or  very  slightly  truncate,  and  gaping  a  little  at  the  ex- 
tremity ;  base  forming  a  broad  curve ;  beaks  elevated,  rather  small,  incurved, 
nearly  central ;  surface  marked  with  fine  lines  of  growth,  which  become  stronger 
and  more  regular  on  the  large  lanceolate  lunule  and  escutcheon.  Length  1-55 
inch  ;  height  1-20  inch  ;  breadth  -85  inch. 

The  muscular  impressions  are  oval  or  ovate;  the  anterior  one  being  rounded 
below,  and  contracted  and  prolonged  above.  The  sinus  of  the  palleal  impres- 
sion is  small,  obtuse  at  the  extremity  and  nearly  horizontal. 

This  species  is  nearly  related  in  most  of  its  characters  to  the  last,  but  may  be 
distinguished  by  its  less  compressed  form,  more  elevated  and  gibbous  beaks 
and  thicker  shell.  We  have  had  no  opportunity  of  comparing  their  internal 
characters,  nor  have  we  seen  the  hinge  of  this  species.  Their  distant  geo- 
graphical, and  widely  separated  stratigraphic  positions,  in  addition  to  the  above 
named  differences,  lead  us  to  regard  them  as  distinct. 

We  name  this  species  in  honor  of  Lieut.  G.  K.  Warren,  of  the  U.  S.  Topo- 
graphical Engineers. 

Locality  and  position.  Yanktonin  trading  post,  No.  5  of  the  accompanying 
section. 

Mactra  alta. 

Shell  thin,  subtriangular,  compressed  ;  cardinal  border  sloping  from  the  beaks 
at  an  angle  of  about  80"  ;  base  forming  a  broad  regular  curve ;  extremities  nar- 
rowly rounded  or  subangular,  and  nearly  alike  ;  posterior  slope  having  an  ob- 
scure ridge  or  angle  passing  obliquely  backwards  and  downwards  from  the  beaks  ; 
umbones  much  elevated,  (pointed  ?)  nearly  central ;  surface  marked  with  con- 
centric striae.  Length  about  2-62  inches;  height  2-16  inches;  breadth  1-15 
inch. 

We  have  not  yet  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  interior  of  this  shell,  nor  the 
details  of  its  hinge,  and  all  our  specimens  are  worn  so  as  to  obscure  the  surface 
markings.  It  resembles  the  last  two  species,  but  is  larger  and  much  more 
compressed  than  either  of  them,  and  the  much  greater  elevation  of  its  beaks 
gives  it  more  nearly  the  form  of  an  equilateral  triangle. 


272  [November 

Locality  and  position.  Bad  Lands  of  Judith  River ;  in  a  sandstone,  the  posi- 
tion of  which  is  doubtful,  but  probably  No.  1  of  the  series. 

Tellina  subtoetuosa. 

Shell  elliptical  or  narrow  ovate,  compressed  ;  anterior  end  rounded ;  posterior 
side  obliquely  truncate  at  the  extremity,  and  having  (in  the  cast)  an  obscure 
ridge  passing  obliquely  backwards  and  downwards  from  the  beaks  ;  base  forming 
a  broad  curve,  a  little  more  prominent  before  than  behind  the  middle  ;  beaks 
small,  very  slightly  elevated  above  the  dorsal  margin,  located  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  center;  surface  unknown.  Length  2*23  inches;  height  1'27  inch; 
breadth  (of  left  valve)  about  -22  inch. 

The  only  specimen  of  this  species  we  have  seen  is  an  internal  cast  of  a  left 
valve,  with  a  few  fragments  of  the  inner  laminte  of  the  shell  adhering.  On  these 
fragments  indistinct  traces  of  radiating  lines  are  visible,  though  they  may  have 
had  no  connection  with  external  markings.  The  anterior  muscular  impression 
is  narrow  ovate,  placed  near  the  front  margin,  with  the  narrow  end  above,  and 
slightly  inclined  backwards.  The  posterior  muscular  impression  is  round  ovate, 
located  near  the  upper  margin,  and  about  one  eighth  the  entire  length  of  the 
shell  in  advance  of  the  posterior  extremity;  the  narrower  end  being  above  and 
inclined  obliquely  forwards.  Sinus  of  the  pallial  impression  deep,  nearly  hori- 
zontal and  apparently  rounded  at  the  end.  From  the  inward  warping  of  the 
back  part  of  the  lower  border,  and  the  general  flatness  of  this  valve,  it  is  pro- 
bable the  other  was  more  convex. 

The  compressed  narrow  elliptical  form,  and  slightly  elevated  beaks,  will  dis- 
tinguish this  from  all  the  other  species  known  to  us  from  the  Nebraska  forma- 
tions. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  Judith  River,  from  a  sandstone  supposed  to 
be  No.  1  of  the  series. 

Venus  ?  circulaeis. 

Shell  very  thin,  subcircular,  rather  gibbous ;  cardinal  border  rounding  from 
the  beaks  ;  extremities  and  base  rounded ;  beaks  located  about  half  way  between 
the  center  and  the  buccal  border,  elevated,  pointed,  incurved  and  directed  ob- 
liquely forwards ;  muscular  impressions  very  faint,  anterior  one  almost  marginal, 
and  near  the  beaks  ;  surface  ornamented  with  fine  concentric  lines ;  sinus  of  the 
pallial  impression  funnel  shaped,  the  apex  being  directed  obliquely  upwards 
towards  the  beaks.     Length  -74  inch ;  height  '67  inch ;  breadth  -45  inch. 

Not  having  seen  the  hinge  of  this  species,  we  refer  it  with  doubt  to  the  above 
genus.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  any  of  the  allied  Nebraska  forms  known 
to  us,  by  its  greatest  diameter  being  from  the  beaks  obliquely  downwards  to  a 
point  a  little  behind  the  middle  of  the  base,  and  by  its  more  elevated,  pointed, 
gibbous  and  oblique  beaks. 

Locality  and  position.  Just  above  the  mouth  of  Milk  River,  No.  4  of  the  section. 

Cttheeea  pellucida. 

Shell  extremely  thin  and  fragile,  broad  ovate  or  subcircular,  compressed ; 
extremities  rounded,  the  posterior  end  being  a  little  wider  than  the  anterior; 
base  semiovate  or  semicircular ;  beaks  moderately  elevated,  placed  about  one- 
third  of  the  distance  from  the  center  towards  the  anterior  end  ;  surface  marked 
with  fine  regular  concentric  striaj ;  muscular  impressions  very  faint ;  sinus  of 
the  pallial  impression  triangular,  longer  than  wide,  not  quite  reaching  the 
middle  of  the  shell,  and  if  continued  across  would  strike  the  opposite  border 
below  the  beaks.  Length  (of  ovate  variety)  1  inch  ;  height  -83  inch  ;  breadth 
■40  inch. 

Amongst  the  shells  we  refer  to  this  species,  there  are  two  varieties  of  form, 
one  being  less  compressed  and  more  nearly  circular,  with  more  gibbous  beaks 
than  the  other ;  but  as  there  are  some  intermediate  forms,  and  they  agree  in  all 
other  respects,  we  are  at  present  inclined  to  regard  them  as  identical.    More 


1856.]  273 

extensiTG  collections,  however,  may  hereafter  prove  them  to  be  distinct  species. 
This  shell  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  a  species  described  by  us  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Academy  in  April  last,  under  the  name  of  C.  Deweyi,  (page 
83,)  by  its  extreme  thinness  ;  and  from  Venus?  circularis  of  this  paper,  by  its  less 
elevated  and  more  obtuse  beaks,  as  well  as  by  the  widely  different  form  and 
direction  of  the  sinus  of  the  pallial  impression.  It  is  more  Mable  to  be  confounded 
with  C.  tenuis  of  Hall  and  Meek,  {Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  andSci.p.  ^Q^, plate  I,  fig.  8,) 
but  presents  in  some  of  its  varieties  a  more  oval  or  ovate  form,  and  is  always 
less  broadly  rounded  at  the  extremities.  In  addition  to  these  diiferences,  it 
comes  from  a  distant  locality,  and  from  a  higher  bed,  in  which  not  a  single 
species  known  to  occur  in  that  in  which  C.  tenuis  is  found,  has  yet  been  recog- 
nized. This  and  the  following  species  are  referred  to  the  genus  Cytherea,  chiefly 
from  external  characters,  as  we  have  not  seen  the  hinge  of  either. 

Locality  and  position.  Two  hundred  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Milk  River,  No. 
4  of  the  series. 

Cytherea  Owenana. 

Shell  round  oval,  compressed ;  beaks  moderately  elevated,  placed  about  half 
way  between  the  center  and  the  anterior  end ;  cardinal  border  convex  behind 
and  concave  before  the  beaks  ;  extremities  rounded,  the  anal  end  being  broader 
than  the  buccal ;  base  semioval ;]  anterior  muscular  impression  narrow  ovate, 
and  the  posterior  round  ovate,  both  pointed  above  and  very  shallow  ;  sinus  of 
the  pallial  impression  narrow  and  deep,  directed  obliquely  upwards  towards  a 
point  a  little  in  advance  of  the  beaks.  Length  1-56  inch;  height  1-35  inch  ; 
breadth  about  -66  inch. 

The  surface  markings  of  our  specimen  are  almost  entirely  carried  away  by 
the  exfoliation  of  the  outer  laminre  of  the  shell.  A  small  remaining  portion  near 
the  lower  border  is  marked  with  small  concentric  wrinkles  and  much  finer  lines 
of  growth.     We  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  hinge. 

The  greater  thickness  of  the  substance  of  the  shell  will  at  once  distinguish 
this  species  from  all  the  allied  Nebraska  forms  known  to  us,  excepting  our  C. 
Deweyi  (see  Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  April  last,  page  83)  and  C.  orbiculata 
of  Hall  and  Meek,  (Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  page  382.)  From  the 
former  it  may  be  known  by  its  much  deeper  and  relatively  narrower  pallial 
sinus  ;  that  of  C.  Deweyi  being  in  the  form  of  an  equilateral  triangle,  and  not 
reaching  the  center,  while  in  this  it  is  about  one-third  deeper  than  wide,  and 
extends  beyond  the  middle  of  the  shell.  They  are,  moreover,  from  distant  locali- 
ties, and  widely  separated  stratigraphical  positions.  From  the  latter  it  will  be 
distinguished  by  its  more  oval  and  compressed  form  and  less  elevated  beaks. 
We  name  it  after  Dr,  David  Dale  Owen,  of  New  Harmony,  Indiana. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  Judith  River,  from  a  sandstone  supposed  to 
be  the  same  as  No.  1  of  the  series. 

LUCINA   OCCIDENTALIS. 

?  Tellina  occidentalis  (Morton.)     Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  vol.  8,  pi.  si.,  fig.  3. 

Mould  of  Lucina?  (Owen.)     Report  Wis.,  Iowa  and  Min.  tab.  vii.,  fig.  8. 

Shell  rather  thick,  transversely  oval,  compressed ;  cardinal  border  slightly 
concave,  and  sloping  very  little  in  front  of  the  beaks,  convex  and  declining 
behind  ;  anal  end  vertically  subtruncate  at  the  extremity,  and  having  sometimes 
a  very  obscure  ridge  passing  obliquely  backwards  and  downwards  from  the 
beaks ;  anterior  end  rounded  and  a  little  wider  than  the  posterior  ;  base  semi- 
ovate,  more  prominent  before  than  behind  the  middle  ;  beaks  small  approximate, 
little  elevated  above  the  hinge,  slightly  in  advance  of  the  center ;  lunule  very 
small,  lanceolate ;  surface  ornamented  by  distinct  irregular  concentric  lines. 
Length  (large  specimen)  1'90  inchj  height  1*56  inch  ;  breadth  -94  inch. 

By  breaking  open  some  of  the  specimens,  we  find  under  the  beaks  two  di- 
verging cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve  ;  and  in  front  of  these  one  anterior  lateral 
tooth  in  the  right  valve,  which  fits  between  two  smaller  ones  in  the  left.     If 


274  [November, 

there  are  any  posterior  lateral  teeth  they  must  be  small  and  remote  from  the 
beaks.  At  the  anal  extremity  of  each  valve  there  is  one  shallow  muscular  im- 
pression, of  an  oval  or  subquadrate  form,  with  a  faint  slender  ridge  passing 
from  its  inner  side  obliquely  up  towards  the  beaks.  At  the  buccal  end 
there  is  in  each  valve  one  long  shallow,  arcuate  muscular  impression,  with  its 
narrower  end  downwards,  and  directed  a  little  back,  so  that  more  than  half  of 
its  lower  part  is  detached  from  the  pallial  impression.  Immediately  behind  the 
upper  end  of  this,  a  second  very  small  circular  muscular  impression  may  be 
seen  in  each  valve.  The  ligament  was  chiefly  external,  and  occupied  a  narrow 
lanceolate  depression  behind  the  beaks ;  a  portion  of  it,  however,  was  partly 
internal,  being  deeply  seated  between  the  beaks.  Exfoliated  specimens  show 
on  the  internal  laminae  of  the  shell,  faint  radiating  lines,  which  are  never  visible 
on  the  surface. 

From  the  foregoing  description  it  will  be  seen  this  species  unites  characters 
belonging  to  two  genera.  Its  form  and  general  appearance,  as  well  as  its  hinge, 
and  elongated  anterior  muscular  impression,  partly  detached  from  the  pallial 
line,  are  all  characters  that  would  place  it  in  the  genus  Lucina;  while  its  double 
anterior  muscular  impressions  indicate  an  affinity  to  the  genus  Corbis  of  Cuvier. 

We  are  in  doubt  whether  or  not  this  is  the  shell  figured  by  Dr.  Morton  under 
the  name  of  Tellina  occidentalis.  Although  certainly  not  very  nearly  like  his 
figure,  it  resembles  it  more  than  any  other  shell  we  have  seen  in  all  the  Nebraska 
collections.  It  cannot  be  a  Tellina,  as  the  pallial  impression  is  unquestionably 
simple. 

Locality  and  position.  Near  Milk  River,  and  eighty  miles  above  on  the  Mis- 
souri, also  on  the  Yellowstone  and  Moreau  rivers.  Formation  No.  4  of  present 
section. 

Hettangia  Americana. 

Shell  rather  thick,  ovate  or  subrhomboidal,  compressed  ;  posterior  end  much 
broader  than  the  anterior,  obliquely  subtruncate  and  gaping  ;  buccal  side  long, 
rostrated  and  closed,  very  narrowly  rounded  at  the  extremity  ;  base  forming  an 
elliptical  curve,  excepting  near  the  anterior  end,  where  it  is  slightly  contracted ; 
dorsal  border  elevated  in  the  umbonal  region,  concave  in  front  and  convex 
behind ;  beaks  small,  approximate,  located  a  little  behind  the  middle,  surface 
marked  with  rather  faint  lines  of  growth,  and  sometimes,  near  the  border,  with 
small  obscure  concentric  wrinkles.  Length  2'63  inch;  height  l-VG  inch; 
breadth  1-25  inch. 

We  have  but  one  specimen  of  this  species  showing  the  hinge.  This  is  a  left 
valve,  in  which  there  is  one  strong  cardinal  tooth  located  very  slightly  in  ad- 
vance of  the  point  of  the  beak.  Immediately  behind  this  tooth,  and  directly 
under  the  beak,  there  is  a  distinct  pit,  from  which  a  shallow  depression  passes 
round  the  upper  side  of  the  tooth.  This  pit  was  doubtless  occupied  by  a  strong 
tooth  in  the  other  valve.  The  posterior  lateral  tooth  is  prominent,  obtuse  and 
compressed,  while  the  cardinal  edge  between  it  and  the  depression  under  the 
beak  is  somewhat  callous. 

This  shell  is  closely  related  to  two  or  three  of  the  species  figured  by  Terquem 
in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of  France,  (2d  ser.  t.  x.  pi.  1,  2,)  but  is 
relatively  higher  in  the  umbonal  region,  and  more  distinctly  rostrated  in  front 
than  any  of  them.  It  is  also  more  strongly  truncate  behind  than  any  of  Ter- 
quem's  species,  though  it  varied  somewhat  with  age  in  this  character. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  this,  the  first  species  of  the  genus  recognized  in 
this  country,  is  found  associated  with  a  small  Baculite,  while  all  its  known  con- 
geners in  the  Old  World  are  peculiar  to  the  Lias. 

Locality  and  position.    No.  I.  Mouth  of  Judith  River. 

CaRDIUM    SPECIOStJM. 

Shell  circular  or  round  oval,  higher  than  long,  gibbous  in  the  central  and 
umbonal  regions  ;  buccal  border  a  little  more  rounded  than  the  anal ;  base  regu- 
larly rounded ;  beaks  elevated,  slender,  pointed,  incurved  and  nearly  central, 


1856.]  275 

very  slightly  oblique  ;  surface  ornamented  with  numerous  simple,  slender,  ra- 
diating costce,  alternating  with  rows  of  elevated  points  of  about  their  own 
breadth;  border  crenulated?  Length -57  inch;  height -Sir  inch;  breadth -48 
inch. 

In  different  conditions  of  weathering  the  surface  markings  of  this  species 
present  a  variety  of  aspects.  In  some  cases  the  elevated  points  look  as  though 
arranged  on  costae,  instead  of  between  them,  while  in  other  instances  only  the 
costse  are  to  be  seen.  Usually,  however,  these  elevated  points  are  quite  distinct 
on  casts,  and  so  regularly  disposed  that  worn  fragments,  when  seen  embedded 
in  the  matrix,  present  much  the  appearance  of  bits  of  Fenestella,  On  some 
specimens  traces  of  fine  concentric  stri«  are  visible,  curving  strongly  up- 
wards in  crossing  the  ribs.  The  shell  is  so  nearly  equilateral,  and  the  beaks  so 
slightly  oblique,  that  when  viewed  on  the  side  it  looks  much  like  a  BracMopod. 
We  know  of  no  species  with  which  this  is  liable  to  be  confounded,  amongst  all 
the  Nebraska  shells,  and  it  differs  from  the  allied  forms  we  have  seen  figured 
from  foreign  localities,  in  having  the  rows  of  elevated  points  of  uniform  size, 
and  not  alternately  larger  and  smaller. 

Locality  and  position.  Bad  Lands  of  Judith  River,  from  a  sandstone,  the  posi- 
tion of  which  is  doubtful,  but  probably  No.  1  of  the  series. 

NUCULA  OBSOLETASTRIATA. 

Shell  thick,  oval  ovate  or  elliptical,  moderately  compressed ;  surface  orna- 
mented with  fine  concentric  strife  and  obscure  traces  of  small  closely  arranged 
radiating  lines ;  buccal  end  obliquely  truncated  from  the  beaks  forward  to  a 
point  nearly  half  way  down  the  front  border,  where  it  is  narrowly  rounded ; 
posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded  ;  base  semiovate,  most  prominent  behind 
the  center;  cardinal  border  sloping  from  the  beaks  at  an  angle  of  about  120*'. 
Beaks  small,  rather  depressed,  nearly  touching,  and  placed  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  middle;  lunule  narrow  ovate,  deeply  impressed.  Length  1-20  inch; 
height  -81  inch  ;  breadth  -60  inch. 

The  cardinal  edge  is  thinnest  near  the  beaks,  from  which  point  it  gradually 
thickens  towards  the  extremities,  especially  towards  the  posterior  end.  We 
have  had  no  opportunity  of  ascertaining  whether  or  not  the  edge  of  the  lower 
border  is  crenulated.  As  the  radiating  striae  are  very  obscure,  it  is  probable 
they  are  obsolete  on  worn  specimens,  though  on  the  surfaces  of  internal  laminae 
they  are  usually  quite  distinct.  The  anterior  muscular  impression  is  deeply 
impressed,  of  a  narrow  ovate  form,  and  placed  near  the  edge  of  the  buccal  ex- 
tremity ;  while  the  posterior  one  is  a  little  narrower,  less  deeply  impressed,  and 
located  close  up  under  the  back  end  of  the  hinge.  There  are  about  thirty  hinge 
teeth  in  each  valve  behind,  and  nearly  half  as  many  before  the  beaks,  all  of 
which  are  curved  in  crossing  the  edge,  so  as  to  present  the  concave  sides  to- 
wards the  extremities. 

This  species  will  be  easily  distinguished  from  all  the  others  known  to  us  from 
the  Nebraska  formations,  by  its  larger  size  and  other  obvious  characters. 

Locality  and  position.     Great  Bend  of  the  Missouri,  No.  4  of  the  series. 

CuCULLiEA   EXIGUA. 

Shell  thick,  very  small,  oval  cordiform  ;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncate; 
anterior  extremity  rounded ;  base  nearly  straight ;  ligament  area  rather  short 
and  straight,  marked  with  longitudinal  lines,  and  in  the  middle  with  exceedingly, 
small,  regular,  closely  set  transverse  striae.  Umbonal  region  gibbous.  Beaks 
elevated,  incurved,  rather  distant,  and  located  a  little  in  advance  of  the  center. 
Surface  ornamented  by  irregular  concentric  wrinkles,  and  very  fine  lines  of 
growth,  crossed  by  small,  regular,  faint,  closely  arranged  radiating  striae.  Length 
•30  inch  ;  breadth  •27  inch  ;  height  •2'7  inch. 

The  ligament  area,  which  is  not  much  more  than  half  the  entire  length  of  the 
shell,  is  often  bounded  by  a  slightly  elevated  border.  That  portion  of  it  marked 
with  transverse  striae  is  margined  by  a  fine  impressed  hair  line,  and  has  in  each 
valve  a  broad  triangular  form.    The  longest  sides  of  these  two  triangles  are 

21 


276  [November, 

joined  together  at  the  hinge,  when  the  valves  are  united,  while  the  opposite 
angles  terminate  immediately  under  the  beaks.  Muscular  impressions  shallow, 
ovate  or  oblong,  and  having  a  very  slightly  elevated  line  passing  from  the  lower 
inner  border  of  each  up  towards  the  beaks.  Lateral  teeth  of  the  hinge  oblique, 
but  not  horizontal.  The  beaks  are  curved  at  right  angles  to  the  hinge,  and 
slightly  angular  behind.  A  neat  little  shell,  not  apt  to  be  confounded  with  any 
other  species  known  to  us. 

Locality  and  position.  Quite  abundant  at  the  mouth  of  Milk  River,  in  formation 
No.  4  of  the  series. 

Mytelus  subarcuatus. 

Shell  narrow  ovate,  arcuate  ;  posterior  end  compressed  and  rounded  ;  dorsal 
edge  regularly  arched  and  sharp  ;  base  nearly  straight  or  slightly  arcuate, 
scarcely  carlnated ;  the  two  edges  converging  towards  the  nearly  straight, 
pointed  beaks,  at  an  angle  of  about  35°.  Surface  unknown.  Length  1-03  inch: 
breadth  -27  inch  ;  height  '36  inch. 

Tlie  beaks  are  nearly  or  quite  terminal,  and  appear  to  have  been  straight  or 
but  slightly  declining.  Our  specimen  being  only  an  internal  cast,  shows  none 
of  the  surface  characters,  excepting  traces  of  concentric  lines  of  growth.  The 
dorsal  border  looks  as  though  it  had  formed  a  regular  curve,  without  any  angle 
marking  the  posterior  termination  of  the  hinge. 

This  species  is  very  near  M.  lanceolatus  of  Sowerby,  (Min.  Con.  pi.  439,  fig.  2,) 
but  is  proportionally  wider  behind,  and  not  quite  so  pointed  at  the  beaks.  It 
is  about  intermediate  in  form  between  that  species  and  M.  edentulus  of  the  same 
author. 

Locality  and  position.  Dog  River,  near  mouth  of  Judith  River,  from  sandstone 
supposed  to  be  No.  1  of  the  series. 

Gervilia  subtortuosa. 

Shell  thick,  lanceolate,  tortuous  and  laterally  curved.  Beaks  terminal? 
pointed  ?  posterior  end  narrow,  the  widest  part  being  at  the  back  end  of  the 
hinge ;  hinge  line  straight,  forming  an  angle  of  about  20°  with  the  longitudinal 
axis  of  the  shell;  ligament  fossaj  about  six,  nearly  equalling  the  spaces  between. 
Surface  unknown. 

Our  specimens  of  this  shell  consist  of  fragments,  from  which  it  is  impossible 
to  make  out  a  complete  diagnosis  of  the  species.  None  of  them  show  the  hinge 
teeth,  and  they  have  all  lost  the  surface  markings.  The  largest  fragment  we 
have  seen  (which  is  imperfect  at  both  extremities)  is  four  inches  in  length  by 
1-65  inch  in  height  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  hinge.  It  retains  2*'70  inches 
in  length  of  the  hinge,  which  is  "44  inch  in  thickness,  though  some  of  the  outer 
lamina;  are  wanting,  and  shows  five  of  the  ligament  fossae,  of  which  there  may 
have  been  one  or  two  more. 

When  viewed  on  the  side,  the  outline  of  this  shell  is  much  like  G.  avicidoides 
of  Sowerby,  (Min.  Con.  vol.  6,  page  16,  pi.  511,)  but  it  is  much  more  curved 
and  twisted,  though  not  so  much  so,  nor  so  obtuse  at  the  anterior  extremity  as 
Gervilia  (^Gastrochcena)  tortuosa  of  the  same  author.  So  far  as  we  know,  this  is 
the  first  species  of  the  genus  described  from  the  cretaceous  rocks  of  this  country. 
Prof.  Tuomy  informed  us  he  has  found  a  species  in  Alabama,  but  as  he  has  not 
yet  published  a  description  of  it,  we  have  no  means  of  instituting  a  comparison. 

Locality  and  position.  Three  hundred  miles  above  Fort  Union,  on  the  Missouri, 
No.  4  of  the  series. 

Inoceramus  pertenuis. 

Shell  very  thin,  broad  ovate  or  oval,  somewhat  compressed  ;  cardinal  border 
straight ;  anterior  end  rounded  ;  posterior  extremity  broad,  obtusely  rounded  ; 
base  broadly  curved.  Beaks  near  the  anterior  end,  rising  above  the  hinge  line, 
nearly  touching.  Surface  irregularly  and  rather  faintly  undulated,  marked 
with  fine  lines  of  growth.  Length  about  4-30  inches;  height  3-40  inches; 
breadth  2-20  inches, 


1856.]  277 

It  is  possible  this  shell  may  prove  to  be  only  a  variety  of  /.  veniricosus,  de- 
scribed by  us  from  the  same  locality,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Academy  last 
April.  It  differs,  however,  from  all  the  specimens  we  have  seen  of  that  species, 
in  being  broader,  much  more  compressed  and  more  regularly  marked  with  con- 
centric undulations.  The  beaks  are  also  smaller,  more  elevated  above  the  hinge 
line,  and  located  a  little  further  back  from  the  anterior  margin.  It  has  likewise 
much  the  form  of  /.  convexus  of  Hall  and  Meek,  (vol.  5,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and 
Sc.  page  386,  pi.  2,  fig.  2,)  but  may  be  at  once  distinguished  from  that  and  /.  Sa- 
gensis  of  Owen,  as  well  as  from  all  the  other  species  we  have  seen  from  the  higher 
formations  of  Nebraska,  by  the  extreme  thinness  and  entire  fibrous  structure  of 
the  shell. 

Locality  and  position.  Mouth  of  Judith  river,  in  a  sandstone  probably  the  same 
as  No.  1  of  the  series. 

Inoceramus  incurvus. 

Shell  ovate,  globose  or  cordiform,  equivalve.  Beaks  located  a  little  behind 
the  anterior  end,  strongly  incurved  ;  umbonal  region  very  gibbous  and  much 
elevated  above  the  hinge  line.  Surface  ornamented  with  regular  distinct  con- 
centric undulations,  strongest  near  the  beaks,  where  they  are  directed  very  ob- 
liquely inward  toward  the  hinge,  in  passing  round  from  the  front  to  the  poste- 
rior side.     Length  unknown  ;  breadth  2  inches  ;  height  1-80  inch. 

The  young  of  this  species,  judging  from  the  curve  of  the  undulations  near 
the  beaks,  must  have  been  of  an  ovate  form,  being  a  little  broader  behind  than 
in  front.  As  the  shell  advanced  in  age  it  became  rapidly  more  globose,  and  the 
beaks  curve  so  strongly  inwards,  as  to  bring  the  umbonal  regions  of  the  two 
valves  nearly,  if  not  quite,  in  contact  behind  and  above  the  points  of  the  beaks, 
which  are  directed  away  from  each  other.  The  substance  of  the  shell  is  com- 
posed of  an  external  fibrous,  and  an  internal  lamellar  portion,  the  former  being 
generally  exfoliated.  The  surface  was  probably  marked  with  concentric  striae, 
though  not  preserved  on  our  specimen.  This  shell  may  be  distinguished  from 
all  the  other  species  we  have  seen  from  this  region,  by  its  more  globose  form, 
as  well  as  by  its  strongly  incurved  and  gibbous  umbones. 

Locality  and  position.  Little  Bear's  village,  between  Fort  Pierre  and  Fort 
Clark,  formation  No.  4. 

OSTRiEA   PATINA. 

Shell  circular,  oval  or  ovate,  oblique,  rather  compressed.  Superior  valve 
concave  above,  thin,  excepting  at  the  beaks,  where  it  is  suddenly  thickened  and 
truncate.  Inferior  valve  thicker,  concave  on  the  inner  or  upper  side,  sometimes 
auricled ;  beaks  triangular,  flat,  slightly  curved  upwards  and  turned  a  little  to- 
wards the  anal  side.  Muscular  impression  oval  or  circular,  shallow  nearest  the 
anal  roargin.  Surface  of  both  valves  marked  with  imbricating  lines  of  growth, 
and  faint  irregular  concentric  undulations.  Greater  diameter  of  largest  speci- 
men (inferior  valve)  3-50  inches;  smaller  do.  3-10  inches;  depth  of  concavity 
•70  inch. 

The  usual  form  of  the  shell  is  nearly  circular  or  broad  ovate.  The  buccal 
side  is  short  and  rounded,  while  the  anal  border  is  longer  and  sometimes  (espe- 
cially in  the  inferior  valve)  contracted  above  just  behind  the  beaks.  The  areas 
of  both  valves  are  broad  triangular,  and  as  usual  depressed  in  the  middle,  and 
transversely  striate. 

This  species  is  evidently  related  to  0.  vissicularis  (Lamk.)  of  which  it  may  be 
considered  a  far  western  representative.  It  always  differs  from  that  species, 
however,  in  having  the  inferior  valve  much  less  concave,  more  distinctly  auri- 
cled, and  never  characterized  by  a  posterior  lobe.  The  beak  of  this  valve  is 
also  much  less  curved  upwards,  being  often  almost  horizontally  flattened.  We 
have  some  fifteen  or  twenty  specimens  of  this  species,  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion, all  of  which  are  quite  uniform  in  their  characters.  None  of  the  beaks  show 
marks  of  the  fracture  by  which  the  shell  became  detached. 

Locality  and  position.  Two  hundred  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Milk  River,  No. 
4  of  the  series. 


278  [NOVEMBEK, 


Catalogue  of  all  the  invertebrate  fossil  remains  hitherto  described  and  identified,  from 
the  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  formations  of  Nebraska  Territory.* 


TERTIARY   SPECIES. 

Oen.  CYPRIS. 
C.  Leidyi,  Evans  and  Shumard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  7,  p.  165 

Gen.  HELIX. 
H.  Leidyi,  Hall  and  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  vol.  5,  new  ser.  p.  394 

Gen.  BULIMUS. 

B.  ?  TERES,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  117 

B.  ?  VERMicuLUS,  Meek  &  Hayden,         "            "  "           "          118 

B.  LiMNEAFORMis,  Meek  &  Hayden,        "            "  "           "         " 

B.  Nerrascensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,       "            "  '*          "         " 

Gen.  PUPA. 
P.  helicoides,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  118 

Gen.  LIMNEA. 

L.  DiAPHANA,  Evans  and  Shumard,  Proc.  Acad,  N.  S.  Phila.  vol.  7,  p.  165 

L.  Nebrascensis,  Evans  &  Shumard,     "  "  "         "  " 

L.  TENUicosTA,  Meek  and  Hayden,         "  "  "   vol.  8,  p.  119 

Gen.  PHYSA. 

P.  SECALiNA,  Evans  and  Shumard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  7,  p.  165 
P.  LONGiuscuLA,  Meek  and  Hayden,       "  "  "      vol.  8,  p.  119 

P.  EHOMBOiDEA,  Meek  and  Hayden,        "  "  "  " 


(( 


it  ti 


P.  Nebrascensis,  Meek  and  Hayden,      "  "  " 

P.  subelongata,  Meek  and  Hayden,       "  "  "  "      p.  120 

Gen.  PLANORBIS. 

P.  Nebrascensis,  Evans  and  Shumard,  Proc.  Ac.  N.  S.  Phila.  vol.  7,  p.  164 
P.  suBUMBiLicATDS,  Meek  and  Hayden,  "  "  vol.  8,  p.  120 

P.  CONVOLUTUS,  Meek  and  Hayden,  "  "  "         « 

Gen.  VELLETIA.  (Ancylus.) 
V.  MiNUTA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc,  Acad,  Nat,  Sc,  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  120 


*  In  addition  to  the  fossils  included  in  this  catalogue,  we  have  received  from 
Dra.  Evans  and  Shumard,  of  St.  Louis,  a  descriptive  list  of  eight  new  species  of 
Gasteropoda  and  nine  of  Acephala,  from  the  cretaceous  formations  of  Nebraska 
which  they  have  not  yet  published.  ' 


1856.]  279 


Gen.  PALUDINA. 

P.  MULTiLiNEATA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  N.  S.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  120 

P.  VETUiiA,  Meek  and  Hayden,                    "  "  "           "         121 

P.  Leah,  Meek  and  Hayden,                      "  "  " 

P.  EETUSA,  Meek  and  Hayden,                    "  "  "           "         122 

P.  CoNRADi,  Meek  and  Hayden,                 "  "  " 

P.  PECULiARis,  Meek  and  Hayden,            "  "  " 

P.  TROCHiFOEMis,  Meek  and  Hayden,        "  "  " 

P.  Leidyi,  Meek  and  Hayden,                   "  "  " 


123 


Gen.  MELANIA. 


M,  MiNUTULA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  123 
M.  Anthonti,  Meek  and  Hayden,  "  "  "  "  124 

M.  MULTisTRiATA,  Meek  and  Hayden,      "  "  "  "  " 

M.  Nebrascensis,  Meek  and  Hayden,      "  "  "  "  " 

M.  CONVEXA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  "  "  "  "  125 

Gen.  VALVATA. 
V.  PARVULA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  123 

Gen.  CERITHIUM. 
C.  Nebrascensis,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  N.  S.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  125 

Gen.  CYCLAS. 

C.  FORMOSA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  115 
C.  FRAGiLis,  Meek  and  Hayden,  "  "  "  "  " 

C.  suBELLiPTicus,  Meek  &  Hayden,       "  "  '<  "  " 

Gen.  CYRENA. 

C.  MoREAUENSis,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  115 
0.  INTERMEDIA,  Meek  and  Hayden,  "  "  "  "         116 

C.  occiDENTALis,  Meek  and  Hayden,         "  "  "  "        " 

Gen.  CORBULA 

C.  suBTRiGONALis,  Mcck  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  P.  116 
C.  PBRUNDATA,  Mcck  and  Hayden,  "  "  "  "         " 

C.  MACTRiFORMis,  Mcck  and  Hayden,        "  "  "  "        117 

Gen.  UNIO. 

U.  PRiscus,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  IIY 


o   -^ 


* 

■X- 

*? 

* 


* 
* 
* 

*? 


* 


4f- 

* 
* 


* 
* 


*? 
* 


280 


[November, 


CRETACEOUS   SPECIES. 

Gen.  CALLIANASSA. 

0.  DANAi,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  Bost.  vol.  5,  n.  s.  p.  319 

Gen.  BELEMNITELLA.   D'Orbigny. 


Formations  in 
ascending  order. 


1|§B.  MUCRONATA  *  Schlotheim,  sp.  Petfr.  p.  47,  No.  4 

B  ?  BULBOSA,  Meek  and  Haydeu,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  TO 

Gen.  NAUTILUS. 
1|§N.  Dekayi,  Morton,  Synopsis  Org.  Rem.  p.  33 

Gen.  AMMONITES 

II  A.  PLACENTA,  Dekay,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  2,  p.  5,  fig.  2  (not.  3) 

II  A.  LOBATUs,t  Tuomy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  Y,  p.  168 

A.  lenikularis,  Owen,  Rept.  Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  Min.  tab.  8,  fig.  5 

A.  OPALis,  Owen,  "  "  "  "  "  6 


A.  COMPLEXUS,  Hall  and  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  vol.  5,  n.  s.  p.  394 
A.  PERCARiNATUS,  Hall  and  Meek,     "  "  "  "         "        396 

A.  Halli,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  8,  p.  TO.... 


Gen.  TURRILITES. 


T.  NebrascensisJ 

Aneyloceras  ?  Nebrascensis,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila 

vol.  8,  p.  71 

T.  Cheyennensis 

Aneyloceras  ?  Cheyenensis,  Meek  and  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila. 
vol.  8,  p.  tl 


*? 


*? 


*? 


Note. — This  mark  (|| )  indicates  that  the  species  is  also  known  to  occur  in  the  States  ; 
this  (§)  that  it  is  common  to  this  country  and  the  old  world ;  and  these  two  (||§)  that 
it  occurs  both  in  the  States  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

*  "We  place  this  species  in  the  list  of  Nebraska  Fossils,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Morton, 
(see  Belemnites  mucronatus,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  vol.  8,  p.  211)  not  having  recognized  it 
in  any  of  the  collections  we  have  seen  from  that  region. 

f  Adult  specimens  of  this  shell  almost  equal  in  size  the  largest  individuals  of  A- 
placenta,  with  which  species  it  is  apt  to  be  confounded.  They  may  always  be  distin- 
guished, however,  by  external  characters,  even  when  the  septa  cannot  be  seen  ;  the 
dorsal  margin  of  the  former  being  thin  and  sharp,  especially  in  young  individuals, 
while  that  of  A.  placenta  is  always  flattened  immediately  on  the  edge.  It  is  a  little 
remarkable  that  Dr.  Dekay's  original  description  agrees  more  nearly  with  this  shell 
than  with  that  referred  by  Morton  and  others  to  A.  placenta,  while  his  figure  is  more 
like  the  latter.     Possibly  he  may  have  had  fragments  of  both  species  before  him. 

Suspecting  our  Nebraska  shell  might  be  identical  with  a  species  indicated  by  Prof. 
Tuomy,  from  Mississippi,  under  the  name  of  A.  lobatus,  we  sent  him  drawings  of  one  of 
our  specimens,  showing  its  form  and  all  the  details  of  the  septa,  since  which  he  writes 
he  has  no  doubt  of  their  identity.  As  the  name  lenticularis  was  previously  applied  to 
one  or  two  other  species,  that  given  this  shell  by  Prof.  Tuomy  will  have  to  take  pre- 
cedence, though  published  after  Dr.  Owen's. 

f  Having  at  first  only  unsatisfactory  fragments  of  this  and  the  following  species,  we 
were  much  puzzled  in  regard  to  their  afiinities,  and  referred  them  provisionally  to  the 
genus  Aneyloceras.    Better  specimens  recently  received,  prove  them  to  be  Turrilites. 


1856.] 


281 


Gen.  ANCYLOCERAS.  ^ 

A?  NicoLETTi,  Hall  and  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  Host.  vol.  5,  new 

ser.  p.  397 

A.  MoRTONi,  Hall  and  Meek,  Mem.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sc.  Bost.  rol.  5,  new  ser. 

p.  396  (see  corrections  at  end  of  that  memoir) 

Gen.  BACULITES. 
II  B.  ovATtJS,  Say,  Jour.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  vol.  1,  pi.  5,  fig.  5  and  6 

B.  COMPRESSUS,  Say,  Am.  Jour.  Sc.  vol.  11,  p.  41 

B.  GRANDis,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  Bost.  vol.  5,  n.  s.  p.  402 

Gen.  SGAPHITES. 
II  S.  CoNRADi,*  Morton,  sp 

Ammonites  Conradi,  Morton,  1834,  Synopsis  Org.  Remains,  p.  39 

A.  JVebrascensis,  Owen,  Report  Iowa,  Wis.  and  Min.  tab.  8,  fig.  3  and 
3a,  tab.  8a,  fig.  2 

A.  Nebrascensis?  Owen,  Report  Iowa,  Wis.  and  Min.  tab.  8,  fig.  2 

A.  Moreauensis,  Ow^n,         "  "  "  "     fig.  7 

A.  Cheyennensis,  Owen,       "  "  "  tab.  7,  fig.  2 

S.  Mandanensis,!  Morton,  sp 

Ammonites  3Iandanensis,  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  N.  S.  Phila.  v.  8,  p.  x.  fig.  2 

?A.  ahyssinus,  Morton,  "  "  "  "  " 

A.  3Iandanensis ?  Owen,   Report  Iowa,  Wise,  and  Minn.,  tab.  7,  fig.  5 
S.  NicoLLETii,  Morton,  sp.  1841,  Journ.  Acad.  N.  S.  Philad.  vol.  8,  pi.  10,  fig.  3 

S.  comprimus,  Owen,  1852,  Report  Iowa,  Wise,  and  Minn.,  tab.  7,  fig.  5 

Ammonites  Nicolletii,  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  N.  S.  Phila.  vol.  8,  pi.  x.  fig.  3 
S.  NODOsus  Owen,  (not  of  others,)  Rep.  Iowa,  Min.  &  Wis.  tab.  8,  fig.  4  and  4 


Formations  in 
ascending  ordei-. 

4  |5 


*  Of  this  truly  protean  species  we  have  a  fine  collection  of  beautiful  specimens  from 
the  same  locality  and  position  as  those  investigated  by  Dr.  Owen.  These  we  find  agree 
in  all  respects  with  his  figures,  and  only  differ  from  his  descriptions  in  always  exhibit- 
ing, when  the  matrix  is  cleared  out  from  the  umbilicus,  six  or  seven  volutions,  instead 
of  one  and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half.  A  critical  comparison  of  our  specimens,  with 
Dr.  Owen's  figures  and  Dr.  Morton's  original  specimens  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Academv 
at  Philadelphia,  as  well  as  with  others  from  Alabama,  loaned  us  by  Prof.  Winchell, 
leads  us  unavoidably  to  the  conclusion,  that  they  all  belong  to  one  exceedingly  variable 
species,  in  which  opinion  Mr.  Conrad,  who  has  looked  over  our  specimens,  concurs 
with  us.  A.  Nebrascensis,  A.  Moi-eauensis,  and  A.  Cheyennensis  of  Owen,  are  the  inner 
volutions  of  one  strongly  marked  variety  having  a  larger  umbilicus,  narrower  volutions 
and  stronger  costse.  It  is  diflficult  to  believe  this  is  not  a  distinct  species,  yet  after 
a  very  cai-eful  comparison,  we  cannot  see  any  difference  between  the  septa  of  shells 
having  these  characters,  and  those  of  well  marked  specimens  of  S.  Conradi. 

f  We  have  perfect  specimens  of  this  species,  which  prove  it  to  be  a  true  Scaphite. 
Like  S.  Conradi,  it  invai'iably  shows,  when  the  matrix  is  removed  from  the  umbilicus, 
about  seven  volutions.  When  divested  of  the  outer  whorls,  it  is  so  nearly  like  Dr. 
Morton's  figures  of  his  Ammonites  ahyssinus,  that  we  cannot  see  the  slightest  difference  ; 
the  perforate  character  of  the  umbilicus  in  the  specimen  figured  by  him,  being  proba- 
bly due  to  accident.  The  lobes  of  the  septa  of  this  species  are  very  nearly  like  those 
of  S.  comprimus  of  Owen,  yet  we  have  seen  no  intermediate  gradations  of  extei-ual  form 
connecting  those  two,  like  those  between  the  different  varieties  of  &  Conradi.  We  find 
it  exceedingly  diflficult  to  define  limits  between  species  amongst  these  Nebraska 
Scaphites.  The  position  and  relative  size  of  nodes  and  costa3,  as  well  as  the  more  or 
less  compressed  form  of  the  shell  and  relative  size  of  the  umbilicus,  are  not,  within  a 
considerable  range  of  limits,  characters  that  can  always  be  relied  upon.  One  of  our 
specimens  of  S.  nodosus,  (Owen)  for  example  has  near  the  dorso-lateral  margin  of  one 
side,  the  usual  row  of  nodes,  and  none  at  all  on  the  other. 


282 


[November, 


Formations  in 

ascending  order. 

12    3    4    5 


Gen,  SCALARIA 
S.  CERITHIF0EMI3,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proo.  Acad,  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  8,  p.  63 

Gen.  TURRITELLA 
T.?  coNVEXA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Philada.,vol.  8,  p.  70 
T.  MoEEAUENSis,  Meek  &  Hayden,    "  "  "  " 

Gen.  ACTEON. 
A.  coNciNNus,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Ac.  Arta  &  Sci.  Bost.,v.  8,  N.  S.,p.  390 
A.  soBELLiPTicus,  Meek  8e  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  8,  p.  63 

Gen.  AVAL  AN  A. 
A.  8UBGL0B0SA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philada.,  v.  8,  p.  64 

Gen.  NATICA. 

N.  TuoMYANAjMeek  &  Hayden,  (see  accompanying  paper.) 

N.  OBLiQDATA,  Hall  &  Meek,Mem.  Am,  Ac.  Art.  &  Sc.  Bost.,  V.  5,  N.  S. p.  389 

N.  coNCiNNA,  Hall  &Meek,  " 

N.  PALUDINAF0RMI3,  Hall  &  Meek, 

N?  AMBiGUA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  64 

N.  SUBCRASSA,  Meek  &  Hayden,         "  "  "  "    87 

N.  oociDENTALis,  Meek  &  Hayden,    " 

N.  MoREAUENSis,  Meek  &  Hayden,     " 

Gen.  SOLARIUM. 
S.  FLExiSTRiATUM,  Evans  &  Shumard,Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  7,  p.  163 

Gen.  TURBO. 

T.  Nebrascensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  t.  8,  p.  64 
T.  tenuilineatus.  Meek  &  Hayden,  " 

Gen,  ROSTELLARIA 

R.  Nebrascensis,  Evans  &  Shumard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  7,  p.  164 
R.  FusiFORMis,Hall&  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Art.  &Sc.  Bost.,  v.  5,N.  S.  p.  393 
R.  biangulata,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  vol.  8,  p.  65 


11 
« 


II 
<i 

'<    64 
"    64 


Gen.  FUSUS. 

F.  Shumardii,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Art.  &  Sc.  Bost.,  v.  5,N.  S.  p.  391 

F?  tenuilineatus,  Hall  &  Meek,  " 

F.  Dakotaensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  65 

F.  Galpinanus,  Meek  &  Hayden, 

F.  contortus.  Meek  &  Hayden, 

F.  CuLEERTSONi,  Meek  &  Hayden, 

F.  FLEXuocosTATUs,  Meek  &  Hayden, 

F.  Newberryi,  Meek  &  Hayden. 

Gen.  BUSYCON. 

B.  Bairdi,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  126. 
Pyrula  Bairdi,  Meek  &  Hayden,       "  "  "  " 

Gen.  FASCIOLARIA, 

F.  cretacea,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  63.. 
F.  buccinoides,  Meek  &  Hayden,        "  "  "  "  p.  67.. 


*? 


* 
* 


* 


» 
* 


* 
* 
* 


* 
* 


* 
* 

* 
» 


* 


1856.] 


Gen.  BUCCINUM. 
B.?  viNCCLDM,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Art.  &  Sc.  Bost.,  v.  5,  N.  S.  p.  390 

B.  cONSTRiCTUM,  Hall  &  Meek,    "  "  «  "  p.  391 

(See  correction  at  end  of  that  memoir.) 

B.?  Nebbascensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  8,  p.  67 

Gen.  CAPULUS. 

C.  occiDENTALis,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Acad.  Art.  &  Sc. ,  vol.  5,  N.  Ser.  p.  385 
C.  FBAGILI3,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  68 


283 


Formations  in 

ascending  order. 

12    3    4    5 


It 


(< 


(I 
a 
ti 
u 


Gen.  HELCION 

H.  BOREALiS,  Morton  sp 

Hipponyx  borealis,  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  Phila.,  v.  8,  pi.  11,  fig.  6 
H.  SExsuiiCATUS,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  68 
H.  PATELLiFORMis,  Meek  &  Hayden, 
H.  ALVEOLis,  Meek  &  Hayden 
H.  suBovATus,  Meek  &  Hayden, 
H.  CAEINATUS,  Meek  &  Hayden, 

Gen.  DENTALIUM. 

D.  GRACILIS,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Art.  &  Sci.  Bost.,  v.  5,  N.  S.  p.  393 
D.  PBAGiLis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  69... 

Gen.  BULLA. 
B.  VOLVARIA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  69, 
B.  MINOR,  Meek  &  Hayden,  "  "  "  " 

B.  OCCIDENTALIS,  Meek  &  Hayden,    "  "  "  " 

B.  suBCYLiNDEicA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  accompanying  paper.  " 

Gen,  PHALODOMYA, 

P.  ELEGANTULA,  Evans  &  Shumard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  7,  p.  164 

P.  (Goniomya)  Americana 

Goniomya  Americana,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p,  8 

P.  UNDATA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  "  "  "        v,  8,p.  81 

P.   FIBROSA,* 

.4t;8cwZa.?/6rosa,  Meek  &  Hayden,         "  "  "         v.  8,  p.  86 

Gen.  PAN  OPE  A, 
P.  OCCIDENTALIS,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (acompanying  paper) 

Gen.  SOLEMYA. 

S.  SUBPLICATA, 

Sokn  subplicata,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  82 


Gen.  MACTRA. 


M.  FORMOSA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper).. 
M,  Warrenana,  Meek  &  Hayden, 
M.  ALTA,  Meek  &  Hayden, 


If 
ti 


*  This  species,  of  which  we  only  had  imperfect  specimens,  we  had  referred  with  much 
doubt  to  the  genus  Avicula,  mentioning  at  the  same  time  that  we  had  not  seen  any 
specimens  showing  indications  of  an  anterior  wing.  Recently  we  have  been  informed 
by  Dr.  Shumard,  who  has  better  specimens  of  it  in  his  possession,  belonging  to  the 
collection  of  Dr.  Evans,  that  it  is  a  Pholodomya;  consequently  we  place  it  in  that 
genus  on  his  authority 


284 


[November, 


Formations  in 
ascending  order. 


Gen.  TELLINA. 
T.?  CHKYENNENSis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  82 
T.  EQUiLATERALis,  Meek  &  Hayden,       "              "              "            " 
T.  sciTULA,  Meek  &  Hayden,                  "               "              "             " 
T.  SUBBLLIPTICA,  Meek  &  Hayden,          "               "              "            "    p.  83 
T.  Prouti,  Meek  &  Hayden,                   "              «              "             " 
T.  SUBTORTUOSA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper) 


Gen.  CYTHEREA. 

C.  Mis30URiANA,  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  210 

C.  ORBicuLATA,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Art.  &  Sc.  Bost.,  v.  5,  N.  S.  p.  382 
C.  TENUIS,  Hall  &  Meek,  "  "  "  "  383 

C*  Deweyi,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  83..., 
C.  Nbbrascensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  "  "  "  " 

C.  PELLUCiDA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper) 

C.  OwENANA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  "  "  


Gen.  VENUS. 
v.?  ciEOULARis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper) 

Gen.  LEDA. 

L.   VENTEICOSA, 

Corbula  ventricosa,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  8,  p.  83 


L.  MOREAUENSIS,, 

Corbula  Moreauensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol. 
8,  p.  83 '. 


Gen.  CORBULA. 
C?  GREGARiA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  84 

Gen.  THRACIA. 

T.?  GRACILIS,* 

TelUna  gracilis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Pioc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  8,  p.  82 

Gen.  ASTARTE. 
A.  GREGARIA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  84... 

Gen.  CRASSATELLA. 
C.  EvANSi,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Art.  &  Sc.  Bost.,  v.  5,  N.  S.  p.  383 

Gen.  LUCINA. 
L.  stJBUNDATA,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.  Bost.,  vol.  5, 


New  Ser.  p.  382. 
L.  occiDENTALis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (acompanying  paper) 

?Tellina  occidentalism  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  8,  pi.  xi.  fig.  3 
Mould  of  Lucina?  Owen,  report,  Iowa,  Wis.  and  Min.  tab.  vii.  fig.  8 

Gen.  HETTANGIA. 
H.  Americana,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper) 

Gen.  CARDIUM. 
C.  spECiosuM,  Meek  k  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper) |^? 

*  Although  now  satisfied  this  species  is  not  a  Tellina,  we  are  still  in  doubt  about  its 
affinities,  and  place  it  provisionally  in  the  above  genus,  until  specimens  showing  the 
hinge  and  interior  caq  be  seen. 


1856.] 


285 


Formations  iu 

ascending  opder. 

12    3    4    5 


« 
(( 
c( 


ft 
u 
u 
u 


(( 

(( 
<( 


Gen.  NUCULA 

N.  saBNA3UTA,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sci.  Bost.,  v.  5,N.  Ser.  p.  384 
N.  vENTRicosA,  Hall  &  Meek,        "  "  "  "  385 

N.  sciTOLA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proceed.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  84 
N.  EvANSi,  Meek  &  Hayden,  " 

N.  EQUiLATERALis,  Meek  &  Hayden, 

N.  SUBPLANA,  Meek  &  Hayden,                        ««  "  "         85 

N.  CANCELLATA,  Meek  &  Hayden, 
N.  PLANOMARGiNATA,  Meek  &  Haydcn, 
N.  0B30LETASTSIATA,  (accompanying  paper) 

Gen.  PECTUNCULUS 
P.  SiouxENSis,  Hall  &Meek,  Memoirs  Am.  Ac.  Art.  &  Sci.  v.  5,  N.  S.  p.  384 

Gen.  SIMOPSIS. 

L.  PARVULA 

Phciunculina  parvula,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  v.  8,  p.  85 

Gen.  CUCULL^A 
C.  Nebrascensis,  Owen,  Kept.  Iowa,  Wis,  and  Min.  tab.  vii.  fig.  1  and  la 
G.  coRDATA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  86 
0.  Shumardi,  Meek  &  Hayden,        "            "                "                " 
C.  ExiGUA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (see  accompanying  paper) 

Gen.  MYTELUS. 

M.  ATTENUATua,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  86 
M.  Galpinianus,  Evans  &  Shumard,     "  "  "     vol.  Y,  p.  164 

M.  suBARcuATus,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (see  accompanying  paper). 


Gen.  AVICULA. 
A.  TRIANGULARIS,  Evans  &  Shumard,  Proc.  Ac.  N.  Sc.  Phila,,  v.  7,  p.  163 
A.  LiNGUiFORMis,  Evans  &  Shumard,  "  "  "  " 

Avicula,  undt.  Owen's  Report,  Iowa,  Wis.  and  Min.  tab.  vii.  fig.  10 

A.  Haydeni,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.  Bost.,  v.  5,  N.  Ser.  p.  382 

Gen.  GERVILIA. 
G.  SUBTORTUOSA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (see  accompanying  paper) 


Gen.  INOCERAMUS. 

§1.  problematious,  Schlotheim,  sp.  1820.  Petrf.  p.  312 

/.  myteloides,  Mantell,  Geol.  Suss,  p,  215,  pi.  28,  fig.  2. 

IK?)  I.  Barabini,  Morton,  Synopsis  Org.  Remains,  page  62 , 

1.  Sagensis,  Owen,  Report  Iowa,  Wisn,  and  Min,  tab.  vii.  fig.  3 

I.  NEBRASCENSis,*Owen,     "  "  "  tab,  viii.  fig.  1 

I.  suBL^vus,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem,  Am,  Ac.  Art.  &  Sc.  Bost,,  v,  5,  N.  S.  p,  386 

I.  coNVExus,  Hall  &  Meek,  "  "  »'  « 

I.  TENUiLiNEATUs,  Hall  &  Meek,  "  "  "  «  387 

I,  CoNRADi,  Hall  &  Meek,  "  »  •<  " 

I.  PRAGiLis,  Hall  &  Meek,  "  <'  «  «  388 

I.  VENTRicostJS,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc,  Ac,  Nat,  Sc.  Phila,,  vol,  8,  p.  87 

I,  PBRTENUis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper) 

I,  iNCURVUS,  Meek  &  Hayden,  "  " 


Gen.  PECTEN. 
P.  RiGiDA,  Hall  k  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  Bost.,  vol.5,  N,  S,  p,  381 
P.  Nebrascensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.,  vol.  8,  p.  87 


*  Is  Prof.  Tuomy's  /.  biformis,  Proc.  Ac.  N.  S.  Philada.,  vol.  7,  p.  170,  identical  with  this  ? 


286 


[November, 


FormationB  in 
ascending  order. 


Gen.  OSTREA. 


0.  CONQBSTA,  Conrad,  Nicollet's  Report 

|I§(?)  0.  LARVA,  Lamk.jHist.  vol.  216 

0.  PATINA,  Meek  &  Hayden,  (accompanying  paper). 


Gen.  CAPRINELLA. 
C.  coEALOiDEA,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sci.  Boat.,  v.  5,  N.  S. 
p.  380 

Gen.  LINGULA. 

L.  SUBSPATULATA,  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Ac.  Arts  &  Sc.  Bost.,  v.  5,  N.  S 
p. 380 


In  addition  to  the  foregoing  list  of  determined  species,  we  have 
seen  amongst  the  Nebraska  fossils  the  following  miscellaneous 
fragments  : — 

One  elytron  of  an  undt.  insect? 

Fragments  of  undt.  Baculite 

"  "       "      species  iZe^zcwZipora,  (very  rare) 

One  fragment  of  undt.  Echinoid. 

Fragments  of  small  slender  coral — gen.  undt 

«  '•      <'     discoid    "  "        "     


Birds  of  South-eastern  Indiana. 
By  RuFus  Haymond,  M.  D. 

Genus  HALLETUS,  Sav. 

HALiiETua  LEUCOCEPHALUS,  Linn. — The  Bald  Eagle. 

A  few  of  these  noble  birds  still  linger  in  this  section  of  the  country.  I  have 
observed  one  or  two  of  them  each  winter  for  the  last  twenty-five  years.  They 
are  rarely  seen  at  any  other  season  of  the  year. 

Genus  PANDION,  Sav. 

Pamdion  Hali^tus,  Linn. — Osprey,  or  Fish  Hawk. 

Common  during  spring  and  autumn,  but  more  abundant  during  the  latter 
season. 

Pandion  Washinqtonii. — Bird  of  Washington. 

Falco  Washingtonii,  Aud. 

This  bird  has  been  observed  on  white  Water  River  by  some  of  our  older  citi- 
zens, every  fall  and  winter  for  more  than  forty  years.  I  have  myself  observed 
one  or  more  of  them  almost  every  winter  for  more  than  twenty  years.  Their 
habits  being  almost  identical  with  those  of  the  Osprey,  I  have  placed  them, 
without  any  other  authority,  in  the  same  genus. 

Genus  FALCO,  Linn. 

Palco  palumbarius. — Goshawk. 

These  hawks  are  quite  numerous  in  all  the  wooded  districts  of  the  western 
country. 


1856.]  287 

Falco  COL0MBARIDS,  Wil. — The  Pigeon  Hawk. 

I  have  occasionally  seen  a  fe-w  of  these  hawks  following  the  flight  of  pigeons 
in  their  migrations.  I  have  no  recollection  of  ever  having  seen  them,  except 
when  these  birds  were  very  abundant. 

Faloo  sparverius. — The  Sparrow  Hawk. 
This  beautiful  little  falcon  is  quite  numerous. 

Falco  fuscus. — Long-tailed  Hawk. 
Probably  the  most  numerous  of  all  the  hawks  in  this  section  of  the  country. 

Falco  purcatus. — The  Swallow-tailed  Kite. 
I  hare  never  seen  but  a  single  specimen  of  this  Kite,  which  was  shot  eleven 
miles  below  Brookville.    It  had  been  feeding  upon  beetles  and  the  eggs  of  the 
cat  bird,  (Mimus  lividus,)  which  it  had  swallowed  without  breaking. 

Genus  BUBO,  Sibbald. 
^  Bubo  ViRaiNiANUs. — The  Great  Horned  Owl. 

This  powerful  species  is  rather  numerous,  probably  as  much  so  as  any  other 
owl. 

Genus  BPHIALTES. 
Ephialtes  asio,  Linn. — Screech  Owl. 
This  little  owl  is  quite  common. 

Genus  STRNIUM,  Savigny. 

Syrnium  nebulosum. — The  Barred  Owl. 
Quite  numerous  in  all  the  timbered  country,  though  by  no  means  so  numerous 
as  they  formerly  were. 

Genus  CATHARTES,  Linn. 
Cathartes  aura. — The  Turkey  Buzzard. 

Numerous  throughout  the  country  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  This  is  the  only 
vulture  I  have  ever  observed  in  this  section  of  country. 

Genus  CAPRIMULGUS,  Linn. 

Caprimulgus  vociperus,  Wilson. — Whip-poor-will. 
These  noisy  birds  are  very  numerous  all  over  the  country. 

Qaprimulgus  Virginianus. — Night  Hawk. 

Quite  a  number  of  these  birds  appear  here  in  May,  and  after  remaining  two 
or  three  weeks,  disappear,  and  return  in  largely  increased  quantities  during  the 
month  of  September. 

Genus  HIRUNDO,  Linn. 
HiRUNDO  PELASGiA. — The  Chimney  Bird. 
The  most  numerous  of  all  the  swallows.     They  are  the  last  to  arrive  in  the 
spring,  but  remain  from  four  to  six  weeks  longer  than  any  other  species. 

HiRUNDO  LUNiPKONS. — Republican  or  Social  Swallow. 
Hirundo  lunifrons,  Say. 
Hirundo  opifex,  Clinton. 

This  species  has  been  quite  numerous  since  the  summer  of  1849,  when,  for 
the  first  time,  they  built  their  nests  in  this  (Franklin)  County.  Prior  to  that 
time  I  had  occasionally  seen  them  passing  through  the  country ;  they  are  now 
the  most  numerous  of  all  the  swallows,  except  the  chimney  bird, 


288  [November, 

HiRUNDO  RCPA. — The  Barn  Swallow. 
These  swallows  are  quite  numerous,  and  rank  in  this  respect  next  to  the  gourd 
swallow. 

HiRUNDO  RIP  ARIA. — Bank  Swallow. 
Numerous  along  all  the  streams  with  abrupt  sandy  shores  ;  next  in  numerical 
strength  to  the  barn  swallow. 

HiRUNDO  PURPUREA. — The  Martin. 
Quite  common,  but  not  so  numerous  as  the  sand  martin. 

HiRUNDO  BicoLOR. — White-belUcd  Swallow. 
Last  May  (1856)  I  shot  one  of  these  birds,  which  is  the  only  one  of  the  kind 
I  have  ever  seen,  or  the  only  one  I  have  recognized  as  certainly  belonging  to 
that  species. 

Genus  ALCEDO,  Linn. 
Alcedo  alcyon,  Aud. — The  Belted  King  Fisher. 
This  king  fisher  is  quite  numerous  along  all  our  streams  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year.     It  is  the  only  king  fisher  we  have. 

Genus  MELLISUGA,  Briss. 
Mellisuga  colubris,  Linn. — Ruby-throated  Humming  Bird. 
Very  abundant  throughout  the  whole  State.    We  have  no  other  humming 
bird. 

Genus  CERTHIA,  Linn. 

Certhia  familiaris,  Linn. — Brown  Tree-creeper. 
Occasionally  seen,  though  not  numerous. 

Certhia  varia. — Black  and  White  Creeper. 
Very  numerous. 

Genus  SITTA,  Linn. 
SiTTA  Carolinensis,  Lath. — The  Nut  Hatch. 
This  familiar  bird  is  very  numerous,  and  known  to  all  our  citizens  by  the 
name  of  "  Tom-tit." 

Genus  TROGLODYTES,  Vieillot. 
Troglodytes  ^don,  Vieill. — The  House  Wren. 
This  wren  is  quite  numerous  in  this  country ;  it,  however,  rarely  builds  its 
nest  about  houses,  but  usually  in  the  hollows  of  trees  and  logs. 

Genus  SYLVIA. 

Sylvia  troglodytes,  Aud. — Winter  Wren. 

Frequently  seen  in  fall  and  winter,  but  seldom  or  never  at  any  other  season. 

Genus  TURDUS,  Linn. 
TuRDUS  RUFUS. — Ferruginous  Mocking  Thrush. 
This  is  a  very  common  bird,  and  the  best  imitator  of  the  whole  family,  except 
the  mocking  bird. 

TuRDUs  migratorius,  Linn. — The  Robin. 
This  is  much  the  most  numerous  of  all  the  Thrushes,  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year ;  more  numerous,  however,  in  fall  and  winter  than  at  any  other  period. 
About  six  years  ago  they  collected  in  vast  multitudes  about  twenty  miles  south- 
east of  this  place,  (Brookville,)  roosting  on  the  trees  together  as  the  pigeons 


1856.]  '  289 

are  in  the  habit  of  doing.     Many  thousands  of  them  were  killed  by  ruthless 
"pot-hunters." 

TuRDUs  MUSTELiNus,  Gmel. — The  Wood  Thrush. 

Numerous  all  over  the  wooded  districts  of  the  Western  country.  The  male 
and  female  sit  by  turns  upon  the  eggs  during  the  period  of  incubation.  Of  all 
the  thrushes,  its  notes,  though  not  so  varied  as  some  of  the  others,  are  the  most 
beautiful,  clear  and  full — varying  from  those  of  the  flute,  through  many  tones 
impossible  to  describe,  ending  with  a  kind'of  metallic  vibratory  sound,  which, 
to  be  understood,  must  be  heard. 

TuRDUs  POLYGLOTTUS,  Wil. — The  Mocking  Bird. 
This  celebrated  songster,  occasionally,  though  seldom,  stays  this  far  north. 
I  have  seen  a  few  and  heard  the  notes  of  a  few  others  here  within  the  last  thirty 
years. 

TuRDUs  LiviDus,  Linn. — The  Cat  Bird. 
This  is  a  very  common  species  all  over  the  West.    I  have  seen  them  in 
numbers  as  far  north  as  St.  Paul,  in  Minnesota,  in  the  month  of  October. 

TuRDUS  AQUATicus,  Wil. — Water  Thrush. 

This  little  thrush  is  very  numerous  in  the  vicinity  of  all  our  streams. 

TuRDUS  soLiTARius,  Wil.  ? — Hermit  Thrush. 

The  bird  to  which  /  appli/  this  name  is  so  similar  in  appearance  to  the  wood 
thrush,  that  for  a  long  time  I  confounded  the  two  ;  and  I  am  by  no  means  certain 
that  I  am  correct  in  applying  to  it  the  name  of  Hermit  Thrush. 

Genus  TYRANNUS,  Cuv. 

Tyrannus  intrepidus,  Vieill. — The  King  Bird. 

Numerous,  and  the  last  of  the  summer  birds  reaching  this  section.  They  are 
said  to  eat  bees,  and  probably  do,  but  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  any  in  the 
stomachs  of  those  I  have  killed  and  examined. 

Genus  TYRANNULA,  Swains. 

Tyrannula  crinita,  Linn. — Great  Crested  Fly-catcher, 
Very  common  here,  and  all  over  the  West. 

Tyrannula  nunciola. — Pewee. 

Numerous,  and  the  first  of  the  migratory  birds  to  make  its  appearance  in  the 
spring,  usually  arriving  about  the  first  of  March. 

Tyrannula  virens,  Linn. — Wood  Pewee. 
Probably  more  numerous  than  the  common  Pewee. 

Tyrannula  Traillii,  Aud. — Traill's  Fly-catcher. 
I  have  never  seen  but  a  few  of  these  birds. 

Genus  SETOPHAGA,  Swains. 

Setophaga  BUTiciLLA,  Gmel. — American  Redstart. 

This  beautiful  bird  may  be  seen  almost  any  day  in  deep  woods  during  the 
months  of  May  and  June. 

Genus  CULICIVORA,  Swains. 
CuLicivoRA  CERULEA. — Bluc  Gray  Gnat-catcher. 
The  most  numerous  of  all  the  fly  catching  tribe. 


290  [November, 

Genus  MFSCICAPA,  Linn. 

MusciCAPA  OLivACBA,  Wils. — Red-eyed  Greentit. 
These  birds  are  so  numerous,  that  a  traveller  through  our  woods  is  scarcely 
ever  out  of  the  sound  of  their  voices. 

MusciCAPA  CANTATRix,  Wils. — White-eyed  Fly-catcher. 

Very  numerous. 

Genus  SYLVIA. 

Sylvia  solitaria,  Wils. — Yellow  Warbler. 

Very  common. 

Sylvia  estiva. — Blue-eyed  Yellow  Warbler. 

Quite  numerous. 

Sylvia  pensilis,  Aud. — Yellow-throated  Warbler. 

Quite  common. 

Sylvia  maculosa,  Aud. — Black  and  Yellow  Warbler. 

Not  very  numerous. 

Genus  SIALIA,  Swains. 

Sialia  Wilsonii,  Swains. — The  Common  Blue  Bird. 

This  interesting  and  familiar  bird  is  very  numerous  and  remains  with  us  the 
whole  year  round. 

Genus  PARUS,  Linn. 

Parus  atricapillus,  Linn. — Black-capped  Chickadee. 
This  sprightly  little  bird  is  very  common. 

Parus  bicolob,  Wils. — Great-crested  Chickadee. 
Also  numerous,  but  probably  not  so  much  so  as  the  preceding  species. 

Genus  LANIUS,  Linn. 
Lanius  excubitoroides.  Swains. — Gray  Shrike. 
Occasionally  seen  in  autumn  and  winter.  In  Nov.  1854,  whilst  hunting  for 
quails,  I  saw  a  Butcher  Bird,  flying  with  a  Goldfinch  (Chrysomitris  tristis)  in 
its  talons.  A  short  time  afterwards,  going  in  the  direction  which  it  flew,  I  dis- 
covered it  upon  a  small  elm  tree,  having  suspended  the  bird  by  sticking  its  neck 
into  the  cleft  of  a  split  limb,  and  from  which  it  was  pulling  ofl"  pieces  and  eating 
at  its  leisure.  The  idea  instantly  occurred  to  me  that  the  habit  this  bird  has  of 
sticking  pieces  of  flesh  and  insects  upon  thorns  and  other  sharp  substances, 
may  be  accounted  for  upon  the  ground  that  they  do  it  as  a  matter  of  conveni- 
ence in  eating  (saving  the  labor  of  holding  them  with  their  feet,  which  are  rather 
feeble,)  and  not  for  the  purpose  of  decoying  other  birds,  as  many  have  supposed. 

Genus  CYANOCORAX,  Boie. 
Cyanocobax  cristatus,  Linn. — Blue  Jay. 

Very  numerous,  and  so  tame  that  they  very  frequently  build  their  nests  in  the 
fruit  trees  and  lilac  bushes,  in  the  town,  close  to  our  doors. 

Genus  CORVUS,  Linn. 
CoRvus  corax. — The  Raven. 

Formerly  very  numerous,  but  now  exceedingly  rare,  so  much  so,  that  I  have 
seen  but  one  for  eight  or  nine  years. 

CoRvus  Americanus,  Aud. — American  Crow. 

Quite  numerous  in  warm  weather,  both  winter  and  summer,  but  never  seen 
in  times  of  extreme  cold. 


1856.]  291 

Genus  STURNELLA,  And. 

Sturnella  ludoviciana. — The  Meadow  Lark. 

This  bird  is  quite  abundant  here,  but  vastly  more  numerous  in  the  north 
western  part  of  the  State,  and  in  all  other  prairie  countries  where  I  have  been, 
they  seem  to  be  the  most  numerous  bird,  except,  perhaps,  the  Red-winged 
Blackbird.  I  can  see  no  difference  between  this  bird  and  the  lark  called  S. 
neglecta.     They  are  probably  the  same. 

Genus  QUISCALUS,  Vieill. 

QuiscALUs  VERSICOLOR,  Aud. — Crow  Black  Bird. 

These  birds  are  very  numerous  except  in  winter.  They  are  among  the  first 
to  arrive  in  the  spring.  They  build  their  nests  always  in  the  hollow  tree  tops. 
About  the  middle  of  June  to  the  first  of  July  they  collect  in  flocks,  and  move  off 
to  the  North,  and  we  see  no  more  of  them  until  October,  when  they  again  make 
their  appearance  in  large  flocks,  and  move  off  southward. 

QuiscALus  FERRUGiNEUs,  Aud. — Rusty  Gracker. 
Frequently  seen  in  spring  and  fall. 

Genus  ICTERUS.  ^ 

Icterus  pecoris,  Aud. — Cow  Bunting. 

I  have  never  known  this  bird  to  breed  here.  They  are  frequently  seen  in 
spring  and  autumn  during  their  migrations. 

Genus  XANTHORNUS,  Cuv. 

Xanthornus  varius,  Gmel. — Orchard  Hangnest  or  Oriolo. 

This  lively  and  noisy  bird  is  very  abundant.  During  the  breeding  season  the 
male  sings  almost  without  intermission. 

Genus  YPHANTES,  Vieill. 

Yphantes  Baltimore,  Linn. — Baltimore  Oriole. 

This  beautiful  bird  is  very  numerous  in  all  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  I  am  of  opinion  that  the  song  of  the  bird  here,  varies  a  little  from 
the  song  of  those  found  in  Virginia,  though  in  all  other  respects  they  seem  to  be 
identical. 

Genus  AGELAIUS,  Vieillot. 

Agelaios  phqeniceus,  Linn. — Marsh  Blackbird. 

Very  numerous  in  the  neighborhood  of  all  swamps  and  streams.  In  the  north 
western  part  of  the  State  they  are  found  in  almost  countless  numbers. 

Genus  DOLICHONYX,  Swains. 

DoLiCHONTX  ORYZivoRUS,  Linn. — Wandering  Rice  Bird,  Bob-o-link. 

I  have,  in  three  or  four  different  years,  seen  a  few  of  these  birds  in  the  months 
of  May  and  June.    They  never  breed  here. 

Genus  CARDINALIS,  Bonap. 
Cardinalis  Virginianos. — Grosbeak,  Red  Bird. 
Numerous  all  through  the  country. 

Genus  PIPILO,  Vieill. 
PipiLO  erythropthalmus,  Linn. — Towke  Ground  Finch. 
Quite  abundant. 

22 


292  [November, 

Genus  PYRANGA,  Vieill. 

Pyranga  rubra,  Linn. — Black-winged  Tanager. 
This  beantiful  species  is  very  numerous  tlirough  all  our  woods.  It  is  the  only- 
one  of  this  genus  found  here,  so  far  as  my  knowledge  extends.  The  Summer 
Red  Bird  I  have  never  seen. 

Genus  BOMBYCILLA. 
BoMBYCiLLA  Carolinensis,  Aud. — Cedar  Bird. 

These  birds  are  quite  common  all  seasons  of  the  year.  They  breed  from  June 
to  September. 

I  have  seen  but  three  of  their  nests,  two  in  June  and  one  with  young  about 
the  middle  of  September.  All  three  of  these  were  upon  shade  trees  which  line 
the  main  business  street  of  the  town,  under  which  hundreds  of  people  were  con- 
stantly passing. 

'  Genus  FRINGILLA,  Linn. 

Pringilla  ludoviciana,  Wil. — Rose-breasted   Grosbeak. 

This  beautiful  bird  is  not  very  numerous,  but  may  occasionally  be  found  in 
thick  woods  adjoining  open  ground,  rarely  seen  in  other  places. 

Fringilla  rufa,  Wils. — Fox  colored  Finch. 

Very  numerous  during  winter,  keeping  company  with  the  common  Snow- 
bird. 

Fringilla  tristis,  Wils. — Thistle  Bird,  Flax  Bird. 
Breeds  in  July  August  and  September,  and  is  very  numerous. 

Fringilla  socialis,  Wils. — House  Sparrow. 
Exceedingly  numerous.     They  remain  with  us  until  the  latter  part  of  October. 

Fringilla  nivalis,  Wils. — Common  Snow  Bird. 

This  finch  makes  its  appearance  here  at  the  first  of  October,  and  leaves  about 
the  first  of  May. 

Fringilla  melodia. — The  Song  Sparrow. 
Very  numerous  and  a  constant  lesident  throughout  the  year. 

Fringilla  graminea,  Wils. — Bay-winged  Finch. 

Very  numerous  all  over  our  cultivated  grounds.  These  birds  have  a  curious 
habit,  during  the  breeding  season,  of  following  persons  passing  through  the 
fields,  all  the  while  uttering  a  kind  of  tantalizing,  scolding  cry,  appai-ently  with 
a  view  of  driving  off  the  intruder. 

Fringilla  leucophrys,  Wils. — White-crowned  Finch. 
This  species  is  frequently  met  with,  though  not  nearly  so  numerous  as  many 
others. 

Fringilla  Pennsylvanica,  Lath. — White-throated  Finch. 
I  have  seen  but  a  few  of  this  species. 

Fringilla  cyanea,  Wils. — Indigo  Blue  Bird. 

This  ple&sant  songster  may  be  heard  on  the  borders  of  our  fields  during  the 
whole  summer.     They  are  very  numerous. 

Fringilla  purpobea,  Wils. — Purple  Finch. 

This  fincli  is  seldom  seen  here  in  numbers  except  in  extremely  severe 
weather. 


1856.]  293 

Genus  EMBERIZA  (?) 
Emberiza  nivalis,  Aud. — White  Snow  Bunting. 
I  have  seen  these  birds  on  three  or  four  occasions  during  severe  winters. 

Genus  CONURUS,  Kuhl. 
CoNURUS  CAROLiNENSis,  Linn. — The   Paroquet. 

This  bird  was  formerly  very  numerous  along  White  Water  river.  Several 
years  have  elapsed  since  any  of  them  have  been  seen. 

Genus  PICUS,  Linn, 

Pious  qderulus,  Wils. — The  Checkered  Woodpecker. 
This  Woodpecker  is  quite  numerous  and  a  constant  resident.     Like  the  Red- 
headed Woodpecker,  they  lay  up  in  the  fall  a  supply  of  acorns  and' beech  nuts 
for  winter  use.     They  hull  the  acorns,  split  them  in  two,  and  firmly  drive  them 
edgewise  into  the  cracks  of  old  dry  trees. 

Picus  BRYTHROCEPHAiiUS. — Red-hcadcd  Woodpecker. 

This  is  a  numerous  and  wide  spread  species.  In  seasons  when  oak  and  beech 
mast  is  plenty,  they  lay  up  a  sufficient  quantity  to  keep  them  during  the  winter. 
But  when  this  supply  fails,  they  uniformly  migrate  to  the  south  and  remain 
until  the  weather  becomes  warm  the  following  spring. 

Picus  pileatus,  Linn. — Called  by  the  people  Woodpecker. 
Once  very  numerous,  but  are  now  rarely  seen. 

Picus  pubesoens,  Linn. — Downy  Woodpecker. 
Very  abundant  and  a  constant  resident. 

Picus  villosus,  Linn. — Hairy  Woodpecker. 
About  equal  in  numbers  to  the  preceding,  and  very  similar  in  all  its  habits. 

Picus  auratus. — Yellow  Hammer. 
This  is  probably  the  most  numerous  with  us  of  all  the  woodpeckers. 

Picus  .—The  "  Sap  Sucker." 

■This  is  a  shy  bird,  and  but  rarely  seen.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  it  less  numer- 
ous than  any  other  species.  Were  we  to  judge  of  its  numbers  by  the  number 
of  holes  it  bores  in  the  apple-tree,  sugar  maple,  hickory,  &c.,  for  the  purpose  of 
collecting  the  sap,  we  might  conclude  that  it  was  very  numerous. 

Genus  COCCYZUS,  Vieill. 
CoccYZus  Americanus,  Linn. — Yellow-billed  Cuckoo. 
We  rarely  see  this  bird,  yet  they  are  rather  numerous.     Their  uncouth  notes 
may  be  heard  in  the  recesses  of  the  forest  at  almost  any  time  during  the  sum- 
mer, day  or  night — probably  oftener  in  the  night  than  day. 

Genus  ECTOPISTES,  Swain. 
EcTOPiSTES  MiGRATORius,  Liuu. — Wild  Pigeon, 
Still  occasionally  seen  in  large  numbers,  though  they  have  evidently  been 
constantly  diminishing  in  numbers  for  the  last  thirty  years,  and  are  probably 
not  more  than  half  so  numerous  as  they  were  thirty  years  ago.  In  the  month 
of  January  and  February,  1854,  these  birds  roosted  about  two  miles  from  this 
town,  (Brookville,)  notwithstanding  the  country  is  thickly  inhabited.  No  one 
who  did  not  see  them,  or  who  has  not  seen  a  "  pigeon  roost,"  can  form  any  pro- 
per conception  of  their  numbers. 

EcTOPiSTES  Carolinensis,  Linn. — Turtle  Dove. 

The  Turtle  Dove  is  very  numerous  here,  and  a  permanent  resident.  The  winter 
of  1855,  '56  was  so  severe  that  a  great  many  of  them  perished. 


294  [November, 

Genus  MELEAGRIS,  Linn. 

Melbagris  gallapavo,  Linn. — The  Wild  Turkey. 
Formerly  very  numerous.     They  have  now  become  almost  extinct  in  this  sec- 
tion.    A  very  few,  however,  still  linger  amongst  us. 

Genus  ORTYX,  Steph. 
Ortyx  Virginianus,  Linn. — The  American  Quail. 

Still  quite  numerous,  though  gradually  diminishing  in  numbers.  Here  they 
are  clearly  not  migratory,  but  upon  the  Illinois,  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers 
they  are  said  to  be  so.  Late  in 'September  and  in  October  they  seem  to  have  a 
kind  of  undefined  idea  of  migrating,  and  wander  around  apparently  without  any 
fixed  object ;  but  in  a  short  time  they  become  quiet  and  settle  themselves  into 
winter  quarters,  which  they  never  desert  until  spring,  unless  the  supply  of  food 
fails.  They  may  always  be  found  within  a  few  rods  of  the  same  place  during 
the  winter  if  the  supply  of  food  is  sufficient  for  their  wants.  During  their  "  crazy 
fit "  in  the  fall,  they  come  into  the  town,  and  when  frightened  by  the  boys  will 
frequently  fly  against  the  white  houses,  often,  as  I  have  witnessed,  with  such 
force  as  to  kill  themselves.  I  have  known  the  same  thing  to  happen  on  one  oc- 
casion in  the  country,  when  there  was  but  a  single  white  house  against  which 
they  could  fly.     They  very  rarely  fly  against  houses  of  any  other  color. 

Genus  TETRAO,  Linn. 

Tetrad  umbellus,  Linn. — Called  here  the  Pheasant. 
These  beautiful  birds  were  formerly  extremely  plenty,  but  have  now  become 
rare. 

Genus  CHARADRIUS,  Linn. 
Charadrius  vociferus,  Wils. — Killdeer  Plover. 
These  curious  noisy  birds  are  very  numerous  about  all  our  streams  and  wet 
lands. 

Charadrius  helveticus. — Plover. 
Not  numerous,  though  occasionally  seen  in  spring  and  fall. 

Charadrius  marmoratus. 
Similar  in  numbers  to  the  former. 

Genus  GKUS,  Linn. 
Grus  Canadensis,  Temm. — The  Sand-hill  Crane. 

I  have  seen  but  two  or  three  individuals  of  this  species  in  this  region.  In  the 
north  western  part  of  the  State  they  are  very  numerous.  In  the  Kankakee  and 
Calumet  swamps,  which  occupy  so  large  a  space  in  north  western  Indiana  and 
north  eastern  Illinois,  they  build  their  nests  and  rear  their  young.  If  they  were 
the  young  of  the  Grus  Americanus,  as  some  here  supposed,  they  would  not 
likely  be  found  breeding  here  and  producing  others  like  themselves,  none  of 
which  much  resemble  the  latter.  They  are  distinct  birds,  and  vary  greatly  both 
in  color  and  size. 

A  gentleman  who  lives  upon  the  Iroquois,  in  Jasper  co.,  Ind.,  informed  me 
that  he  shot  a  white  crane  there  in  1848,  (G.  Americana,)  which  measured 
nearly  seven  feet  from  the  point  of  the  bill  to  the  end  of  the  toes,  and  weighed, 
he  judged,  about  thirty  pounds. 

Genus  NUMENIUS. 

Numenius  longirostris,  Wils. — Long-billed  Curlew. 

A  few  of  these  birds  have  been  seen  here. 


1856.]  295 

Genus  AEDEA,  Linn. 

Ardea  herodias,  Linn. — Great  Blue  Heron. 
Quite  abundant  during  the  warmer  seasons  of  the  year. 

Ardea  candidissima. — The  Snowy  Heron. 

Quite  numerous  some  years  along  White  Water,  in  August,  September  and  Oc- 
tober. 

Ardea  exilis(?). — Least  Bittern. 

Very  numerous  along  all  our  streams.  Builds  its  nest  in  apple-trees  and  other 
scrubby  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  rivers.  I  am  not  sure  that  this  is  not  the  Green 
Heron  of  naturalists  (^A.  virescens). 

Ardea  lentiginosa. — The  American  Bittern.  ^ 
I  have  seen  but  three  birds  of  this  species  in  this  part  of  the  State.     They  are 
quite  numerous   on  the  Iroquois   and  Kankakee   in  the  N.  West.     The  people 
there  call  them  '■'■thunder-pumpers;"  hence  I  infer  that  their  love-call  is  equivalent 
to  the  booming  of  the  European  Bittern. 

Genus  IBIS,  Moehr. 
Ibis  loculator. — The  Wood  Ibis. 

The  first  day  of  August,  1855,  a  large  flock  of  these  birds  made  their  appear- 
ance in  this  neighborhood.  They  remained  along  the  river  and  White  Water 
canal  for  about  a  month  or  six  weeks.  A  son  of  one  of  my  neighbors  broke 
the  wing  of  one  of  them  and  caught  it.  After  keeping  it  three  or  four  weeks, 
feeding  it  upon  fish,  he  gave  it  to  me.  I  kept  it  until  near  the  first  of  November, 
when  it  fell  a  victim,  as  many  another  biped  has  done,  to  its  appetite.  Some 
mackerel  had  been  placed  to  soak  upon  a  table  in  the  back  yard,  one  of  which 
he  stole  and  ate,  and  upon  the  evening  of  the  next  day  died  in  convulsions. 

It  was  wonderful  to  see  with  what  rapidity  it  could  swallow  live  fish  from 
three  to  ten  inches  long,  almost  as  rapidly  as  a  chicken  would  grains  of  corn. 

It  became  so  tame  whilst  I  kept  it  that  it  would  come  into  the  house  when 
hungry.  In  that  short  time  it  learned  to  know  its  name  (Tantalus),  and  would 
come  when  called,  if  it  happened  to  be  hungry.  We  learned  it  to  eat  raw  meat, 
by  putting  it  into  water  where  it  had  been  fed  on  fish. 

When  not  hungry  it  would  remain  constantly  on  a  certain  spot  in  the  yard, 
and  seemed  to  have  no  disposition  to  leave  it,  except  in  search  of  food.  It  would 
stand  for  hours  perfectly  still,  with  its  long  bill  hanging  straight  down  along 
the  neck.  When  tired  of  this  position  it  would  lay  the  tarsus  flat  upon  the  ground 
and  stand  upon  the  lower  end  of  the  tibia.  It  was  perfectly  harmless  and 
gentle,  and  possessed  much  more  good  sense  and  sagacity  than  its  appearance 
would  seem  to  justify. 

Genus  TOTANUS,  Bechst. 

ToTANus  PLAViPES,  Gmel. — Little  Yellow  Shank  Tattler. 
Not  very  numerous.     Occasionally  seen  along  the  river. 

ToTANUS  MELANOLEUcus,  Gmcl. — Great  Yellow  Shank  Tattler. 
Occasionally  seen  in  fall  and  spring. 

ToTANus  SEMiPALMATus,  Gmcl. — The  Willet. 

These  birds  are  rare,  though  flocks  occasionally  appear  late  in  the  fall  and 
early  in  the  spring. 

Genus  TRINGOIDES,  Bonap. 

TfiraGOiDES  MACULARiA,  Liuu. — Spottcd  Sandpiper. 

Rather  numerous  along  all  our  streams. 

Tringoides  Bartramius,  Wils. — Upland  Plover. 

Very  rare.  I  do  not  remember  ever  to  have  seen  but  two  or  three  of  these 
birds  in  this  neighborhood. 


296  [November, 

Genus  TRINGA,  Saj. 
Teinga  Schinzii. — Schinz's  Sandpiper. 
Quite  a  number  may  be  found  along  our  streams.     Also,  one  or  two  others  of 
the  same  genus,  which  I  cannot  name,  for  the  want  of  figures  and  descriptions. 

Genus  SCOLOPAX,  Linn. 

ScoLOPAX  MINOR,  Wils. — The  American  Woodcock. 
Formerly  more  numerous  than  at  present.     A  few  are  still  to  be  found  here 
every  year. 

ScoLOPAX  WiLSONii. — English  Snipe,  Jack  Snipe. 
Sometimes  quite  numerous  in  March  and  April. 

Genus  RALLUS,  Linn. 

Rallus  Carolinus,  Wils. — The  Carolina  Rail. 
I  have  seen  but  four  of  these  birds  in  this  section.     They  are  to  be  found  in 
September  on  the  Kankakee  in  large  numbers. 

Genus  FULICA,  Linn. 

FuLiCA  Americanus,  Gmel. — The  Coot  or  Mud-hen. 
I  have  occasionally  seen  considerable  numbers  of  these  birds  about  our  streams, 
who  had  been  compelled  to  stop  by  fatigue  or  stol-ms  to  rest,  before  renewing 
their  journey  to  the  South.     They  are  not  natives  of  the  soil. 

Genus  ANSER,  Barrere. 

Anser  Canadensis. — The  Wild  Goose. 
Seen  in  large  flocks  every  fall  and  spring  in  their   semi-annual  migrations. 
They  rarely  ever  stop,  except  they  become  bewildered  during  dense  fogs. 

Anser  bernicla,  Aud. — The  Brent  Goose. 

Occasionally  seen  passing  over  during  their  migrations.     This  and  the  Wild 
Goose  are  the  only  two  species  I  have  ever  observed  here. 

Genus  ANAS,  Linn. 
Anas  sponsa,  Wils. — The  Wood  Duck. 

Still  seen  in  considerable  numbers,  though  not  so  numerous  as  formerly.  They 
breed  here  occasionally  in  the  hollow  trees. 

Anas  Americana,  Aud. — The  Widgeon. 
•    Occasionally  seen  in  our  waters. 

Anas  acuta,  Wils. — The  Pintail  Duck. 
Very  common  in  White  Water. 

Anas  boschas,  Linn. — The  Mallard. 
The  most  numerous  of  all  the  wild  ducks. 

Anas  crecca,  Wils. — The  Green  winged  Teal. 
Quite  common  in  the  spring. 

Anas  discors,  Wils. — The  Blue  winged  Teal. 
Sometimes  very  numerous  in  September  and  October. 

Anas  strepera,  Linn. — The  Gadwall  Duck. 
Have  been  seen  here,  but  are  rare. 

Anas  cltpeata,  Aud. — The  Shoveller  Duck. 
Frequently  seen  in  spring. 


1856.]  297 

Anas  valisneria,  Wils. — The  Canvas-back  Duck. 
This  far-famed  duck  made  its  appearance  here  for  the  first  and  only  time,  so 
far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  in  March,  1855.  One  of  my  friends  shot  one 
which  I  had  a  chance  to  examine,  and  afterwards  to  taste.  It  was  very  tender 
and  juicy,  but  had  such  a  fishy  flavor  that  it  could  scarcely  be  eaten.  I  sup- 
posed they  had  come  from  the  sea  coast  of  the  Southern  States,  where  they  had 
fed  upon  shell  fish  instead  of  eel  grass,  which  seems  to  be  necessary  to  perfect 
their  flavor. 

Anas  feeina,  Wils. — The  Pochard  or  Red-head. 
This  duck  made  its  first  appearance,  so  far  as  known,  about  the  time  or    u 
company  with  the  Canvas-back.     One  or  two  of  them  were  killed. 

Anas  mabila,  Wils. — Scaup  Duck. 
Occasionally  seen  but  not  numerous. 

Anas  rufitorques,  Aud. — Tufted  Duck. 
About  as  numerous  as  the  Scaup. 

Anas  obscuea,  Wils. — The  Black  Duck. 
Frequently  seen  in  Fall  and  Winter. 

Fuligula  marila,  Aud. — Lesser  Scaup  Duck. 
Was  noticed  here  in  1855. 

Fuligula  eubida,  Bonap. — Ruddy  Duck. 
Occasionally  seen  in  spring. 

Fuligula  clangula. — Golden-eye  Duck. 
I  killed  one  of  these  birds  in  March,  1855,  and  saw  several  others. 

Fuligula  albeola. — Butter  Ball  Duck. 
These  are  probably  more  numerous  in  the  spring  than  any  other  species. 

Genus  MERGUS. 

Mergus  Mekganser. — The  Shelldrake. 

These  birds  are  very  numerous  in  White  Water  during  the  whole  winter, 
which  they  visit  for  the  purpose  of  fishing.  The  stream  is  remarkably  clear 
and  being  very  rapid,  seldom  freezes  over,  but  the  water  becomes  cold  enough 
to  benumb  the  fish,  which  thus  fall  an  easy  prey  to  these  expert  divers.  I  have 
known  one  of  them  to  hatch  and  rear  its  brood  in  this  vicinity. 

Mergus  cucullatus. — Hooded  Merganser. 

I  have  seen  but  a  single  individual  of  this  species,  which  was  killed  in  March, 
1855. 

In  addition  to  the  ducks  above  enumerated,  there  are  some  others,  but  for 
the  want  of  descriptions  and  figures  I  am  unable  to  name  them. 

Genus  COLYMBUS. 
Colymbus  glacialis. — The  Loon. 
The  loon  is  frequently  seen  in  our  waters  in  the  fall  and  spring,  being  pro- 
bably compelled  by  fatigue  to  stop  and  recruit  their  strength.  Those  which  I 
have  seen  in  the  water  were  great  divers,  but  could  not  be  forced  to  take  wing. 
The  cry  or  wail  of  the  Loon  is,  to  my  ear,  the  most  melancholy  sound  I  have  ever 
heard,  conveying  the  idea  of  utter  hopelessness  and  despair. 

Colymbus . — The  Ludapper. 

These  birds  are  rather  abundant  during  October  and  November. 

Genus  PELECANUS. 
Pelecanus  onocrotalus. — American  White  Pelican. 

I  have  seen  a  few  pelicans  flying  over ;  they  are,  however,  very  rare  in  this 
section. 


298  [November, 

Genus  STERNA. 

Sterna  dougallii. — The  Roseate  Tern. 
I  do  not  recollect  to  have  seen  but  a  single  individual  of  this  species. 

Sterna  arctica. — Black-capped  Tern. 

I  have  seen  several  flocks  of  these  birds,  generally  in  the  month  of  June, 
during  freshets  and  storms. 

Genus  LARUS. 
Larus  lecooptbrus,  Aud.  (?) — "White-winged  Gull. 
Very  common  along  the  river  during  the  winter.  Besides  this,  there  are  several 
other  species  of  Gull  occasionally  seen  passing  through  the  country. 


On  a  new  and  remarkable  genus  of  Ranidce,  from  the  river  Parana. 
By  Edw.  Hallowell,  M.  D, 

Gen.  TRIGONOPHRYS. 

Char.  Head  very  large,  depressed ;  upper  eyelid  triangular  ;  tongue  large , 
subcircular,  notched  in  front  and  posteriorly,  more  deeply  behind,  attached  in 
front,  free  laterally  and  in  its  posterior  half;  upper  maxillary  teeth  large,  conical, 
recurved,  sharp-pointed  ;  two  groups  of  vomerine  teeth  on  a  line  with  the  ante- 
rior margin  of  the  posterior  nares,  nearer  to  them  than  to  each  other  ;  posterior 
nares  large,  subcircular  ;  eustachian  foramina  of  moderate  size,  rather  large  ; 
no  vocal  vesicles  either  internal  or  external ;  tympanum  indistinct ;  four  fingers 
completely  free ;  toes  palmate  at  their  base  only ;  first  cuneiform  bone  present- 
ing a  i^rominence  externally,  with  a  well  defined  projecting  edge ;  transverse 
processes  of  the  sacral  vertebrce  not  dilated. 

Trigonophrys  rugioeps,  nob. 

Char.  Body  thick  and  stout,  more  or  less  covered  with  tubercles  above  ;  two 
movable  bucklers  beneath  the  skin,  posterior  to  the  occiput ;  two  glands  upon 
the  upper  surface  of  each  thigh  near  the  groin ;  two  others  larger  upon  the 
breast ;  ground  color  of  body  and  sides  olive,  presenting  numerous  dark  colored, 
ovoid  spots,  with  a  narrow  margin  of  white,  the  interspaces  in  the  immature 
specimens  of  a  beautiful  rose  color ;  extremities  olive,  with  large  and  broad 
bands  of  black  margined  with  white,  the  interspaces  more  or  less  tinged 
with  red  ;  under  parts  white  mingled  with  yellow ;  chin  and  throat  black  spotted. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  1  inch  4  lines  ;  greatest  breadth  2  inches  3  J  lines  ; 
breadth  of  bucklers  1  inch  "7  J  lines  ;  length  of  body  3  inches  ;  breadth  3  inches 
2  lines;  length  of  anterior  extremities  2k  inches;  of  posterior  extremities  4 
inches. 

Gen.  Remarks.  A  more  detailed  description  with  drawings,  and  an  account 
of  the  anatomy,  will  be  given  in  the  next  volume  of  the  Journal.  It  diifers  from 
Ceratophrys,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  in  the  shape  of  the  eyelids,  the  form 
of  the  body,  the  structure  of  the  skull,  and  the  teeth,  which  are  remarkable  for 
their  great  development. 


ELECTION. 

Mr.  Frederick  Gr.  Hesse,  of  Washington,  and  Drs.  Geo.  J.  Ziegler 
and  John  H.  Packard,  of  Philadelphia,  were  elected  Members;  and 
Philip  Lutley  Sclater,  M.  A.,  of  London,  and  the  Right  Revd.  Stephen 
Elliott,  Bishop  of  Georgia,  were  elected  Correspondents  of  the  Academy. 


1856.]  299 

December  2d,  1856. 
Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 
Letters  were  read — 

From  P.  L.  Sclater,  dated  Philadelphia,  Nov.  30th,  1856,  acknowledg- 
ing his  election  as  a  Correspondent  of  the  Academy. 

From  Dr.  W.  A.  Hammond,  dated  Fort  Riley,  Kansas  Territory, 
Nov.  11th,  1856,  transmitting  donations  to  the  Museum. 

Dr.  Leidy  announced  that  the  skin  of  the  Walrus,  presented  by  S. 
Drinker,  Esq.,  of  Hong  Kong,  China,  had  been  mounted  and  placed  in 
the  Museum. 

Mr.  Vaux,  on  behalf  of  the  Publication  Committee,  announced  the 
publication  on  the  18th  November,  of  part  3,  vol.  iii.  of  the  Journal  of 
the  Academy. 

On  leave  granted.  Dr.  Le  Conte  offered  the  following  resolutions, 
which  were  adopted  : — 

Resolved,  That  Messrs.  Triibner  &  Co.,  of  London,  be  appointed 
agents  in  Europe  for  the  publications  of  the  Academy. 

Resolved,  That  the  Committee  on  Proceedings  be  directed  to  prepare 
a  circular,  to  be  directed  to  the  Members  and  Correspondents  of  the 
Academy,  soliciting  subscriptions  to  its  publications. 

Resolved,  That  the  Committee  on  Proceedings  be  directed  to  consider 
the  expediency  of  raising  the  price  of  the  printed  Proceedings  of  the 
Academy,  and  to  report  at  the  next  meeting  for  business. 


December  dth. 
Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences  of  Upsal,  dated  Nov.  16th,  1855 ; 
from  the  Imperial  Royal  Geological  Institute  of  Vienna,  dated  March 
20th,  1856  ;  and  from  the  Zoologico-Botanical  Society  of  Vienna,  dated 
May  10th,  1856,  severally  transmitting  donations  to  the  Library. 

From  B.  J.  Lowe,  dated  Highfield  House  Observatory,  Nov.  18th, 
1856,  transmitting  a  copy  of  his  Natural  History  of  Ferns. 

From  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Vienna,  dated  April  15th, 
1856,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  Journal  of  the  Academy,  and 
desiring  certain  back  numbers.  Referred  to  the  Publication  Com- 
mittee. 

Dr.  Leidy  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings,  a  paper  en- 
titled, "  Remarks  on  certain  extinct  species  of  Fishes.  By  Joseph 
Leidy,  M.  D.;''  which  was  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr. 
Lea,  Mr.  Lesley  and  Dr.  Le  Conte. 

Mr.  Lea  read  a  letter  from  Dr.  McChesney,  of  Quincy,  Illinois,  ac- 
companying a  box  of  Naiades,  acknowledged  this  evening. 

Mr.  Lesley  made  some  remarks  upon  a  Haematitic  geode,  found  near 
Marietta,  Pa.,  which  was  filled  with  pure  drinkable  water  instead  of  the 
usual  clayey  matter;  he  also  alluded  to  another,  which  was  filled  with 
a  cubical  crystal  of  galena. 


300  [Decembee, 

December  \Qth. 
Mr.  Lea,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Letters  were  read — 

From  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirtland,  dated  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  24th,  1856, 
transmitting  a  specimen  of  Bohemian  Waxwing,  (Bomhy cilia  gar rula,) 
from  that  neighborhood. 

From  the  Dublin  University  Zoological  and  Botanical  Association, 
dated  Trinty  College,  Dublin,  Nov.  28th,  stating  that  their  printed  Trans- 
actions had  been  transmitted  to  the  Academy,  and  desiring  exchanges. 
Referred  to  the  Publication  Committee. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceed- 
ings : — 

"  Classification  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom.  By  T.  G.  Hilgard,  M.  D ;" 
referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr.  Durand,  Dr.  Uhler  and  Dr. 
Rand. 

"  Notice  of  remains  of  extinct  Turtles  from  New  Jersey,  &c.  By 
Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D.  •/'  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Le 
Conte,  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith  and  Mr.  Ashmead. 

Mr.  Cassin  read  a  letter  from  Mr.  P.  B.  Du  Chaillu,  dated  Corrisco, 
Gaboon,  Oct.  15th,  1856,  transmitting  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of 
objects  in  Natural  History,  and  giving  an  interesting  account  of  his  ex- 
plorations. On  motion  of  Dr.  Le  Conte,  Mr.  Cassin  was  requested  to 
prepare  an  abstract  of  the  letter  for  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 

Mr.  Lea  mentioned  that,  in  describing  a  new  species  of  Triquetra,  Klein.  {Hyria. 
Lam.)  in  April  last,  (Proceedings,  vol.  viii.  p.  79,)  he  had  but  a  single  valve, 
which  had  the  appearance  (as  stated  in  his  remarks  not  yet  published)  of  being 
twisted  like  Area  tortuosa,  Lin.  This  extraordinary  form,  which  bad  never  been 
suspected  to  exist  in  any  member  of  the  family  Naiades,  excited  great  interest 
with  the  zoologists  who  saw  it;  but  it  was  still  a  matter  of  doubt  whether  the 
curve,  although  exceedingly  regular  and  presenting  no  appearance  of  constraint 
or  injury,  might  not  be  abnormal.  This  doubt  has  now,  however,  been  put  entirely 
at  rest,  for  the  curve  of  both  specimens  is  so  precisely  the  same,  that  when  the 
odd  right  valve  is  placed  against  the  left  of  the  other,  they  fit  perfectly,  proving 
that  the  curve  is  a  mathematical  law  belonging  to  the  species.  He  exhibited  to 
the  Society  a  complete  adult  specimen,  which  H.  Cuming,  Esq.,  of  London,  sent 
him  for  inspeetion  and  to  be  figured.  The  species  was  recognized  by  Mr.  Cum- 
ing on  his  visit  here  recently  at  once  to  be  the  same  as  that  in  his  cabinet,  and 
he  promptly  and  liberally  offered  to  place  this  unique  specimen  in  Mr.  Lea's 
hands  for  a  more  perfect  description  and  figure  than  could  be  given  of  the  single 
immature  valve  he  already  had.  Mr.  Cuming's  specimen  is  quite  six  inches  along 
the  dorsal  line  to  the  angle  of  the  posterior  margin,  and  this  line  deflects  quite 
two  inches  in  the  course  of  the  six  inches  from  a  straight  line,  and  it  is  so 
twisted  that  the  basal  margin  at  the  posterior  end  turns  up  to  be  on  a  plane  with 
the  dorsal  line  at  the  beaks.  This  remarkable  curve  causes  the  long  lateral 
teeth  to  have  a  curve  of  double  curvature.  The  greatest  distance  from  the  dor- 
sal to  the  basal  margin  is  one  inch  and  three-tenths.  The  greatest  diameter  is 
nine-teuths  of  an  inch,  which  gives  it  a  sub-cylindrical  form,  and  it  is  not  unlike 
a  twisted  banana,  (3Iusa  sapientum).  This  perfect  specimen  presents  the  superior 
portion  of  the  valves  covered  with  small,  regular  tubercles,  which  was  not  sus- 
pected in  the  original  single  valve,  there  being  on  it  only  a  few  irregular  undu- 
late markings.  Mr.  Cuming's  specimen  settles  the  doubt  as  to  habitat.  He  re- 
ceived his  from  Shanghai,  and  therefore  Mr.  Fitch  and  Dr.  Tngalls,  to  whom  I 


1856.]  301 

owe  the  possession  of  the  single  valve,  were  right  in  assigning  it  to  China. 
Doubts  arose  from  the  fact  that,  heretofore,  Triquetra  has  been  considered  to  be 
confined  to  South  America.  Mr.  Lea  stated  that  he  proposed  the  name  should 
be  changed  from  that  he  originally  proposed,  {T.  lanceolata,  as  inappropriate  to 
the  complete  mature  shell,)  to  that  of  contorta,  which  is  very  descriptive,  and  can 
never  be  mistaken. 


December  23c?. 
Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Society  of  Arts,  Manufactures  and  Com- 
merce, dated  Adelphi,  London,  Nov.  22d,  1856,  acknowledging  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy. 

The  following  papers  were  presented  for  publication  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Academy  : — 

"  Note  on  the  collection  of  Reptiles  from  Texas,  recently  presented 
to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  by  Dr.  A.  Heer- 
mann.  By  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D."  "  Description  of  a  new  genus 
of  Colubriform  Serpents  from  California.  By  Edward  Hallowell, 
M.  D. ;"  both  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Mr.  Haldeman,  Dr. 
Le  Conte  and  Dr.  Morris. 

"  Notices  of  extinct  Vertebrata  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  &c. 
By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. ;"  referred  to  a  Committee  consisting  of  Dr.  Le 
Conte,  Mr.  Haldeman  and  Dr.  Wilson. 

"  Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  at  Cape  Lopez,  Western  Africa,  by  Mr. 
P.  B.  Du  Chaillu,  in  1856,  with  notes  and  descriptions  of  new  species. 
By  John  Cassin;"  referred  to  Drs.  Woodhouse,  Wilson  and  Bridges. 

"  Description  of  three  new  genera,  twenty-three  new  species  of 
Tertiary  fossils  from  California,  and  one  species  from  Texas.  By  T.  A. 
Conrad ;"  referred  to  Dr.  Wilson,  Dr.  Leidy  and  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith. 

Dr.  Morris  mentioned  an  instance  of  a  tumor  taken  from  the  abdomen 
of  a  cat,  which,  upon  examination,  proved  to  be  true  medullary  cancer. 


December  SOth. 

Dr.  Bridges,  Vice  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Committees  to  which  were  referred  Drs.  Leidy's  and  Hilgard's 
papers,  read  16th  inst. ;  and  Drs.  Hallowell's  and  Leidy's,  and  Messrs. 
Cassin's  and  Conrad's  papers,  read  23d  inst.,  severally  reported  in  favor 
of  publication  in  the  Proceedings. 


Remarhs  on  certain  extinct  species  of  Fishes. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

Remarks  on  Edestus  vorax,  Journ.  A.  JV.  S.  iii.  159. — Since  describing  the  fossil, 
supposed  to  be  the  fragment  of  an  upper  jaw  of  a  fish,  to  which  the  name  of 
Edestus  vorax  was  given,  it  has  occurred  to  me  that  it  may  perhaps  be  the  por- 
tion of  a  dorsal  spine  of  a  huge  cartilaginous  fish.  In  the  published  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  (Providence, 


302  [December, 

229,)  Prof.  Hitchcock  has  given  a  notice,  together  with  a  wood  cut,  of  a  fossil 
from  the  coal  formation  of  Indiana,  which  bears  a  striking  resemblance  in  form 
to  the  fragment  of  Edestus  vorax.  The  form  of  the  teeth  and  their  relative  po- 
sition to  one  another  and  the  bone  are  the  same  in  both  fossils.  The  bone  in 
the  wood  cut  is  not  represented  as  being  segmented,  but  if  it  is  so,  and  the 
teeth  are  coosified  with  the  segments,  then  the  specimen  actually  indicates  a 
second  species  of  Edestus.  Prof.  Hall  informed  me,  that  when  he  saw  the  original 
of  the  fossil  just  noticed,  that  it  appeared  to  him  to  be  an  ichthyodorulite. 

From  the  remarks  of  Prof.  Agasaiz,  appended  to  Prof.  Hitchcock's  notice,  he 
regards  the  latter  specimen  as  "  a  part  of  the  jaw  of  a  shark  allied  to  the  saw 
fish,  or  Pristis  family."  Not  having  seen  the  original  specimen,  I  am  unwilling 
to  consider  it  as  belonging  to  a  member  of  the  peculiar  family  Edesiina,  of  which 
Edestus  vorax  is  the  type,  but  if  it  does  so,  it  will  be  widely  separated  from  the 
Pristis  family,  in  which  the  teeth  are  inserted  into  imperfect  sockets,  and  the 
jaw  exhibits  no  trace  of  segmentation. 

Remarks  on  Cylindr acanthus  ornatus,  Proc.  A.  N.  S.  viii.  12. — The  fossil  frag- 
ments of  long,  conical  bones,  which  I  supposed  to  be  portions  of  the  dorsal  spine 
of  a  fish,  Prof.  Agassiz  informs  me  he  considers  to  be  the  snout  of  a  peculiar 
genus  of  sword  fishes,  which  he  has  incidentally  mentioned  in  the  Poissons 
Fossiles,  (t.  V.  p.  92,)  under  the  name  of  Coelorhynclms.  The  correctness  of 
this  view  I  do  not  hesitate  to  admit,  and  it  appears  to  receive  confirmation  by 
the  inspection  of  a  figure  (plate  xi.  fig.  26)  which  I  have  since  observed  in 
Dixon's  Geology  of  Sussex,  representing  the  snout  with^its  free  extremity  per- 
fect. 

Remarks  on  Saurocephalus  and  its  allies. — This  is  the  title  of  a  paper  recently 
presented  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  The  genus  Saurocephalus  was 
founded  by  Dr.  Harlan  on  a  fragment  of  an  upper  maxillary  bone  with  teeth,  of 
a  peculiar  genus  of  sphyrfenoid  fishes,  from  the  cretaceous  formation  of  the 
Upper  Missouri.  A  second  species,  under  the  generic  name  of  Saurodon  was 
subsequently  described  by  Dr.  Hays  from  a  specimen  consisting  of  the  upper 
and  lower  jaws,  from  the  cretaceous  formation  of  New  Jersey.  Prof.  Agassiz 
afterwards  described  the  remains  of  several  sphyraenoid  fishes  from  the  chalk  of 
England,  which  he  has  erroneously  attributed  to  the  genera  Saurocephalus  of 
Harlan  and  Saurodon  of  Hays.  Dixon,  and  other  authors  following  Agassiz, 
have  described  remains  of  fishes  from  the  chalk  of  Europe,  and  have  entirely 
lost  sight  of  the  true  Saurocephalus.  The  various  remains  attributed  to  the 
latter  appear  to  be  separable  into  the  following  species. 

1.  Saurocephalus  lanciformis,  Harlan :  Jour.  A.  N.  S.  iii.  33'7 ;  Med.  and 
Phys.  Res.  362  ;  Saurodon  lanciformis  Hays :  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  iii.  4'76. 

2.  Saurocephalus  Leanus,  Harlan :  Med.  and  Phys.  Res.  362 ;  Saurodon 
Leanus,  Hays  :  Tr.  Am.  Ph.  Soc.  iii.  4*77. 

3.  PROTOSPHYRiENA  perox,  Leidy.  Saurocephalus  lanciformis,  E.a,Tl&n,  Agassiz: 
Pois.  Fos.  V.  102,  pi.  25c,  figs.  21—29;  Dixon:  Geol.  Sussex  3'74,pl.  xxx.  fig.  21, 
xxxi.  fig.  12,  xxxiv.  fig.  11;  Pictet :  Traite  d'Pal.  pi.  xxxii.  fig.  7  ;  Giebel :  Odom. 
pi.  xliii.  fig.  7,  &c. 

4.  Pkotosphye^na  striata,  Leidy.  Saurocephalus  striatus,  Agassiz:  Pois.  Fos. 
V.  102,  pi.  25c.  figs.  17 — 20  ;  Dixon:  Geol.  Sussex  375,  pi.  xxxv.  fig.  5. 

5.  CiMOLicHTHTS  lEVEsiENsis.  Leidy.  Saurodon  Leanus,  Hays,  Agassiz :  Pois. 
Fos.  V.  102,  pi.  25c,  figs.  30,  31  ;  Dixon,  Geol:  Sussex  373,  pi.  xxx.  figs.  28,  29; 
xxxxiii.*  fig.  10,  &c. 

6.  XiPHiAS  DixoNi,  Leidy.  Saurocephalus  lanciformis,  Harlan.  Dixon  :  Geol. 
Sussex,  in  note  to  p.  375,  pi.  xxxii.*  fig.  1. 


1856.]  303 


Notices  of  Remains  of  Extinct  Turtles  of  New  Jersey,  collected  by  Prof.  Cook,  of  the 
State  Geological  Survey,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  W.  Kitchell. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

1.  Chelone  gkand^va,  Leidy,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  v.  329. 

Originally  founded  on  three  vertebral  plates  from  the  Miocene  marl  of  Salem 
CO.,  N.  J.  The  collection  of  the  N.  J.  State  Geological  Survey  contains  several 
costal  plates  broken  into  numerous  fragments,  three  anterior  marginal  plates, 
and  a  hyosternal  plate  also  broken  into  many  fragments.  A  median  costal  plate 
restored,  measures  8i  in.  long  to  the  projecting  portion  of  the  rib,  which  is  lost, 
3^  in.  wide  and  J  in.  thick.  The  marginal  plates,  convex  above  and  at  the 
outer  border,  and  acute  within,  are  4J  in.  long,  2f  wide  and  1  in.  thick.  The 
broken  hyosternal  preserves  its  length,  which  is  10  in.  from  the  anterior  point 
to  the  posterior  suture.  One  of  the  vertebral  plates  above  mentioned,  ia  2f 
in.  wide,  2\  in.  antero-posteriorly  and  ^  an  inch  thick. 

The  surfaces  of  all  the  bones  are  smooth.  The  estimated  length  of  the  cara- 
pace is  about  35  to  40  inches,  the  breadth  about  30  inches. 

The  same  collection  contains  fragments  of  several  lateral  and  posterior  margi- 
nal plates  of  a  marine  turtle,  about  the  size  of  that  just  indicated,  but  the  spe- 
cimens were  obtained  from  the  cretaceous  Green  Sand  formation  of  Monmouth  co. 
N.  J.  The  specimens  have  a  thick  grooved  inner  border,  and  gradually  become 
thinner  until  they  terminate  in  an  acute  outer  border.  They  are  slightly  curved 
upwardly,  and  their  surfaces  are  smooth.  One  of  the  plates  has  an  entire  length 
of  3|  inches ;  and  is  3j  inches  broad  by  f  of  an  inch  thick  at  the  inner  border. 
Another  plate  is  4|^  in.  long,  2  J  in.  wide  and  f  of  an  in,  thick  internally. 

2.  Emts  firmcs,  Leidy. 

In  company  with  the  latter  were  found  the  third,  sixth  and  seventh  marginal 
plates  of  the  left  side ;  the  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  of  the  right  side,  and 
portions  of  the  left  hyosternal  and  the  right  hyposternal  plates  of  a  species  of 
Emys. 

The  surfaces  of  the  bones  are  nearly  smooth,  and  those  of  the  sternum  are  of 
great  thickness.  The  seventh  marginal  plate  from  its  upper  border  to  its  acute 
edge  measures  3J  in.,  and  transversely  2|  in.  The  two  eternal  plates  in  the 
median  line  are  each  about  3  in.  long,  and  in  the  same  position  are  from  7  lines 
to  1  inch  in  thickness. 

3.  Emys  prayus,  Leidy. 

Found  with  the  remains  of  the  preceding  species,  there  are  the  greater  portions 
of  a  right  hyosternal  and  a  left  hyposternal  plate  of  a  second  species.  Surfaces 
without  distinct  marks  of  the  scutes,  and  presenting  an  eroded  appearance. 
Median  suture  irregular  in  its  course  ;  and  that  between  the  hyo-  and  the  hypos- 
ternals  is  even  more  irregular.  Length  of  each  plate  in  the  median  suture  5J 
inches;  thickness  from  5  lines  to  half  an  inch.  Breadth  of  ento-sternal  space  2| 
inches. 

4.  Platemys  sulcatus,  Leidy. 

Specimens  of  the  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  left  marginal  plates  found  with  the 
preceding  remains  of  Emys  apparently  indicate  a  species  of  the  subgenus  Plate- 
mys. The  three  bones  together  measure  along  their  acute  margin  8  inches.  The 
seventh  plate  is  3  inches  antero-posteriorly  and  2^  high. 

The  surface  of  the  plates  is  marked  with  tortuous  grooves. 

5.  Chelone  ornata,  Leidy. 

The  collection  of  this  Academy  contains  portions  of  two  lateral  marginal 
plates  of  a  marine  turtle  from  the  green  sand  of  Burlington  co.,N.  J.,  where  they 
were  discoved  by  Mr.  L.  T.  Germain.    The  bones  are  wedged-shaped  in  trans- 


304  [December, 

verse  section,  grooved  at  the  inner  border,  acute  at  the  outer  border,  and  mea- 
sure IJ  inches  broad.  The  upper  and  under  surfaces  are  coarsely  but  beautifully 
tuberculated. 


Synopsis  of  a  new  Classification  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 
By  Theodore  C.  Hilgaed,  M.  D. 

"We  lay  before  the  public  the  result  of  our  observations  on  the  natural  connec- 
tions among  vegetable  forms  (relationship),  demonstrating  them  to  form  a  single 
file  of  transitions  or  total  resemblances,  from  the  first  to  the  last ;  and  further- 
more, showing  what  can  be  claimed  as  absolute  relations  and  what  as  accidental 
relation  or  parallelism ;  which  parallelisms,  if  repeated,  form  laws  of  rhythmic 
approximation  or  collateral  relationship  ;  and  under  any  consideration  furn- 
ishing, we  believe,  a  consistent  base  for  consistent  researches  on  the  laws  of  pro- 
gressive vegetable  development^  and,  it  may  be,  organic  development  generally.  At 
present,  occupied  with  a  complete  expose  and  qualification  of  this  scheme,  we 
would  be  happy  beforehand  to  draw  the  attention  and  efforts  of  botanists,  placed 
mostly  under  more  favorable  circumstances  than  ourselves,  to  the  high  import- 
ance of  this  question  generally,  and  to  thus  solicit  their  own  ideas,  observations 
and  communications  07i  their  own  grounds^  by  which,  doubtless,  much  prolific 
material  might  be  prepared,  elicited  and  collected. 

In  the  present  scheme,  we  have  noted  our  principal  suggestions  of  relations 
hitherto  not  generally  adopted  or  even  known  before,  by  *,  by  which  we  mean  to 
imply  a  very  close  relationship.  If  thus  a  member  is  introduced  among  a  group 
of  families  of  acknowledged  general  afiBnity,  it  will  of  course  be  found  enclosed 
between  two  stars ;  for  a  mere  serialization,  according  to  our  views,  of  families 
notoriously  related,  we  give  no  express  mark,  leaving  it  to  the  interest  of  the 
reader  to  compare  with  their  various  previous  serializations. 

SERIEI  VEGETABILIS  PR0DR03IUS. 

CYTEMBRYONE^. 

seu  sporiferae. 

Fungi  :  Fermenta,*  Mucedines,*  Favi,*  Qredines,  Spumarieae,  Lycoperdea?, 
Phalleoe,*  Morchelleae,  Agaricete,  Tremellese,  Pezizete,  Clavarieae,  Actidieae,  (sub 
epidermide  corticum  nidulantes). 

LiCHENES  :  (Sub  epidermide  corticum  nidulantes,)  Graphidinae,  Pertusariea?, 
Lecidieae,*  Parmelinae,  Sticteae,  Usneinae,*  CladonicEe,  Baeomyceffi,  (thallo  amy- 
laceo  in  humo  difi"u80,  sporophoriis  fungoideis). 

Alg^  :*  (Thallo  leproideo  in  humi  superficie  quasi  efflorescente,  sporangiis 
gelatinosis  scutatis — Chlorococus  s.  Protococcus  s.  Leprariakermesina  s.  Favilla 
variegata,  mihi)  Favilleffi,*  fronde  gelatinoso  dlffluente,Nostochinfe,  Conferveae, 
Diatomeae,  Hydrodyctioneae,  fronde  gelatinoso-cartilagineo  vel  indurato  :  Antho- 
phycea?,  Sorophyceae,  Cytidophyceae*,  Batrachospermeae,*  Characeae* 

Mdsei  :  (Sphagnum)  Bryoideae,  Jungermannieae,  Marchantieae  (sporophoriis 
stipitatis  radiatis  solitariis).* 

FiLjcES :  (Sporophoriis  stipitatis  radiatis  in  spicam  congestis)  Equisetaceae,* 
Lycopodiaceae,  Ophioglosseae,  Hymenophyllea,  Osmundese,  Polypodies,  Cyathe- 
aceae,  Marattieae,  Marsileaceae,  Salviniaceae,  (sporis  heteromorphis,  masculis 
pollen  sistentibus,  foemineis  ovulis  pollen  recipientibus.)* 

PHYLLEMBRYONE^. 

seu  seminiferae. 

I.    MONOCOTYLEDONE^. 

a.  meduUares  : 
Loricate  :  (s.  phyllodicffi),  utriculis  styliferis  monospermis  pffyllodiis  sub- 


1856.]  305 

immersis :  Lemnaceee,*   BalanophoreaB,  Rafflesiaces,*   Cycadeae,   Cupressinje, 
Abietic£e,  Taxinse,  Gnetacese,*  (Chloranthacea;  ?) 

^  vasculares : 

Liria:  (Ruscus?)  Asparagese,  Smilace^,  (epigyn.)  Dioscoreje(hypogyn.)  Rox- 
bourghiacete,*  Paridea;,*  (Uvularia)  Melanthaceae,*  Curculigeoe,*  Calectasieae,* 
Phormiefe.,  Agavese,  Aloinse,  Agapanthea3,  Alliese,  Asphodeleae,  Liliete,*  (Lilium. 

SoiTAMiNOS^  :  (epigyn.)  Alstroemeria)  Amarylleae,  Irideae,*  Pontedereae,*  Can- 
naceaj,  Zingiberaeeae,  Musaceje,  Orchide^e,  Apostasies,  Bromeliaceaj,  Haemedo- 
raceae,*  Hypoxideae,*  (Astelieae  ?*) 

GHAMIN.E  :  Luzulinae,  Xyrideae,  Commelynaceae,*  Centrolepideae,  (Philydreae?) 
Gramineae,  Cyperaceae.* 

Spadices  :  Typhaceffi,  Acoroideae,  Aroideae,  Pandauete,  Palmae.* 

II.    DiCOTYLEDONEyE. 

LaurigeR/E:  Piperitae,*  Saururus,*  Najadeae  (exogenae  !),  Alismaceae*  (Echi- 
nodorus,*  Ran,  missour.)  Ranunculaceas,  Berberideae,*  (Menispermeae  ?),* 
Laurinae,  Monimiacese  (affin.  c.  Calycanthol),*  Proteaces,  Eleagneae,  Daphnoideae, 
Aquilarinae,*  Serpentarias,*  Calycantheae,*  IlUcieK,  Magnolieae,  Anoneae,  Myris- 
ticaceae.* 

Nelumbia  :  Cabombeae,  Nelumbiaceae,  (hypo-et  epigyn.)  Nympbaeaceae*  (exo- 
genae !)  Hydrocharideae,*  (Burmaniaceae  ?),*  BegoniaceEe.* 

Gruinales  :  Umbelliferas,  Araliaceae,  (hypogyn.)  Cisseae  (magn.  c.  Begon. 
affinit.),  Violaceae,  Sarracenieae,*  Nepentheaj,*  DroseraceEe,  ParnassieEe,*  Rese- 
daceae(*?),  Oxalideas  (maxim,  c.  Viol,  affin.),  (perigyn.)  Geraniaceae,  Tropaeola- 
ceae,  (hypogya.)  Balsamineae  (Bals.  etFuca. :  calyce  tetramero  [2X2]  calcarato; 
petalis  quatuor  unguiculatis,  per  paria  lateraliter  [in  Fum.  quatuor  petala  et 
apice]  connatis  !) 

Rh(eades  : "'  Fumariacese,  Papaveraceae,  (Isatis)  Cruciferee,  Capparideje,  (epigyn., 
max.  c.  Glaucio  affin.)  Bartonieae  (Loaaaceae),  (TurneraceaB,  Bixaceae,  Samy- 
deae?) 

Pepones  :  (perigyn.)  Homalinae,  Passifloreae,  (epigyn.)  Papayacea?,  Cucurbi- 
taceae,  Nhandirobeae,*  Columelliaceae,*  Stylideae,  Lobeliaceae,  CampanulinEc 
(Trachelium,*  Centranthus)  Valerianeae. 

CopnnFER.E:  Dipsaceae,  synanthereae  :  Mutisiaceae,*  Calenduleae,*  (Zacyntha!) 
Cichoraceae  (Scolymus,*  (Jarthamus)  Cynareae  (Echinopideae,*  Elephantopefe) 
Vernoniaceae,*  Ethalia,*  (Ageratum)  Eupatorieae  (Steevia,*  Bigelovia)  Asteres 
(Pulicariae)  Inuleae,  (Tussilago)  Tussilagineaj  (Adeaostyles,*  Cacalia)  Senecio- 
ceae  (Cineraria,*  Cryptostemma,  Mataxa  etc.)  Anthemideae  (Artemisia,*  Filago) 
Gnaphaliese,*  Parthenieas,  Silphiese,*  Eclipteae,  Dahlieae,  Calliopseae  (Bidens,* 
Sanvitalia),  Rudbeckieae  (Obeliscaria,*  Leptopoda),  Helenieae,  (Actinomeris) 
Heliantlieae  (Gymnopsis),*  Melampodieae,*  eleutheranthereae  :  Calycereae, 
(apetal.)  Ambrosiaceae,  cannabinae :  Thelygonum,  Cannabinre,*  Datisca,*  amen- 
taceae  :  Juglandeae,  Corylus!*  Myrica!*  Quercus,  Fagus  Carpinus  etc.  Betuliuae. 

GERASTIFER.E  :  (hypogyn.)  Populinse,*(petalif.)  Tamariscinae,  Reaumuriacea,* 
Hypericinae  !*  Lineae,*  Armaria,  Statice,*  (apetal.)  Nyctagineae,*  (petalif.) 
Frankeniaceae,*  (apet.)  Sclerantheae,  (petalif.)  Diantlieae,  Alsinese  (Polycarpon), 
(apetal.)  MoUugineae,*  Paronychieae  1* 

FicoidEvE:*  oleraceae  :  Polygoneae,  Amarantaceae,  Chenopodeae,  casuarinese : 
Salicornieae,*   Podostemeae,   Callitrichinae,*  Batis,*  Ceratophylleas,  Myriophyl- 
leae,*  Casuarina  !*  urticaceae  :  Plataneas,  Artocarpeae,  Moreae,  Urticaceae,  Ficin£B 
Euphorbiaceae.* 

Limbos^  :  (petalif.)  (epigyn.)  Stackhousiaceae,*  (hypogyn.)  Strychneae,  Lo- 


806  [December, 

ganiaceas,  (Antonia,*  Syringa)  Ligustrinae,*  Gentianeae  (Chlora,*  Nyctanthes) 
Jasmineae,  (Nolana?  Cordiaceae?),  Bolivareae,  Apocyneae,  Asclepiadeze,  (Erycibe,* 
Cuscuta?),  Convolvulaceae,*  Cobaea,*  Petunieae,*  Goodeniaceae,*  Plumbago,* 
(Phlox)  Polemoaiaceae,  Hydrophylleae  (Phacelia,*  nuculiferae :  Heliotropium) 
Borragineae. 

Personate:  (Ajaga)  Labiatae  (Lavandula,*  Vitex)  Verbenaceaj  (Verbena 
stricta,  bracteosa !),  capsulares  :  Plantagineae,*  Globularia,  Selagineae,  Stilbinae, 
Rbinanthaceae,*  Orobancheae,*  Cytinae,*  (compar.  Russeggeraetc.)  Acanthaceae 
(Ruellia,*  Trevirana)  Gesneriaceas  (Columnese,*  Stenochilus  etc.)  Myoporinae, 
(Duboisea  myoporoides,*)  Salpiglosseae,  Scrophularieae,  (Paulownia),  Bignonia- 
ceae,  (Eccremocarpus,*  Martynia)  Pedalinae  (Josephinia,*  Datura)  Solaneae, 
Primulaceffl  (incl.  Lentibulariae.) 

Olivares  :  Myrsineae,  Sapoteae,  Ebenaceae  (Royena,*  Unedo)  Rhododendreae 
(Kalmia,*  Epacris  impressa)  Epacrideae,  (Fabiana)  Ericaceae,  (epigyn.)  Vaccinieae, 
(apetal.)  Loranthaceae,*  Santalaceae,*  (perigyn,)*  (Phyliceae,)  Rhamneae,  Celas- 
trinae,*  Hamamelideae,*  Pittosporeae,*  Hippocrateaceae,*  Aquifoliaceae,*  (Nitra- 
rieae,  Putranjireae?),*  Empetreae,*  (Celtis,  Ulmus,  Fraxineae?,)*  Oleaceas,* 
(epigyn.)  Nyssa,*  Corneae,*  Styraceae,*  Rubiaceae,  Lonicereae.* 

TiARAT^  :  (Viburnum,*  Hydrangea)  Hydrangeae,  Escallonieae,*  Dilleniaccse,* 
Cunoniaceae,  Crassulaceas,  SaxifrageaB,  Ribesiaceae,*  (Fuchsia)  Onagrariae  (Lope- 
zia),*  Melastomeae,  Cupheaceae,  Lagerstroemieae,*  Puniceae,  Myrtaceae,*  Trapa,* 
Rhizophoreae,  Combretaceae,  Cacteae,  Mesembryanthemum,  (subhypogyn.)  Portu- 
laccaceee.* 

CoLUMNiFKR^  :  (hypogyn.)  Cistinae,*  Tiliaceae,  Byttneriaceae,  Sterculiaceje, 
Malvaceae,  Gyrostemoneae,  Phytolaccaceae,*  Coriariae,*  Tremandreae,*  Chail- 
letiaceae,*  Erythroxyleae,*  Chlaenacese,  Ternstrcemiaceae,  Dipterocarpeae,  Lophi- 
raceae,*  (Soulameae,  Trigonieae?) 

Acera:  Polygaleae,  (Vochysiaceae?),*  Meliantheae,*  Rhizoboleae,*  J^sculinae,* 
Sapindaceae,*  Staphyleaceae,  (Acer  platanoid.)  Acerinae,  Malpighiaceae,*  Zygo- 
phylleae,  Rutaceae,  Diosmese  (Boenninghausenia),'^  Ptelea,  (Amyrideae  ?  Burse- 
raceae  ?) 

Amygdalifkr-s:  :  Anacardiaceae,  Xanthoxyleae,*  (Meliaceae,*  Cedrelaceae,) 
(perigyn.)  Aurantiaceae,  Simarubeae,  Connaraceae,  Ochnaceae,*  Csesalpinieae, 
Mimoseae,  Papilionaceae,  Sophoreae,  C!hrysobalaneae,*  Amygdaliferae  (Prunus,* 
Spiraea)  Roseae  (Rosa,*  [epigyn.]  Crataegus)  Pomeae, 


Note  on  the  collection  of  Reptiles  from  the  neighborhood  of  San  Antonio,  Texas,  recently 
presented  to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  by  Dr.  A.  Heermann. 

By  Edw.  Hallowell,  M.  D. 

This  fine  collection,  due  to  the  zeal  and  liberality  of  our  fellow  member,  con- 
sisting of  sixty-nine  specimens,  includes  a  number  new  to  our  Museum,  and 
many  duplicates.  Nearly  all  the  species  have  been  described  by  Profs.  Baird 
and  Girard,  in  their  various  publications  in  this  Academy  and  elsewhere,  but 
one  appearing  to  be  new,  viz.,  Hyla  semifasciata.  The  following  is  the  list  of 
the  generic  and  specific  names. 

Ord.  CHELONIL 

Fam.  CHELONID^. 

Staubotypus  odoratos,  (young.) 


1856]  307 

Ord.  SAURII. 
Fam.  IGUANIDiE. 

SCBLOPORUS    SCALARIS,  Wieg. 

ScELOPORUs  Thayerii,  B.  and  G. 

Fam.  LACERTID^. 
Cnemidophorus  gulakis,  B.  and  G. 

Fam.  CHALCIDID.E,  (CYCLOSAURES,  Dumeril  et  Bibron.) 

1st  Sub.  Fam.  Cyclosaura  ptychopleura,  D.  &  B. 

Ophisaurus  ventralis,  var. 

This  specimen  of  Opbisaurus  differs  from  tbe  others  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy.  Color  olive  beneath  ;  sides  black  spotted,  the  spots  in  longitndinal 
rows,  their  posterior  margins  bordered  with  white  ;  two  olive  colored  longi- 
tudinal stripes  along  the  back  and  greater  part  of  tail ;  head  blackish,  white 
spotted  above  and  upon  the  sides ;  body  olive  colored  above,  white  spotted. 
Total  length  26  inches;  tail  18. 

Ord.   OPHIDII. 

(2d  Sub.  Ord.  Aglyphodontes  ou  coluberiformes,  D.  andB.) 

Fam.  ISODONTIDJH,  D.  and  B.  (Serpentes  innocui.) 

Herpetodryas  ^stivus. 

Herpetodryas  plavigularis. 

Elaphis  Lindenheimerii. 

(Syn.  ScoTOPHis  Lindenheimerii,  B.  and  G.) 

Ablabes  TRIANGULUM,  (var.  eximius.) 

Fam.  LEPTOGNATHIDiE,  D,  and  B. 
Storeria,  (Ischognathus,  D.  and  B.)  DeKayi. 
Numerous  specimens. 

Fam.  SYNORATERID^,  D.  and  B. 

Tropidonotus  ordinatus,  var. 
(EuTAiNiA  MARCiANA,  B.  and  6.) 
Tropidonotus  erythrogaster. 

5th  Sub.  Ord.  Solenoglyphes  dits  Thanatophides,  D.  and  B.  (venenosi.) 

Fam.  CROTALID^. 

Crotalus  conpluentus. 

Crotalcs  atrox,  B.  and  G. 

TOXICOPHIS    PUGNAX. 

Ord.  BATRACHII. 
2d  Sub.  Ord.  Anoura. 
1st  Group.  Les  Phaneroglosses,  D.  and  B. 
2d  Fam.  HYLID.^. 

HyLA   SEMIFASCIATA,  nob. 

Char.  Of  moderate  size,  larger  than  lateralis  ;  snout  less  acute  than  in  latter 
species  ;  head  depressed,  snout  rounded,  nostrils  small,  considerably  nearer  to 
the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  the  anterior  margin  of  the  orbit,  a  line  and  three- 
<juarters  apart ;  eyes  not  remarkably  prominent ;  body  elongated,  smooth  above. 

23 


308  [December, 

except  towards  occiput;  head  granulated  above;  abdomen  and  under  part  of 
thighs  largely  granulated ;  tongue  obcordate,  notched  posteriorly,  free  to  some 
extent  posteriorly  and  upon  the  sides,  attached  in  front;  vomerine  teeth  in  two 
patches  between  the  posterior  nares  ;  the  latter  subcircular;  fingers  webbed  at 
their  bases  ;  toes  more  largely  webbed,  the  web  of  the  fourth  toe  extending  to 
the  distal  extremity  of  the  anti-penultimate  phalanx. 

Color.  Bluish  above,  (probably  green  during  life,)  green  upon  the  extremities  ; 
the  greater  part  of  abdomen  and  the  under  part  of  thighs  ochraceous  ;  chin  and 
throat  yellow  ;  a  white  band  extending  above  the  margin  of  the  upper  jaw, 
passing  beneath  the  eye,  and  terminating  midway  upon  each  side  of  the  body  ; 
a  white  band  commencing  midway  upon  the  posterior  aspect  of  the  tibia,  extend- 
ing along  the  outer  margin  of  the  tarsus  and  terminating  at  the  base  of  the 
second  phalanx  of  the  fifth  toe  or  a  little  beyond  it ;  no  stripe  upon  the  tibia  an- 
teriorly. 

Dimensions,  Length  of  head  6J-  lines  ;  breadth  T  ;  length  from  extremity  of 
snout  to  posterior  extremity  of  body  2  inches  1|  lines  ;  length  of  arm  5  lines  ;  of 
forearm  5  ;  of  band  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  *l\ ;  of  thigh  1  inch  2  lines  :  of 
tibia  1  inch  1  line  ;  of  tarsus  7  J  ;  of  sole  to  extremity  of  longest  toe  11  lines. 

Hahitat.  Texas. 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  is  a  larger  species  than  Hyla  lateralis,  the  length  of  which, 
according  to  Daudin,  is  "  un  poucc  et  demi  au  plus."  Dr.  Holbrook's  specimen, 
however,  measured  If  inches.  The  largest  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  measures  \k  inches,  (Fr.)  It  is  a  much  more  slender  animal  than 
semifasciata.  In  lateralis,  (viridis,  Holb.)  the  lateral  stripe  extends  as  far  as 
the  anus,  and  there  is  a  white  band  running  the  whole  length  of  the  tibia,  both 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly.     The  anterior  band  is  absent  in  semifasciata. 

3d  Fam.  BUFONIDyE. 

BuFo  NEBCLiFEE,  Girard. 

Syn.  Bupo  granulosus,  B.  and  G. — Proceed.  A.  N.  S.  vol.  vi.  p.  173. 

Char.  Head  triangular,  depressed,  about  as  broad  as  long,  with  two  sharp 
elevated  ridges  extending  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  along  the  inner  mar- 
gin of  the  eyelids ;  this  ridge  bifurcates  about  two-thirds  of  the  distance  along 
the  inner  margin,  the  external  branch  terminating  in  a  thick  ridge  immediately 
above  the  tymj)anum,  which  itself  sends  off  a  prolongation  anteriorly,  passing 
down  between  the  orbit  and  the  tympanum,  and  terminating  on  a  level  with  the 
inferior  margin  of  the  former  ;  the  supra-orbitar  ridge  sends  off  also  anteriorly 
a  prolongation  or  branch,  which  passes  down  obliquely  in  front  of  the  orbit,  ter- 
minating in  a  line  with  its  inferior  border,  leaving  a  triangular  space  upon  the 
side  of  the  head  anteriorly ;  the  internal  branch  above  terminates  on  a  level 
with  the  superior  margin  of  the  parotid  gland  about  a  line  from  it,  and  reaches 
nearly  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  occiput;  the  extremities  of  the  two  are  two 
lines  and  a  half  apart  posteriorly.  These  elevated  and  well  defined  ridges  pro- 
duce several  well  marked  depressions,  or  rather  concavities,  the  one  long  and 
broad,  upon  the  middle  of  the  upper  part  of  the  head,  the  other  two  lateral  and 
posterior,  and  much  smaller,  the  posterior  margin  formed  in  part  by  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  parotids  ;  nostrils  small,  just  within  the  anterior  extremity  of  the 
supra-orbitar  ridge  ;  tympanum  rather  small,  round,  very  apparent ;  no  teeth  in 
the  upper  or  lower  jaw  ;  no  palatine  or  vomerine  teeth  ;  internal  nares  rather 
large,  suboval;  a  slightly  elevated  ridge  in  front;  upper  jaw  notched  anteriorly; 
tongue  long,  narrow,  broader  posteriorly,  erectile,  not  notched  behind,  attached 
in  front,  free  to  some  extent  laterally ;  eustachian  foramina  triangular  in  shape, 
rather  smaller  than  anterior  nares  apparently ;  extremities  moderate  ;  toes  4 — 5, 
first  and  fourth  finger  longest ;  two  subpalmar  tubercles,  with  a  well  marked 
ridge  in  the  middle  ;  fourth  toe  much  the  longest ;  posterior  extremities  webbed 
at  the  base,  the  web  of  the  fourth  toe  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  ante-penulti- 
mate phalanx ;  no  webs  anteriorly ;  body  moderately  robust,  thickly  covered 


1856.] 


809 


■(vith  warts  ;  parotids  small,  covered  with  pores  ;  under  parts  thickly  covered 
all  over  with  granulations. 

Coloration.  Brownish  black  above,  with  a  yellowish  dorsal  band  extending 
from  the  occiput  to  near  the  anus ;  on  either  side  of  this  a  number  of  jet  black 
blotches,  not  always  very  distinct;  head  olive  colored  above  or  fuscous,  a  black 
spot  in  front  of  each  parotid  and  upon  occiput,  in  the  latter  situation  sometimes 
coalescing  so  as  to  form  an  irregular  band  ;  the  spots  in  front  of  the  parotids 
not  always  pi'esent ;  an  olive  colored  irregular  broad  band  upon  the  sides,  com- 
mencing at  the  parotids  and  extending  upon  the  tbighs  ;  thighs  mottled  poste- 
siorly  with  yellow  ;  extremities  broadly  banded  with  brown,  and  narrowly  with 
yellow;  under  parts  ochraceous.  In  a  specimen  procured  from  Prof.  Agassiz, 
and  deposited  in  the  Academy  by  Dr.  Holbrook,  the  ground  color  of  the  body 
above  is  black,  the  dorsal  and  lateral  bands  fuscous,  extremities  banded  with 
black,  under  parts  fuscous. 

Dimensions  of  largest  specimen.  Length  3  inches  (Fr.)  from  extremity  of 
snout  to  posterior  extremity  of  body;  length  of  head  1  inch  2  lines;  greatest 
breadth  1  inch  2  lines;  length  of  arm  8  lines;  of  forearm  9  lines;  of  palm  of 
hand  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  8  lines ;  of  thigh  1  inch  1  line ;  of  tibia  1 
inch  1  line;  of  tarsus  8i  lines;  of  sole  to  extremity  of  longest  toe  1  inch. 

Ilab.     Texas.     Seven  specimens  in  Museum  of  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences. 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  toad  is  decidedly  South  American  i*i  its  type,  differing 
entirely  in  the  configuration  of  the  head  from  any  of  the  North  American  species. 

It  is  remarkable,  as  we  have  before  observed,  that  the  fresh  water  turtles  in 
Texas  and  New  Mexico  appear  to  be  so  rare,  and  we  have  as  yet  received  none 
of  the  Salamandridse  from  either  of  these  regions,  with  the  exception  of  an  Am- 
bystoma,  viz.,  A.  nebulosum. 

Besides  the  above  we  have  recently  received  from  Dr.  Hammond,  of  the  U.  S. 
Army,  stationed  at  Fort  Riley,  Kansas,  a  further  collection  of  reptiles,  viz.,  Cro- 
taphytus  collaris,  two  specimens.  One  of  these  has  a  double  interrupted  black 
collar,  the  body  above  marked  with  transverse  lines  of  white  spots,  the  inter- 
spaces minutely  white  spotted  ;  chin  and  tail  marked  with  bluish  ;  abdomen, 
under  parts  of  extremities  and  tail  immaculate  ;  intermaxillary  teeth  small,  fol- 
lowed by  others  larger,  conical,  the  posterior  teeth  tricuspid  ;  palatine  teeth 
very  remarkably  developed ;  tongue  slightly  notched  in  front  and  free,  emargi- 
nate  posteriorly ;  eighteen  femoral  pores  on  each  side.  Three  specimens  of 
Phrynosoma  Douglassii,  one  of  Cnemidophorus  gularis,  B.  and  G.,  one  of  Ophi- 
saurus  ventralis,  (striatulus,  Cuv.,)  two  of  Coryphodon  constrictor,  (young,)  one 
1  foot  10  lines  in  length,  with  the  usual  markings;  one  of  Elaphis  confinis  ? 
(Scotophis  confinis,  B.  and  G.,)  1  foot  2  inches  8  lines  in  length  ;  25  rows  of 
scales  ;  abdom.  scut.  233  ;  sub.  caud.  62;  29  black  blotches  upon  body,  8  upon 
tail,  a  smaller  intermediate  lateral  row  of  black  spots  on  eack  side ;  abdomen 
black  spotted.  (We  have  recently  received  the  same  species  from  Dennisville, 
Cape  May  County,  New  Jersey,  presented  by  our  fellow  member  S.  Ashmead. 
In  this  specimen,  which  is  smaller,  there  are  from  25  to  27  rows  of  scales.)  One 
of  Ablabes  triangulum,  (var.  calligaster ;)  25  rows  of  scales;  a  triangular  spot 
with  its  base  resting  on  the  frontal ;  the  apex  extending  one  and  a  half  lines 
behind  the  posterior  margin  of  the  occipitals,  and  two  long  blotches  commencing 
about  half  a  line  behind  the  post-oculars,  each  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
in  length  ;  transverse  blotches  narrow.  One  fine  specimen  of  Coronella,  similar 
to  the  one  described  in  the  last  number  of  the  Proceedings,  but  much  larger, 
measuring  1  foot  11 J  inches  in  length,  and  two  inches  in  circumference.  (The 
red  blotches  in  this  specimen  are  for  the  most  part  much  wider  apart,  the  black 
rings  approaching  each  other  near  and  upon  the  tail ;  in  one  spot  near  the  tail 
the  red  has  almost  totally  disappeared.)  One  Coronella  Sayi,  (young,)  var.  see 
Marcy's  Report,  pi.  vii.  One  Heterodon  nasicus.  One  Bufo  punctatus,  (young 
of  Americanus.)     Three  Ambystoma,  (var.  luridum,)  and  two  Siredons.     These 


310  [December, 

specimens  are  stouter  than  those  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  from  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  (lichenoides,  Bd.  ?)  The  ground  color  is  yellowish  mingled 
with  oliye,  the  surface  minutely  punctated  with  small  black  dots ;  the 
surface  of  head,  body  and  tail  covered  with  innumerable  pustulations;  these 
are  much  less  distinct  upon  the  abdomen  ;  the  small  lichenoid  patches  are 
quite  distinct.  Notwithstanding  the  greater  narrowness  of  the  head  and  body 
in  the  Santa  Fe  specimens,  and  less  obtuse  muzzle,  we  are  not  prepared  to  con- 
sider them  specifically  distinct  from  those  from  Kansas — (Bridger's  Pass,  expe- 
dition in  summer  of  1856.)  The  Coronella,  Heterodon,  Ophisaurus  and  speci- 
mens of  Ambystoma,  are  all  marked  from  Bridger's  Pass.  The  others  from 
neighborhood  of  Fort  Riley,  Kansas. 

A  short  time  ago  we  received  from  Dr.  Miles,  of  the  town  of  Flint,  Michigan, 
a  small  collection  of  reptiles,  including  Tropidonotus  ordinatus,  parietalis,  libe- 
ris,  Herpetodryas  vernalis,  Storeria  occipito-maculata,  B.  and  G.,  and  one  Scinck, 
which  appears  to  be  new,  and  of  which  the  following  is  a  description  : 

>  Plestiodon  vittigerum,  nob. 

Char.  Color  grey  above,  with  three  broad  lighter  colored  stripes  extending 
the  whole  length  upon  the  back,  and  becoming  lost  upon  the  tail ;  two  narrower 
ones  upon  the  sides';  a  broad  black  band  between  the  external  of  the  dorsal 
vittae  and  the  inferior  lateral  stripe;  under  parts  white. 

Description.  The  head  is  of  moderate  size,  slightly  swollen  at  the  temples;  the 
rostral  plate  rounded,  heptagonal,  broader  than  long  ;  two  supero-nasals  con- 
tiguous ;  a  broad  internasal;  two  fronto-nasals  ;  a  frontal  pentangular,  broader 
in  front,  the  sides  slightly  excavated  ;  two  fronto-parietals  somewhat  larger 
than  the  fronto-nasals  ;  an  inter-parietal  longer  than  broad  ;  two  parietals ;  nos- 
tril between  two  plates  ;  a  naso-frenal ;  two  frenals,  the  second  larger  but  not  so 
high  as  the  first;  two  freno-orbitars ;  eight  superior  labials;  five  supra-ocular 
plates  ;  body  moderate ;  tail  longer  than  head,  neck  and  body ;  28  rows  of  broad 
and  smooth  hexagonal  scales,  rounded  posteriorly;  three  or  four  scales  in  front 
of  the  auricular  openings ;  third  and  fourth  fingers  of  nearly  equal  length,  fourth 
toe  the  longest. 

Coloration.  Head  grayish,  obscurely  spotted  and  maculated  with  black  ;  dorsal 
vittaj  margined  with  interrupted  spots  of  black ;  extremities  maculated  with 
black  above  ;  a  narrow  white  stripe  upon  the  thigh  posteriorly  :  under  parts 
white,  immaculate. 

Dimensions.  Length  of  head  T  lines  ;  breadth  5J ;  length  of  body  to  vent  2 
inches  1  line  ;  of  tail  3  inches  10  lines ;  of  arm  2|  lines  ;  of  forearm  3  lines  ;  of 
palm  to  extremity  of  longest  finger  4  lines  ;  of  thigh  4  lines  ;  of  leg  3f  ;  of  sole 
to  extremity  of  longest  toe  6  lines. 

Habitat.  Neighborhood  of  Flint,  Michigan.  One  specimen  in  Mus.  Acad,  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Miles. 

Gen.  Remarks.  This  may  possibly  be  a  variety  of  Plestiodon  quinquelineatum ; 
it  differs,  however,  much  from  the  latter  in  the  coloration,  and  in  the  greater 
breadth  of  the  scales. 


Description  of  a  new  genus  of  Colubriform  Serpents  from  California. 
By  Edw.  Halloweli,,  M.  D. 

Gen.  LAMPROSOMA. 

Char.  Teeth  of  equal  length,  posterior  ones  not  channelled  ;  head  small,  snout 
rounded,  internasals  somewhat  smaller  than  prefrontals;  frontal  short  and  broad  ; 
nostril  in  a  single  plate;  a  long  and  narrow  frenal ;  one  antocular,  two  postocu- 
lars  ;  body  long  and  slender,  depressed  ;  scales  smooth,  quadrangular,  brilliant ; 
tail  short,  obtuse  ;  subcaudal  scutes  bifid. 


1856.]  311 

Lamprosoma  occipitale,  nob. 
Syn.  Rhinostoma  occipitale,  Proceed.  A.  N.  S.  vol.  vii.  1854,  p.  95. 

Char.  15  rows  of  smooth  quadrangular  scales  ;  color  milk  white  above,  with 
34  transverse  black  bands,  including  one  upon  posterior  part  of  head ;  six  com- 
plete rings  of  black  upon  the  tail,  and  one  incomplete  just  behind  the  anus  ; 
jaws,  chin,  throat  and  abdomen  white  ;  interspaces  between  rings  upon  under 
part  of  tail  white.  Length  of  head,  neck  and  body  10  inches  1  line  ;  of  tail  1 
inch  7  lines.     Ab.  scut.  158  ;  sub.  caud.  34. 

Habitat.  Mohave  Desert,  Southern  California.  One  specimen  in  Smithsonian 
Institution,  collected  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann. 

Gen.  Remarks.  Allied  to  Simotes,  but  in  the  latter  the  nostril  opens  between 
two  plates,  and  the  snout  is  conical. 


Notices  of  extinct  Vertebrata  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  during  the  expedition  to 
the  Sioux  country  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  G.  K.  Warren. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D. 

MAMMALIA. 

1.  Merychippus   insignis,  Leidy. 

Founded  upon  a  first  and  second  molar  of  the  upper  jaw  of  a  remark- 
.able  equine  animal,  in  the  structure  of  the  teeth  approximating  the  ruminant 
family. 

The  teeth  are  inserted  by  distinct  fangs  ;  and  the  crowns  strikingly  resemble 
the  true  molars  of  ruminants.  There  are  four  demiconoidal  lobes  holding  the 
same  relationship  with  one  another  as  in  the  latter,  especially  as  in  the  Deer. 
The  outer  lobes  have  almost  the  exact  form  as  in  the  true  molars  of  Oreodon. 
The  inner  lobes  resemble  those  of  ruminants,  but  are  complicated  with  acces- 
sory folds  as  in  the  horse.  No  cementum  fills  up  the  interspaces  of  the  lobes 
nor  does  it  appear  to  have  existed  as  part  of  the  structure  of  these  teeth. 

Antero-posterior  diameter  of  first  molar         12  lines  ;  transverse     8  lines. 
"  "  "  ■   second  molar    10      "  "  9      " 

From  the  tertiary  beds  of  Bijoux  Hills  on  the  Upper  Missouri. 

2.  HiPPARioN  (Hippodon)  speciosum,  Leidy.  Pr.  A.  N.  S.  VII.  90. 
Accompanying  an  inferior  molar,  there  is  an  unworn  upper  molar  and  por- 
tions of  three  otlier  upper  molars,  worn  away  in  various  degrees,  which  appear 
to  be  the  teeth  of  Ilij^parion,  and  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  animal  as  the 
tooth  referred  to  Hippodon.  The  inferior  molar  slightly  worn  is  l\  inches  long. 
10  lines  wide,  and  4  lines  thick.  The  unworn  upper  molar  is  20  lines  long,  11 
lines  antero-posteriorly,  and  9  lines  transversely. 

Found  with  the  preceding  at  Bijoux  Hills. 

3.  Leptarctus  primus,  Leidy. 

Founded  on  a  single  specimen  of  an  upper  molar  tooth,  which  bears  consider- 
able resemblance  to  the  fourth  superior  molar  of  the  Coati.  The  tooth  has  a 
trihedral  crown  as  in  the  latter  and  also  has  three  fangs.  The  inner  pair  of 
tubercles  of  the  crown  are  nearly  equal  in  size;  that  anteriorly  being  less  well, 
and  that  posteriorly  better  developed  than  in  the  Coati.  Of  the  three  outer 
tubercles  that  anteriorly  is  more  like  a  talon  than  a  cusp,  and  the  posterior 
tubercle  is  better  developed  in  its  relation  with  the  median  one.  I  think  the 
specimen  represents  a  genus  allied  to  the  Nasua. 

Found  with  the  preceding  at  Bijoux  Hills. 

4.  Thespesius  occidentalis,  Leidy. 

Among  the  collection  of  vertebrate  remains  are  two  apparent  caudal  verte- 
brae and  a  first  phalanx  of  some  huge  animal,  which  I  suspect  to  be  a  Dinosau- 
rian,  though  they  maj^  have  belonged  to  a  mammalian.     The  phalanx  and  one 


,312  [December, 

vertebra  were  discovered  by  Dr.  Hayden  in  the  lowest  member  of  the  Lignite 
formation  of  Grand  River,  Nebraslva.  The  other  vertebra  was  obtained  by  Capt. 
Alfred  Sully  from  an  Indian,  and  is  presented  to  the  Academy.  The  specimen 
Dr.  Hayden  supposes  to  have  been  derived  from  the  same  locality. 

The  vertebral  bodies  very  much  resemble  those  of  the  lumbar  vertebra?  of  the 
elephant  in  form  and  size,  Ijut  they  jjossess  articular  processes  of  a  very  distinct 
character,  and  one  inch  in  diameter,  for  chevron  bones.  Viewed  in  front,  the 
bodies  are  quadrately  oval  in  outline  and  notched  above,  one  of  them  being  5 
inches  in  diameter,  the  other  4J  inches  deep  and  4}  transversely.  Their  length 
is  about  2|  inches  ;  their  anterior  face  is  convex,  and  their  posterior  face  is  con- 
cave, with  a  depth  of  almost  half  an  inch.  The  transverse  processes,  broken 
away,  projected  from  the  conjunction  of  the  vertebral  arches  and  bodies.  The 
spinal  foramen,  retained  entire  in  the  smaller  specimen,  is  circular,  and  one  inch 
in  diameter. 

The  first  phalanx  is  5  inches  long,  4^  wide  at  base  and  3J  thick  in  the  same 
position;  and  4  inches  wide  and  2 J  thick  at  the  distal  end.  Deep  concavities 
exist  each  side  of  the  latter  for  the  lateral  ligaments.  The  proximal  articula- 
tion is  a  transverse  reniform  concavity  ;  the  distal  articulation  a  transverse  con- 
vexity, slightly  concave  towards  the  middle. 

CHELONIA. 

5.  CoMPSEMTS   viCTUs,  Lcidy. 

Founded  on  a  vertebral  plate,  the  greater  portion  of  the  fifth  costal  plate, 
and  a  fragment  of  the  last  costal  plate,  from  Long  Lake,  Nebraska. 

The  vertebral  plate  is  an  inch  broad  and  nearly  the  same  length.  The  fifth 
costal  plate  is  1^-  inches  wide,  and  2  lines  thick,  and  in  its  perfect  condition 
appears  to  have  been  almost  4  inches  long.  The  fragment  of  a  last  costal  plate 
is  3  lines  thick. 

The  marking  of  the  third  or  fourth  vertebral  scutes  upon  the  fifth  costal  plate 
indicates  them  to  have  been  about  2  inches  in  width. 

The  free  surface  of  all  the  bones  is  thickly  studded  with  granular  tubercles, 
which  give  to  it  a  shagreened  appearance,  difierent  from  anything  observed  in 
recent  turtles. 

6.  Emys  obscurus,  Leidy. 

Found  with  the  preceding,  were  the  fivagments  of  a  costal  plate,  which  is  16 
lines  wide,  l^  lines  thick,  and  when  perfect  appears  to  have  been  almost  5  inches 
long.     Its  free  surface  is  smooth. 

7.  Trionyx  foveatus?  Leidy.  Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  VIII.  73. 

Fragments  of  a  last  costal  plate,  of  the  right  side,  4  lines  in  thickness,  were 
found  with  the  preceding. 

PISCES. 

8.  Mylognathus  priscus,  Leidy. 

Founded  on  an  upper  maxillary  bone  of  a  small  chimseroid  fish,  found  in  com- 
pany Avith  the  above  mentioned  remains  of  turtles,  at  Long  Lake,  Nebraska. 
The  bone  forms  a  narrow  triangle  which,  in  its  perfect  condition,  appears  to 
have  been  only  a  little  over  an  inch  in  length,  and  it  is  3j  lines  wide  at  the 
2)OSterior  part.  Two  teeth  occupy  the  whole  length  and  breadth  of  its  surface. 
Their  free  surface  is  convex  and  porous.  The  posterior  one  is  almost  8  lines 
long,  and  the  anterior  one  about  6  lines. 


Descriptions  of  three  new  genera;  twenty-three  new  species  Middle  Tertiary  Fossils  from 
California,  and  one  from  Texas. 

By  T.  A.  Conrad. 

JANIRA,  Shum. 

Janira  hella.     Subtriangular ;  inferior  valve  convex,   ribs  14  or  15,  square, 
about  as  wide  as  the  intervening  spaces,  very  prominent,  some  of  them   with 


1856.]  S13 

one  or  two  longitudinal  obsolete  lines  ;  disk  finely  wrinkled  concentrically  ; 
upper  valve  flattened,  deeply  depressed  towards  the  apex  ;  ribs  rather  narrower 
than  those  of  the  opposite  valve,  obscurely  bicarinated  above,  disk  orna- 
mented with  close,  fine,  squamose,  concentric  wrinkles.  Length  4  inches: 
heighth  3|  inches. 
Locality. — Santa  Barbara,  Gal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

PALLIUM,  Klein. 

1.  P.  eslrcllanum.  Suborbicular  ;  lower  valve  ventricose,  slightly  undulated  ; 
ribs  17,  broad,  little  prominent,  convex,  with  an  intermediate  linear  rib,  from 
which  the  larger  ribs  are  separated  by  an  impressed  line  ;  upper  valve  convex, 
somewhat  undulated,  ribs  flattened  and  the  intermediate  small  ribs  with  a  lon- 
gitudinal impressed  line  on  the  lower  part  of  the  valve.     Height  2  J  inches. 

Locality.     Estrella  valley,  Cal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

2.  P.  crassicardo.  Obtusely  ovate  or  suborbicular,  thick ;  lower  valve 
ventricose  ;  ribs  15 — 16,  elevated,  back  rounded,  sides  flattened,  disks  radiato- 
striate,  9  or  10  on  the  ribs,  intervals  of  ribs  concave,  umbo  or  whole  disk  at 
wide  intervals  having  a  tendency  to  be  humped  and  nodose  ;  upper  valve  con- 
vex or  slightly  ventricose;  ears  large,  equal ;  hinge  thick,  with  promineat, 
acute,  oblique  teeth  ;  fosset  profound  ;  muscular  impression  very  large.  Height 
5  inches. 

Locality.     Monterey  Co.,  Cal.     A.  S.  Taylor. 

PECTEN,  Lin. 

1.  Pecten  Meehii.  Suborbicular,  compressed  ;  ribs  19  not  very  prominent, 
convex-depressed  on  the  back,  angulated  on  the  sides.     Height  6J  inches. 

Locality.     San  Raphael  Hills.     Mr.  Antisell. 

2,  P.  aUiplectus.  Obtusely  ovate  ;  vibs  squamose,  slender,  9  of  them  distant 
profoundly  elevated.     Height  2}  inches. 

Locality.     With  the  preceding.     Mr.  Antisell. 

PACHYDESMA,  Conrad. 

P.  Inezana.     Triangular,  equilateral  ;  anal  side  subcuneiform ;  teeth  robust. 
Locality.     Santa  Inez  Mountains.     Mr.  Antisell. 

MULINIA,  Gray. 

M.  densata.  Subovate,  ventricose,  thick,  very  inequilateral ;  posterior  side 
very  short  comparatively,  contracted ;  extremity  subtruncated,  much  above  the 
line  of  the  base;  posterior  basal  margin  very  oblique  and  contracted  ;  anterior 
end  obliquely  truncated  ;  anterior  basal  margin  rounded  ;  summits  prominent, 
distant ;  lateral  teeth  very  robust  and  prominent ;  inner  margin  entire.  Length 
2^  inches. 

Locality.     Santa  Barbara,  Cal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

THRACIA,  Leach. 

Thracia  mactropsis.  Subtriangular,  subequilateral,  ventricose  ;  anterior  side 
cuneiform  or  subrostrated,  posterior  end  regularly  rounded  ;  ligament  margin 
very  oblique;  base  regularly  and  profoundly  rounded;  umbonal  slope  abruptly 
rounded  ;  summit  prominent,  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  valve  ;  anterior  ex- 
tremity angular.     Length  1  inch. 

Locality. — Monterey  Co.,  California.     Dr.  Newberry. 

MYA,  Lin. 

Mya  Montereyana.  Su^oval,  slightly  ventricose,  thin,  inequilateral ;  summit 
hardly  prominent ;  anterior  end  subtruncated  ?  posterior  end  acutely  rounded, 


314  [December, 

the  extremity  situated  more  nearly  on  a  line  with  the  beak  than  the  base ;  disk 
concentrically  rugoso-striate.     Length  IJ-  inches. 
Z/oca%.— Monterey,  Gal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

ARCA,  Lin. 

1.  Area  canalis.  Subtrapezoidal,  ventricose  ;  ribs  24—26,  flattened,  scarcely 
prominent,  divided  by  a  longitudinal  furrow;  disk  concentrically  wrinkled  ;  umbo 
ventricose ;  summits  prominent,  remote  from  the  centre.  Length  2^  inches. 
Height  1|  inches. 

Locality.     Santa  Barbara,  Gal. 

2.  Area  trilineata.  Trapezoidal,  somewhat  produced,  inequilateral,  ventri- 
cose ;  ribs  22—24,  scarcely  prominent,  square,  wider  than  the  intervening  spaces, 
ornamented  with  three  impressed  or  four  raised  lines  ;  disks  concentrically  wrin- 
kled ;  summits  prominent;  beaks  approximate.     Length  3  inches. 

Locality. — Occurs  with  the  preceding. 

3.  Area  conyesta.  Rhomboidal,  ventricose,  inequilateral ;  ribs  about  27,  con- 
vex on  the  back,  wider  than  the  intervals  which  are  transversely  striate ;  an- 
terior ribs  crenate  ;  ligament  margin  elevated  ;  posterior  end  obtusely  rounded  ; 
summits  prominent.     Length  f  inch. 

Locality. — California.     Dr.  Newberry. 

AXINiEA,  Poll.     PECTUNCULUS,  Lam. 

Axincea  barbarensis.  Lentiform,  subequilateral,  concentrically  wrinkled  ;  ribs 
about  37,  scarcely  prominent,  flat,  defined  by  an  impressed  line,  wanting  on  the 
submargins  and  obsolete  towards  the  base ;  summits  slightly  prominent. 
Length  1|  inches  ;  height  rather  more  than  1|-  inches. 

ARCOPAGIA. 

Arcopagia  medialis.  Oval,  both  valves  slightly  ventricose  anteriorly  ;  upper 
valve  ,much  contracted  or  concave  towards  the  umbonal  slope  which  is  angu- 
ated  ;  post-umbonal  slope  slightly  contracted  in  the  middle,  emarginate  at  base : 
the  corresponding  slope  of  the  lower  valve  deeply  folded,  reflected  towards  the 
extremity;  disks  rugoso-striate  concentrically.  It  has  an  affinity  to  A  bijjUeaia, 
Conrad,  but  is  proportionally  longer. 

ioca/%.— Monterey  Co.,  Cal.     A.  S.  Taylor. 

TAPES,  Sowerby. 

Tapes  linieatum.  Oblong-oval,  ventricose  ;  buccal  side  short,  extremity  ob- 
tusely rounded  ;  anal  side  elongated,  end  regularly  rounded  ;  ligament  margin 
long,  oblique,  straight ;  disks  radiated  with  fine,  unequal  lines,  except  on  the 
post-umbonal  slope  which  is  entire.     Length  2  inches. 

Locality. —  Dr.  Newberry. 

CRYPTOMYA,  Conrad. 

Cryptomya  ovalis.  Oval,  compressed,  posterior  end  truncated ;  umbonal  slope 
angulated  on  th«  umbo  ;  beaks  medial ;  basal  margin  medially  truncated  ;  disk 
medially  flattened. 

Locality. — Monterey  Co.,  Cal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

CYCLAS,  Klein,     LUCINA,  Lam. 

Cyclas  teirica.  Suboval,  compressed?  very  inequilateral,  somewhat  oblique  ; 
disks  concentrically  striate  ;  larger  strije  prominent,  acute,  distant,  the  intervals 
with  4  or  5  unequ.al,  fine,  wrinkled  lines;  beaks  scarcely  prominent  above  the 
dorsal  line.     Length  1|  inches. 

Locality.— lloni&vbj  Co.,  Cal.     A.  S.  Taylor. 


1856.]  315 

SPONDYLUS. 

Spondylus  Estrallensis.     Obtusely  ovate  ;  both  valves  ventricose  ;   ribs  17,  not 
very  prominent,  rounded,  rugose ;  valves  with  radiating  striae. 
Locality. — Estrella  valley.     Mr.  Antisell. 

DOSINIA,  Scopoli. 

1.  Dosina  longula.  Regularly  ventricose,  inequilateral,  longitudinally  oval ; 
margins  and  base  regularly  rounded  ;  summit  prominent;  buccal  margin  more 
obtusely  rounded  than  the  anal.     Length  1  l-5th  inch. 

ioc«7%.— Monterey,  Cal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

2.  Dosinia  alta.  Obtusely  subovate  or  suboval  from  beak  to  base  ;  posterior 
margin  curved,  profoundly  oblique  ;  base  regularly  and  rather  acutely  rounded  ; 
summits  prominent,  oblique  ;  surface  marked  with  numerous  fine,  concentric, 
impressed  lines;  beaks  medial.     Height  4  inches. 

iocaZeV?/.— Monterey,  Cal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

LUTRARIA. 

Lutraria  transmontana.  Longitudinally  ovato-triangular,  inequilateral,  thin  ; 
anal  side  subcuneiform  ;  surface  concentrically  indented ,  umbo  irregularly 
plicated. 

1  oealily. — Ranche  Triumpho,  near  Los  Angelos.    Mr.  Antisell. 

SCHIZOPYGA,  Conrad. 

Bucciniform  ;  columella  concave,  plicate  ;  lower  part  of  body  voluticn  deeply 
channelled,  the  channel  emarginating  the  columella. 

Schizopyga  Californiana.  Volutions  rounded,  having  revolving  ribs  and  longi- 
tudinal furrows,  giving  the  ribs  a  nodulous  character ;  basal  excavation  pro- 
found. 

Locality. — Santa  Clara,  Cal.     Dr.  Newberry. 

TAMIOSOMA,  Conrad. 

An  elongated  tube,  apparently  entire,  porous  and  cellular  throughout  its  sub- 
stance; interior  filled  with  numerous  irregularly-disposed  vaulted  cells  con- 
nected by  longitudinal  slender  tubes,  funnel-shaped  beneath  ;  aperture  resem- 
bling that  of  Balanus. 

Tamiosoma  gregaria.  SubquaJrangular,  elongated,  longitudinally  furrowed 
and  striate,  and  having  fine,  undulated,  transverse  lines  ;  mouth  small,  oblique  ; 
upper  part  of  the  tube  oblique,  deeply  indented  or  Balaniform,  and  coarsely 
striated  longitudinally.     Length  8  inches. 

Locality — Monterey  Co.,  California.  A.  S.  Taylor.  Growing  in  clusters  like 
Balani.  No  sutures,  indicating  separate  valves  ;  cells  very  thin  plates,  convex 
surface  downwards. 

Echinoderms. 
ASTRODAPSIS,  Conrad. 

Suboval,  depressed;  ambulacral  areas  elevated  or  ridged;  ambulacra  nearly 
straight,  widely  open  at  the  extremity;  mouth  central;  anus  submarginal, 
beneath  ;  radiating  grooves  as  in  Laganum. 

Astrodapsis  Antiselli.  Pentangular,  suboval ;  ambulacral  ridges  rounded  on 
the  back,  straight  and  oblique  on  the  sides  ;  interambulacral  areas  profoundly 
depressed,  angulated  in  the  middle  ;  point  of  divergence  of  the  ambulacra  de- 
pressed below  the  level  of  the  ridges,  not  quite  central,  but  anterior  to  the 
middle  ;  anus  small,  almost  marginal.     Lengthlf  inch. 

Locality.— UoniQX&y  Co.,  Cal.     A.  S.  Taylor. 


316  f  December, 

MELLITA,  Klein. 

Mellita  Texana.     Suborbicular ;  very  wide  anterior  to  the  middle  ;  ambulacra 
moderately  curved,  nearly  closed;  lunules  5,  moderately  wide. 
Locality. — Texas.     Dr.  Francis  Moore. 

Form  of  M.  testinata,  Klein,  but  the  ambulacra  are  proportionally  longer  and 
and  the  middle  lunule  much  shorter.     (A  tertiary  fossil.) 


Catalogue  of  Birds  collected  at  Cape  Lopez,  Western  Africa,  by  Mr.  P.  B.  DuChaillu, 
in  1856,  with  notes  and  descriptions  of  new  species. 

By  John  Cassin. 

During  some  months  passed  at  Cape  Lopez,  in  which  Mr.  DuChaillu  made  the 
present  collection  of  birds  and  collections  of  great  interest  in  other  departments, 
his  researches  extended  to  a  distance  of  about  sixty  miles  from  the  coast.  The 
larger  part  was,  however,  collected  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Cape  Lopez. 

Latterly  Mr.  DuChaillu  has  not  sent  in  his  collections  specimens  of  common 
birds  previously  transmitted.  This  fact  will  account  for  omissions  of  well- 
known  species  in  the  present  catalogue. 

1.  Gypohierax  angolensis,  (Gmelin.) 

Falco  angolensis,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  252,  (1788.) 

Gray's  Genera,  i.  pi.  4.     Jard.  &  Sel.  111.  Orn.  N.  S.  pi.  13. 

Young  5  •  Entire  plumage  pale  fuscous,  very  light  on  the  throat  and  abdo- 
men, and  nearly  white  on  the  occiput.  Quills  and  tail  brownish  black,  bill  and 
tarsi  greenish  yellow. 

This  is  the  only  specimen  of  the  young  of  Gypohierax  that  has  ever  come 
under  our  notice,  though  we  have  frequently  seen  the  adult.  In  this  specimen 
the  pale  brown  represented  in  Jard.  and  Selby  111.,  as  cited  above,  extends  to  the 
entire  body  and  head,  the  occiput  only  being  nearly  white.  It  has  attained  the 
size  of  maturity. 

2.  Lanius  Smithii,  Fraser. 

Lanius  Smithii,  Fraser,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  1843,  p.  16. 
Specimens  of  both  sexes,  which  are  very  similar,  the  females  being  only 
slightly  lighter  in  color. 

3.  Laniarius  Peli,  (Bonaparte.) 

Malaconotus  Peli,  Bonap.  Consp.  Av.  p.  360,  (1850.) 
Laniarius  lepidus,  Cassin,  Proc.  Acad.  Philada.,  vii.  p.  327,  (1855.) 
This  appears  to  be  a  species  of  frequent  occurrence  in  equatorial  Africa. 
We  committed  the  indiscretion  of  describing  and  naming  this  bird,  not  being 
able  to  recognize  it  from  the  short  description  in  Bonaparte's  Consp.  as  above, 
which  is  comprised  in  exactly  eleven  words.     The  only  use  of  such  descriptions 
is,  that  they  answer  for  a  sort  of  caveat  to  all  other  naturalists  against  describing 
any  species  at  all  similar  ;  and  to  such  extent  is  this  obscure  and  absurd  style 
persisted  in  by  a  few  European  ornithologists,  that  there  are  now  about  enough 
irrecognizable  descriptions  published  to  cover  all  possible  birds  that  may  be 
discovered  for  some  time  to  come. 

For  the  means  of  determining  this  species  we  are  indebted  to  that  accomplished 
and  accurate  ornithologist  Dr.  Hartlaub,  of  Bremen,  whose  description  is  in 
Cabanis'  Journal,  1855,  p.  358. 

4.  Tepurodornis  ocreatds,  Strickland. 

Tephrodornis  ocreatus,  Strickl.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  1844,  p.  102. 

Fraser,  Zool.  Typ.  pi.  36. 

Several  specimens,  which  are  almost  precisely  as  figured  by  Fraser  as  above, 
and  though  all  have  a  general  aspect  of  immaturity,  yet  are  very  nearly  alike. 
The  females  have  rather  more  of  the  black  edgings  on  the  breast  and  throat, 
and  are  slightly  smaller.     The  integral  character  of  the  scales  of  the  tarsi  holds 


1856.]  317 

good  in  all  these  specimens,  and  is  a  very  curious  character,  the  tarsus  having 
apparently  but  a  single  scale  in  front  and  another  on  each  side. 

5.  MusciPETA  PLAViVENTEis,  Verrcaux. 

Muscipeta  flaviventris,  Verr.  Cab.  Jour.,  1855,  p.  103. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  species  of  this  group  and  having  the  under  parts 
of  a  rich  orange  color,  quite  peculiar.  The  adult  male  is  described  by  M.  Ver- 
reaux ;  the  female  is  smaller  and  of  lighter  colors,  back  and  throat  approaching 
bluish  cinereous,  under  parts  nearly  as  in  the  male. 

6.  PliATYSTIRA  MELANOPTBRA,  (GmeliQ.) 

Muscicapa  melanoptera,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  p.  939,  (1788.) 
Jard.  &  Sel.m.  pi.  9. 

Not  to  be  distinguished  from  specimens  obtained  at  more  northern  localities 
on  the  coast. 

7.  Artomyias  fuliginosa,  Verreaux. 

Artomyias  fuliginosa,  Verreaux,  Cabanis' Jour.,  1855,  p.  104,  (March.) 
Butalis  infuscatus,  Cassin,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.,  vii.  p.  326,  (April,  1855.) 
The  adult  is  described  by  M.  Verreaux  and  myself  as  above.     The  young  is  of 
the  same  general  colors,  but  with  the  abdomen,  rump  and  wing  coverts  thickly 
spott(?d  with  white,  which   predominates  in   the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  and 
marks  the  tips  of  the  wing  coverts. 

This  is  a  most  singular  form  of  Iluscicapa,  and  so  nearly  approaching  the 
general  characters  of  Hirundo,  that  although  specimens  have  been  in  my  posses- 
sion for  nearly  twenty  years,  I  never  felt  fully  assured  that  it  was  not  an  ob- 
scure style  of  Cotyle,  until  informed  by  Mr.  DuChaillu  that  it  is  strictly  a  Fly- 
catcher in  its  habits.  It  was  first  sent  by  Dr.  MacDowell  from  St.  Paul's 
River. 

8.  Pratincola  salax,  Verreaux. 

Pratincola  salax,  Verreaux,  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.,  1851,  p.  307. 

Messrs.  Verreaux  describe  the  male  of  this  handsome  species.  Specimens 
marked  as  females  in  Mr.  DuChaillu's  collection  have  the  upper  parts  grayish, 
with  obscure  longitudinal  stripes  of  dark  brown.  Throat  gray,  breast  and  flanks 
dull  chestnut,  abdomen  and  rump  white. 

9.  Macronyx  flaviventris,  Swainson. 
Macronyx  flaviventris,  Sw.  B.  of  W.  Af.  i.  p.  215. 
Jard.  &  Selby,  III.  Orn.  N.  S.  pi.  22. 

In  mature  plumage  and  very  nearly  as  described  and  figured  above.  Alauda 
crocea,  Vieill.  is  a  very  distinct  affair  and  not  much  like  the  present  bird. 

10.  Anthus  Gouldii,  Fraser. 

Anthus  Gouldii,  Fras.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  1843,  p.  27. 

Plenty  of  specimens  and  all  of  one  species,  but  not  clearly  recognizable  from 
Fraser's  description.  They  are,  however,  obscurely  marked,  but  about  the  size 
and  general  style  as  described. 

11.  Andsopadus  latirostris,  Strickland. 

Andropadus  latirostris,  Strickl.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  1844,  p.  100. 

Numerous  specimens.  There  are  not,  however,  in  the  present  collection  any 
specimens  of  the  allied  but  quite  distinct  species  A.  gracilirostris,  Strickl.,  though 
both  are  in  collections  formerly  received  from  the  river  Moondah. 

12.  Tricophorus  calurus,  Cassin. 

Tricophorus  calurus,  Cassin,  Proc.  Acad.  Philada.,  viii.  p.  158,  (1856.) 
Specimens  presenting  no  characters  other  than  as  described. 

13.  Tricophorus  notatus,  Cassin. 

Tricophorus  notatus,  Cassin,  Proc.  Acad,  Philada.,  viii.  p.  158,  (1856.) 
Precisely  similat  to  specimens  originally  described  by  me. 


318  [December, 

14.  Syncopta  tincta,  Cassin. 
Syncopta  tincta,  Cassin,  Proc.  Acad.  Philada.,  vii.  p.  325,  (1855.) 
In  plumage  exactly  the  same  as  the  original  specimens. 

10.  Sylvietta  microura,  (Riippel.) 
Troglodytes  micrurus,  Eiipp.,  Neue  Wirb.  Abyss,  pi.  41,  fig.  2. 
Much  like  the  figure  as  cited  and  very  probably  identical. 

16.  CiSTicoLA  cuRSiTANS,  (Franklin.) 

Prinia  cursitans,  Frank.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  1831,  p.  118. 

"Cisticola  oryzicola,  Temm.,  ex  Borneo."  Label  on  spec,  from  Leyden  Mu- 
seum. 

Jard.  111.  Ind.  Orn.  pi.  6. 

Not  distinguishable  from  India  specimens,  and  we  may  add,  scarcely  from 
European  Sylvia  cisticola.     The  first  that  1  have  seen  from  Africa. 

17.  Drymoioa,  Swainson. 

Specimens  of  two  species  in  the  present  collection  I  cannot  refer  to  known 
Western  African  species  of  this  genus,  but  must  defer  naming  them  until  my 
leisure  will  allow  a  full  examination  of  the  group. 

18.  Spermestes  cucullata,  Swainson. 
Spermestes  cucullata,  Sw.  B.  of  W.  Af.  i.  p.  201, 
Von  Miiller  Beitr.  Orn.  Afr.  pi.  16. 

Specimens  labelled  as  adults  of  both  sexes  are  very  similar,  but  the  young 
are  quite  different.  The  entire  plumage  is  dull  brown,  like  the  back  of  the  adult, 
tinged  with  ashy  on  the  lower  parts,  and  nearly  white  in  the  middle  of  the  ab- 
domen. Not  a  vestige  of  the  glossy  metallic  tints  of  the  head,  breast  and  sides 
of  the  adult. 

The  Baron  Von  Miiller  gives  very  handsome  figures  of  adults,  as  above. 

19.  Ortygospiza  atricollis,  (Vieillot.) 

Fringilla  atricollis,  Vieill.  Nouv.  Diet.  xii.  p.  182,  (1817.) 

Fringilla  polyzona,  Temm.? 

Temm.  pi.  col.  221,  fig.  3? 

Specimens  in  the  present  collection  agree  with  the  description  of  Vieillot.  but 
though  apparently  in  adult  plumage,  have  no  white  on  the  throat  nor  around  the 
eyes  in  either  sex.  I  have  also  before  me  seven  specimens  of  the  true  0.  poly- 
zona from  "  Gambia,"  in  which  this  character  is  present.  In  other  respects  the 
two  are  very  similar. 

Females  have  the  throat  pale  cinereous,  not  black  as  in  the  male. 

20.  ESTRELDA    MELPODA,  (Vieillot.) 

Fringilla  melpoda,  Vieill.,  Ency.  Meth.  p.  987. 
Vieill.  Ois.  Ch.  pi.  7. 

Beautiful  specimens  of  both  species.  The  female  only  differs  from  the  male  in 
being  lighter  colored. 

21.  Fringillaria  tahapisi,  (Smith.) 

"  Emberiza  tahapisi.  Smith,  Rep.  of  S.  Af.  Exp." 

Two  specimens  which  are  the  first  appearance  of  this  species  in  the  fauna  of 
Western  Africa.  Not  having  access  to  the  description  by  Dr.  Smith,  I  apply  this 
name  on  the  faith  of  that  accurate  ornithologist  Mr.  Jules  Verreaux,  who  pre- 
sented specimens  from  South  Africa  to  the  Museum  of  this  Academy.  Those 
specimens  are  strictly  identical  with  the  present,  and  are  labelled  by  Mr.  Ver- 
reaux "  type  de  Smith." 

22.  Sycobius  nigerrimus,  (Vieillot.) 

Ploceus  nigerrimus,  Vieill.  Ency.  Meth.  p.  700. 

Ploceus  niger,  Swains,  Cab.  Cy.  Menag.  p.  306. 

Specimens  labelled  by  Mr.  DuChaillu  as  both  sexes  of  this  little-known  species 
are  entirely  black,  and  differ  only  slightly  in  size  and  lustre  of  plumage.  The 
young  are  however  very  different,  having  the  upper  parts  dark  green  with  Ion- 


1856.]  319 

gitudinal  stripes  of  brown  and  black,  under  parts  dull  yellow  darker  on  the 
sides,  wings  and  tail  in  some  specimens  brown,  in  others  black.  Bill  lighter 
colored  than  in  the  adult,  under  mandible  nearly  white.  In  young  plumage 
this  bird  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  a  distinct  species. 

23.  Sycobius  malimbcs,  (Temminck.) 
Textor  malimbus,  Temrn. 
Malimbus  cristatus,  Vieill.  (  9  ) 

Sycobius  rubricoUus,  Sw.  An.  Menag.  p.  306. 

Euplectus  rufovelatus,  Fraser,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  fiOndon,  1842  p.  42  ?  Vieill. 
Ois.  Chant,  pi.  43.     Fras.  Zool.  Typ.  pi.  46  ? 

I  have  at  this  moment  specimens  before  me  of  all  known  species  of  Syco- 
bius as  given  by  late  ornithologists,  but  am  not  without  diffculty  in  referring  a 
single  specimen  in  the  present  collection  to  either  of  them.  It  has  a  large  oc- 
cipital spot  or  band  of  bright  scarlet  extending  somewhat  to  the  sides  of  the 
neck.  Front  and  cheeks  fully  including  and  above  the  eyes  and  all  other  parts 
of  the  plumage  fine  lustrous  black. 

The  present  specimen  is  exactly  of  the  size  of  Viellot's  figure  cited  above,  but 
too  small  for  that  of  Fraser,  though  in  color  resembling  the  head  in  the  second 
figure  of  his  plate.  I  have  no  doubt  that  it  is  the  bird  represented  by  Vieillot 
though  perhaps  not  in  adult  plumage,  but  I  have  doubts  of  its  being  Fraser's 
bird,  and  also  of  the  supposed  identity  of  the  two.  A  fine  specimen  of  ^S*.  rufo- 
velatus now  before  me  is  larger,  with  the  bill  straighter  and  thicker,  and  very 
nearly  as  represented  in  Fraser's  plate. 

In  the  present  bird  the  front  to  the  eyes  is  lustrous  black.  I  regard  it  as 
S.  malimbus  in  a  stage  of  plumage  analogous  to  that  represented  by  Fraser  in 
the  second  figure  of  his  plate. 

24.  Hyphantornis   flavigula,  Hartlanb. 
Hyphantornis  flavigula,  Hartl.  Rev.  Zool.  1845,  p.  406. 
Hyphantornis  Grayi,  Verreaux  Rev.  etMag.  Zool.  1851,  p.  514. 

In  numerous  specimens  received  from  Mr.  DuGhaillu,  the  above  are  invariably 
labelled  as  males  and  females  of  the  same  species. 

25.  CoLiosTRUTHDS  MACROURUS,  (Gmelin.) 

Loxia  macroura,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  845,  (1788.) 

Fringilla  flavoptera,  Vieill. 

Vidua  chrysonota,  Sw.  B.  of  W.  Af.  i.  p.  178. 
Buff.  PI.  Enl.  183,  fig.  1.     Vieill.  Ois.  Chant,  pi.  41. 

In  beautiful  plumage.  This  is  the  most  southern  locality  that  I  have  ever 
seen  for  this  species. 

26.  CORYTHAIX    PERSA,    (LinUSBUS.) 

Cuculus  persa,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  171,  (1766.) 
Edwards'  Birds,  pi.  7. 

The  species  with  a  crest  having  red  tips.  Apparently  common  in  Equatorial 
Africa. 

27.  TocKus  FASCIAT0S,  (Shaw.) 
Buceros  fasciatus,  Shaw. 

Le  Vaill.  B.  of  Af.  pi.  233. 

Several  specimens  of  the  real  T.  fasciatus,  with  the  second  and  third  feathers 
of  the  tail  pure  white,  though  the  first  and  those  of  the  middle  are  black.  In 
the  young  bird  the  tips  only  of  the  two  feathers  are  white.  T.  sernifasciatus, 
Temm.  Cabanis'  Jour.  1855,  p.  35G,  is  very  much  like  the  present  bird  in  young 
plumage,  but  a  specimen  now  before  me  (of  T.  semifasciatus)  from  the  Rivoli  col- 
lection is  considerably  larger  and  has  a  mature  appearance. 

28.  TocKus  cAMURUS,  nobis. 

The  smallest  known  bird  of  this  group.  Allied  to,  and  somewhat  resembling, 
T.  melanoleucus  (Le  Vaill.  Ois.  d'Af.  pi.  234).     Bill  greatly  compressed,  with  a 


320  [December, 

sharp  slightly  raised  culmen,  curved.  Wing  short,  fifth  and  sixth  quills  longest: 
tail  rather  long. 

Total  length  about  13J  inches,  wing  6,  tail  G}  inches. 

Bill  red.  Entire  upper  parts,  throat  and  breast  amber  brown,  strongly  tinged 
with  fulvous  on  the  rump,  and  with  greenish  bronze  on  the  wings  and  tail. 
"Wing  coverts  tipped  with  white,  forming  two  conspicuous  bars  diagonally  cross- 
ing the  wing.  Primaries  with  a  single  spot  of  pale  fulvous  on  each  web,  larger 
on  the  inner,  tertiaries  edged  with  pale  fulvous  on  both  webs.  Under  parts 
from  the  breast  white,  tinged  with  cinereous  on  the  sides.  Tail  amber  brown, 
with  a  greenish  bronzed  lustre,  tipped  with  white,  shafts  of  tail  feathers  above 
yellowish  white  inclining  to  golden  ;  below  white.     Legs  dark. 

Hab.  Cape  Lopez,  Western  Africa.     Discovered  by  Mr.  P.  B.  DuChaillu. 

This  is  the  smallest  bird  of  the  genera  Buceros  and  Tockus  that  I  have  ever 
seen,  and  appears  to  be  the  smallest  known  species.  It  resembles  in  some  mea- 
sure T.  mclanoleums  as  above  mentioned,  but  is  much  smaller.  Three  specimens 
are  in  the  collection,  essentially  alike. 

29.  Halcyon  senbgalbnsis,  (Linnaeus.) 

Alcedo  senegalensis,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  180,(1766.) 

Swains.  Zool.  111.  pi.  27. 

Not  to  be  distinguished  from  specimens  obtained  at  more  northern  localities. 

30.  Caprimulgus  binotatus,  Temminck. 

Caprimulgus  binotatus,  Temm.  Cabanis'  Jour.  1855,  p.  355. 

The  only  species  of  this  group  that  has  been  received  from  the  Gaboon  coun- 
try. It  appears  to  be  this  species  and  is  a  true  Caprimulgus  allied  to  C.pecioralis, 
Cuvier,  C.  poUoccphalus,  Riippel  and  others. 

31.  Anthreptes  Frasbri,  Jardine. 

Anthreptes  Frazeri,  Jard.  111.  Orn.  n.  s.  p.       pi.  52. 

A  single  specimen  very  nearly  as  described  and  figured  above,  but  having  some 
appearance  of  immaturity. 

32.  Nectarinia  cuprea,  (Shaw.) 
Certbia  cuprea,  Shaw. 

Cinnyris  erythronotus,  Sw.  B.  of  W.  Af.  ii.  p.  30,  pi.  15. 
Vieill.  Ois.  dor.  pi.  27. 

Numerous  specimens.  The  female  and  young  are  dull  yellowish  green  above, 
and  dull  yellow  beneath  ;  totally  unlike  the  male  in  plumage. 

33.  Nectarinia  cyanocephala,  (Vieill.) 
Certhia  cyanocephala,  Vieill. 

Cinnnyris  chloronotus,  Sw.  B.ofW.  Af.  ii.'p.  136,  pi.  16. 
Vieill.  Ois.  dor.  pi.  7,  25.     Jardine  Mon.  pi.  10. 
Apparently  a  common  species  at  Cape  Lopez. 

34.  Centropus  monachus,  Riippell. 

Centropus  monachus,  Riipp.  Faun.  Abyss,  pi.  21. 

A  single  specimen  strictly  identical  with  specimens  in  the  Academy  Museum 
from  Mr,  Riippell's  collection.     Larger  than  C.  senegalensis. 

35.  Merops  bicolor,  Daudin. 

Merops  bicolor,  Daud.  Ann.  du  Mus.  ii.  pi.  440,  pi.  62,  fig  1. 
Merops  malimbus,  Shaw  Nat.  Misc.  pi.  701. 
Vieill.  Gal.  i.  pi.  186.     Le  Vaill.  Guep.  pi.' 5. 
Apparently  abundant  in  Equatorial  Africa. 

36.  Merops  Bullockioides,  A.  Smith. 

Merops  Bullockioides,  A.  Smith,  S.  Af.  Quar.  Jour.  1834. 

Smith,  111.  Zool.  S.  Af.  Aves,  pi.  9. 

Several  specimens  of  both  sexes  are  in  the  collection. 


1856.]  321 

37.  Merops  variegatus,  Vieillot. 

Merops  variegatus,  Vieill.  Ency.  Meth.  p,  390. 

Merops  cyanipectus,  Verreaux,  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.,  1851,  p.  269 

Le  Vaill.  Guep.  pi.  7. 

Numerous  specimens. 

38.  Dendrobates  Caroli,  (Malhcrbe.) 

Ohloropicus  Caroli,  Malh.  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  1852,  p.  550. 
Numerous  specimens. 

39.  PoGONiAS  HiRSUTUs,  Swainsou. 
Pogonias  hirsutus,  Sw.  Zool.  111.  ii.  pi.  72. 

40.  OxYLOPHus  JACOBiNus,  (Boddaert.) 
Cuculus  jacobinus,  Bodd.  Tab.  PI.  Enl. 
Cuculus  serratus,  Sparrm.  Mus.  Carls. 
Cuculus  ater,  Gm.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  415. 

Sparrm.  Mus.  Carls,  pi.  3.  Lev.  Ois  d'Af.  pi.  207,  208. 

The  debut  of  this  species  in  the  fauna  of  Western  Africa.  One  specimen  only, 
which  is  probably  a  female,  having  the  under  parts  dull  ashy  white.  It  is  quite 
identical  with  specimens  from  Southern  Africa  in  the  museum  of  the  Academy. 

41.  Treron  calva,  (Temminck.) 

Columba  calva,  Temm.  Knip  and  Prev,  Pigeons,  ii.  pi.  7. 

42.  Pbristera  chalcospilos,  (Wagler.) 

Columba  chalcospilos,  Wagler.  Riipp.  Syst.  Uebers.  pi.  38.     Buff.  pi.  Ent.  160. 

43.  Peeistera  puella,  Schlegel. 

Peristera  puella,  Schlegel.  Beydrag.  Dierk.  i.  p.  17,  pi.  6,  (1848.) 
One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Doves  of  Africa.     Uur  specimens  are  pre- 
cisely as  given  in  the  highly  valuable  work  above  cited. 

44.  Feancolinus  Lathami,  Hartlaub. 

Francolinus  Lathami,  Hartl.  Cab.  Jour.  1855,  p.  210. 

"Francolinus  Peli,  Temm."  Label  on  specimen  from  Leyden  Museum. 

Leona  Partridge,  Lath.  Gen.  Hist.  viii.  p.  273. 

Avery  handsome  species  well  described  by  Latham.  This  bird  belongs  strictly 
to  the  same  group  as  Colurnix  histrionica,  Hartlaub,  and  bears  a  general  resem- 
blance to  that  species,  but  is  quite  distinct.  Sexes  nearly  alike,  the  female 
having  the  white  spots  of  the  under  parts  larger.  ■ 

45.  Francolinus  squamatus,  nobis. 

About  the  size  of  and  belonging  to  the  same  group  as  F.  nudkollis  and  F.  Nata- 
lensis.  Bill  rather  strong,  sixth  quill  longest;  tertiaries  longer  than  primaries  ; 
upper  tail  coverts  long ;  legs  stout ;  tarsus  in  the  male  with  one  short,  sharp 
spur.  Total  length  about  14  inches  ;  wing  7J  ;  tail  3^  inches.  Entire  upper 
parts  dark  reddish  brown,  unspotted  on  the  head,  variegated  with  dull  reddish 
white  on  the  back,  and  with  irregular  transverse  stripes  of  black  on  the  back, 
rump  and  wings.  Feathers  of  the  neck  edged  with  ashy  white.  Entire  under 
parts  brownish  cinereous  with  a  tinge  of  fulvous,  every  feather  large  and  having 
a  dark  brown  shaft,  and  conspicuously  edged  with  the  same  color.  Throat 
paler,  breast  darker.  Upper  mandible  dark  bluish,  under  mandible  red,  feet  red. 
Under  tail  coverts  dark  reddish  brown.     Female  smaller. 

With  a  large  collection  before  me,  including  very  nearly  all  the  species  of  Dr. 
Smith,  I  have  failed  to  recognize  this  bird  as  a  described  species.  The  present 
specimens  are  the  first  that  I  have  ever  seen.  The  large  and  scale-like  character 
of  the  plumage  of  the  under  parts  is  quite  peculiar. 

46.  NUMIDA  PLUMIFERA,  noblS. 

Of  the  same  subgeneric  group  (Gutiera)  as  N.  cristata,  and  bearing  a  general 
resemblance  to  that  species.  Head  above  with  an  ample  crest  of  straight,  erect, 
narrow  feathers ;  occiput,  throat  and  upper  part  of  neck  cov.ered  with  short 


322  [December, 

downy  feathers  in  the  male,  naked  in  the  female.  Bill  rather  stout ;  rictal  mem- 
brane small ;  fourth  and  fifth  quills  longest;  tertiaries  longer  than  primaries; 
upper  and  under  tail  coverts  ample  and  long  ;  legs  stout.  Total  length  about 
16J  inches  ;  wing  9  ;  tail  5  inches. 

Colors  generally  resembling  those  of  iV^.  cristata^  but  without  the  black  of  the 
neck  and  breast  of  that  species.  Crest  in  both  sexes  and  downy  plumage  of  the 
head  in  the  male  black  ;  secondary  quills  with  their  outer  webs  yellowish  white  ; 
tertiaries  with  narrow  longitudinal  stripes  of  bluish  white  on  their  outer  and 
exposed  webs.  All  other  parts  of  the  plumage  above  and  below  (including  the 
neck  and  breast)  bluish  black  or  slate  color,  with  numerous  circular  spots  of 
bluish  white  rather  larger  on  the  neck.  Bill  bluish,  lighter  at  the  tip,  legs 
bluish.  Female  similar  to  the  male,  but  with  the  white  spots  rather  larger  on 
the  neck;  naked  skin  of  the  head  dark,  (naked  in  the  female  only.) 

This  interesting  addition  to  African  Ornithology  is  strictly  of  the  same  group 
as  Numida  cristata,  Pallas,  Spic.  Zool.  pi.  2,  but  is  readily  to  be  distinguished  by 
its  erect  crest,  which  is  peculiar,  and  the  absence  of  the  black  neck  and  breast 
of  that  species.  The  white  spots  on  all  parts  of  the  body  are  smaller  than  in 
N.  cristata,  and  extend  to  the  neck,  breast  and  tibise,  which  in  that  species  are 
black.     Specimens  of  both  sexes  are  in  the  collection. 

Genus  PHASIDUS. 

Allied  to  Numida,  Linn,  and  to  Agelastus,  Temm.  Bill  strong,  curved,  rather 
wide  and  rounded  at  the  tip  ;  wing  moderate  ;  fifth  and  sixth  primaries  longest; 
tertiaries  longer  than  primaries  ;  tail  moderate  ;  tarsus  stout,  with  large,  some- 
what rounded  or  hexagonal  scales  in  front;  toes  rather  long,  claws  long,  stouts 
Head  naked,  except  a  longitudinal  stripe  on  the  top  of  the  head. 

47.  Phasidus  nigbk,  nobis. 

Head  and  throat  naked,  but  with  a  longitudinal  stripe  of  short  black  feathers 
from  the  base  of  the  bill  to  the  occiput,  ending  abruptly'.  Neck  before  and  throat 
with  a  few  short  black  feathers,  behind  and  below  the  bare  space  densely 
covered  with  short  black  feathers. 

Entire  plumage  black,  very  obscurely  punctated  and  vermiculated,  with  a 
lighter  shade  on  the  upper  parts  and  lighter  on  the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 
Bill  corneous,  with  the  edges  of  the  mandibles  nearly  white;  legs  and  toes  dark 
corneous.     Naked  space  on  the  head  probably  yellow  or  light  red.     Male. 

Total  length  about  17  inches  ;  wing  8  ;  tail  G  inches. 

This  is  the  most  remarkable  bird  yet  discovered  by  Mr.  DuChaillu,  It  belongs 
to  the  same  group  as  Numida  and  Agelastus,  but  is  more  intimately  allied  to  the 
latter,  of  which  the  only  known  form  is  Agelastus  meleagrides,  Temm.  Cabanis' 
Jour.  1855,  p.  356,  and  for  a  fine  specimen  of  which  this  Academy  is  indebted 
to  the  liberality  of  the  distinguished  naturalist  by  whom  it  was  first  introduced 
to  the  notice  of  ornithologists. 

A  single  specimen,  labelled  as  a  male,  is  in  the  collection,  and  is  from  a  few 
miles  in  the  interior,  ^t  Cape  Lopez.  The  general  appearance  of  this  bird  is  not 
unlike  that  of  Gallophasis purpureus,  Gray,  but  is  generically  distinct. 

48.  HiATicuLA  PEC0ARIA,  (Tcmmiuck.) 
Charadrius  pecuarius,  Temm.  PI.  Col.  v.  pi.  183. 

Identical  with  South  African  specimens  in  the  Academy's  Museum. 

49.  Nycticorax  europ^us,  Stephens. 

Nycticorax  europasus,  Steph.  Gould  B.  of  Eur.     pi.  279. 

A  single  specimen  in  very  mature  plumage.  Rather  lighter  in  color  than 
specimens  from  Europe,  and  with  the  white  of  the  front  extending  over  and 
behind  the  eye. 


The  Committee  on  Proceedings   presented  a  Special  Report,  which 
was  adopted. 

The  Corresponding  Secretary  read  his  Report  for  last  month. 


1856.]  323 

The  Recording  Secretary  presented  the  following 
ANNUAL  REPORT  FOR  1856, 

During  the  past  year,  December  1,  1855,  to  November  SOth,  1856,  there  have 
been  elected  thirty-one  Members  and  ten  Correspondents. 

Six  Membershave  died, to  wit :  Mr.  Thomas  Fisher,  Isaac  A.  Pennypacker,  M.  D., 
Mr.  Jonathan  Edwards  Taggert,  Madison  Rush,  late  U.  S.  Navy,  Mr.  Samuel  B. 
Ashmead,  and  Edmund  Lang,  M.  D. 

During  the  same  period  the  following  Papers  have  been  presented  to  the 
Academy  for  publication  in  the  Journal  or  Proceedings : — 

By  the  Reverend  M.  J.  Berkeley  and  the  Reverend  M.  A.  Curtis.  "  A  Com- 
mentary on  the  '  Synopsis  Fungorum  in  America  Boreali  Media  Degentium.'  By 
L.  De  Schweinitz."     Published  in  the  JournaL 

By  John  Cassin,  four,  to  wit :  "  Notices  of  some  new  and  little-known  Birds 
in  the  collection  of  the  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition  in  the  Vincennes  and  Peacock, 
and  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia ;"  "Notes 
on  North  American  Birds  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia;"  "Descriptions  of  new  species  of  African  Birds  in  the  Mu- 
seum of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  collected  by  Mr.  P. 
B.  DuChaillu,  in  Equatorial  Africa  ;"  "  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Birds  in 
the  National  Museum,  Washington,  and  in  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia." 

By  T.  A.  Conrad,  two,  to  wit:  "Notes  on  the  Miocene  and  Post-pliocene  Deposits 
of  California,  with  descriptions  of  two  new  fossil  corals;"  "  Description  of  a  new 
species  of  Pentamerus." 

By  James  Deane,  M.  D.  "  On  the  Sandstone  Fossils  of  the  Connecticut  river." 
Published  in  the  JournaL 

By  Elias  Durand.  "  Plantee  Kaneanae  Articae  et  Polares."  Published  in  the 
Journal. 

By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D.,  four,  to  wit :  "  Contributions  to  the  Ichthyology  of 
the  Western  Coast  of  the  United  States  ;"  "  On  a  new  genus  and  species  of  Uro- 
dela ;"  "  Researches  upon  the  Cyprinoid  Fishes  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley ;"  "Notice  upon  the 
species  of  the  genus  Salmo,  of  authors." 

By  Edward  Hallowell,  M.  D.,  seven,  to  wit:  "On  anew  species  of  Ambystoma 
from  Lake  Superior;"  "Descriptions  of  two  new  Urodeles  from  Georgia;" 
"  Notes  on  the  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia;"  "  On  several  new  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia;"  "  Notes  on  the  Reptiles  in  the  collection  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia;"  "  Notice  of  a  collection  of 
Reptiles  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska ;"  "  On  a  new  and  remarkable  genus  of 
Ranidse  from  the  river  Parana." 

By  L.  Harper.     "  Ceratites  Americanus." 

By  Rufus  Haymond,  M.  D.     "  Birds  of  Southern  Indiana." 

By  Thomas  P.  James.  "  An  enumeration  of  Mosses  detected  in  the  Northern 
United  States,  which  are  not  comprised  in  Gray's  Manual." 

By  Robert  Kennicott.     "  Description  of  a  new  Snake  from  Illinois." 

By  Isaac  Lea,  LL.  D.,nine,  to  wit:  "Description  of  new  fresh  water  shells  of 
California;"  "Description  of  a  new  species  of  Triquetra;"  "  Description  of  a 
new  genus  of  Naiades  ;"  "Description  of  twenty-five  species  of  Exotic  Unios ;" 
"  Description  of  four  new  species  of  Exotic  Unios  ;"  "  Description  of  thirteen 
species  of  Exotic  Periostoma;"  "Description  of  fifteen  new  species  of  Mela- 
niana;"  "On  the  Byssus  in  the  genus  Unio;"  "Description  of  eleven  new 
species  of  Uniones  from  Georgia." 

24 


324  .  [December, 

By  Major  John  LeConte,  four,  to  wit :  "  Observations  on  the  North  American 
Bats  ;"  "  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Raninae  of  the  United  States;"  "Descrip- 
tion of  two  new  species  of  Hesperomys  ;"  "  New  species  of  Hyla." 

By  John  L.  LeConte,  M.  D.,  six,  to  wit :  "  Synopsis  of  the  Mycetophagidseof  the 
United  States  ;"  "  Synopsis  of  the  Phalacridae  of  the  United  States  ;"  "  Note  on 
the  genus  Lithodus  of  Schoenherr ;"  "Notice  of  three  genera  of  ScarabaeidJB  in 
the  United  States  ;"  "  Analytical  Table  of  the  species  of  Chlaeneus  found  in  the 
United  States  ;"  "  Synopsis  of  the  Melolonthidae  of  the  United  States."  Published 
iu  the  Journal. 

By  Joseph  Leidy,  M.  D.,  sixteen,  to  wit :  "  Notices  of  some  Tape  Worms ;" 
"Descriptions  of  two  new  Ichthyodorulites  ;"  "A  synopsis  of  Entozoa  and  some 
of  their  Ecto-congeners  observed  by  the  Author ;"  "  Notice  of  some  Remains  of  ex- 
tinct Mammalia  recently  discovered  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  in  the  '  bad  lands'  of  Ne- 
braska ;"  two  papei-s  ;  "  Description  of  some  Remains  of  Fishes  from  the  Carbo- 
niferous and  Devonian  Formations  of  the  United  States  ;"  published  in  the  Jour- 
nal. "  Description  of  some  remains  of  Extinct  Mammalia ;"  published  in  the 
Journal.  "  Notices  of  remains  of  extinct  Fishes  and  Reptiles  discovered  by  Dr. 
F.  V.  Hayden,  etc. ;"  "  Notices  of  three  extinct  Pishes  ;"  "  Notice  of  the  remains 
of  a  species  of  Seal  from  the  Post-pliocene  deposit  of  the  Ottawa  river ;"  "  Notices 
of  several  genera  of  extinct  Mammalia,  previously  less  perfectly  characterized  ;" 
"  Notice  of  some  remains  of  extinct  Vertebrated  Animals  ;"  "  Notices  of  extinct 
Vertebrated  Animals  of  New  Jersey,  etc,  ;"  "  Notices  of  remains  of  extinct 
Vertebrated  Animals  discovered  by  Prof.  E.  Emmons  ;"  "  Notices  of  some  re- 
mains of  fishes  discovered  by  John  E.  Emory;"  "Notices  of  remains  of  two 
species  of  seal." 

By  F,  B.  Meek  and  F.V.  Hayden,  M.  D.,  four, to  wit:  "Descriptions  of  thirty  new 
species  of  Gasteropoda  from  the  Cretaceous  formation  of  Nebraska  Territory ;" 
"Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  from  the  Cretace- 
ous formation  of  Nebraska  Territory ;"  "  Descriptions  of  thirty  new  species  of  Ace- 
phala  and  Gasteropoda  from  the  Cretaceous  Formation  of  Nebraska  Territory  ;" 
"  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Acephala  and  Gasterpoda,  from  the  Tertiary 
Formation  of  Nebraska  Territory ;"  "  Descriptions  of  new  fossil  species  of 
MoUusca  collected  by  Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  in  Nebraska  Territory." 

By  James  Aitken  Meigs,  M.  D.  "  Catalogue  of  Human  Crania  in  the  collection 
of  the  late  Samuel  George  Morton,  M.  D.,  etc." 

By  J.  S.  Newberry,  M.  D.  "  Descriptions  of  several  new  genera  and  species  of 
Fossil  Fishes,  from  the  Carboniferous  Strata  of  Ohio." 

By  W.  F.  Rogers.     "  Synopsis  of  the  Chrysomela  and  allied  genera  inhabiting 

the  United  States." 

By  Abraham  Sager.     "  Descriptions  of  Myriapoda,  supposed  to  be  new." 

By  Phillip  Lutley  Sclater,  two,  to  wit :  "  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Tana- 

ger  of  the  genus  Saltator  ;"  "  Characteristics  of  an  apparently  undescribed  Bird 

belonging  to  the  genus  Spix,  etc." 

By  B.  F.  Shumard,  M,  D.,  and  L.  P.  Yandell,  M.  D.  "  Notice  of  a  new  fossil 
genus  belonging  to  the  Family  Blastoidea,  from  the  Devonian  Strata  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky." 

By  W.  J.  Taylor.  "Examination  of  Meteoric  Iron,  from  Xiquipilco, 
Mexico." 

In  all  seventy-three. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted  by 

B.  Howard  Rand,  M.  D., 

Recording  Secretary. 
Dec.  30ih,  1856. 


1856.] 


325 


The  following  Report  of  the  Librarian  was  read  and  adopted  . 
LIBRARIAN'S  REPORT  FOR  1856. 

The  additions  to  the  Library  of  the  Academy  during  the  current  year  amount 
to  1,449,  of  which  number  295  are  complete  volumes,  and  1,154  are  pamphlets, 
scientific  periodicals,  &c.  The  sources  whence  these  books  hare  been  obtained, 
and  the  general  subjects  upon  which  they  treat,  are  presented  in  the  following 
table  : 


1                        (From  Authors] 

SUBJECTS. 

From  Dr.    |  From  Mr. 

Editors,  Mem- 

From Socie- 

Total. 

T.  B. 

Wilson. 

E.  Wilson. 

bers,  &c., 

ties,  &c.. 

Vols. 

Pamph. 

Vols.  Pamph. 

Vols. 

Pamph. 

Vols. 

Pamph. 

Vols. 

Pamp. 

Journals,  Transactions,  Pro- 

ceedings, Memoirs,  &c., 

18 

307 

6 

62 

54 

151 

78 

520 

Natural  Sciences, 

89 

254 

5 

35 

33 

77 

2 

1 

129 

367 

Anatomy  and  Physiology, 

12 

8 

2 

152 

a 

4 

1 

16 

165 

Physics  and  Chemistry, 

1 

1 

■6 

10 

2 

2 

1 

7 

13 

General  Natural  History, 

12 

7 

4 

1 

1 

13 

12 

Ethnology  and  Languages, 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

6 

Voyages,  A^aps,  &c.. 

17 

1 

17 

Miscellaneous, 

8 

4 

5  1      47 

12 

18 

6 

2 

31 

71 

Total 

295 

1154 

By  referring  to  the  last  Report  of  the  late  Librarian,  Dr.  W.  S.  Zantzinger,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  total  increase  for  the  present  year  exceeds  that  for  1855 
by  592.  In  December  last,  Dr.  Z.  estimated  that  the  Library  contained  about 
15,500  volumes,  tracts,  periodicals,  serials,  &c.  By  the  additions  for  1856,  this 
number  has  been  swelled  to  16,949. 

Respectfully  submitted  by 

J.  AiTKEN  Meigs,  Librarian. 
Dec.  30th,  1856. 


The  Curators  presented  their  Annual  Report  which  was  read,  adopted 
and  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Proceedings. 

REPORT  OF  THE  CURATORS  FOR  1856. 

The  Curators  take  pleasure  in  reporting  that  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  is 
in  an  excellent  condition  of  preservation,  and  that  it  has  received  valuable  ac- 
cessions to  all  its  departments  during  the  year  just  about  closing. 

Since  the  last  annual  report  was  presented  to  the  Academy,  the  arrangement 
of  the  Ichthyological  collection  has  been  undertaken  by  Drs.  R.  E.  Bridges  and 
J.  Cheston  Morris ;  and  W.  J.  Binney,  Esq.  has  commenced  the  arrangement  of 
the  Cenchological  collection.  The  collection  of  Birds  continues  to  be  arranged 
by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson.  The  collections  of  Minerals,  Crustacea,  Insects,  and  Fos- 
sil plants  have  been  arranged  prior  to  this  year  as  stated  in  previous  reports. 
No  department  is  perhaps  better  arranged  than  that  of  the  Herpetological  col- 
lection, for  which  the  Academy  is  indebted  to  the  information  and  zeal  of  Dr. 
E.  Hallowell  The  collection  of  Vertebrate  Remains  has  been  recentlj''  arranged 
by  Dr.  J.  Leidy.  Mr.  E.  Durand  has  made  considerable  progress  in  the  forma- 
tion of  an  American  Herbarium,  which  he  informs  us  will  be  of  a  very  complete 
character.  In  several  departments,  the  Academy  yet  needs  some  assistance  be- 
fore the  Museum  shall  be  completely  arranged,  more  especially  in  the  depart- 
ments of  Mammalogy,  Invertebrate  Palaeontology,  and  Geology. 

During  the  year  1856,  the  donations  to  the  different  departments  of  the  Mu- 
seum have  been  as  follows  : — 

Mammals. — Of  these  33  specimens  of  14  species  have  been  added  to  the  collec- 
tion ;  and  among  them  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Musk  Ox,  deposited  by  Dr.  E. 
K.  Kane,  and  one  of  the  Walrus,  presented  by  Sandwith  Drinker,  Esq. 


326  [December, 

Birds. — W.  S.  Wilson,  Esq.  presented  146  specimens  of  129  species  of  Birds  ; 
and  30  specimens  of  16  species  were  presented  by  others. 

Reptiles.— T)v.  W.  S.  Hammond,  U.  S.  A.,  presented  100  specimens  of  40  species 
of  Reptiles  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska  ;  and  Dr.  A.  Heermann  presented  70  speci- 
mens of  30  species  from  Texas.  Besides  these  collections,  there  have  been  re- 
ceived 415  specimens  of  140  species  through  donation  and  exchange.  Among 
the  chief  donors  are  Drs.  Miles,  Hallowell  and  Uhler,  and  Major  LeConte. 

Fishes. — Of  these  about  100  specimens  of  48  species  have  been  presented, 
chiefly  by  Dr.  Watson,  Mr.  Ashmead,  and  Dr.  Leidy. 

Mollusks. — Of  these  about  800  specimens  of  350  species  have  been  presented. 
Among  them  are  100  species  of  the  rarer  marine  shells  of  the  United  States  coast, 
presented  by  Wm.  Stimpson,  Esq. ;  and  111  species  of  Achatinella,  from  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  presented  by  Dr.  W.  Newcomb,  of  Albany.  The  donors  of  the 
others  are  chiefly  F.  A.  Sauvalle,  of  Cuba,  Dr.  T.  J.  Turner,  U.  S.  N.,  Mr.  Binney, 
and  Mr.  Ashmead. 

bisects. — Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson  presented  2400  specimens  of  900  species  of  Coleop- 
tera ;  Mr.  Guex  1500  of  356  species  of  the  same  order;  and  G.  J.  Barnet,  Esq. 
700  of  80  species.  Besides  these  there  were  presented  several  small  collections 
of  Ooleoptera,  Neuroptera,  and  Lepidoptera. 

Crustaceans,  Arachnides,  Mi/riapods,  Afinelides,  and  Zoophytes. — Of  Crustaceans 
358  specimens  of  65  species  have  been  presented,  chiefly  by  W.  S.  Wilson,  Mr. 
Ashmead,  and  Dr.  Davidson  ;  of  Arachnides  8  specimens  of  4  species  have  been 
presented  ;  of  Annelides  3  specimens  of  2  species ;  and  of  Zoophytes  104  speci- 
mens of  40  species,  chiefly  from  Mr.  Ashmead. 

Comparative  Anatomy. — Of  skeletons  there  have  been  received  9,  among  which 
are  those  of  the  Polar  Bear  and  the  Delphinapterus,  presented  by  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane. 
Of  human  skulls  21  have  been  received  through  Drs.  McClellan,  Ruschenberger, 
Kane  and  Mitchell,  and  Mr.  Richard  Harlan.  Of  other  skulls  6  have  been  pre- 
sented, chiefly  by  W.  W.  Wood,  Esq. 

Botany. — Collections  of  plants  have  been  presented  by  Mr.  Tuckerman,  Dr. 
Kane,  Mr.  Eckert  and  Dr.  Wilson.  Mr.  C.  E.  Smith  presented  500  species ;  Sir 
W.  Hooker  158  Himalaya  species,  and  Mr.  Ashmead  06  species  of  Marine  Algae. 
Besides  these  there  have  been  received  16  species  of  fruits,  &c. 

Palceontology. — Of  Vertebrate  remains  40  specimens  have  been  presented  by 
Dr.  S.  W.  Clanton  ;  a  collection  of  bones  of  the  Megalonyx,  from  Alabama,  by 
Prof.  Tuomey,  and  130  specimens  from  various  donors.  Besides  these  Mr.  Richard 
Harlan  has  presented  numerous  moulds  and  casts  of  remains  of  Palseotherium, 
Deinotherium,  Megalosaurus,  &c.  from  the  collection  of  his  father.  Dr.  Harlan. 
Of  Invertebrate  remains  80  specimens  were  presented  ;  and  of  Fossil  plants  38 
specimens,  the  latter  being  chiefly  from  Mr.  SchaefFer  and  W.  F.  Rogers. 

Mineralogy. — Of  Minerals  98  specimens  were  presented,  among  which  the  most 
interesting  is  a  specimen,  over  10  lbs  in  weight,  of  Cinnabar,  from  the  Almadin 
mines  of  California,  from  Capt.  J.  Henry  Smith. 

Respectfully  submitted  by  » 

Joseph  Leidt, 
Chairman  of  the  Curators. 


The  Treasurer  read  his  Annual  Report,  which  was  referred  to  the 
Auditors. 

The  Report  of  the  Publication  Committee  was   deferred  until  the 


next  meeting  for  business. 


The  Academy  then  went  into  an  election  for  Officers  and  a  Publica- 
tion Committee  for  the  ensuing  year  (1857.)  The  following  named 
gentlemen  were  announced  as  duly  elected : — 


1856.] 


327 


President,       .         .         . 
Vice  Presidents, 

Corresponding  Secretary, 

Recording  Secretary, 

Librarian, 

Treasurer, 

Curators,        ... 


Auditors, 


Publication  Committee,  - 


George  Ord. 
Robert  Bridges,  M.D. 
Isaac  Lea,  LL.I). 
John  L.  LeConte,  M.D. 
B.  Howard  Rand,  M.D. 
J.  Aitken  Meigs,  M.D. 
George  W.  Carpenter. 
Joseph  Leidy,  M.D. 
William  S.  Vaux, 
Samuel  Ashmead, 
John  Cassin. 
William  S.  Vaux, 
Samuel  Ashmead, 
Robert  Pearsall, 
William  S.  Vaux, 
Robert  Bridges, 
Isaac  Lea, 
H.  Cooper  Hanson, 
Joseph  Leidy. 


ELECTION. 


Prof.  Henry  Coppee,  Thomas  Dunlap,  Esq.,  Louis  de  Vesey,  U.  S.  A., 
Prof.  Samuel  D.  Gross,  and  Dr.  Alexander  Hamilton  Smith,  were 
elected  members  of  the  Academy. 


1. 


DONATIONS    TO    MUSEUM 
In  January  and  FebruarYj  1856. 

January  \&t. 

Several  specimens  of  black  band  iron  ore,  from  Scotland.     From  Dr.  "\^'ilsGn» 

Mounted  specimen  of  Talpa  warouza,  from  Japan.     From  Major  Le  Conte. 

Spe*cimen  of  sulphuret  ofiron,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.   From  Robert  W.  Kennedy. 

Fossil  Encriuite,  from  near  Capon  Springs,  Va.     From  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith. 

Portion  of  reed  encrusted  with  carbonate  of  lime,  from  Lago  di  Tartara,  Italj^. 
From  the  same. 

One  hundred  and  fifty-eight  species  of  plants  from  the  Himalayas.  Presented 
by  Sir  Wm.  Hooker  through  Prof.  Asa  Gray. 

January  8  th. 

Two  specimens  of  Fiber  zibethicus.     Presented  by  Aiabrey  II.  Smith,  Esq. 

Five  specimens  of  Mygale ?  S.  America.     Presented  bj'  C.  Gillou,  Esq. 

Astrangia  astrjeseformis,  from  coast  of  Rhode  Island.  From  Duncan  E.  Pelf, 
Esq.,  through  Mr.  Powell. 

Hesperomys  leucopus,  (numerou.s  specimens,)  from  Massachusetts.  Presented 
by  Smithsonian  Institute  through  Maj.  Leconte. 

Very  fine  specimen  of  Cinnabar,  from  the  new  Almadcn  mines,  California^ 
(weight  16  lbs.  10  oz.)     Presented  by  Capt.  J.  Henry  Smith. 

January  22d. 

Two  species  of  Murex .     Presented  by  Mr.  Hanson. 

Ceratorrhina  polyphemus,  C.  aurata,  C.  frontalis  and  Clirysochroa  aurata. 
Presented  by  Rev.  Samuel  Hazlehurst  through  J.  A.  Clay,  Esq. 

February  5-th. 

Twelve  specimens  ofiron  ores,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.     Presented  by  Mr.  Gilllams. 
Pennite  from  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.     Presented  by  Robert  H.  Lamborn. 
Specimens  of  Bologna  phosphorus,  from  Italy.  Presented  liy  Dr.  J.  R.  Barton. 
Fossil  jaw  of  a  fish,  Edcstus  vorax,  from  the  carl>oniferoa3  formation  of  Arkan- 
sas.    Presented  by  Wm.  S.  Vaux,  Esq. 

February  19th.  ^ 

Pisa  bicorna,  Othonia  quinquede-ntata  ?  Chlorodins  floridanus,  Eriphia  gona- 
gra,  Panopeus  Herbstii,  Lupa  dicantha,  CardisomaGuanhumi,  Ocypode  arenaria, 
Grapsus  cruentatus,  Pagurus  granulatus,  Pagurus  vittatus,  Cenobita  Diogenes, 
Porcellana  sexspinosa,  Squilla  scabricauda,  Squilla  vittata,  (13  genera,  15  spe- 
cies, 26  specimens  ;)  two  specimens  of  an  Annelide  and  its  tube;  four  specimens 
Asterias  ;  eight  specimens  Ophiura  ;  ten  species  Polyps,  numerous  specimens  ,■ 
three  specimens  fishes,  two  species  ;  two  species  Anemone,  six  specimens  ;  five 
species  MoUusca  ;  five  species  sponges  ;  two  fpecies  corals;  two  species  Holo- 
thuria,  four  specimens  ;  six  species  marine  Algae.  All  from  the  coast  of  Florida^ 
Present&d  by  Mr.  S.  Ashmead^ 


11. 


DONATIONS    TO    LIBRARY 

Ix  January  and  FEtouAUY,  1856. 

January  \at. 

U.  S.  Naral  Astronomical  Expedition  to  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  Lieut.t^. 
M.  Gilliss,  Superintendent,  Vol.  2,  4to.  From  the  Author- 
Reports  of  the  Superintendent  of  Education  for  Lower  Canada,  1853  and  1855. 
From  M.  Iluguet  Latour. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson  on  the  usual  condition ; 

Monographie  des  Guepes  Sacial^es.     Par  H.  de  Saussure.     No.  7. 

Synopsis  Plantarum  Glumacearum.     Autore  E.  G.  Steudel.     No.  10. 

Xenia  Orchidacea.     Von  H.  Gustar.  Reichenbach,  Fil.     No.  4.  « 

Quadrupeds  of  North  America.  By  J.  J.  Audubon  and  Rev.  J.  Bachman.  Text 
vol.  3,  royal  Svo. 

Indicis  generum  Malacozoorum  primordia  conscripsit  A.  N.  Herrmannseu ; 
editio  nova,  8vo. 

Flora  van  Nederlandsch  Indie.     Door  F.  A.  W.  Miqiiel.     Deel  1,  af.  1,  2. 

Eerr  Dr.  Emil  Wolff  in  Hohenheim  und  die  Agricultur-Chemie.  Nachtrag  zu 
den  "  Grundsatzen  der  Agricultur-Chemie,"  von  Justus  von  Liebig. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  Wissenschaftliche  Zoologie  herausg.  von  C.  T.  von  Siebdld 
Hind  A.  KoUiker.     Band  7,  heft  3. 

Mittheilungen  aus  Justus  Perthes'  Geographischer  Austalt  iiber  wichtige  neue 
Erforschungen  auf  dem  Gesammtgebiete  der  Geographie.  Von  Dr.  A.  Peter- 
man,  1855,  Nos.  1 — 8. 

Recherches  sur  les  Crinoides  du  Terrain  Carbonifere  de  la  Belgique.  Par  L. 
de  Koninck  et  H.  le  Hon.     -ito. 

Beitrige  zur  Naeheren  kenntniss  der  Urweltlichen  S&ugethiere.  Von  Dr.  J. 
J.  Kaup.     Heft.  2,  4to. 

Illustrations  of  the  Birds  of  California,  Texas,  &c.  By  John  Cassia.  No.  10; 
completing  Vol.  1. 

Loudon  Athenaeum  for  Nov.,  1855. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  for  Dec,  1855. 

The  Mammals  of  Australia.     By  J.  Gould.     Part  7,  folio, 

The  Birds  of  Asia.     By  John  Gould.     Part  7,  folio. 

The  Birds  of  Australia.     By  John   Gould.     Supplement  No.  2,  folio. 

Monograph  of  the  Trochilids.     By  John  GouhL     Parts  9  and  10,  folio. 

The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  By  Thos.  Moore.  Edited  by  John 
Lindley.     Nature  printed  by  Henry  Bradbury.     Folio,  Nos.  1 — 9. 

Conchologia  iconica.     By  Lovell  Reeve.     Parts  148,  149,  150. 

Schreber  "  die  Saugethier;,"  fortgesetzt  von  Wagner.  Supplement  band,  lief. 
14,  15,  16,  17,  4to. 

IS^eues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Geologic,  &c.  Herausg.  von  Dr. 
Von  Leonhard  und  Dr.  II.  G.  Bronn,  1852,  '53,  '54,  and  Nos.  1—5,  1855. 

De  I'Homnie  et  des  Races  Humaines.     Par  Henry  Holland.     12mo. 

Suites  a  Buffon.  Histoire  des  Insectes.  Genera  des  Coleopteres.  Par  M.  Th. 
Lacordaire.     Tome  3,  8vo. 

Histoire  naturelle  des  Mammiferes.     Par  M.  Paul  G^rvais.     Roj'^al  Svo. 

Report  of  the  British  Association  for  1854. 

Orr's  Circle  of  the  Sciences  ;  a  series  of  Treatises  on  the  Principles  of  Science, 
Geology,  Mineralogy,  &c.  By  Profs.  Ansted,  Tennant  and  Rev.  W.  Mitchell. 
8vo.,  1855. 

New  Zealand  and  its  inhabitants.     By  Rev.  Richard  Taylor.     Svo. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  Dec,  1855. 

London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosoph.  Magazine,  December,  1855. 

Ann.alcs  des  Sciences  Naturelles.     4me  scrie,  tome  3,  No.  C. 

Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie,  1855,  No.  10. 

Couaptes  Rendus.     Tome  41,  No5. 18 — 23. 


111. 


February  hih. 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  Jan.,  185G,     From  the  Editors. 

Proceedings  of  tlie  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  5,  pp.  257 — 272. 
From  the  Society. 

New  York  MedicahTimes,  Jan.,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  (London,)  Nos.  137 — 148.     From  the  Society. 

Transactions  of  the  Linnean  Society  of  London,  Vol.  21,  part  4.  Proceedings 
of  same,  Vol.  2,  pp.  333  to  conclusion,  \r\t\\  index  and  title  page.  List  of  the 
Society  for  1855  ;  and  Anniversary  Address  of  the  President,  Thomas  Bell,  Esq., 
May  24,  1855.     From  the  Linnean  Society. 

Transactions  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  Vol.  4,  parts  2  and  3.  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  same,  1850,  '51,  '52,  '53,  '54  and  part  of '55.  From  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society. 

A  Synopsis  of  the  Classification  of  the  British  Palaeozoic  Rocks,  by  the  Rev. 
Adam  Sedgwick  ;  and  British  Paleeozoic  Fossils,  by  Frederick  McCoy.  3d  fas- 
ciculus, 4to.     From  Prof.  Sedgwick. 

History,  condition  and  prospects  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  L'nited  States. 
By  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft.  Part  5,  4to.  From  the  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs. 

Reports  of  the  explorations  and  sui'veys  for  a  Railroad  from  the  Mississippi  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Vol.  1.  4to.  From  the  U.  S.  War  Department  through  Col. 
Abort. 

Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  May  to  December,  1855, 
From  the  Society. 

Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review  for  Jan.,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

New  York  Medical  Times  for  Feb.,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

Description  of  the  Fossils  and  Shells  collected  in  California  by  Wm.  P.  Blake. 
From  the  Author. 

February  12th. 

Dr.  Wilson  presented  the  following  on  the  usual  condition  : 

Les  Trois  Regnes  de  la  Nature.  Introduction  ;  Le  Museum  d'histoire  naturelle 
par  P.  A.  Cap,  1  vol.  ;  Botanique  par  M.  Le  Maout,  1  vol. ;  Mammiferes  par  M. 
Paul  Gervais,  parts  1  and  2.     Royal  8vo. 

Abel's  "  Aus  der  Natur,"  No.  6. 

Systematische  Beschreibung  der  bekannten  Europaischen  zweifliigligen  In- 
sccten  von  J.  W.  Meigen.     Nos.  1  and  2,  Bvo. 

Zeitung  zur  Verbreitung  naturwisseu.  Kenutniss.  Von  Dr.  Ule  und  Dr.  Carl 
Muller.     Nos.  44—51. 

AgTostographia  Capensis ;  Scripsit  C.  G.  Nees  ab  Esenbeck.     2d  ed.,  8vo. 

Handbuch  der  Zootomie  von  Siebold  und  Stannius.     Part  2,  8vo. 

Naturwissenschaft  und  Bibel.     Von  Andreas  Wagner. 

Svstematische   Uebersicht   der   Thiere  Brasiliens.     Von  Dr.  H.  Burmeister. 


Part  2,  8vo. 


February  I9th. 


Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  New  Series, 
vol.  3,  No.  2,  4to.     From  the  Publication  Committee. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  5,  pp.  273 — 288. 
From  the  Society. 

Journal  of  the  London  Society  of  Arts,  &c.,  Nos.  119 — 158.     From  the  Society. 


IV. 


DONATIONS    TO    MUSEUM 


In  Marcu  and  April,  1856. 


March  4th. 

Chlorastrolite.     From  Isle  Royal,  Lake  Superior.     Presented  by  B.  A.  Iloopes. 

Skull  and  skin  of  Tamaro,  (a  species  of  Antelope  from  Mindoro,  one  of  the 
Philippine  Isles) ;  skull  of  Crocodile,  from  Manilla;  skull  of  Dugonp:,  from  Philip- 
pines ;  and  skull  of  Trionyx,  from  Manilla.  Presented  by  W.  W.  Wood.  Esq., 
of  Manilla. 

Collection  of  Lepidoptera  from  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia.  Presented  by 
Dr.  Wm.  Camac. 

Specimen  of  Lava  of  Vesuvius,  eruption  of  1855.  Presented  by  F.  De  B. 
Ricliards. 

March  llih. 

Eleven  specimens  of  impressions  of  Algae  in  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  of  Schuyl- 
kill Co.  Pa.     Presented  by  P.  W.  Shaeffer,  of  Pottsville. 

Seven  specimens  Coal  Plants,  from  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.     From  the  same. 

Specimen  of  Malachite,  from  St.  Paul  di  Loando,  W.  Africa.  From  Dr.  J.  L. 
Burtt,  U.  S.  N. 

Emerald  Nickel,  from  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa. ;  Tremolite,  from  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 
Presented  by  R.  H.  Lamborn. 

Small  collection  in  Natural  History,  consisting  of  shells,  insects  and  fossils. 
Presented  by  T.  A.  Strong,  of  Saugatuck,  Michigan. 

Cardamom,  from  Princes  Island.     Presented  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Burtt,  U.  S.  N. 

Four  specimens  Ores  of  Manganese,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  Presented  by  J.  G. 
Horner. 

Four  teeth  and  one  vertebra  of  Charcarodon  ;  three  vertebras  of  Crocodile; 
from  the  Marl  of  N.  J.     Presented  by  Dr.  Hallowell. 

Thirteen  specimens  Coal  Plants.     Deposited  by  W.  F.  Rogers. 

Five  specimens  Silurian  Fossils.     From  the  same. 

Specular  Iron  Ore  from  Marquette,  Lake  Superior.     From  the  same. 

March  IQth. 

One  hundred  and  forty-six  Bird  Skins,  comprising  129  Species  of  105  Genera, 
viz  : — Apteryx,  Apterous,  Alcyone,  Abrornis,  Arses,  Anthus,  Agrodroma,  Arre- 
mon,  Brachyptornus,  Brachyurus,  Brachypiis,  Brachypteryx,  Budytes,  Crypturus, 
Chasmorhynchus,  Corvias,  Comix,  Campephilus,  Cerchneipicus,  Ceyx,  Corythoruis, 
Centropus,  Criniger,  Corydalla,  Charadrius,Coturnix,  Chlorophonia,  Chiroxiphia, 
Culicipeta,  Caprimulgus,  C^'pselus,  Chettusia,  Diplopterus,  Dryraoica,  Dysith- 
amuus,  Dasycephala,  Dicrurus,  Erythropus,  Erythacus,  Euphonia,  Erythrosterna, 
Formicivora,  Gracula,  Garrulax,  Gallinago,  Galbula,  Harpactes,  Ilolmesia, 
Hyloterpe,  Kitta,  Leucopternus,  Lipangus,  Lycos,  Lamprotoruis,  Lobivauellus, 
Lanius,  Lalage,  Loriculus,  Locustella,  Microglossus,  Monasa,  Jilalacocercus, 
Malacoptila,  Megalaima,  Mcropixus,Megalophonus,  Merula,  Myrmeciza,  Musicapa, 
Nyctastes,  Napothera,  Nyctibius,  Ortygometra,  Octocoris,  Pionus,  Pratincola, 
Picnonotus,  Pipra,  Platyrhynchus,  Picumnus,  Planesticus,  Pycnosplirys,  Phale- 
ropus,  Porzana,  Phoenicothraupus,  Pachyramphus,  Pj-rrota,  Poecila,  Pratincola, 
Pereirocotus,  Rhinoplax,  Rhipidura,  Selcnidera,  Sporophila,  Tijuca,  Turdirostris, 
Trichostoma,  Tanagrella,  Thinornis,  Turdus,  Tyrannula,  Thamnophilus,  Tinamus, 
Totanus,  Vancllus.     Presented  by  Wm.  S.  Wilson,  Esq. 

Forty-one  specimens  of  Crustacea  from  Mexico,  comprising  16  Species  of  13 
Genera,  viz: — Albunea, Calappa, Grapsus,  Geocarcinus,  Gelasimns,  Guaia,  liippa, 
Mithrax,  Othonia,  Ozius,  Pagurus,  Porcellana,  Squilla.  Presented  by  Wm.  S, 
Wilson,  Esq. 


f 

Two  specimens  Ilclix  Leidyi  ITall  and  Meek,  from  the  Mauraises  Terrcs  of 
Nebraska.     Presented  bj-  Dr.  F.  V.  Haydeu. 

Jaws  of  Shark,  from  Coast  of  Florida.     Presented  bj-  Dr.  G.  "Watsou. 

April  Isi. 

Fourteen  specimens,  nine  species  Sponges ;  five  specimens  Echini  ;  three 
specimens  Ophiothrix;  one  specimen  Sertularia  ;  four  specimens  Spatangus ; 
lAventy-four  specimens  Corals ;  thiily  specimens  recent  Shells  ;  seven  specimens 
Fossil  Shells  ;  ten  fragments  fossil  Cetacean  bones ;  two  specimens  ea'S's  of 
Fulgnr;  two  specimens  two  species  Fungi;  four  specimens  Rocks  and  one  mass 
of  Yermetus.  From  Pvcy  West  and  Manatee  River,  Florida.  Presented  I'V 
Si  Ashmead,  Esq. 

A  collection  consisting  of  about  500  species  of  dried  plants,  from  the  Moun- 
tains of  Pennsylvania.     Presented  by  C.  E.  Smith,  Esq. 

Calcareous  Tufa,  enclosing  Lymnea  umbrosa,  from  near  Mohawk,  N.  J.  Pre- 
sented by  Mr.  I.  Lea. 

Two  specimens  Cyclas,  from  Alabama.     Presented  by  T.  M.  Peters. 

Pisa  n.  s.  ;  Panopeua  Herbstii ;  Lupa,  young?;  Gelasimus  macrocheles  ; 
Sesarma  cinerea  ;  Alpheus  heterocheles ;  GonodactylUs  chiragra.  From  Key' 
"West  and  Manatee.    Presented  by  S.  Ashmead,  Esq. 

Libinia  dubia  ;  Platycarcinus  Sayi ;  Platyonychus  ocellatus  ;  Grapsus  pictus  ; 
Calappa  marmorata  ;  Calappa,  n.  a.?  seVen  species  of  six  genera,  from  W.  Indies. 
Presented  by  Mr.  I.  Lea. 

Bignonia  incarnata  (fruit);  Scolopendl'a ?  From  Trinidad.  Pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis. 

April  8tk. 

Seten  hundred  specimens,  eighty  species,  of  Cuban  Coleoptera;    Presented  by 

G.  J.  Barnet,  Esq.,  of  Cuba,  through  Mr.  Guex. 

Agelaius  ph(cuicius  and  Fringilla  canadensis.     Presented  by  Mr.  John  Krider, 
Eighteen  specimens    plants  ;    four  minerals  ;  (beryd,  amethyst,   quartz,  and 

felspar.)    Presented  by  Dr.  0.  P.  Ilart,  of  Pittsburg,  Penn. 

April  lUth. 

One  half  of  lower  jaw  of  Casteroides  Ohioensis  ;  first  upper  molar  Megalony:;* 
Jeffersonii ;  one  canine  and  fragment  of  upper  jaw  with  three  molars  of  Castor 
fiber  fossilis ;  one  milk  molar  of  Mastodon  ;  and  two  molat's  of  Casteroidts 
Ohioensis.     From  Prof.  Silliman,  in  exchange. 

Pinna,    from   Teresa  Bay,  Florida  ;  three  specimens   Calcedony ;  a   Diodon 
from  Key  "West ;  and  three  Calcedonized  corals,  from  Tampa  Bay,  Florida.   Pre* 
sented  by  S.  Ashmead. 

Seventy  specimens  (65  species)  of  reptiles.  In  eschange  from  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  Paris. 

Angora  Cat.     Presented  by  Mrs.  "Wm.  "Wister,  Germantown. 

One  Pleuronectes  ;  one  Murrena  ;  two  Ophisaurus;  and  one  Coluber.  Pre- 
sented by  Mr.  "\Vm.  G.  Burke,  through  Mr.  Cassin. 

Syngnathus  fasciatus,  from  S.  America.     From  Dr.  Dook. 

April  22d. 

Sixty-six  species  Marine  Algae,  from  the  Coast  of  Florida.  Presented  by  g. 
Ashmead. 

Native  Silver,  from  Lake  Superior.     Presented  by  Mr.  Iloopes, 

Fifteen  specimens  Triton  niger  and  one  of  Phrynosoma.  Presented  by  t)n 
Uhler. 

Marine  Algoe  collected  by  Mr.  S.  Ashmead,  at  Key  "West,  Florida,  during  the  wintef 
of  1855,  '56,  and  presented  by  him  '. — Padiaa  pavonia,  Lam.,  Sand  Key,  Florida  | 


VI. 

Dictrota  fasciola,  Lam.,  Key  West,  Florida;  Amansia  muttifida,  Lam.,  do. ;  Alsi" 
diuiu  triangillare,  J.  Ag.,  do. ;  A.  Bloodgettii,  Har.,  do. ;  Choadria  littoralis,  Har., 
do. ;  Digenia  simplex,  Ag.,  do. ;  Polysiphouia  Olaeyi,  Har.,  Manatee  River,  Florida  ; 
P.  secunda,  Moat.,  Key  West,  Florida;  P.  Pecteii  veneris,  Har.,  do.;  Bostrychia 
Montagnei,  Har.,  do. ;  B.  calamistrata,  lilont.,  do.;  Dasya  Gibbesii,  Har.,  do.  ; 
t>.  elegans,  Ag.,  do.;  D.  elegans,  Ag.,  Var.,  do.;  D.  Wurdemanni,  Bail.,  do., 
Champia  parvula,  Har.,  Mariatee  River,  Florida  ;  Delesseria  inrolrens,  Har., 
Key  West,  Florida ;  D.  tenuifolia,  Har.,  do. ;  Eucheuma  isiforme,  J.  Ag.,  do.: 
liiagora  valida,  Har.,  Sand  Key,  Florida;  Wrangclia  penicillata,  Ag.,  Key  West, 
Florida;  W.  penicillata,  Ag.,  var.,  do.;  W.  penicillata,  Ag.,  var.,  do.;  Spyridia 
aculeata,  Kutz.,  Sand  Key,  Florida;  S.  aculeata,  Kiitz.,  var.,  do.;  S.  filamentosa, 
Var.  refracta,  Har.,  Key  West,  Florida;  Hypnea rausciformis,  Lam.,  do. ;  Codium 
tomentosnra.  Manatee  River,  Florida ;  Centrocercus  clavulatum,  Ag.,  Key  "West, 

Florida;  C.  clavulatum,  Ag.,  Sand  Key,  Florida;  Ectocarpus —  ?   Manatee 

River,  Florida  ;  Crouania  attenuata,  J.  Ag.,  Key  West,  Florida  ;  Champia  sali- 
cornoides.  Har.,  do. ;  Spyridia  filamentosa  (turned  green  by  decay)  Sand  Kej', 
Florida;  Wurdemania  setacea,  Har.,  Key  West,  Florida;  Phyllophora  Broadiaei, 
J.  Ag.,  do.;  Halymenia  ligulata,  Ag.,  Manatee  River,  Florida;  Scinaiafurcellata, 
Bivona,  Key  West,  Florida;  Phyllerpaprolifera,  Kg.,  do. ;  Dasycladus  clavacformis, 
do.  ;  Dictyosphajria  favulosa,  do. ;  Bryopsis  plumosa,  do.  ;  Anadyomene  stellata, 
Lam.,  do.  ;  Dasya  Tumanowiezi,  Gatty,  do.  ;  D.  ramosissima,  Har.,  do.  ;  D. 
famosissima,  Har.,  var.  a,  do. ;  D.  elegans,  Ag.,  Manatee  River,  Florida ;  Cera- 
mium  rubrum,  Ag.,  Key  West,  Florida  ;  Corallocephalus  Lsmourouxii,  Kg.,  do.; 

C. —  ?  do. ;  Cymnopolia  barbata.  Lam.,  do. ;  Udotea  fiabellata.  Lam.,  do.  ; 

XJ.   couglutinata.   Lam.,    do.  ;    Acetabularia   crenulata,   Lam.,    do. ;  Laurencia 

?  do.  ;  L. -^l   do.;  Acanthophora  Thierii,  Lam.,  do.;  Cladophora 

cespitosa,  do  ;  CaUlerpa  (Chauvinia)  Wurdemanii,  Har.,  do. ;  C. ?  do. ; 

C. 1  do.;  C.  ?  do.;  C. -?  do.;  C. -?  do.:  Calenella 

pinuata,  Har.,  do. 


DONATIONS    TO    LIBRARY 
In  March  and  April,  1856. 

March  Ath. 

Report  of"  the  Comraissioner  of  Patents  for  the  year  1854.  Agriculture. 
]?rom  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office. 

Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  on  the  State  of  the  Finances  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1855.     From  the  Hon.  Wm.  Bigler. 

Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasvlry  on  the  Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the  United  States  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1855.     From  the  same. 

Report  of  the  Silperintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey  for  the  year  1854.  4to. 
From  the  same. 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  for  March,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

New  York  Medical  Times  for  March,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

Japanese  Botany :  being  a  fac  simile  of  a  Japanese  Book,  with  introductory 
tiotes  and  translations.     From  the  Translator  (Dr.  Jos.  Wilson,  U.  S.  N.) 

March  llth. 

Dr.  Wilson  presented  the  following  on  the  usual  condition  : 

Ansichten  der  Natur  von  Ale.K.  von  Humboldt.     2  vols.  8vo. 

Agassiz  und  seiner  Freunde  geologische  Alpen  in  der  Schweiz,  Savoyen  und 
Piemont.     Herausg.  von  Dr.  Carl  Vogt.     8vo. 

Histoire  naturcUe  generale  des  R^gnes  Organiques.  Par  M  Isidore  Geof.  St. 
fiil.aire.     Tome  2,  Ime  partie.     8vo. 


H'lstoii'e'  nafiireife  des  MoUusques  terfestres  et  fluriatiles  de  France.  Par  A^ 
Moquiu  Tandon.     5  liv.  8vo. 

Mineralienbuch  oder  Allgemeiue  und  besondcre  Beschreibung  der  Miaeralien. 
Von  Dr.  F.  A.  Schmidt.     4to. 

The  Micrographic  Dictionary.     By  J.  W.  Griffith,  M.  D.,  and  A.  Henfrey.  8vo.- 

Orr's  Circle  of  the  Sciences.     Organic  Nature.     Vol.  3.  8vo. 

Neues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  &c.;  herausg.  von  Dr.  von  Leon- 
bard  und  Dr.  H.  G.  Bronn.     1855.     No.  6. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science  for  Jan.,  1856. 

Annals  and  M<)gazine  of  Natural  History  for  Jan.  and  Feb.,  1858. 

London,  Edinburgh,  and  Dublin  F'niiosophical  Magazine  for  Jan.  and  Feb., 
1856. 

Report  of  the  British  Association  for  1851. 

London  Atheneeum  for  January,  1356. 

Comptes  Rendus.     Tome  42,  Nos.  1,  2,  3. 

Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie,  1856.  No.  1. 

Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  1851,  pirt  2  ; 
J852,  parts  1  and  2  ;  1853,  parts  1,  2,  3  ;  1854,  parts  1  and  2 ;  1855,  parts  1  and 
2.   4to. 

Maps  of  the  Society  for  the  diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.  (Bound  in  one 
vol.  folio.) 

The  last  of  the  Arctic  Voyages  in  H.  M.  S.  Assistance,  Capt.  Sir  Edward 
fielcher,  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin.     2  vols.   8vo. 

Voyage  autour  du  Monde  sur  la  frigate  La  Venus,  comraandee  par  Abel  da 
Petit-Thouars.*    Text  tome  5,  Ime  partie.  Zoologie,  8vo. 

Museum  Carlsonianum,  in  quo  novas  et  selectas  Aves  exhibit  Andreas  Sparr- 
Jnann.     P^olio. 

Scotia  illustrata,  sive  prodromas  Histories  Naturalis.  Auctore  Roberto  Sib-* 
baldo,  M.  D.     Folio.    1684. 

L'Organisation  du  Regue  Animal.     Par  Emile  Blanchard.     Livs.  15,  16. 

Syst6me  des  Oiseaux  de  I'Egypte  et  de  la  Syrie.  Par  Jules-Cesar-Savigny. 
Folio. 

April  l!'i. 

Second  Supplement  to  Dana's  Mineralogy.     By  the  Author.     Prom  Prof.  Dana. 

On  the  Birds  received  in  Collections  from  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota.  By  P.  L. 
Sclater.     From  the  Author. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  5,  pp.  289-— 304.- 
From  the  Society. 

Report  on  the  Geological  and  Agricultural  Survey  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island 
in  the  year  1839.     By  Charles  T.  Jackson,  M.  D.  &vo.     In  exchange. 

Genera  des  Coleopteres.  Par  M.  Th,  Lacordaire.  Tome  3.  8vo.  From  the 
Author. 

First  and  second  Annual  Reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Missouri.  By 
G.  C.  Swallow.  8vo.     From  Mr.  F.  B.  Meek. 

Revision  of  the  Cicindelae  of  the  United  States.  By  John  L.  Le  Conte,  M.  D. 
From  the  Author. 

Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York,  vol.  6,  No.  5.  From 
the  Lyceum. 

Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review,  March,  1856.     Prom  the  Editors 

Jj)rU  &th. 

Dr.  "Wilson  presented  the  following  on  the  usual  condition  ;— 
Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles.     4me  serie,  tome  4,  No.  2. 
Revue  et  Magasin  de  Zoologie.     1855.  No.  12. 
(Jomptes  ReaduSi     Tome  42,  Nos.  4,  5,  6,  7,  8. 


'2eitSchrifc  fur  Wissenschaflliche  Zoologie  roa  C.  T.  von  Siebold  und  A.  S31- 
iiker.     Vol.  7,  No.  4. 

Neues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  &c.,  herausg.  von  Dr.  K.  C.  v. 
Leonhard  und  Dr.  H.  G.  Bronn.     1855.  No.  1. 

Malakozoologiscbe  Blatter.     Nov.  and  Dec,  1855. 

Z='!tunjr  zur  Verbreitung  naturwissen.   Kenntniss,  &c.     YonDr.  Otto  Ule  uad 
D'r.  K.  Miiller.     1865,  No  52  ;  1856,  Nos.  1—4, 

London  Athenreum  for  Febrnarj,  1856. 

Goncbologia  iconica.     By  Lovell  Reeve.  No.  151. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  March,  1856. 

•Zadogy  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Herald  in  1845— '51,  Oapt.  ^enry  Klett,  Cora* 
Jiiander,  part  1  ;  Botany  of  the  same,  part  6.  4to. 

Ichthyology  of  South  Carolina.     By  John  E.  Holbrook.     Nos.  1  — 10.  4to. 

Les  Trois  Regues  de  la  Nature.  Hist.  nat.  dea  Oiseaui.  Par  M.  Em.  le  Maotit. 
lloyal  8vo. 

J)ie  Aljien.     Von  Bernard  Cotta. 

Essai  sur  I'Listoire  de  I'Esptice  Humaint?.     Par  C.  A.  Walckenaer.     8vo. 

La  Science  Politique  fondea  sur  la  science  de  I'Homme,  on  etude  des  Races 
fiumaines.     Par  V.  Courtet  de  I'lsle.     Royal  8vo. 

Ueber  die  Schiidel  der  Avaren  irisbesondere  tiber  die  seitfeer  in  Osterreich 
aufgefundenen.     Von  L.  J.  Fitzinger. 

De  Salamandra  terr-e^tris  vita,  evolutione,  formatione  tractattls.  Aactore  A. 
IF.  Funk. 

April   1 5}h. 

Army  Meteorological  Register  for  twelve  years,  frotn  1843  to  1854,  inclusive. 
Prepared  under  the  direction  of  Gen.  Thos.  Lawson,  Surgeon  General,  U,  S.  A. 
4to.     From  A.  H.  Smith,  Esq. 

Second  copy  of  same.     From  General  Lawson. 

Transactions  and  Collections  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Socipty,  vols.  1,  2, 
and  part  1,  vol.  3  ;  Proceedings  cf  same  from  Oct.  23,  1849,  to  Oct.  22,  1855  ; 
Catalogue  of  Library  of  same.     8vo.     From  the  Society. 

Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society.  Vol.  1.  8yo.  From 
Mr.  Robert  Kennicott. 

New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  for  March,  1856.    From  the  Editors. 

New  York  Medical  Times  for  April,  1856.     Prom  the  Editors. 

Geaeral  description  of  a  remarkable  fossil  not  known  to  be  described,  and 
by  some  supnoseil  to  be  an  Ichihyodorulite.  By  Prof.  Wm.  Hopkins,  of  Geneva 
College,  N.  Y.     From  the  Author. 

Notes  on  tfae  Anatomy  of  Gymnopus  spiniferus,  Dum.     From  the  Author. 

April  21  d. 

The  Mastodon  giganteus  of  North  America.  By  J.  C.  Warren,  M.  D.  2d 
edition.  4to.     From  the  Author. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the  New  York  State  Libirary.  1856.  From 
the  Trusteep. 

Coraptes  RenduB.  Tome  41,  No.  27  ;  Table  des  Matieres  du  Tome  40.  From 
Dr.  Wilson. 

Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles.     4me  serie.  vol.  4,  No.  1.     From  the  sam^. 

Jolirnal  of  the  Fracklin  institute  for  April,  135S.     From  the  eainek 


IX. 

DONATIONS    TO    MUSEUM 

In  May  and  June,  1856. 

May  6th. 

Five  Indian  Crania,  (Klikatak,  Chinook,  Sknoquammy,  Nisqually,)  from 
Washington  Territory.     From  Dr.  J.  H.  B.  McOlellan. 

Living  Proteus  anguinus,  from  the  Cave  of  Adelsberg,  Styria.  From  Capt. 
McCIellan. 

A  collection  of  Plants.     From  Mr.  Tuckerman. 

A  collection  of  Arctic  Plants.     From  Dr.  Kane. 

Myristica  moschata,  from  China.     From  S.  Drinker,  Esq. 

Eighty-seven  specimens  of  Plethodon  niger,  and  eight  specimens  of  Pseudo- 
triton  ruber.     From  Drs.  Hallowell  and  Leidy. 

Twenty-seven  specimens  of  larvte  of  Pseudotriton  ruber,  in  various  stages  of 
development.      From  Dr.  Hallowell. 

Six  Plethodon  erythronotus ;  two  P.  cinereus ;  two  male  and  two  female  Cis- 
tuda  Carolina.    From  Mr.  W.  A.  Hill. 

Numerous  specimens  of  Staurotypus  odoratus,  and  one  of  Cinosternon 
Pennsylvanicum.  From  Dr.  Hallowell. 

Plethodon  uiger,  Spelerpes  (Cylindrosoma,  Tscb.)  bilineata.   From  Dr.  Uhler. 

One  specimen  of  Polychrus  marmoratus  :  three  specimens  of  Amphisbsena  fuli- 
ginosa ;  one  specimen  of  Hylaj  one  of  Drynus ;  and  twelve  other  serpents, 
fishes  and  insects,  from  Surinam.     From  Dr.  Wm.  Keller. 

Astacus  affinis,  from  tho  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia;  eight  living  speci- 
mens of  Plethodon  niger.     From  Dr.  Hallowell. 

MaT/  13ih. 

Spermophilus  Franklinii.     From  Mr.  R.  Kennicott. 
Cuttle  Fish,  from  the  Atlantic  Coast.     From  Mr.  Ashmead. 
Three  specimens  of  lithoid  Carbonate  of  Iron,  from  Maryland.     From  Mr. 
Ohas.  E.  Smith. 

May  2()th. 

Emys  insculpta,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Norristown.    From  A.  C.  Hill,  Esq. 
Brachyorros  amsenus,  Hall.,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia.     From 
Dr.  Hallowell. 
Skeleton  of  an  Albatross,  (Diomeda  exulans.)     From  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 
Twelve  species  of  Shells,  from  Cuba.     From  F.  A.  Sauvalle,  of  Cuba. 

^  Jufie  3d. 

Six  specimens  of  Coal  plants,  from  Tioga  Co.,  Pa.     From  Mr.  Jos.  Jeanes. 
Beans  of  Gymnocarpus  Canadensis.     From  Dr.  J.  C.  Fisher. 
Specimens  of  four  species  of  fishes,  (Leuciscus  nigronasutus.)      From    Dr. 
Corse. 

June  lOth. 

Chelonura  serpentina.  (A  very  lai-ge  specimen.)  From  Mr.  S.  Tiffany,  East 
Creek,  N.  J.,  through  Mr.  S.  Ashmead. 

The  Herbarium  of  Jas.  Read,  Esq.,  consisting  of  plants  of  North  and  South 
America,  West  Indies,  &c.     From  Mrs.  Maria  Eckert. 

Skull  of  the  Walrus,  from  the  beach  at  Long  Branch,  N.  J.  From  Prof.  J.  F. 
Frazer,  with  the  provision  that  it  may  be  loaned  at  any  time,  to  a  responsible 
Naturalist  for  comparison  or  description,  with  the  consent  of  two  Curators. 

One  specimen  of  Astrsemeria,  (the  plant  which  yields  the  South  American 
arrow  root.)     From  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  through  Dr.  Carson. 

Ablabes  eximius,  Emys  geographica,  Tropidonotus  niger,  Rana  pipens,  (two 
specimens,)  an  Elaphis,  (allied  to  guttatus,)  5  feet  long,  from  Buffalo,  New  York  • 
and  a  large  collection  of  fishes,  from  the  same  locality.     From  Dr.  G.  Watson. 

Two  Araucanian  Skulls.     From  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 


X. 

A  small  collection  of  Neuroptera,  from  Lake  Superior ;  Phalangopsis,  (two 
specimens ;)  Astacus,  from  Mammoth  Cave.     From  Dr.  Le  Conte. 

Emys  insculpta,  E.  Muhlenbergii,  E.  picta,  E.  guttata,  Staurotypus  odoratus, 
from  Norristown.     From  Mr.  A.  C.  Hill. 

Two  Iguanians  (Proctotretus ;)  two  innocuous  serpents,  (Colubridse,)  from 
Chili.     From  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

Proteus  anguinus,  from  Adelsberg.     From  Dr.  Foltz,  U.  S.  N. 

June  11  th. 

One  adult  specimen  of  the  Musk  Ox,  (Ovibos  moschatus,)  in  excellent  con- 
dition.    From  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane,  U.  S.  N. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  specimens  of  forty-three  species  of  Marine  Shells,  from 
the  coast  of  Peru.  Embryo  Whale  ;  two  specimens  (one  species)  of  Bird  Skins  ; 
two  specimens  of  Mammal  Skins,  from  Behring's  Straits ;  Octopus,  from  Con- 
ception Bay ;  Skull  of  an  Otter,  from  Quiniquina  Island.  From  Dr.  T.  J.  Turner, 
U.  S.  N. 

Indian  Pot,  from  Washington  Co.,  Alabama.  From  Wm.  Coleman,  through 
Dr.  C.  D.  Meigs. 

Alluvial  Wood,  found  at  Philadelphia,  twenty-four  feet  below  the  surface. 
From  Mr.  J.  S.  Phillips. 

Twenty-four  hundred  specimens  of  about  nine  hundred  species  of  Coleoptera, 
from  different  parts  of  the  globe.     From  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 


DONATIONS    TO    LIBRARY 

In  May  and  June,  1856. 

May  6ih. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson,  on  the  usual  condition: — 

Flora  Boreali- Americana.     By  Sir  Wm.  J.  Hooker.  2  vols.  4to.  London,  1840. 

The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  By  Thos.  Moore.  Edited  by  J. 
Lindley.  No.  12.  Folio.  London,  1856. 

Conchologia  Iconica.     By  Lovell  Reeve.     Part  152.  4to. 

London  Athenseum.     March,  1856. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science.     No.  15.  April,  1856. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History.     March  and  April,  1856. 

London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine.  March  and  April, 
1856. 

Narrative  of  the  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Herald  during  the  years  1845-51.  By 
B.  Seemann.     2  vols.  8vo.     London,  1853. 

Novitatis  Conchologicje.    Par  Louis  Pfeiffer  Dr.     Liv.  3,  4.  4to. 

Revue  et  Magazin  de    Zoologie.     1856.    Nos.  2  and  3. 

Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles.    4me  serie.  Tome  4,  No.  3. 

Gomptes  Rendus.     Tome  42,  Nos.  9,  10,  11,  13. 

Palaeontographica.    Beitrage  zur  Naturgeschichte   der  Vorwelt.     Herausg. 
von  W.  Dunker  und  H.  von  Meyer.  4  band,  4  lief,  4to.    Cassel,  1855. 

Zeitung  zur  Verbreitung  naturwissenschaftlichen  kenntniss,  &c.  Herausg. 
von  Dr.  0.  Ule  und  Dr.  K.  Miiller.  1856.  Nos.  5—12. 

Mittheilungen  aus  J.  Perthes'  Geographischer  Anstalt  uber  Wichtige  neue 
Erforschungen  auf  dem  Gesammtgebeite  der  Geographic  von  Dr.  A.  Petermann. 
1855.  Nos.  5,  6,  9,  10,  11,  12. 

Malakozoologische  Bliitter,  Herausg,  von  Dr.  K.  T.  Menke  und  S.  Pfeiffer. 
Jan.,  1856. 

Bonplandia.  Zeitschrift  fiir  die  gesamrpte  Botanik.  3  Jahrgaug,  Nos.  23,  24. 
25  ;  4  Jahr.  Nos.  3,  4. 

Uber  das  Gehorsorgan  der  Fischgattung  Mormyrus.     Von  L.  Fischer.!-   8vo. 
p.       Frieburg,  1854. 


XL 

Lelirbiich  del-  Anatomic  and  Physiologie  der  Gewachse,  Von  H.  Schacht.  1 
Thlel,  8vo,  Berlin. 

Die  Gesteinslehre.     Von  B.  Cotta.     8vo.  Freiberg,  1855. 

Uebcr  organische  Reste  der  Letten  Eohlengruppe  Thtiringens.  Von  J.  G. 
Bornemann.     4to  p.     Leipzig,  1856. 

Algarum  Unicellularium  genera  nova  et  minils  cognita.  Auctore  A.  Braun. 
4to  p.     Lipsiae,  1855. 

Der  Geschleclitsapparat  der  Stylamraatophoren  in  tasonomischer  Hinsicht  ge- 
•wiirdigt.     Von  A.  Schmidt.     4to  p.     Berlin,  1855.  / 

Mmj  lath, 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  May,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

Publications  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  ;  Chambersburg  in  the 
Colony  and  the  Revolution  ;  a  sketch  by  Lewis  H.  Ganard.  8vo.  Philadelphia, 
1856.     From  the  Society. 

Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review,  May,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

The  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist.  By  E.  Billings.  Vol.  1,  Nos.  1  and  2. 
From  the  Editor. 

Standard  Alphabet  for  reducing  Unwritten  languages  and  foreign  graphic 
systems  to  a  uniform  Orthography  in  European  letters.  By  Dr.  R.  Lepsius.  8vo 
p.     Loudon,  1855.     From  the  Author. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  5,  pp.  305 — 336. 
From  the  Society. 

Catalogue  of  the  books  belonging  to  the  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia, 
vol.  3,  8vo.     Philadelphia,  1856. 

First  and  second  Reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Missouri.  By  G.  C.  Swal- 
low.    8vo.  1855.     From  Dr.  B.  F.  Shuraard. 

Synopsis  of  the  classification  of  the  Paleozoic  rocks.  By  Rev.  A.  Sedgwick  ; 
with  a  systematic  description  of  the  British  Palasozoic  Fossils.  By  F.  McCoy. 
4to.     London,  1855.     From  Prof.  Sedgwick. 

On  the  Sandstone  Fossils  of  Connecticut  River.  By  James  Deane,  M.  D. 
4to  p.     From  the  Author. 

Untersuchungen  iiber  dur  inneren  Bau  einiger  Rbeinischen  Brachiopodon. 
Von  Dr.  Fr.  Sandberger.     8vo  p.     From  the  Author. 

June  3d. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson,  on  the  Usual  condition: — • 

The  Zoology  of  the  voyage  of  the  Herald.  Reptiles  and  Fishes  ;  by  Sir  J. 
Richardson.     Botany ;  by  B.  Seemann,  Ph.  D.     Parts  1 — 5,  4to. 

Catalogue  of  LepidopteroUs  Insects  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
Part  1.     Papilionid;e.     4to.     London,  1852. 

Catalogues  of  the  British  Museum  in  8vo.  viz.  ;  Mammalia,  part  2  ;  Fish, 
marine  Polyzoa,  parts  1  and  2  ;  Mollusca,  part  4  ;  Shells  of  Soutla  America  col- 
lected by  M.  D'Orbigny ;  Shells  of  Cuba,  collected  by  M.  La  Sagra ;  Shells  of 
the  Canaries,  collected  by  MM.  Webb  and  Bertholet;  Bivalve  Shells,  part  1  ; 
Terrestrial  operculated  Mollusca ;  Entozoa ;  Nomenclature  of  Diptera,  No.  1  ; 
Lepidoptera,  parts  1,  2,  12  and  16  ;  Neuroptera,  parts  1,  2,  3,  4;  Nomenclature 
of  Neuroptera  ;  Hymcnoptera,  parts  1  and  2  ;  Nomenclature  of  Hymenoptera ; 
Coleoptera,  part  1  ;  Parasitic  insects, . 

Crania  Britannica,  by  J.  B.  Davis  and  J.  Thurnam,  M.  D.  Decade  1,  4to. 
London,  1856. 

Geological  map  of  Europe,  by  Sir  R.  Murchison,  Prof  Nicol  and  A,  Keith 
Johnston. 

Tenby,  a  sea-side  Holiday.     By  P.  H.  Gosse.     8vo.     London,  1856. 

Insecta  Brittanica,  Diptera,  Vol.  3.     By  F.  Walker.     8vo.     London,  1856. 

Chonchologia  Iconica.     By  Lovel  Reeve.     Part  153.     London,  1856. 

Annales  des  Science?  Naturelles.     4me  serie,  Vol.  4,  No.  4. 

Comptes  Rendus.     T.  42,  Nos.  14,  15. 

London  Athcnanim.     April,  1856. 


xu. 

Xenia  Orchidaceae.     Von  H.  G.  Reiclienbach.     Heft.  5,  6,  4to. 

Bryologia  Javanica.  Auctoribus  F.  Dozy  et  J.  H.  Molkenboer.  Fascic,  6,  7,  4to. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  May,  1856. 

Geognostische  Uebersichtskarte  Deutschland,  der  Scbweiz  und  der  Angren- 
zenden  Landertheilen.     Von  H.  Bach.     Gotha,  1856. 

Systematische  Beschreibuug  der  bekannten  Europaischen  zweiflugeligen 
Insekten.     Von  J.  W.  Meigen.     Vols.  4 — 7,  8vo.     Hamm. 

Reiseskizzen  aua  Nord-ost-Afrika,  Yon  Dr.  Alfred  Ed.  Brehm.  Nos.  1,  2,  3, 
8vo.     Jena,  1855. 

Die  Mikroskopigche  Fauna  des  Septarienthones  von  Hermsdorf  bei  Berlin. 
Von  Dr.  J.  G.  Bornemann.     Svo.     Berlin,  1856. 

Anatomisch  physiologische  Untersucbungen  iiber  die  Retina  bei  Menschen 
und  Wii'belthicren.     Von  Heinrich  Miiller.     Svo.     Leipzig,  1856. 

Flora  von  Nederlandsch  Indie.  Door  F.  A.  W.  Miguel.  Erste  deel.  af  3,  Derde 
deel,  eerste  Gedeelte,  af.  1.     Leipzig,  1855. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  Wissenschaftliche  Zoologie,  herausg.  Yon  C.  T.  Yon  Siebold 
und  A.  Kolliker.     8  band.,  Heft  1,  Svo.     Leipzig,  1856. 

Abels  aus  derNatur,  No.  7. 

Erdumsegelung  der  k.  Schwedischen  fregatte  Eugenie  in  den  Jahren  1851  bis 
1853.     8vo.     Berlin,  185G. 

Plagiochila  Sandei  D.  Z.  Icone  illustrata,  A.  0.  M.  V.  d.  Sande  La  Coste, 
M.  D.,  et  F.  Dozy.     4to  p.     Lug.  Batav,  1856, 

Die  Befruchtung  der  Phancrogamen.  Von  L.  Radlkofer.  4to  p.  Leipzig,  1856. 

Zeitung  zur  Verbreitung  Naturwissen.  Kenntniss,  &c,,  Herausg.  Von  Dr.  Ule 
und  Dr.  Miiller.      1856,  Xos.  13 — 16,  4to. 

Bonplaudia,  Zeitschrift  fur  die  gesammte  Botanik.  4  Jahrgang,  Nos.  1,  2,  5,  6. 

June  IQth. 

Proceedings  of  the  Elliott  Society  of  Natural  Histoiy  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  No. 
1.     From  the  Societj-. 

Lichenes  America^  Septentrionalis  Exsiccati.  Fascic.  iii.  et  iv.  Curante  E. 
Tuckerman,  A.  M.,  kr.     4to.  Bostonite,  1854.     From  the  Author. 

A  Geological  Reconooisance  of  the  State  of  Tennessee.  By  Jaa.  M.  Safford, 
A.  M.,  &c.     Nashville,  1856.     From  the  Author. 

Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  for  1855.  Washington,  1855.  From  the 
Navy  Department. 

New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  Vol.  XII.,  No.  6.  From  the 
Editor. 

New  York  Medical  Times,  Vol.  V.,  No.  9;     From  the  Editor. 

Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts  of  London,  Vol.  IV.,  Nos.  163 — 175.  From  the 
Society. 

Verhandlungen  des  Zoologisch-botanischen  Verein  in  Wien,  1853,  1854,  and 
Nos.  1,  2,  3  of  1856.     Svo.     From  the  Association. 

Wiirterabergische  naturwissenschaftliche  Jahreshefte.  Herausg.  von  Drs. 
Mohl,  Plieninger,  Fehling,  Menzel  und  Krauss.  1855,  No.  3,  and  1856,  No.  1. 
From  the  Wurtemberg  Society. 

Denkschriften  der  Kaiserlichen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften.  Mathematisch- 
Naturv/issenschaftliche  classe.     Band  9,  4to.     From  the  Academy. 

Jahrbiicher  der  K.  K.  Central-anstalt  fiir  Meteorologie  und  Erdmagnetismus. 
Yon  K.  Kreil.  Heraus.  durch  die  Kaiserliche  Akademie  der  wissenschaften.  III. 
Band,  4to.     From  the  Academy. 

Sitzungaberichte  der  Kaiserlichen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften.  Mathe- 
matische-Naturwissenschaftliche  classe,  XV.  Band,  No.  3,  XVI.  Band,  Nos.  1,  2, 
XVII.  Band,  Nos,  1,  2,  3,  8vo.     From  the  same. 

Jahrbuch  der  Kaiserlich-Konigllchen  Geologischen  Reichsanslalt,  Nos.  1,  2. 
Wien,  1855.     From  the  Institute. 

Abhandlungen  der  Kaiserlich-Koniglichen  Geologischen-Reichsanstalt.  II. 
Band.     Wien,  1855.     From  the  same. 


XlJl. 

Das  Yerfiihren  der  natur  bei  Gestalting  des  Thier-Reichs.  Vou  11.  Milue  Ed« 
wards.     Stuttgart,  1853.  8vo  p.     From  the  Author. 

Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Imperiale  des  Naturalistes  de  Moscow,  1854,  Nos.  2,  3, 
4,  and  1855,  No.  1.     From  the  Society. 

Quiostiouum  louicarium  Liber,  Auctor  Dr.  J.  F.  Lobeck,  8yo  p.  From  the 
Author. 

June  11  tk. 

Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Free  Public  Library  of  Xew  Bed- 
ford. 8yo  p.     From  the  Trustees 

Thirty-lifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mercantile  Library  Association  of  New 
York.     8vo  p.     From  the  Association. 

Report  on  the  Geology  of  Northern  and  Southern  California.  By  Dr.  John  B. 
Trask.     8vo  p,     From  the  Author. 

Mittheilungen  der  Naturforschenden  Gesellscbaft  in  Emden,  fiir  1854.  From 
the  Society. 

Die  Temperatur  von  Emden,  als  Ergebniss  der  daselbst  von  1844  bis  1853  auf 
den  Stand  des  Thermometers  gerichteten  Beobachtungen.  You  Dr.  M.  A.  F. 
Prestel.     4to  p.     From  the  same. 

Die  Gallen.  Yersuch  die  durch  Insecten  an  den  Pflangen  verursachten  an- 
swiichso  nacli  Ihren  Haupttypen  und  Y'achsthums  verhilltnissen  Naturgemilss 
zu  Gruppireu.     Yon  Georg.  Frauenfeld.     Svo  p.     From  the  Author. 

Ueber  die  Yertilger  pflanzenschadlicher  Insecten.  Von  G.  Frauenfeld.  Svo  p. 
From  the  Author. 

Aufzilhlung  dor  Algen  der  dalmaturischen  Kiiste,  &,q.  Yon  G.  Frauenfeld. 
Svo  p.     From  the  Author. 

Beitrag  zur  Insectengeschichte.  Yon  G,  Frauenfeld.  Svo  p.  From  the  Author, 

Beobachtungen  ueber  Lisectenmetamorphosen.  Yon  G.  Frauenfeld.  Svo  p. 
From  the  Author. 

Ueber  die  erston  Stiinde  von  Plinthus  Megerlei  Pz.  Yon  G.  Frauenfeld.  8vo  p. 
From  the  Author. 

Ergebnisse  einer  mit  Unterstutzung  des  holien  K.  K.  Oberst-Kilmmererantes 
an  die  Kiistcn  Dalmatiens,  &c.     Yon  G.  Frauenfeld.    Svo  p.    From  the  Author. 

K6hlerglande  und  Wissenchaft.  Yon  Carl  Yoght.  Giessen,  1855.  Svo  p. 
From  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth. 

On  the  new  Red  Sandstone  Formation  of  Pennsylvania.  Description  of  a  new 
Sub-Genus  of  Naj'ades.  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Triquetra.  Description 
of  new  Fresh  Water  Shells  from  California.  Description  of  twenty-five  new 
species  of  Exotic  Uniones.  By  Isaac  Lea,  LL  .D.,  &c.,  &c.  Svo  p.  From  the 
Author. 

The  following  Avere  presented  to  the  Academy  by  Dr.  Y'ilson,  on  the  usual 
conditions  :-— 

A  Synopsis  of  the  British  Diatomacefe.     By  Wm.  Smith.     Yol.  11. ,  8vo,  1856, 

Sea  Anemones,  or  Tanks  and  their  inhabitants.     Bath,  1856. 

London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine.     Yol.  II.,  No.  T3. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History.-    A'ol.  17,  No.  101. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute.     Yol.  CI,  No.  366. 

The  Perns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  By  Thomas  Moore,  F.  L.  S.,  &c. 
Edited  by  John  Lindley,  Ph.  D.  &c.     Parts  XIII.  and  XIY. 

Histoire  Naturello  dos  MoUusques  Terrestres  ot  Fluviatilos  de  France.  Par  A, 
Moquin  Tandon.     Ce  Livraison,  Paris,  1855. 

Mittheilungen  aus  Justus  Perthes"  Geograjihischer  anstalt  viber  Wichtige  neue 
Erforschungon  auf  dem  Gesammtgebiete  der  Geographic  von  Dr.  A.  Petermann, 
1856,  1,  4to. 

Die  Natur.  Zeitung  zur  A^erbreitung  naturwissenschaftlicher  Kenntnik  und 
Naturanschaung  fiir  Leser  aller  Stande.  Herausg.  von  Dr.  Otto  Ule  und  Dr. 
Karl  Miiller.     Filnfter  Jahrgang,  Nos.  17,  18,  19,  20. 

Bonplandia,  Zeitschrift  fiir  die  gesammte  Botanik.     lY.  Jahrgang,  No.  V,  8. 


XIV. 


Palffiontographica.  Beitrilge  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Vorwelt.     Herausg.  von 
W.  Dunker  und  H.  voa  Meyer.     IV.  Band,  Funfte  Lieferung.     Cassel,  1855,  4to. 


DONATIONS   TO   MUSEUM 

In  Jclt  and  August,  1856. 

Juhj  1st. 

The  Herbarium  of  Dr.  W.  P.  0.  Barton.     Presented  by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson. 
Dewej-lite,  Bone  Hills,  Chester  Co.     From  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Uhler. 
Fowl  with  four  legs.     From  Dr.  Martin,  U.  S.  N. 

July  8tli. 

Three  specimens  Pugettia  gracilis ;  two  Epialtus  productus ;  Cancer  magister ; 
Pseudo  carciuus  Oregonensis  ;  Telmessus  serratus  ;  three  marine  Annelida;  one 
Actinia  ;  five  Echinodermata  ;  10  Mollusca.  Collected  by  Geo.  Davidson,  Esq., 
U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  and  presented  by  Dr.  Le  Conte. 

Numerous  specimens  of  Lavas  and  Sulphurs  from  the  volcanoes  of  Sandwich 
Islands.     Presented  by  Dr.  Charles  Guillou,  through  Constant  Guillou,  Esq. 

Numerous  specimens  of  fossil  bones  of  the  Peccary,  Dicotyles  comjjressus,  Ga- 
lena, 111.     Presented  by  Dr.  Edward  D.  Kittoe. 

Gallinula  Ore,  N.  J.     Presented  by  John  Krider. 

July  15th. 

Asbestus  ;  Cellular  Quartz,  Bone  Hills,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  Presented  by  Mr 
Uhler. 

One  Centipede,  Venezuela.     Presented  by  Dr.  A.  Lacombe. 

One  Heterodon,  Venezuela.     From  Capt.  James  Wilson,  through  Mr.  Drap  er. 

One  Pseudotriton  flavissimus  and  one  P.  marginatus,  Georgia.  Presented  by 
Maj.  Le  Conte. 

Thirty-three  specimens  Plethodon  niger;  240  specimens  Astacus  Bartoni,  from 
neighborhood  of  Philadelphia.     Presented  by  Dr.  Hallowell. 

August  I2th. 

Two  Eskimo  Crania.     From  Drs.  J.  K.  Kane  and  S.  W.  Mitchell. 

One  specimen  Hyla  graciosa,  five  H.  squirilla,  six  Cystignathus  uigritus,  one 
Bufo  guercicus,  two  Engystoma  Carolinense ;  from  Georgia.  Presented  by 
Major  Le  Conte. 

One  Emys  Muhlenbergii,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia.  Presented 
by  Major  Le  Conte.  ' 

Nine  larva;  of  Spelerpes  bilineata,  of  different  ages.  From  near  the  Falls  of 
Schuylkill.     Presented  by  Dr.  Uhler. 

Two  living  specimens  of  Tropidonotus  leberis,  from  the  same  locality.  Pre- 
sented by  Drs.  Leidy  and  Uhler. 

Various  young  and  more  matured  specimens  of  Astacus  Bartonii,  found  abun- 
dantly near  the  Falls  of  Schuylkill.     Presented  by  Dr.  Bridges. 

A  living  specimen  of  Diemyctylus  miniatus  (Rnf.,)  (Salamandra  symmetrica, 
Harlan,)  from  Schuylkill  Haven.     Presented  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Cruson. 

Two  specimens  of  Menobranchus,  from  Portage  Lake,  Lake  Superior.  Presented 
by  Mr.  Wm.  E.  Dickinson,  of  the  Isle  Royale  Mine,  L.  S.,  through  Mr.  B.  A. 
Hoopes. 

Two  species  Surnia  hudsonia,  one  species  Tetras  canadensis.  From  Lake 
Superior. 


XV. 


DONATIONS    TO    LIBRARY 
In  July  and  August. 
July  1st. 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts.     July,  1856.     Prom  the  Editors. 

Aperqu  Historique  au  Sujet  de  la  Societe  pour  Secourir  les  Noyes,  instituee  a 
Amsterdam  par  J.  A.  Kool.     8vo.     Amsterdam,  1855.     From  the  Society. 

Jacobi  Breynii  gedanensis  Exoticarum  aliarumque  minus  cognitarum  Planta- 
rum  centuria  prima.     Anno  16*77.     From  A.  J.  Brazier. 

Prodrome  de  Palasontologie  Stratigraphique  Universelle  des  animaux  mol- 
lusques  et  Rayonnes,  &c.  Par  M.  A.  D'Orbigny.  Paris,  1850,  3  vols.,  12mo. 
From  Dr.  Lewis  H.  Steiner. 

Eulogy  on  the  life  and  character  of  Theodoric  Romeyn  Beck,  M.  D.,  &c.  By 
F.  H.  Hamilton,  M.  D.     From  the  Author. 

Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
for  the  year  1855.     Trenton,  1856. 

Reports  of  Explorations  and  Surveys  for  a  Railroad  route  from  the  Mississippi 
River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  made  in  1853 — 4.  Vol.  1.  Washington,  1855.  From 
the  Secretary  of  War. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

The  London  Athenteum,  May,  1856. 

Comptes  Rendus  hebdcm.  des  Seances  de  I'Acad.  des  Sciences.  T.  Ixii., 
Nos.  16,  17,  18,  19. 

Die  Mysterien  der  europaischen  Insectenwelt.  Durch  Prof.  Dr.  J.  Gistel, 
Kempten,  1856. 

July  8(h. 

Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Managers  and  Treasurer  of  the  Mary- 
land Institute.     Baltimore,  1856,  8vo.     From  the  Managers. 

New  York  Medical  Times,  July,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review,  June,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

London  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  Vol.  IV.,  Nos.  176,  177,  178,  179. 
From  the  Society. 

Eatomologische  Zeitung.  Herausg.  von  dem  Entomologischen  vereine  zu 
Stettin.     16  Jahrgang.     Stettin,  1855.     From  the  Union. 

Neues  Jahrbuchfiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Geologie  und  Petrefakten-Kunde, 
Herausg.  von  K.  C.  von  Leonhard  und  H.  G.  Bronn.  Jahrgang,  1856.  1  Heft. 
Stuttgart,  1856.     From  Prof.  Bronn. 

Gelehrte  Anzeigen.  Herausg.  von  Mitgleidern  der  k.  bayer  Akademie  der 
Wissenschaften.  Band  40,  41.  From  the  l^oyal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Munich. 

Ueber  die  Gliederung  der  Bevolkerung  des  Konigreichs  Bayern.  4to.  Miiuchen, 
1855.     From  the  same. 

Rede  in  der  offentlichen  Sitzung  der  Konigl.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften,  &c. 
4to.     Mvinchen,  1855.     From  the  same. 

Verzeichniss  der  Verlagsschriften,  Reden  und  Abhandlungen  der  k.  akad.  der 
Wissenschaften.     Munchen,  1855,  12mo.     From  the  same. 

Jahresbericht  des  physikalischen  Vereins  zu  Frankfurt  am  Main.  From  1847 
to  1854,  inclusive.     From  the  Senckenberg  Natural  History  Society. 

Verzeichniss  der  in  dem  Museum  der  Senckenbergischen  Naturforschenden 
Gesellschaft  aufgestellten  Sammlungen.  Abtheilung  1,  4,  und  Ethnographische 
Gegenstande.     Frankfurt  am  Main.     1842,  1852,  1853.     From  the  same. 

Jahresberichte  iiber  das  Frankfurter  Dr.  Senckenbergische  Burgerhospital, 
&c.     Von  Dr.  J.  B.  Lorey.  1,  1846  bis  1852.    Gottingen,  1854.     From  the  same. 

Statuen  des  -jhysikalischen  Vereins.  Frankfurt  am  Main,  1855.  From  the 
same. 

Observationes  anatomicae  de  Parte  Cephalica  nervi  Sympathici,  &c.  By  J.  G. 
Varrentrapp.     Franc,  ad  Meenum,  1831.     From  the  same. 


XVI. 

De  Melanosi.  Auctor  E,  Schilling.  Franc,  ad  Masnum,  1831.  From  the 
same. 

Abhandlungeu,  Herausg.  von  der  Senckenbergischen  Naturforschenden  Gesell- 
schaft.     1  Band,  1,  2  Lieferung.     Frankfurt  a.  M.,  1855.     From  the  same. 

Disquisitiones  anatomico-comparativae  de  membro  Piscium  Pectorali,  &c.  A. 
C.  Metteuheimer,  M.  D.     Berolini,  1847.     From  the  Author. 

Memoires  et  Publications  de  la  Societe  des  Sciences,  des  Arts  et  des  Lettres 
du  Hainan.     2e  serie,  T.  3me,  1856.     From  the  Society. 

De  Symmetria  et  Asymmetria  organorum  animalitatis,  imprimis  Cranii.  Dr. 
J.  C.  G.  Lucffi.  Marburgi,  1839.  4to.  From  the  Senckenberg  Natural  History 
Society. 

Schadel  abnormer  Form.  Von  Dr.  J.  C.  G.  Lucse.  Frankfurt  am  Main,  1855. 
From  the  same. 

July  15iA. 

History  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  By  Edward  Coles.  8vo  p.,  1856.  From 
the  Author. 

Journal  fiir  Ornithologie.  Herausg.  von  Dr.  Jean  Cabanis.  I.  Jahrgang,  1853, 
extra  heft  for  1853,  H.  Jahr.,  1854,  HI.  Jahr,  1855,  and  IV.  Jahr.  No.  19.  8vo. 
Cassel,  1854.     From  Dr.  Cabanis. 

Verzeichniss  von  ansgestopften  Saugethieren  und  Vogeln,  welche  am  12ten 
Oct.,  1818,  u.  folg.  Tage  in  zoologischen  Museum  der  Konigl.  Universitat  zu 
Berlin,  &c.     Berlin,  1818.     From  the  same. 

Preis-Verzeichnisse  der  Saugethier-und  Vogel-Doubletten  des  Zoologischen 
Museums  der  Universitat  zu  Berlin.     Berlin,  1819.     From  the  same. 

Verzeichniss  von  Vogeln,  Conchylien  und  Insecten,  Doubletten  des  Zoolo- 
gischen Museums  hiesiger  Konigl.  Universitat,  &c.  Berlin,  1822.  From  the 
same. 

Verzeichniss  einer  Sammlung  Siidafricanischer  Naturalien  welche  am  18ten 
Aug.,  1834,  &c.     Berlin,  1834.     From  the  same. 

Verzeichniss  einer  Sammlung  von  Saugethieren  und  Vogeln  aus  dem  Keffern- 
lande,  nebst  einer  Kiifer-Sammlung,  welche  am  14ten  Maarz,  1852,  &c.  Berlin, 
1842.     From  the  same. 

Verzeichniss  verkauflicher  Doubletten  der  entomologischen  Sammlung  der 
Koniglichen  Universitat  zu  Berlin. 

Zweites  Preisverzeichniss  der  Doubletten  des  Zoologischen  Museums  der 
Konigl.  Universitat  zu  Berlin,  Vogel  und  Insecten,  Berlin,  1820.  From  the  same. 

Verzeichniss  der  Doubletten  des  Zoologischen  Museums  der  Konigl.  Universi- 
tat zu  Berlin,  &c.  Herausg.  von  Dr.  H.  Lichtenstein.  Berlin,  1823.  From  the 
same. 

The  Louisville  Review,  Vol.  I.,  No.  2.     From  the  Editors. 

The  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist,  Vol.  1,  No.  3.     From  the  Editor. 

Science  and  the  Bible,  No.  3.  By  J.  D.  Dana,  LL.  D.,  &c.  8vo.  p.  From  the 
Author. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr,  Wilson,  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  Vol.  62.  No.  367. 

Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles,  T.  iv.,  No.  5. 

Comptes  Rendus,  T.  xlii.,  No.  20,  21. 

Bonplandia,  Zeitschrift  fiir  die  gcsammte  Botanik.     iv.  Jahrgang,  No.  9,  10. 

Die  Natur.  Zeitung  zur  verbreitung  naturwissenschaftlicher  Kenntniss,  &c. 
5  Jahrgang,  No.  21,  22,  23. 

July  21d. 

The  Mutual  Responsibilities  of  Physicians  and  the  Community.  By  H.  P. 
Tappan,  D.  D.,  &c.     Detroit,  1856,  8vo  p.     From  the  Author. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the  New  York  State  Library,  1856.  From 
the  Trustees. 

Recensio  Avium  in  Academici  Liberi  Baronis  de  Mueller  Ornithologico  Museo 


XVll. 

Stuttgardiano  collectarum,     Colligit  Dr.  0.  G.  Calwer.     Stuttgardiae,  1854. 
Dr.  Wilson  presented  the  following,  on  the  usual  conditions: 
Revue  et  Magazin  de  Zoologie  Pure  et  Appliquee,  1856.    No.  5. 
Bonplandia.     IV.  Jahr.,  No   11. 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Malakozoologie.     Pages  17  to  48,  inclusive. 

August  Zth. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson,  on  the  usual  conditions : 

Flora  van  Nederlandsch  Indie.  Door  F.  A.  W.  Miquel,  Iste  Deel  Aflevg.  4. 
Leipzig,  1855.     8vo. 

Lehrbuch  der  Anatomie  und  Physiologie  der  Gewachse.  Von  Dr.  H.  Schacht, 
ler  Thiel.     Berlin,  1855.     8vo. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  Wissenschaftliche  Zoologie.  Herausg.  von  0.  T.  Siebold  und 
A.  Kolliker,  'Ter  Band,  Supplement  heft.     Leipzig,  1856. 

Die  Conchylien  des  norddeutschen  Tertiargebirges  von  Dr.  E.  Beyrich,  4te 
und  5te  Lieferung.     Berlin,  1856. 

■  Mittheilungen  aus  Justus  Perthes  Geographischer  Anstalt  iiber  Wichtige  neue 
Erforschungen  auf  dem  Gesammtgebiete  der  Geographic  von  Dr.  A.  Petermann. 
1856,  ii.,  iii.,  iv. 

Novitates  Conchologicae.     Von  Dr.  L.  Pfeifer.     5  lief.     Cassel,  1855. 

Xenia  Orchidaceae.     Von  H.  G.  Reichenbach.     7  heft.     Leipzig,  1856. 

Flora  Tertiaria  Helvetiae.     Von  Dr.  0.  Heer.     Lief  2,  3. 

Georg  Forster  der  Naturforscher  des  Volks,  von  J.  Moleschott.  Frankfort, 
1855. 

Systema  Lichenum  Germaniae,  von  Dr.  G.  W.  Koerber.     Breslau,  1856.     8vo. 

Sylloge  Florae  Europasas  seu  Plantarum  vascularium  Europae  Indigenarum, 
&c.     Auct.  0.  F.  Nyman,  Oerebroze,  1854 — 1855. 

Classification  der  Brachiopoden  von  Thos.  Davidson,  Esq.,  &c.,  mit  einigen 
neuen  Zusatzen  verschen  von  E.  Suess.     Vienna,  1856.     4to. 

Zoonomische  Briefe,  AUgemeine  Darstellung  der  thierischen  organization. 
Von  Dr.  H.  Burmeister,  ler  Theil.     Leipzig,  1856.     8vo. 

Atlas  zur  Physik  der  Welt.     Herausg.  von  T.  Bromme,  Stuttgart. 

Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Entwicklung  der  Blutgefasse,  &c.  Von  Dr.  T.  Bill- 
roth.    Berlin,  1856.     4to. 

Geognostiche  Darstellung  der  Steinkohlenformation  in  Sachsen  von  H.  B. 
Geinitz,  Ite  Abtheilung.     Leipzig,  1856.     4to. 

August  12th. 

Ethnographic  view  of  Western  Africa.     From  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell. 

The  Canadian  Journal  of  Industry,  Science  and  Art,  Nos.  1,  2,  3  and  4,  1856. 
From  the  Canadian  Institute. 

The  Peninsular  Journal  of  Medicine,  July,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

Speech  of  Hon.  J.  R.  Tyson,  delivered  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  July 
12th,  1856.     From  the  Author. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  Vol.  v.  pp.  33T — 352. 
From  the  Society. 

Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  vi.  No.  55.  From 
the  Society. 

New  York  Medical  Times,  July,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  new  series,  Vol.  v. 
From  the, Academy. 

August  IQth. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  Vol.  62,  No.  368. 

Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles.     Tome  iv..  No.  6. 

The  London  Athenaum,  June,  1856. 

Comptes  Rendus.     T.  xlii.,  Nos.  22 — 26,  inclusive. 


XVlll. 

A  popular  History  of  British  Lichens.    By  W.  Lindsay,  M.  D.     London,  1856. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  July,  1856. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  June  and  July,  1856. 

London,  Edinburg  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine,  June  and  July,  1856, 
and  Supplement. 

Conchologia  Iconica.     By  Lovell  Reeve.     Parts  154,  155,  156. 

The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  By  Thos.  Moore,  F.  L.  S.  Edited 
by  John  Lindley,  Ph.  D.  &c.     Part  xvi. 

The  Birds  of  Asia.     By  J.  Gould,  F.  R.  S.,  &c.     Part  viii. 

L'Organisation  du  Regne  Animal.  Par  Emile  Blanchard.  lie  Livraison. 
Reptiles. 

Memoires  de  la  Societe  Geologique  de  France.     2e  Serie,  T.  v.  2e  partie. 

Mikrogeologie.  Von  C.  G.  Ehrenberg.  Fortsetzung,  Bogen  1 — 22.  Leipzig, 
1856. 

Bonplandia,  iv.  Jahrgang,  No.  12. 

Die  Natur,  No.  25 — 28,  inclusive. 

Handbuch  der  Zootomie,  von  Siebold  und  Stannius.     2er  Thiel.  Berlin,  1856-. 

Die  in  und  an  dem  Korper  des  Lebenden  Menschen  Vorkommenden  Parasiten, 
&c.  Von  Dr.  F.  Kiichenmeister.  Ite,  Abtheilung,  1  and  2  Lief  und  2e  Abthei- 
lung. 

Conspectus  Generum  Avium.  Auc.  C.  L.  Bonaparte.  Sectio  secunda  et  tertia. 

List  of  the  specimens  of  British  Animals  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Mu- 
seum.    Part  xi.  Anoplura.     London,  1852. 

List  of  MoUusca  and  Shells  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum.  London, 
1855. 


DONATIONS    TO    MUSEUM 

In  September  and  October,  1856. 

September  2d. 

A  collection  of  Fossil  bones  consisting  of  the  humerus  of  a  species  of  Cervus, 
the  humerus  of  Canis  primcevus,  and  5  cervical  and  6  caudal  vertebrae,  fragments 
of  18  dorsal  and  lunular  vertebrae,  fragments  of  7  ribs,  portions  of  2  tibiae,  small 
fragments  of  1  scapula,  3  fragments  of  an  ulna  and  a  radius,  2  condyles  of  a 
femur,  3  fragments  of  an  innominatum,  1  calcaneum,  1  astragalus,  2  cuboids,  1 
cuneiforme,  5  metatarsals,  2  metacarpals  and  5  phalanges  of  Megalonyx  Jeffer- 
sonii.     From  a  cave  in  the  north  of  Alabama. 

Fragment  of  a  femur  and  of  the  antler  of  two  species  of  Cervus,  from  the  Plio- 
cene deposits  of  Darlington,  S.  C,  and  the  tooth  of  a  Phoca  ?  from  the  Miocene 
of  Virginia.     Presented  by  Prof.  Tuomey,  of  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama. 

Two  fruits  from  Rio  Grande.     Presented  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth. 

Two  species  Prionotus  and  2  do.  Platessa,  Absecom.  Presented  by  Dr.  Boker. 

Astacus,  n.  s.,  Dayton,  Ohio.     Presented  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Fisher. 

Fossil  coral,  Ireland.     Presented  by  John  Vaughan. 

Two  Shark  teeth,  New  Jersey.     Presented  by  Dr.  Coates. 

Two  Salamandra  rubra.     Presented  by  Dr.  Uhler. 

Twelve  young  of  the  Rattlesnake.     Presented  by  Dr.  Rand. 

One  Coryphodon  constrictor,  N.  Jersey.     Presented  by  Mr.  Ashmead. 

Five  Ambystoma  punctatum,  N.  Hampshire.     Presented  by  Dr.  LeOonte. 

Four  large  species  Menopoma  alleghaniensis,  Ohio  River  near  Pittsburg.  Pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Alfred  King. 

One  Heterodon  platyrhynos,  Penna.     Presented  by  Dr.  Wilson,  U.  S.  N. 

Serpentine  precious,  Newburyport,  Mass.     Presented  by  Dr.  Uhler. 

AUanite,  Chester  Co.     Presented  by  Dr.  W.  D.  Hartman. 

Skeleton  of  Tropidonotus  sipedon.     Presented  by  Mr.  F.  Schafhirt. 

A  collection  of  Shells.     Presented  by  F.  A.  Sauvalle,  of  Havana. 


XIX. 

September  9th. 

Fifty  specimens — 25  species — Fishes  from  Beasley's  Point,  N.  J.  Presented 
by  Mr.  Ashmead  and  Dr.  Leidy. 

Specimens  Stalactites  from  crevices  of  the  cliif  limestone,  Galena,  111.  Pre- 
sented by  Hon.  John  G.  Potts. 

Agate,  Calcedony,  Montevideo.     Presented  by  F.  Bond,  Esq. 

Sulphate  Magnesia,  Phila.  Co.,  Pa.  ;  Cacoxene,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa. ;  Stauro- 
tide,  Phila.  Co.,  Pa.     Presented  by  T.  D.  H.  Rand. 

Two  fossil  Shark  teeth,  Simoda ;  two  fossil  shells,  Porto  Praya ;  Crystals  sul- 
phate of  lime.  Cape  de  Verde  ;  one  specimen  clay,  Napa,  Loo  Choo  ;  one  Helix. 
Presented  by  Dr.  Joseph  Wilson,  Jr.,  U.  S.  N. 

One  Gorgonia,  coast  of  Delaware.  Presented  by  Chas.  Gilpin,  Esq.,  through 
Dr.  Elwyn. 

Sq>tember  16ih. 

A  collection  of  reptiles  as  follows  :  Five  Emys  pseudo-geographica,  three 
Crotaphytus  collaris,  five  Plestiodon  obsoletus,  two  Holbrookia  maculata,  five 
Phrynosoma  cornutum,  seven  Cnemidophorus  gularis,  two  Ophisaurus  striatulus, 
two  Elaphis  alleghaniensis,  one  Coryphodon  flaviventris,  one  Coronella  gentilis, 
one  Tantilla  gracilis,  three  Ablabes  calligaster,  two  species  Tropidonotus  nudet, 
one  T.  ordinatus,  three  Heterodon  nasicus,  four  Trigonocephalus  contortrix,  one 
Crotalus  confluentus,  two  Herpetodryas  vernalis,  one  Rana  halecina,  one  R. 
pipiens,  one  Engystoma,  22  specimens  Bufo  americanus?  one  B.  punctatus,  four 
Rana  conspersa,  one  Ambystoma — 79  specimens,  24  species,  of  21  genera.  Also 
Helix  monodon,  H.  fraterna,  H.  alternata,  H.  albolabrus,  H.  arborea,  and  Pupa 
armigera.     From  Kansas.     Presented  by  Dr.  Hammond,  U.  S.  A. 

Two  specimens  mountain  and  arenaceous  Guano,  from  Monk's  Island  and 
Esmarelda.     Presented  by  Robert  B.  Baker. 

Dactylopherous,  Trinidad,  W.  I.     Presented  by  Dr.  S.  Lewis. 

September  23d. 

Mergulus  albus.    Presented  by  Dr.  S.  Lewis. 

A  collection  of  shells.     Presented  by  Townsend  Ward,  Esq. 

Selenite.     Presented  by  Dr.  LeConte. 

Native  alum,  California.     Presented  by  A.  H,  Smith. 

October  1th. 

Several  fragments  of  bones  of  Megatherium,  and  a  molar  tooth  and  several 
fragments  of  bones  of  the  Mammoth,  (Elephas.)  From  the  excavation  of  the 
Brunswick  Canal,  Georgia.     Presented  by  J.  S.  Phillips. 

Two  Anas  boschas  ;  one  Oidemia  perspicilata.  Coast  of  Oregon.  Presented 
by  G.  B.  Davidson,  Esq. 

Original  of  Coluber  caligaster.  Say.     Presented  by  Prof.  J.  Holbrook. 

Fox  squirrel.     Presented  by  Thos.  Kite. 

Skin  of  Cervus  macrotus.     Presented  by  G.  B.  Davidson. 

Ptilonopes  Penonsii,  Peale  ;  Samoan  Islands.  Presented  by  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

Eleven  species,  nine  genera.  Fishes  from  Lake  George.  Presented  by  W.  S. 
Vaux,  Esq. 

Three  species,  two  genera,  Fishes  from  Schuylkill  River.  Presented  by  Dr. 
Uhler. 

One  species  Fish.     Presented  by  Mr.  Guillou. 

October  lith. 

A  collection  of  Fossils  :  Two  vertebrje  of  Basilosaurus,  four  other  vertebrae, 
twelve  fishes  vertebrae,  sixteen  shark  teeth,  two  corals,  and  four  casts  of  two 
species  Nautilus ;  from  the  Eocene  of  Alabama.  Presented  by  Dr.  S.  W.  Clanton. 


XX. 

One  hundred  species  of  U.  S.  coast  shells,  including  some  recently  discovered. 
Presented  by  Wm.  Stimpson,  Esq. 

Four  species  of  Fishes  ;  17  specimens,  10  species,  Crustacea,  California.  Pre- 
sented by  G.  B.  Davidson,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  through  Dr.  LeConte. 

Fossil  Echinus,  cretaceous  ;  Alabama.     Presented  by  Dr.  J.  Nott,  of  Mobile. 

Sixteen  specimens,  three  species  reptiles.  New  Jersey.  Presented  by  Mr.  C. 
Fisher. 

Three  Pseudotriton  niger,  Schuyllsill  River.     Presented  by  Dr.  Uhler. 

One  Heredia  oregonensis,  Gir. ;  California.  Presented  by  Mr.  Geo.  B.  David- 
son, of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

Two  coal  plants,  and  a  nodule  sulphuret  iron,     Presented  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Hayes. 

One  Coral,  Simoda  Bay.     Presented  by  W.  Stimpson,  Esq. 

October  2\st. 

Twenty-nine  specimens,  11  species  of  reptiles  of  the  genera  Rana,  Bufo,  Ples- 
tiodon,  Tropidonotus  and  Herpetodryas.  From  Dr.  Miles  of  Flint,  Genessee  Co., 
Mich.,  through  Mr.  Bowers. 

Two  specimens  Wavellite,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  From  R.  H.  Lambert,  through 
Jacob  Pierce. 

Albino  Sylvia  marilandica.     From.  C.  Kuhn. 


DONATIONS    TO    LIBRARY 

In  September  and  October,  1856. 

September  2d. 

The  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  September,  1856.  From  the 
Editors. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  pp.  353 — 368.  From  the 
Society. 

The  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  July,  1856.  From  the  Editor. 

Memoires  de  la  Societe  Royale  des  Sciences  de  Liege,  T.  lOme.  From  the 
Society. 

Neues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geognosie,  Geologic  und  Petrefakten-Kunde. 
Herausg.  von  K.  C.  Leonhard  und  H.  G.  Bronn,  Jahrgang,  1856,  2tes  Heft. 
From  Dr.  Bronn. 

Wiirttembergische  naturwissenschaftliche  Jahreshefte.  12ter  Jahrgang  2tes 
Heft.     From  Verein  fiir  Vaterlilndische  Naturkunde. 

Abhandlungen  der  Mathemat-Physikalischen  classe  der  Koeniglich  Bayer- 
ischen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  Yten  Bs.  3te  Ab'g.  Miinchen,  1855.  From 
the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Munich. 

Rede  uber  die  Grenzscheide  der  Wissenschaften.  Gehalten  von  F.  von  Thiersch. 
From  the  same. 

Rede  ueber  den  Begriff  und  die  Stellung  des  Gelehrten.  Gehalt.  von  F.  von 
Thiersch.     From  the  same. 

Denkrede  auf  Johann  Repomuk  von  Fuchs.  Von  F.  von  Kobell.  From  the 
same. 

Verhandlungen  des  natur  historischen  Yereines  der  Preussischen  Rheinlande 
und  Westphalens.  Herausg.  von  Prof.  Dr.  Budge,  12ter  Jahrgang.  3tes  und  4tes 
Heft,  und  IStet  Jahrgang,  les  Heft.     From  the  Union. 

September  9th. 

Charleston  Medical  Journal,  September,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 
New  York  Medical  Times,  September,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 
The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson  on  the  usual  conditions : 
Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Imperiale  Zoologique  d'Acclimatation.  T.  iii.,  Nos.  1 — 
6  inclusive. 


The  Athenaeum,  July,  1856. 
Comptes  Rendus,  T.  xliii.,  ] 


XXI. 


Nos.  1  and  2. 


September  \Qth. 

Annales  des  Mines,  5me  serie,  T.  vi.,  6e  livraison  de  1854,  T.  vii.,  1 — 5  liv. 
1855. 

Memoires  de  la  Societe  Imperiale  des  Sciences,  de  I'Agriculture  et  des  Arts, 
de  Lille,  Supplement  a  I'annee,  1853.     From  the  Society. 

Memoires  de  la  Societe  Imperiale  des  Sciences  Naturelles  de  Cherbourg.  3e 
vol.     Paris,  1855.     From  the  Society. 

Memorias  de  la  Real  Academia  de  Ciencias  de  Madrid.  T.  ii.  1  ser.  ciencias 
exactas,  t.  1,  pte  la.  1853.  T.  i.  ciencias  naturales,  t.  1,  pte  3a.  1854.  From 
the  Academy. 

Resumen  de  las  actas  de  la  Academia  Real  de  Ciencias  de  Madrid,  1851  to 
1853.     From  the  Academy. 

Memoire  della  Reale  Accademia  delle  Scienze  di  Torino.  Ser  2da,  T.  xv. 
From  the  Academy. 

Third  Supplement  to  Dana's  Mineralogy.     From  the  Author. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  pp.  369 — 384.  From 
the  Society. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  Wilson  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

Physiotypia  Plantarum  Austriacarum.  Von  Constantin  von  Ettingshausen 
und  Alois  Pokorney.     Wien,  1856,  1  vol.  text,  5  vols,  plates. 

Bonplandia,  ii.  Jahrgang,  Hanover,  1854,  iv.  Jahr.,  13,  14. 

Die  Natur,  5ter  Jahr.,  29—32. 

Revue  et  Magazin  de  Zoologie,  1856  No.  7. 

Versuche  und  Resultate  iiber  die  Nahrung  der  Pflanzen.  Von  Fiirsten  2u 
Salen-Herstmar  Braunschweig,  1856. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  Wissenschaftliche  Zoologie,  8ter  band.     2tes  Heft,  1856. 

Die  Tineen  und  Pterophoren  der  Schweiz.  Von  Prof.  Heinrich  Frey,  Zurich, 
1856. 

Essai  Monographique  sur  les  C16rites  Insectes  Coleopteres.  Par  Maximilian 
Spinola.     Genes,  1844,  2  vols. 

MittheiJungen  aus  Justus  Perthes'  Geographischer  Anstalt,  &c.  Von  Dr.  A. 
Petermann,  1856,  v.  vi. 

Xenia  Orchidacea.  8tes  heft,  1856. 

Uber  die  durch  Molekularbewegungen  in  starren  leblosen  Korpern  bewirkten 
Formveriinderungen.     Von  J.  F.  L.  Hausmann.     Gottingen,  1856. 

Pflanzenphysiologische  Untersuchungen.  Von  Carl  Nageli  und  Carl  Cramer. 
Heft  1  and  3.     Zurich,  1855. 

Uber  den  Bau  der  Nerven-Primitivfaser  und  der  Nervenzelle.  Von  Dr.  B. 
Stilling.     Frankfurt  a.  m.,  1856. 

Beitrage  zur  Naelieren  Kenntniss  der  Urweltlichen  Saeugethiere,  von  Dr.  J.  J. 
Kaup,  Ites  heft.     Darmstadt,  1854. 

Flora  Tertiaria  Helvetije.  Von  Dr.  0.  Heer,  iv.  v.  Lieferung. 

Comptes  Rendus,  T.  xliii.,  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  et  Table  des  Matieres  du  Tome  xli. 

Naturgeschichte  der  Insecten  Deutschlands.  Begonnen  von  Dr.  W.  F.  Erich- 
son  Fortgesetzt  von  Dr.  H.  Schaum,  G.  Kraatz  und  H.  V.  Kiesenwelter,  Iste 
Abth.  Iste  Band,  Iste  Lief.— 2ter  Bd.  Iste,  2te  Lief.     Berlin,  1856. 

September  23d 

The  following  were  presented  by  Mr.  Edward  Wilson  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

De  Goniatitis  in  Montibus  Rheuanis  occurentibus.  Auc.  H.  E.  Beyrich.  Bero- 
lini,  1837.    4to.  p. 

Monographia  Cavias  Porcelli  Zoologica.  Ed,  J.  J.  Freuler.    Goettingse,  1820. 

Charcteristik  der  Thierpflanzen.     Von  J.  S.  Schrojter.    Niirnberg,  1798. 

Curtii  Sprengel,  Commentarius  de  Partibus  quibus  insecta  spiritus  ducunt. 
Lipsise,  1815. 


XXll. 

De  Ornithorhyncho  Paradoxo.     Auc.  L.  M.  JafFe.  Berolini,  1823. 

Piscium  querelae  at  Vindiciae.     Expositae  a  J.  J.  Scheuchzero.  Tiguri,  1708. 

Beschreibung  einiger  minderbekannten  Seethiere,  und  ihren  Eigenschaften. 
VoQ  J.  B.  Bohadsch,  Dresden.   1776. 

Epistola  de  Balajnopteris  quibusdam  ventre  sulcato  distinctis.  Quam  viro 
summe  venerando  J.  F.  Blumenbachio,  Grat.  Scrip.  D.  F.  Rosenthal  et  D.  F. 
Hornschuch,    Gryphiae,  1825. 

Die  Falirten-Abdriicke  im  bunten  Sandsteine  bei  Jena.  Von  Dr.  K.  Koch 
und  Dr.  E.  Sclimid.   Jena,  1841. 

Bericht  iiber  die  Naturhistorischen  Reisen  der  Herren  Ehrenberg  und  Hemp- 
rich,  Gelesen  von  Alex,  von  Humboldt.  Berlin,  1826. 

Illustrazioni  al  Genere  Cipridina  e  descrizione  di  una  novella  specie  Di  Oron- 
zio  Gabriele  Costa. 

Ein  Nachtrag  liber  den  Didus  Ineptus  von  Lehmann,  1843. 

Etwas  tieber  die  Natur  Wunder  in  Nord  America  zusammengetragen.  Von 
Chas.  Cramer,    St.  Petersburg,  1837. 

Facts  concerning  the  natural  history  of  the  Gigantic  Irish  Deer.  By  H.  H. 
Richardson.    Dublin,  1846. 

tjber  den  Bau  des  Pentacrinus  caput  Medusae.     Von  Hrn.  Mtiller. 

tfber  den  glatten  Hai  des  Aristoteles,  und  iiber  die  Verschiedenheiten  unter 
den  Haifischen  und  Rochen  in  der  Eutwickelung  des  Eies.     Von  Hrn.  Miiller. 

Dissertatio  de  Fabrica  et  usu  antennarum  in  Insectis.  Grat.  G.  F.  Erichson. 
Beroline,  1847. 

Commentatio  Pharmacologico-Medica  de  Spongia  Marina,  Auc.  A.  F.  Uhle. 
Lipsise,  1820. 

Bemerkungen  iiber  den  Bau  des  Amphioxus  lanceolatus.     Von  H.  Rathke. 

Die  Insekten  im  Bernstein.     Von  Dr.  G.  C.  Berendt,  Ites  heft.     Danzig,  1830. 

Observationes  de  Prima  Insectorum  Genesi,  Scrip.  A.  Kolliker.    Turici,  1842, 

Observationes  in  Porcelli  sine  Cavise  Cobays  Historiam  Naturalem.  A.  G.  F. 
Schultz.     Berolini,  1829, 

Disquisitiones  Anatomico-Comparativae  de  Membro  Piscium  Pectorali.  Auc. 
C.  Mettenheimer.     Berolini,  1847. 

Systema  Amphibiorum  Lymphaticum  disquisitionibus  novis  examinatum, 
Auc.  J.  Meyer.    Berolini,  1845. 

Dissertatio  inauguralis  de  Oculo  Reptilium.  Auc.  A.  Fricker,  Tubingae,  1827. 

De  Spatularium  Anatome.     Auc.  A,  Wagner.    Berolini,  1848. 

Commentatio  de  Pectinis  in  Oculo  Avium.     Auc.  A.  Huschke,  Jenae,  1827, 

De  Phaenomeno  Generali  et  Fundaementali  motus  Vibratorii  Continui,  etc. 
Scrip.  Prof.  J.  E,  Purkinje  et  Dr.  G.  Valentin.    Wratislaviffi,  1835. 

De  Acaro  Scabiei  Humano.     Auc.  E.  M.  Heyland,    Berolini,  1836. 

Observationes  de  Sagitta  mare  Germanicum  circa  Insulam  Helgoland  inco- 
lente.    Auc.  R.  Wilms.    Berolini,  1846. 

De  Trunco  Palmarum  Fossilium.     Auc.  C.  G.  Stenzel.  Vratislavias,  1850. 

Afferunter  Nonnulla  ad  Amiam  Calvam  Accuratius  Cognoscendam.  Auc,  H. 
Franque.    Berolini,  1847. 

De  Oorporum  Heterogeneorum  in  Plantis  Animalibusque  Genesi.  Auc.  J.  H. 
Schmidt.    Berolini,  1825. 

Ueber  Thierfnehrten  im  Bunten  Sandstein,  Von  B.  Cotta.  Dresden  und  Leip- 
zig, 1839. 

Dissertatio  Anatomica  de  Rana  Cornuta.  Submit.  C.  G.  Kloetzke.  Berolini, 
1816. 

De  Hepatis  Ranarum  Exstirpatione.     Auc.  F.  T,  Kunde.    Berolini,  1850. 

Ueber  verschiedene  neue  oder  seltene  Reptilien  aus  Neu  Granada  und  Crus- 
taceen  aus  China.     Von  A.  A.  Berthold,  Gottingen,  1846. 

Beitrage  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Urwelt.     Von  J.  C.  Zenker.  Jena,  1833, 

Strata  identified  by  Organized  Fossils,  By  Wm,  Smith.  London,  June  1,  Oct, 
1,  1816,  Sept.  1,  1817 

Prodromus  descriptionis  formarum  partium  Elementariarum  in  animalibus. 
Dr.  0,  A.  S.  Schultze.    Berolini,  1828, 


XXIU. 

Ueber  Calamiten  und  Steinkohlenbildung.     Von  Dr.  A.  Petzholdt.     Dresden 
und  Leipzig,  1841. 

Bouwstoflen  voor  Bene  Fauna  van  Nederland.    J.  A.  Herlilots.    Leiden,  1851. 

Catalogo  delle  Conchiglie  osservate  dall'  abate  L.  Brumati. 

Physiologiam   animalium   commendat  et  ad  audiendam,  &c.     N.  G.  Leske. 
Lipsiae,  1175. 

Conspectus  animalium  quorundam  maritimorum  nondum  editorum,  &c.     A. 
G.  Otto.  Vratislaviae,  1821. 

De  Vegetativis  et  animatis  corporibus,  &c.     Auc.  J.  F.  M.  de  Olfers.    Pars.  i. 
Berolini,  1816. 

Analecta  ad  tubercixlum  et  entozoorum  cognitionem.     Auc.  G.  Kauifmann. 
Berolini,  1847. 

Eiuleitung  in  die  Geschichte  der  Naturwissenschaft.     Von  J.  Brotz.    Heidel- 
berg, 1842. 

AUocuzione  due  del  Prof.  Gurgio  Jan.  Milano,  1842. 

Essai  Statisque  sur  les  Bibliotheques  de  Vienna.     Par  Adrien  Balbi.    Paris, 
1835. 

Die  Fische  des  Bodensees.     Herausg.  von  Dr.  St.  Nenning,  1834. 

Synopsis  Reptilium.     F.  A.  A.  Meyer.    Gottingen,  1795. 

On  the  heat  of  Vapors.     By  J.  W.  Lubbock. 

On  the  Theory  of  the  Moon,  and  on  the  Perturbations  of  the  Planets.     By  J. 
W.  Lubbock,  Parts  i.  to  ix. 

On  the  Heat  of  Vapors  and  on  Astronomical  Refractions.  By  J.  W.  Lubbock. 
London, 1840. 

Note  on  the  calculation  of  the  distance  of  a  Comet  from  the  Earth.  By  J.  W. 
Lubbock. 

On  the  determination  of  the  distance  of  a  Comet  from  the  Earth,  and  the 
elements  of  its  orbit.     By  J.  W.  Lubbock. 

De  Trilobitis.     Auc.  H.  F.  Bmmrich.  Berolini,  1839. 

Observata  Qujedara  Anatomica  de  Auchenia  Lama.  Auc.  J.  0.  L.  Moller, 
Regimontii  Prussorium,  1840. 

Verzeichuiss  der  in  Pommern  vorkommenden  Vogel.  Herausg.  Hernschuch 
und  Schilling.    Greifswald,  1837. 

October  *Itk. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  vol.  v.  pp.  385 — 400. 
From  the  Society. 

Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York.     From  the  Regents. 

The  Canadian  Journal,  Sept.,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

The  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist,  Sept.,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

Statistics  of  the  Flora  of  the  Northern  United  States.  By  Asa  Gray.  From 
the  Author. 

Experiments  upon  Digestion.     By  F.  G.  Smith,  M.  D.,  &c.     From  the  Author. 

The  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  Sept.,  1856.  From  the 
Editor. 

The  Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society,  vol.  xii.  pt.  3,  No.  47.  From 
the  Society. 

Recueil  des  Actes  de  I'Academie  Imperiale  de  Bordeaux.  1855,  3e  et  4e  tri- 
mestre.     From  the  Academy. 

On  two  new  Genera  of  Fungi.  By  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Berkeley.  From  the 
Author. 

Dr.  Wyman  on  Podisoma  Macropus,  with  remarks  by  M.  J.  Berkeley.  From 
the  same. 

On  the  Amber  Beds  of  East  Prussia.     By  Dr.  K.  Thomas.     From  the  same. 

Observations  on  the  Sphagriacese.  By  Prof.  Guiseppe  de  Notaris.  From  the 
same. 

On  the  probable  conversion  of  Asci  into  Spores.  By  M.  J.  Berkeley  and  C.  E. 
Broome.    From  the  same. 


XXIV. 

On  the  "White  Eust  of  Cabbages.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley.     From  the  same. 
Notice  of  a  Mould  attacking  the  Coffee  Plantations  in  Ceylon.     By  M.  J.  Berke- 
ley.    From  the  same. 

A  Micrographic  Study  of  the  Disease  of  Saffron,  known  under  the  name  of 
Tacon.     By  C.  Montague,  M.  D.     From  the  same. 

Enumeration  of  some  Fungi  from  St.  Domingo.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley.     From 
the  same. 
On  a  form  of  Scab  in  Potatoes.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley.     From  the  same. 
Dr.  Schleiden's  Theory  of  Agriculture.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley.     From  the  same. 
On  a  Peculiar  form  of  Mildew  in  Onions.     By  |M.  J.  Berkeley.      From  the 
same. 

Observations   on  a  form  of  White  Rust  in  Pear  Trees.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley. 
From  the  same. 

Botanical  Notes  on  the  Mildew  of  the  Vine  and  Hop.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley. 
From  the  same. 

On  the  Vine  Mildew.    By  Hugo  Mohl.     From  the  same. 
■  Observations  on  the  Dentalium  Subulatum  of  Deshayes.    By  M.  J.  Berkeley. 
From  the  same. 

On  the  Internal  Structure  of  Helicolinax.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley. 
Some  Notes  upon  Cryptogamia  and  Fungi.     By  Dr.  F.  Welwitsch  and  J.  M. 
Berkeley.     From  the  same. 

On  the  Bleached  Wood  of  the  Arctic  Voyagers  as  a  possible  indication  of  the 
route  of  Capt.  Sir  J.  Franklin.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley.     From  the  same. 

Centuries  of  North  American  Fungi.     By  M.  J.  Berkeley  and  M.  A.  Curtis. 
From  the  same. 

On  Moulds  allied  to  Fumago.    By  M.  J.  Berkeley  and  J.  B.  H.  J.  Desmazieres. 
From  the  same. 

Researches  on  the  Structure  of  Annular  vessels.     By  Hugo  Mohl.     Prelimi- 
nary Reply  to  Mohl's  Essay  by  Dr.  M.  J.  Schleiden.     From  the  same. 

Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  vol.  viii.     From  the  Smithsonian 
Institution. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  on  the  usual  condition : — 
The  London  Athenaeum,  August,  1856. 

Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Iraperiale  Zoologique  D'Acclimatation.     T.  iii.  No.  8. 
Comptes  Rendu  s,     T.  xliii.  Nos.  6,  7,  8. 

The  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History.     Vol.  xviii.  Nos.  104,  105. 
The  London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine,  4th  series,  vol. 
xii.  Nos.  77,  78. 
Conchologia  Iconica.    Part  157. 

L'Organisation  du  Regne  Animal.     Par  ^raile  Blanchard.     18e  liv.     Arach- 
nides,  liv.  9e. 

The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.     By  Thos.  Moore  and  Jno.  Lindley. 
Part.  xvii. 
Malakozoologische  Blatter.     Band.  iii.  Bogen  4-6. 

A  Manual  of  Marine  Zoology  for  the  British  Isles.     By  P.  H.  Gosse,  F.  R.  S. 
Part  ii.     London,  1856. 

Ferny  Combes  ;  A  Ramble  after  Ferns  in  the  Glens  and  Valleys  of  Devonshire. 
By  Charlotte  Chanter.     London,  1856, 
A  Dictionary  of  Botanical  Ferns.    By  Rev.  J.  S.  Henslow,  M.  A.    London. 
On  the  Variation  of  species  with  especial  reference  to  the  Insecta  ;  followed 
by  an  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Genera.     By  V.  V.  WoUaston,  M.  A.,  &c.     Lon- 
don, 1856. 

Report  of  the  twenty-fifth  Meeting  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science.     London,  1856. 

October  lith. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Mr.  Edward  Wilson  : — 
De  Hepate  MoUuscorum.     Auc.  J.  Frank.     Berolini,  1844. 
NonnuUa  de  Hepate  et  bile  evertebratorum.     Auc.  H.  G.  Lindner.     Berolini, 
1844. 


XXV. 

De  Mammalium  Dentibus.     Auc.  H.  F.  Nuesse.     Berolini,  1835. 

Diss,  de  Fuactione  Digestionis.     Auc.  J.  J.  Hewer.     Berolini,  1820. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  Musculorum.     Auc.  C.  G.  Schcepps.     Halae,  1829. 

Nervi  Accessorii  Wiilisii  Aaatomia  et  Piiysiologia.  L.  W.  T.  Bischoff.  Heidei- 
bergse,  1832. 

Diss,  inaug.  Experiment,  in  ranae  Esculent,  plexu  lumbali  facta  veram  nerv, 
fibrin.  &c.     Auc.  H.  Kronenberg.     Berolini,  1835. 

De  pise.  at.  amphib.  nudor.  lobis  opticis  at.  olfactoriis.  Auc.  J.  H.  Eichholtz. 
Berolini,  1841. 

Observat.  ad  Anatomicam  Cheloniorum.   Auc.  G.  C.  H.Peters.  Berolini,  1838. 

Observat.  Anatom.  de  Mammal,  quorundam  praeser.  quadruman.  vocis  instru- 
mento.     Auc.  J.  F.  Brandt.     Berolini,  1816. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  sing,  clitoridis  in  Simiis,  &c.     Auc.  A.  G.  F.  Fugger.     Bero- 
lini, 1835. 

De  Spinis  Hystricum.     Auc.  C.  J.  A.  Bceckh.     Berolini,  1834. 

De  Hepate  ac  bile  Crustaceorum  et  MoUuscorum  quorundam.     Auc.  F.  F.  G. 
Schlemm.     Berolini,  1844. 

Mem.  del  Ghiozzo  d'acqua  dolce  del  Dottor  F.  de  Filippi.    Milano,  1841. 

Symb.  ad  Anat.  &c.    Natatorise  Piscium.     Auc.  S.  Berlak.    Reg.  Pruss.  1834. 

De  Part,  quibus  insecta  spiritus  ducunt,  C.  L.  G.  Loewe.  Halae,  1814. 

De  Amphib.  System.  Uropoetico.  T.  F.  Fink.  Halae,  1817. 

De  Respiratione  Ranarum.     Auc.  L.  Berg.     Berolini,  1831. 

Diss,  de  vi  Muse,  in  part,  a  reliq.  corpore  sejunctus.     Auc.  W.  Krimer.  Halae, 
1818. 

De  Emendanda  Physiologia  commentatio.    G.  R.  Treviranus.   Gottingae,  1796. 

Diss,  de  Camel.  Dromedario  observata  quaedam  anatomica.    Auc.  C.  A.  Grun- 
dler,  1817. 

Descrip.  d'une  dent  Molaire  de  Dinotherium.     Par  M.  L'Abbe  Oaneto.     Paris, 
1837. 

Lettera  del  Dott.  Fillippi  Sopra  I'Anatomia  e  lo  Sviluppo  delleClepsine.  Pavia, 
1839. 

Odontologie  ou  Observations  sur  les  dents  humaines.     Par  C.  F.  Delabarre. 
Paris,  1815. 

Des  Organes  de  la  Digestion  dans  les  Ruminans,  &c.     Par  P.  Chabert.    Paris, 
1797. 

Specimen  Anthropologice  Experimentalis,  J.  C.  Acoluthus.  Vitembergae,  1 722. 

Cuvier's  Report  upon  Audouin's  researches  upon  the  Anatomy  of  the  thorax 
in  articulated  animals. 

De  Organis   Circulationis  et   Respirationis  Reptilium.     C.  G.  H.  Westphal. 
Halae,  1806. 

Diss,  de  Hist.  Nat.  et  Anat.  Bovis  Bubali.     Auc.  J.  E.  Klein,  Tubingae. 

Diss.  Zool.  General.     Auc.  G.  G.  Winter.    1836. 

Nouvelles  Observations  sur  I'Osteologie.    Paris,  1689. 

L'imposture  des  couverte  des  os  humains  supposes.    Paris,  1614. 

Diss,  de  Struc.  Mammarum,  F.  W.  Mencelius,  Lugd.  Batav.  1720. 

Diss,  de  Nervis  Spinal.  Avium  NonnuUarum.     Auc.  W.  Marbach,  Vratislaviae, 
1840. 

Diss,    de   experiment,   qusedam   circa  corpus  Callosum,  cerebellum,    duram 
maningem,  in  Vivis  Animalibus  instituta.     Auc.  J.  G.  Zinn.    Gottingae,  1744. 

DetBlennii  vivipari  formatione  et  evolutione  observationes.     Auc.  T.  Forch- 
hammer.    Kiliae,  1819. 

Nicolai  Stenonis  elementorum  Myologise  Specimen,  Florentiae,  1647. 

Responsio  ad  Questionem  Zoologicam.    M.  C.  Verloren. 

Diss.de  Manducat.  Hom.  ceterorumque  mammalium.   P.  H.  0.  Canzius.  Lugd. 
Batav.  1831. 

De  Mammal.  QDsophago  atque  Ventriculo.     F.  A.  Schmidt.    Halse,  1805. 

De  Mutatione,  qua  habitus  animantium   externus  femineus  indolem  indiut 
Masculam.     Auc.  N.  J.  Schiifgens.     Berolini,  1833. 

25 


XXVI. 

October  2\st. 

Naturgeschichte  der  Insecten  Deutscblaads  Begonnen  von  Dr.  W.  F.  Erichson  ; 
Fortgesetzt  von  Dr.  F.  Schaum,  G.  Kraatz  und  H.  V.  Kiesenwetter.  Iste  Ab. 
Coleoptera,  Iste  Bd.,  Iste  Lief.,  Bogen  1 — 12.     From  Dr.  Schaum. 

History  and  description  of  a  new  Sperm  Whale.  By  Wm.  S.  Wall.  Together 
with  some  account  of  a  new  genus  of  Sperm  Whales  called  Euphysetes.  Syd- 
ney, 1851.     From  the  Author. 

The  London  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  VoL  iv.  Nos.  180 — 192.  From  the 
Society. 

Selena,  ou  la  Famille  Samaneenne.     Par  J.  A.  Gleizes,  Paris,  1838. 

Thalvsie,  on  La  Nouvelle  Existence.  Par  J.  A.  Gleizes.  Paris,  T.  L  1840,  T. 
n.  1841,  T.  III.  1842. 

Le  Christianisme  Explique,  ou  Le  Veritable  Esprit  de  ce  Culte  meconnu  jus- 
qu'a  ce  jour.  Par  J.  A.  Gleizes.  Paris,  1837.  The  three  preceding  works  from 
the  Author. 

Atti  della  Reale  Accademia  delle  Ssienze,  sezione  della  Societa  Reale  Bor- 
bonica,  Vol.  VI,  Napoli,  1851.     From  the  Society. 

Rendiconto  della  Societa  Reale  Borbonica,  n.  s.  Nos.  1 — 6,  1853.  From  the 
Society. 

Note  sur  la  Machine  suedoise  de  M.  M.  Schutz  pour  calculer  les  Tables  mathe- 
matiques  par  la  Methode  des  Differences,  &c.     Par  C.  Babbage. 

Ou  the  Constants  of  Nature.  Class  Mammalia.     By  Ch.  Babbage. 

Descriptions  of  eight  new  species  of  Birds  from  South  America.  By  P.  L. 
Sclater.  , 

Note  sur  L'Equateur  Zoologique.     Par  Dr.  Pucheran. 

Esquisse  sur  la  Mammalogie  du  Continent  Africain.  Par  Dr.  Pucheran.  The 
three  preceding  pamphlets  from  Mr.  Sclater. 


DONATIONS    TO    MUSEUM 

In  November  and  December,  1856. 

November  4,th. 

Three  specimens  Graphite,  Ceylon.  Presented  by  G.  W.  Earle  through  E. 
Draper. 

Twelve  human  Skulls,  6  casts  of  do.,  2  casts  of  Oraug  heads,  various  casts  of 
remains  of  Palceotherium,  Anoplotkerium,  Deinotherium,  Tapirus^  Megalosaurus,  Ich- 
thyosaurus^ Igu.anodon,  &c.,  from  specimens  in  the  museums  of  Europe  ;  nume- 
rous moulds  in  plaster  of  fossils,  2  teeth  of  Elephant,  horns  of  Bos  ami;  the 
whole  forming  part  of  the  natural  history  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Richard 
Harlan.     Deposited  and  presented  by  Richard  Harlan,  Jr. 

Skin  of  Eunectes  murinus,  Brazil.     Presented  by  S.  B.  Howell. 

Large  specimen  Exogyra  costata.  N.  Jersey.     S.  S.  Garigues. 

Specimens  of  Granite,  Mica  and  Schorl,  from  near  Boston.  Presented  by  Benj. 
R.  Smith. 

November  Wth. 

Fine  specimen  of  an  extinct  plant  from  the  old  Red  Sandstone,  (No.  XL  of 
Roger's  Survey,)  from  near  Pottsville,  Pa.     Presented  by  W.  P.  Foulke. 

Coral,  from  the  miocene  marl  of  Nash  Co.,  N.  C.  Presented  by  0.  D.  Coppedge. 

Two  Ilippurites,  from  near  Warsaw,  Alabama.  Presented  by  Dr.  S.  W.  Clan- 
ton. 

Orange  and  black  variety  of  the  Cat-fish,  Delaware  River.  Presented  by  Dr. 
Uhler. 

Nowmber  l^lh. 

Nine  specimens  Trigonophrys  rugiceps,  Parana,  S.  A. ;  specimens  of  the  Coc- 
coou  of  a  Spider  of  a  golden  yellow  color.  Presented  by  Dr.  H.  W.  Kennedy, 
of  Buenos  Avres. 


XSVll. 

One  fossil  crustacean,  3  echinal  spines,  4  casts  of  shells,  from  Palestine ;  5 
specimens  fossil  wood,  from  near  Cairo,  Egypt ;  one  cone  of  the  Cedar  of  Leba- 
non.    Presented  by  Rev.  Mr.  Bailey. 

Skeleton  of  Rana  pipiens.     In  exchange. 

Twentj'-one  species  of  fossil  shells  from  the  limestone  of  Cincinnati ;  32  species 
of  other  fossil  shells  ;  16  species  American  land  shells  ;  16  species  American 
Cyclas,  7  species  Pisidinm  ;  Cast  of  Ornithicintes  giganteus  ;  impressions  of  rain 
drops  from  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut.     Presented  by  W.  G.  Binney,  Esq. 

One  hundred  of  the  rarer  species  of  U.  S.  marine  shells.  Presented  by  Wm. 
Stimpson,  Esq. 

One  hundred  and  eleven  species  Achatinella,  Sandwich  Islands  ;  four  species 
laud  shells  from  Guahau.     Presented  by  Dr.  W.  Newcomb,  of  Albany. 

Four  specimens,  two  species,  fossil  shark  teeth,  from  miocene  deposit  of  West- 
moreland Co.,  Va.     Presented  by  Dr.  Uhler. 

One  specimen  Graphite,  large  and  fine,  Ceylon.  Presented  by  Geo.  W.  Earle, 
Esq.,  through  E.  Draper,  Esq. 

December  2d. 

Six  specimens  fossils  from  Nebraska  ;  8  specimens  cretaceous  fossils  from 
Nebraska.     Presented  by  W.  A.  Hammond,  M.  D.,  U.  S.  A. 

Eight  specimens  cretaceous  fossils  from  Nebraska;  1  large  Saurian  vertebra, 
from  Grand  River,  Nebraska.     Presented  by  Capt.  Alfred  Sully,  U.  S.  A. 

Two  specimens  Scutella,  St.  Augustine,  Florida. 

Two  species  Helix,  Paris  Basin.     Presented  by  W.  G.  Binney. 

One  species  Pupa,  1  Lymnioa,  Paris  Basin. 

Two  species  fossil  plants  from  an  Olive  Slate  below  the  coal  conglomerate, 
McKean  Co.,  Pa.     Presented  by  P.  W.  Sheafer,  Esq. 

Skin  of  the  red  fox,  Vulpes  fulvus.     Presented  by  Joseph  Lea,  Esq. 

December  9ih. 

Specimen  skin,  in  summer  pelage,  of  Yulpes  lagopus,  from  Upernavik,  Green- 
land.    Presented  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Hayes. 

Skins  of  Geomys  oregonensis  and  Perognathus  fasciatus,  Kansas.  Presented 
by  Dr.  Wm.  H.  Hammond,  U.  S.  A. 

Nine  specimens  of  the  genera  Holbrookia,  Ambystoma  and  Bufo,  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  ;  29  specimens  of  the  genera  Crotaphytus,  Phrynosoma);  Cne- 
midophorus,  Ophisaurus,  Ablabes,  Coryphodon,  Coronella,  Elaphis,  Heterodon, 
Bufo,  Ambystoma,  and  Siredon,  from  Kansas.  Presented  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Ham- 
mond, U.  S.  A. 

Sixty-nine  specimens  of  the  genera  Sceloporus,  Cnemidophorus,  Lygosoma, 
Ophisaurus,  Elaphis,  Tropidonotus,  Ablabes,  Herpetodryas,  Ischognathus,  Elaps, 
Toxicophis,  Crotalus,  Bufo  and  Hyla,  from  Texas.  Presented  by  Dr.  A.  Heer- 
mann. 

One  Ischognathus  from  Michigan.     Presented  by  Dr.  Miles. 

A  small  collection  of  Coleoptera  from  Texas.  Presented  by  Dr.  A.  Heermann. 

A  collection  of  Naiades  from  Quincy,  Hi.     Presented  by  Dr.  A.  B.  McChesuey. 

December  16  th. 

Numerous  specimens  teeth  of  Carcharodon,  Lamma  and  Otodus  ;  1  large  tooth 
of  Pristis;  1  do.  Enchodus,  attached  to  a  fragment  of  the  jaw ;  1  vertebra  Car- 
charodon ;  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw  Cervus  virginianus,  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J. 
Presented  by  P.  D.  Knieskern,  M.  D. 

Two  teeth  Carcharodon,  Prairies  of  Mississippi.     Presented  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Nott. 

Two  species  Salamandra,  1  Salamandrina,  2  Euproctus  and  1  Triton,  10  speci- 
mens.    Presented  by  the  administration  of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris. 

Eleven  Silurian  fossils  from  Broad  Top,  Penna.  Presented  by  John  McCanles, 
through  Mr.  Jeanes. 

Six  Devonian  fossils,  Ohio.     Presented  by  Dr.  Logan. 


XXVUl. 

Bombycilla  {jarrula,  Cleveland,  Ohio.     Presented  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirtland. 
One  Dipus,  Tunis,  Africa.     Presented  by  W.  P.  Chandler,  U.  S.  Consul. 

December  23  c?. 

One  Astacus,  Dennisville,  N.  J.     Presented  by  S.  Ashmead. 

Four  specimens  Coleoptera,  Brazil.     Presented  by  W.  G.  E.  Agnew. 

Eighteen  Triquetra  obliqua,  7  T.  corrugata,  1  Castalia  quadrilatera,  3  C.  trun- 
cata,  9  Anadonta,  58  Ampullaria  papyracea  and  other  species,  1  Melania,  40 
Bulimus,  Achatina,  &c.,  1  Platemys  martinella  ;  Pvio  Negro  and  Rio  Branca,  New 
Grenada.     Presented  by  H.  B.  Dewey,  Esq.,  through  Dr.  H.  Bond. 


DONATIONS    TO    LIBRARY 

In  November  and  December,  1856. 
November  4th. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Mr.  Edward  Wilson,  of  South  Wales,  on  the 
usual  conditions : — 

Les  Serins.     Par  I'Abbe  Beraud.     Paris,  1795. 

Jucundis  ex  Phys.  Prob.  de  Basilisci  Existentia  et  Essentia  sub  prsesid.  G. 
C.  Kirchmajeri.     1670. 

Deo  Trinuno  Mundi  CreatoreVolente,  etSchediasma  de  Gryphibus.  Respond. 
P.  C.  Schrotero.     Lipsiffi,  1670. 

De  Dracone  sub  praesid.  M.  G.  C.  Kirchmaieri.     Wittebergae,  1660. 

On  Shooting  Stars.     By  Sir  J.  W.  Lubbock. 

Die  Elementar-Organisation  des  Seelen-Organes.  Von  Dr.  A.  F.  J.  C.  Mayer. 
Bonn,  1838. 

Zu  der  Ofifentlichen  Priifung  der  Siimmtlichen  Classen  des  Magdalenischen 
Gymnasiums.     Dr.  F.  W.  Kluge.     Breslau,  1832. 

Sopra  i  Vulcani  Estinti  del  Valdi  Noto.,  Memoria  Seconda  del  Professore  C. 
Gemmellaro.     Catania,  1835. 

De  Novis  quibusdam  Fossilibus  quae  in  Montibus  Uraliis  inveniuntur.  Scrip.  G. 
Rose  Dr.     Berolini,  1839. 

De  la  Classification  des  Mineraux,  These  Soutenue.  Par  H.  G.  De  Clanbry. 
Paris,  1824. 

Des  Effets  Geologiques  du  tremblement  de  Terre  de  la  Calabre  en  1783.  Par 
F.  de  Bellevue. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  Sphenis  atque  Titanitae  Systemate  Crystallino.  G.  Rose. 
Berolini,  1820. 

Disqui.  Micros,  de  Plumarum  Pennarumque  Evolutione.  Auc.  C.  H.  Reclam. 
Lipsiae,  1846. 

Thomffi  Bartholini  dissertat.  de  Cj'gni  Anatome,  ejusg.     Cantu,  1668. 

De  oculis  Leucaethiopum  et  Iridis  Motu  Commentat.  D.  J.  F.  IBlumenbachii. 
Goettinga;,  1786. 

Propositions  Extraites  d'un  Essai  sur  la  Respiration,  Suivies  de  quelques  Ex- 
periences sur  rinfluence  de  la  liuitieme  Paire  de  Nerfs  dans  la  Respiration.  Par 
H.  M.  D.  de  Blainville.     Paris,  1808. 

Disquisitiones  de  Piscium  Glandula  Choroideali.  Auc.  Dr.  M.  Erdl.  Mona- 
chii,  1839. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  Talpae  Europseae  Oculo.  Auc.  A.  G.  Koch.  Regimontii, 
1826.  I 

Deglutitionis   Mechanismus.     A.  P.  J.  Sandifort,  51.  D.     Lugdd.  Batav.  1805. 

Considerations  Anatomico-physiologiques  et  Historiques  sur  le  Coipo  du 
Chili.     Par  M.  P.  Ackerman.     Paris,  1644. 

De  Sternaspide  Thalassemoide  et  Siphostomatc  Diplochaito  Vermibus  duobus 
Marinis.     Conscrip.  A.  G.  Otto.     Vratislavias,  1820. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  Organismo  de  que  Plantarum  Animalicumque  Organism  dif- 
ferentiis.     Auc.  E.  Detroit.     Berolini,  1831. 


XXIS. 

Diss,  iaaug.  de  Cerebro  Cypriui  Carjiionis.  Auc.  0.  Wilczewski.  Berolini, 
1837. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  Musculis  Crocodili.  Defend.     H.  Buttman.     Halte,  1826. 

Diss,  iuaug.  de  Auguillarum  Sexu  ac  Generatione.  Auc.  R.  F.  M.  H.  Horn- 
schuch.      jtiyphife,  1842. 

Etudes  sur  rOrganlsation  des  Actinies.  These  par  M.  H.  HoUard.  Paris, 
1848. 

Memoires  sur  les  Communications  des  Vaisseaux  Sympbatiqus  avec  les  Veines 
et  sur  les  Vaisseaux  Absorbaus  du  Placenta  et  du  Cordon  Umbilical.  ParV. 
Folimann.     Liege,  1832. 

De  la  Peau.     These  par  J.  M.  Philipeaux.     Paris,  1847. 

Recherches  Anatoraiques  sur  le  Systeme  Cutane  de  I'homme.  Par  G.  A. 
Gaultier.     Paris,  1811. 

Observationes  Zoologicse  Criticas  in  Aristotelis  Historiam  Animalium.  Scrip. 
A.  F.  A.  Wiegmann.     Lipsiae,  1826. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  motu  Spermatozoorura.     J.  C.  A.  Kroemer.     Gottingas,  1842. 

Beytraege  zur  Anatomic  der  Insekten.  Von  Dr.  C.  F.  Posselt.  Tiibiugen, 
1804. 

Diss,  iuaug.  de  Genitalium  Evolutione.     J.  C.  Mueller.     Halse,  1815. 

Sur  des  Deviations  Organiques  provoquees  dans  un  Etablissement  d'incuba- 
tions  artificielles.     Par  Geoffroy  Saint  Hilaire. 

Osservazioni  Anatomiche  comparative  sull'iatima  Struttura  delle  Cartilagini 
dei  Condrottergi  del  dottor  G.  D.  Nardo.     Venezia,  1845. 

Osservazioni  Ittiologiche  dal  dottor  G.  D.  Nardo. 

Rischiarimenti  e  Eettificazioui  ai  Generi  ed  a  qualche  Specie  della  Famiglea 
de'  Zoofitari  Sarcinoidi  ad  Alcionari  del  dottor  G.  D.  Nardo. 

Recherches  sur  les  Corps  de  Wolf.     These  par  E.  FoUin.     Paris,  1850. 

G.  Valentin  de  Functionibus  Nervorum  Cerebralium  et  Nervi  Sympathici. 
1839. 

Disquisitiones  AnatomicEe  circa  Musculos  Auris  interns  hominis  et  mamma- 
lium,  etc.     Auc.  E.  Hagenbach.     Basileae,  1833. 

Die  Nonne  im  Walde  und  ihre  Schwestern  Kein  Roman.     Leipzig,  1798. 

Der  Vogelheerd.     Von  J.  K.  Goetz.     Nordlingen,  1800. 

Dissertation  sur  les  Huitres  Vertes  de  Marennes.     Rochefort,  1821.' 

Anleitung  zur  Erziehung,  &c.     Braunschweig.     1793. 

Poynse  Marc,  Aurum,  Cometa,  quaedam  Physica.     Parisiis. 

C.  A.  Triurcuriani  de  Terrae  Motu.     1585. 
^   Neuvieme  Rapport  Annuel  sur  les  travaux  de  la  Societe  d'Histoire  Naturelle 
de  rile  Maurice.     Par  J.  Desjardins.     Paris,  1840. 

Notice  sur  le  Musee  Botanique  de  M.  Benj.  Delessert.     Paris,  1845, 

Dicuili  Liber  de  Mensura  Orbis  Terrae.  Ed.  a  C.  A.  Walckenaer.  Parisiis, 
1807. 

Nephelin  in  Dolerit  am  Kazzenbukkel.  Von  Leonhard  und  Gmelin.  Heidel- 
berg, 1822. 

Zur  Erinnerung  an  Karsten.     Berlin,  1810. 

Dissertatio  de  Harengis  ;  vulgo  Halecibus  dictis,  de  Martini  Schockii.  Gro- 
ningae,  1649. 

Beytraege  zur  Naturgeschichte  und  Bergpoliceywissenschaft.  Von  F.  G. 
Glaser.     Leipzig,  1780. 

Du  Fou  de  Bassan.     Par  M.  A.  De  Bonnechose. 

Pauli  Jovii  Novo-comensis,  de  Piscibus  Marinis,  Lacustribus,  Fluviatilibus 
item  de  Testaceis  ac  Salsamentis  liber. 

Rapport  fait  a  la  Societe  Royale  et  Centrale  d' Agriculture.  Par  H.  De  Thury. 
Paris,  1834. 

Moyen  pour  Detruire  les  Taupes.     Paris,  1779. 

Diss.  Physic,  de  Elephante.  Defend.     J.  H.  Burckhard,  Altdorffl,  1696. 

Destruction  economique  de  I'alucite  et  du  Charangon.     Par  J.  Ch.  Herpin. 

Succincta  Succini  Prussici  historia  et  demonstratio.  Auc.  P.  J.  Hartmann. 
Berolini,  1699. 


29 


* 


XXX. 

Trattato  della  Grandezza  dell  'Acqua  et  della  Terra.  Di  A.  Michele.  Vene- 
tia,  1583. 

Die  Grundformen  der  Infusorien  in  den  Heilquellen.  Von  Dr.  S.  F.  Stiebel. 
Frankfurt  am  Main,  1841. 

Spec.  Hist.  Natural.  Antiq.  Artis,  J.  F.  Blumenbachii.     Goetting*,  1808. 

Recherches  sur  la  classification  des  Poisons  de  I'ordre  des  Plectognathes. 
Examen  de  la  place  que  doit  occuper  dans  la  classification  le  Poisson  decrit  par 
S.  Volta,  sous  le  nom  de  Blochiuslongirostris.  These  par  C.  Dareste.  Paris,  1850, 

Notice  sur  les  travaux  de  Zoologie  pure  et  appliquee  a  I'agriculture,  de  F.  E. 
Guerin-Meneville. 

Societas  nat.  curiosorum  Halensis,  interprete  C.  L.  Nitzsch.     Halae,  1829. 

Refutation  de  Systemes  de  Strabon,  et  de  ses  commentateurs,  et  de  celui  de 
BuflFon,  sur  la  formation  de  la  Mer  Mediterranee. 

Relation  d'un  Voyage  fait  dans  le  Department  de  I'orne,  pour  constater  la 
realite  d'un  meteore  observe  a  I'Aigle  le  6  floreal  au  11.     Par  J.  B.  Biot,  Paris. 

Museum  Mediolanense,  animalia  Vertebrata,  n.  1.  Aves. 

November  lltJi. 

United  States  Nautical  Magazine.     Oct.,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  Session  of  1855 — 6.  From 
the  Society. 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History.  Vol.  VI.  pp.  1 — 32. 
From  the  Society. 

Expedition  shells  ;  described  for  the  work  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition.    By  A.  A,  Gould,  M.  D.     Boston,  1846.     From  the  Author. 

Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review.     Nov.,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

Synopsis  of  the  Cactaceee  of  the  U.  S.  Territory  and  adjacent  regions.  By  G. 
Eugelmann,  M.  D.  Cambridge,  1856.     From  the  Author. 

American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  Nov.,  1856.     From  the  Editors. 

Journal  of  the  London  Society  of  Arts.  Vol.  IV.  Nos.  193 — 201.  From  the 
Society. 

On  the  action  of  non-conducting  bodies  in  electric  induction.  By  Prof.  Fara- 
day and  Dr.  Riess. 

On  some  points  of  Magnetic  Philosophy.  By  Prof.  Faraday.  Experimental 
Researches  in  Electricity,  30th  series.     By  Prof.  Faraday. 

Proceedings  of  the  Essex  Institute.     Vol.1.     From  the  Institute. 

Annales  des  Mines.  5me  Ser.  T.  VIII.  liv.  6,  de  1855.  From  the  School  of 
Mines. 

Memoires  de  1' Academic  Imperiale  des  Sciences,  Belles-lettres  et  Arts  de  Lyon. 
Classe  des  Sciences.  T.  5.     From  the  Academy. 

De  L'Oiigine  des  Diverses  varletes  ou  Especes  d'Arbres  Fruitiers,  &c.  Par  A. 
Jordan.     Paris,  1853.     From  the  Author. 

Annales  de  la  Societe  Linneenne  de  Lyon.     N.  S.  T.  2.     From  the  Society. 

Memoire  sur  L'JSgilops  Triticoides  et  sur  les  questions  d'Hybridite,  de  Varia- 
bilite  Specifique.     Par  A.  Jordan.     Paris,  1856.     From  the  Author. 

Annales  des  Sciences  Physiques  et  Naturelles,  d'Agriculture  et  d'Industrie. 
2me  ser.  T.  VII.  le  partie,  1855.  From  the  Imperial  Society  of  Agriculture  of 
Lyons. 

Memoires  de  L'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences,  Belles-Lettres  et  Arts  de 
Lyon  Classe  des  Lettres,     N.  S.  T.  IV.     From  the  Academy. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  Oct.,  1856. 

Bulletin  Mensuel  de  la  Societe  Imperiale  zoologique  d'Acclimatation.  T.  III. 
Sept.,  1856. 

Revue  el  Magasin  de  Zoologie  pure  et  Apppliquee.     1856,  Nos.  8,  9. 

Comptes  Rendus.     T.  XLIII.  Nos.  9—12,  1856. 

Mittheilungen  aus  Justus  Perthes'  Geograi)hischer  Anstalt,  &c.  Von  Dr.  A. 
Petermann.     1856,  VII.  and  VIII. 

Novitates  Conchologicai.     Von  Dr.  L.  Pfeifi'er.    6  Lief. 


XXXI. 

Bryologia  Javanica.     Auc.  F.  Dozy  et  J.  H.  Molkenboer.  Fascic.  VIII.,  IX.,  X. 

London  Athenasum,  Sept.,  1856. 

Die  Natur,  185G,  Nos.  36—39. 

Bonplandia,  IV.  Jahr.  No.  IT. 

Handbuch  der  Speciellen  Ornithologie.     5  Lief. 

Praktisch-gemeinnrtzige  Naturgescliichte  der  Satigtliiere  des  In-  und  Aus- 
landes.     Von  H.  E.  L.  Reichenbach.     Leipzig,  1836. 

Die  Raubsaugethiere.  Von  H.  E.  Ludwig  Reichenbach.  Dresden  und  Leipzig, 
1852. 

The  following  were  received  from  Dr.  John  McClelland,  through  the  Hon.  Wm. 
L.  Marcy : 

Notulas  ad  Plantas  Asiaticas.  Part  I.  Development  of  Organs  in  Phanaero- 
gamous  Plants.  Part  II.  On  the  higher  Oryptogamous  Plants.  Part  III. 
Monocotyledonous  Plants.  Part  IV.  Dicotyledonous  Plants.  By  the  late  Wm. 
Griffith,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S.,  &c.  Arranged  by  John  McClelland,  F.  L.  S.,  Surgeon, 
Bengal  Service,  Calcutta,  1847,  1849,  1851,  1854. 

Journals  of  Travels  in  Assam,  Burma,  Bootan,  Afifghanistan  and  the  neigh- 
boring countries.  By  the  late  Wm.  Griffith,  arranged  by  John  McClelland, 
Calcutta,  1847. 

Itinerary  notes  of  Plants  collected  in  the  Khasyah  and  Bootan  Mts.,  1837 — '38, 
in  Afifghanistan  and  neighboring  countries,  1836 — '41.  By  the  late  Wm.  Griffith. 
Arranged  by  John  McClelland,  Calcutta,  1848. 

Palms  of  British  East  India.  By  Wm.  Griffith  ;  arranged  by  John  McClelland. 
Calcutta,  1850. 

Icones  Plautarum  Asiaticarum.  Part  I.  Development  of  Organs  in  Phanai- 
rogamous  Plants.  Part  II.  On  the  higher  Cryptogamous  Plants.  Part  III. 
Monocotyledonous  Plants.  Part  IV.  Dicotyledonous  Plants.  By  the  late  Wm. 
Griflfith  ;  arranged  by  John  McClelland.     Calcutta,  1847,  '49,  '51,  54. 

Observations  on  the  Zodiacal  Light,  from  April  2,  1853,  to  April  22,  1855, 
with  conclusions  from  the  data  thus  obtained.  By  Rev.  Geo.  Jones,  A.  51.  Vol. 
III.,  Washington,  1856.     From  Aubrey  H.  Smith,  Esq. 

November  I8th. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

A  Manual  of  the  Sea- Anemones,  commonly  found  on  the  English  coast.  By 
Rev.  Geo.  Tugwell,  London,  1856. 

Natural  History  of  the  Inanimate  Creation,  &c.  By  D.  T.  Ansted,  Ed.  Smith, 
Hugh  Breen,  John  Scoffern,  and  E.  J.  Lowe.     London,  1856. 

Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States  ;  arranged  accordiug  to 
the  Natural  System.     By  Asa  Gray.     2d  edit.,  New  York,  1856. 

Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  Oct.,  1856. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  Oct.,  1856. 

London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine,  Oct.,  1856. 

Comptes  Rendus.     T.  XLIIL,  Nos.  13  and  14. 

L'Organisation  du  Regne  Animal.     Par  Emile  Blanchard.  19  et  20  liv. 

The  Ferns  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.     Parts  X.  and  XV. 

A  monograph  of  the  Trochilidas  or  Humming  Birds.  By  John  Gould.  Parts 
XI.  and  XII. 

The  Mammals  of  Australia.     By  J.  Gould.  Part.  VIII. 

Der  Jura.     Von  F.  A.  Quenstedt.     Iste  Lief.  Bogen  1 — 13.  Tubingen,  1856. 

Geschichte  der  Botanik.  Studien  von  E.  H.  F.  Meyer.  3  Band.  Konigsberg, 
1856. 

Wahre  Parthenogensis  bei  Schmetterlingen  und  Bienen.  Von  C.  T.  E.  von 
Siebold,  Leipzig,  1856. 

Uber  Chytridium  eine  Gattung  einzelliger  Schwarotzergewachse  auf  Algen 
und  Infusorien.     Von  A.  Braun.     Berlin,  1856. 

Die  Blasenband  wiirmer  und  ihre  Entwicklung.  Zugleich  ein  Beitrag  zur 
Keantniss  der  Cysticercusleber.     Von  R.  Leuckart.     Giessen,  1856. 


XSXll. 

Abbildung  der  Rindvieh-Stiimme  Wiirtembergs.  Heraus.  von  der  Konigl 
Centralstelle  fiir  die  Landwirthscbaft.     Stuttgart,  1853. 

Filices  Horti  Botanici  Lipsiensis.     Von  Dr.  Geo.  Mettenius,  Leipzig,  1856. 

Tbe  Physical  Atlas  of  Natural  Phenomena.  By  A.  Keith  Johnston.  Edin- 
burgh and  Loudon,  1856.  2d  edition. 

The  Natural  History  of  Iceland  ;  Translated  from  the  Danish  original  of  Mr. 
N.  Horrebow.     Loudon,  I'ToS. 

The  Natural  History  of  Norway;  Translated  from  tbe  Danish  original  of  tbe 
Right  Rev.  Erich  Pontoppidan.     London,  1755. 

Florfe  Philadelpliicae*  Prodromus.  By  Wm.  P.  C.  Barton,  M.  D.  Philadel- 
phia, 1815. 

Journal  of  tbe  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  Vol.  HI.  Part 
III.     From  the  Publication  Committee. 

DecemhcT  2d. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Mr.  Edward  Wilson,  of  South  Wales,  on  the 
usual  conditions  : 

An  account  of  the  late  extraordinary  Durham  Ox.  By  John  Day.  London, 
1807. 

Report  on  the  Patent  Laws.     By  James  A.  Lawson.     Dublin,  1851. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Paintings,  Drawings  and  Casts  in  the  Permanent  Gallery 
of  Art,  Royal  Institution,  Colquitt  St.     Liverpool,  1851. 

Catalogus  Conchyliorum  qute  Reliquit  C.  P.  Kierulf,  M.  D.,  &c.  Scrip.  0.  A. 
L.  Morch.  Hafnia;,  1850. 

Der  Elephant  Indiens. 

Esercitat.  Med.  de  Harengo.  Pauli  Neucrantzi.  Lubec?e. 

Erinacei  Europ^i  Anatome.     Aug.  I.  I.  Wetter.     Gottingae,  1818. 

Acheta;  Guineenses.  Pro.  A.  Afzelius  ct  F.  W.  Brannius.     Upsalite,  1804. 

G.  C.  Kirchmajeri  de  Draconibus  Volantibus.     Wittebergaj. 

Diss,  inaug.  med  de  Systemate  Telffi  Elasticae  Corporis  Animalis.  Auc.  H. 
Hauff.     Tubings,  1822. 

Novae  insectorum  species  ab  J.  Udman.     Erlaugae,  1793. 
%_  Disputat.  med.  de  Morsura  Serpentum.     Exhib.  J.  G.  Acrell.     Upsalise,  1762. 

A.  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  the  Coal  Trade  of  Northumberland  and  Durham. 
London, 1851. 

Essai  Medical  sur  les  Huitres.     Par  J.  P.  A.  Pasquier.     Paris,  1818. 

Observations  sur  les  Lombrics  ou  vers  de  Terre.  Par  A.  J.  de  Montegre, 
Paris,  1815. 

Memorandum  of  objects  of  general  interest  in  the  vicinity  of  Dublin.  Dublin, 
1835. 

Diss,  inaug.  med.  Sistens  Experimenta  qujedam  Circa  Animalium  Classium 
inferiarum  incrementum  et  Vitam.     Defend.  C.  Weller.     Hal^,  1817. 

Observations  sur  I'Origine,  &c.,  des  Vers,  de  Mer.     Par  M.  Rousset,  1733. 

Diss,  inaug.  zool.  de  Nervis  Concharum.  Auc.  G.  A.  F.  Keber.  Berolini,  1837. 

Descrip.  de  quelques  Nouv.  especes  de  Coquilles-Fossiles  trouvees  a  Grignon. 
Par  M.  Caillat. 

Memoire  relatif  a  la  Destruction  des  Hannetons.     Par  Laffary.     Paris,  1834. 

Memoire  sur  les  Courtillieres.     Par  M.  Lacene. 

Diss,  inaug.  de  notis  Nautilearum  Primaries.  Auc.  F.  A.  Quenstedt.  Bero- 
lini, 1836. 

Essai  sur  I'organisation  des  Insectes.     Par  C.  Perotti.     1808. 

Essai  sur  les  causes  de  la  Couleur  verte  que  prennent  les  Huitres  des  pares  a 
certaines  epoques  de  I'annee.     Par  Benj.  Gaillon. 

Bijdrage  tot  de  Anatomic  vanden  Stenops  Kukang  (Nycticebus  Javanicus) 
door  J.  L.  C.  Schroeder  van  der  Kolk.  Benevens  een  Naschrift  over  de  tot  het 
geslacht  Stenops  behoorende  soorten,  door  J.  Van  der  Hoeven.     Leiden,  1841. 

De  la  Peinture  d'Histoire  Naturelle.     Par  M.  Jacquemart.     Paria,  1839. 


XXXUl. 

December  9ih. 

Second  Annnal  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
for  the  year  1855.     Trenton,  1856.     From  Mr.  Ghas.  E.  Smith. 

The  Canadian  Journal  for  November,  1856.     From  the  Editor. 

A  Monograph  of  the  Birds  forming  the  Tanagrine  genus  Calliste.  By  Philip 
Lutley  Sclater,  M.  A.,  &c.     London,  Part  I.     From  the  Author. 

Archiv.  fiir  Naturgeschrchte.  Heraus.  von  Dr.  F.  H.  Troschel.  19  Jahr.,  C 
Heft;  20  Jahr.,  5  Heft;  21  Jahr.,  1,  2,  3,  5  Heft.     From  the  Editor. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  die  Gesammten  Naturwissenschaften,  1854,  July  to  December, 
and  1855,  January  to  December,  inclusive.  From  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  Halle. 

Neues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie  Geologic  und  Petrefakten-Kunde.  1856,  3,  4 
Heft.     From  Prof.  H.  G.  Braun. 

Nerhandlungen  des  Zoologisch-botanischen  Vereins  in  Wien.  Bd.  E.,  4te 
quart.     From  the  Society. 

Bericht  iiber  die  cisterreichische  Literatur  der  Zoologie,  Botanik  und  Palaeon- 
tologie  aus  den  Jahren  1850,  '51,  '52,  '53.     From  the  same. 

Nova  Acta  Regias  Societatis  Scientiarum  Upsaliensis.  3  ser.  Vol.  I.  From 
the  Society. 

Jahrbuch  der  Kaiserlich-Koniglichen  Geologischen  Reichsanstalt.  VI.  Jahr. 
No.  3.     From  the  Institute. 

Almauach  der  Kaiser.  Akad.  der  Wissen.  6ter  Jahr.,  1846.  From  the  Vienna 
Academy. 

Sitzungsberichte  der  k.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften.  Mathemat.  Naturwis.  classe. 
Bd.  XVIll.,  Heft  1,  2  ;  Bd.  XIX.,  Heft  1,  2.     From  the  Academy. 

Denkschriften  der  k.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften.  Mathemat.  Naturwis.  Classe. 
Bd.  X.     From  the  Academy. 

Memoires  de  laSociete  de  Physique  et  d'Histoire  Naturelle  de  Geneve.  T.  XIV. 
le  partie.     From  the  Society. 

A  Natural  History  of  Ferns,  British  and  Exotic.  By  E.  J.  Lowe,  London. 
Parts  I.  to  XVI.  inclusive.     From  the  Author. 

Ou  the  claims  of  the  Gigantic  Irish  Deer  to  be  considered  as  contemporary 
with  man.     By  Wm.  H.  Denny.     From  the  Author. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Leeds  Philosophical  and  Literary  Society.  From  the 
Society. 

Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Geological  and  Polytechnic  Society  of  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  1855.     From  the  same. 

Om  benet  Luz,  af  Prof.  A.  Retzius.     From  the  Author. 

Anmarkningar  om  Antrum  Pylori  hos  Menniskan  och  Nagra  djur  af  A.  Ret- 
zius.    Stockholm,  1855.     From  the  Author. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

Fiore  de  France,  &c.     Par  Grenier  et  Godron.    3  vols.     Paris,  1848 — '56. 

Tconographie  der  Land-und  Siisswasser-MoUusken  Europa's,  &c.  VonE.  A. 
Rossmassler.     3  Bd.  3  und  4  Heft. 

Die  Natur.     No.  44. 

Bonplandia.     Nos.  18,  19. 

Malakozoologische  Bliitter.     3  Bd.  7 — 9  Bogen. 

Bulletin  mensuel  de  la  Societe  Imperiale  Zoologique  d'Acclimatation.  T.  III., 
No.  10. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Nat.  Hist.     Nov.,  1856. 

London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine.     Nov.,  1856. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology.     Part  XL VIII. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute.     Nov.,  1856. 

London  Athenaeum.     Oct.,  1856. 

Die  Giftpflanzen  der  Schweiz.  Von  J.  Hegetschweiler,  M.  D.,  Zurich.  From 
Mr.  H.  Hotz. 

Flora  Helvetica.     Von  J.  Hegetschweiler,  M.  D.,  Zurich.    From  Mr.  H.  Hotz. 


XXXIV. 

December  \Qth. 

The  following  were  presented,  on  the  usual  conditions,  by  Mr.  Edward  Wilson : 

Marbrieres  de  France.     Paris,  1824. 

Traite  Complet  du  Kermes.     Par  M.  Truchet.     Paris,  1811. 

GriiadUche  Anleitung  die  verschiedenen  arten  der  Hunde  und  Katzen.  Von 
F.  A.  Mayer.     Wien,  1803. 

Abhaudluiig  von  den  sowohl  ausserlich-als  innerlichen  Krankheiten  der  Jagd- 
und  anderer  Ilunde.     Von  L.  G.  K.  Salzburg,  1801. 

Observations  sur  las  Salines  du  Departeraent  de  la  Meurthe.     Paris. 

Der  Ele[)hant.     Quedlinburgh,  1787. 

Margaritologie.     Vcn  F.  T.  Hauf.     Miinchen,  1795. 

Saggio  sopra  le  Peschiere  e  la  loro  Utilita.     Di  A.  M.  Vassalli-Eaudi. 

Etat  de  nos  Connoisances  sur  les  Abeilles  au  Commencement  du  XIX.  e  siecle. 
Par  M.  Lombard.     Paris,  1805. 

Esquisse  Geognostique  du  Systeme  du  Rhin.  Par  MM.  D'oeynhausen,  De 
Dechen  et  de  la  Roche,  1825. 

Exercitatio  Physica  de  Zoophytis,  a  J.  G.  Hilligero.     Wittebergse,  1667. 

Notice  sur  les  Races  d'Animaux  Domestiques  en  Algerie.  Par  M.  Mercier. 
Paris,  1847. 

L'Asne.     Paris,  1729. 

Een  Kort  Tractaet  van  de  Nature  der  Elementen,  &c.,  Gedaen  door  Cornelis 
Drebbel.     Tot  Rotterdam,  1621. 

Philippi  D'Inville  Soc.  Jesu.  Aves.  Parisiorum. 

Diss.  Philosopb.  de  Gigantibus  Hyperboreis.     G.  Browallius.     Upsaliae,  1688. 

Reflexions  Critiques  sur  la  legitimate  des  Naissances  Tardines.  Par  M.  Plison. 
Paris,  1765. 

Notice  sur  I'lmportation  et  I'Education  des  Moutons  a  Longue  Laine.  Par  J. 
Cordier.     Paris,  1826. 

Multiplication  eleve  entretien  et  engraissement  du  Pore.  Par  H.  Magne. 
Paris,  1841. 

Rapport  sur  la  Peche  Fluviale  dans  le  department  de  I'Aube.     Troyes,  1851. 

Du  Charanpon.     Par  M.  Chenest.      Paris,  1838. 

Observations  sur  I'Histoire  Naturelle  et  Mythologique  de  I'lbis.  Ouvrage  de 
J.  C.  Savigny. 

Rapport  sur  le  Sauvage  de  L'Aveyron.     Par  E.  M.  Itard.     Paris,  1807. 

Notes  on  the  distribution  and  range  in  depth  of  MoUusca  and  other  marine 
animals  observed  on  the  coasts  of  Spain,  Portugal,  Barbary,  Malta,  and  Southern 
Italy  in  1849.     By  R.  Macandrew.     London,  1850. 

Bemerkungen  uber  den  Bau  der  Rudisten  von  Dr.  Goldfuss. 

Instructions  for  the  Observation  of  Periodical  Phenomena. 

Instructions  for  making  Meteorological  and  Tidal  Observations.  Dublin,  1850. 

Animadversiones  circa  Crocodylum  ej usque  Historiam.  Sub.  M.  Jacobson. 
Lundse,  1797. 

Dissertatio  de  Natura  Cervi.     Auc.  G.  Moebius.     Jenze,  1639. 

Programme  de  Unicornu  et  Ebose  Fossili.     De  G.  W.  Wedelii,  Jenae. 

De  Elephante.     Sub.  C.  Fredericus.     Seckendorff,  1696. 

Der  Hyane  von  J.  E.  Goldhagen.     Magdeburg. 

Disputat.  Phys.  de  Lupr.     Auc.  J.  Wolf,  1673. 

Memoire  sur  le  Scorpion.     Par  A.  Maccary,  M.  D.,  1810. 

Les  Martinales.     Par  A.  L.  Millin.     Paris,  1815. 

De  Hydrosilicite,  nova  Fossilium  specie.     Auc.  J.  C.  C.  Kuh.  Berolini,  1826. 

De  Plantis  Zoopliytis  et  Lithophytis  xo.  Mari  Mediterraneo  Niventibus.  De  J. 
F.  Maratti,  Romae,  1776. 

Christiaue  Francisci  Paullini  Talpa,  etc.     Francofurti  et  Lipsise. 

Naturgeschichte  des  Elephanteu. 

Lettre  sur  une  Nouvelle  Espece  de  Tarsicr.     Par  G.  Fischer.    MayencCj  1802. 

De  Organis  Piscium  Externis  de  J.  E.  Hebenstreit.     Lipsiae,  1733. 


XXXV. 

Ueber  den  Sarder  Onyx  und  Sardonyx.     Von  U.  F.  B.  Bruckman.     Braun- 
schweig, 1801. 

Note  sur  le  Kermes. 

Zu  Werners  Andenken  gesprochen  von  K.  0.  R.  von  Leonhard.  Frankfurt  am 
Mayn,  1817. 

De  Selachis  Aristotelis  ZoologiEe  Geographicse  specimen  inaugurale  auctore 
E.  Eichwald,  M.  D.     Vilnse,  1819. 

Quelques  Mots  sur  le  Soufre.     Par  J.  Moulierac,  Montpelier. 

Systematische  Beschreibung  eineger  Egelarten.      Von  Dr.  J.  F.  P.  Braun. 
Berlin,  1805. 

Intorno  al  Sisteraa  Idraulico  del  Po.     Milano,  1840. 

Report  on  the  probability  of  the  occurrence  of  Goal  and  other  minerals  in  the 
vicinity  of  Lancaster.     By  J.  Phillips,  F.  R.  S.,  &c.     Lancaster,  1837. 

Neue  Hjqjothese  von  Entstehung  der  Gauge.    Von  J.  Brunner.   Leipzig,  1801. 

Bemerkungen  iiber  die  Familie  der  Asiliden.  Von  Dr.  H.  Loew.  Berlin,  1851. 

De  Novis  quibusdara  Fossilibus  quae  in  Montibus  Uraliis  inveniuntur.  Scripsit 
G.  Rose,  Dr.     Berolini,  1839. 

Beobachtungen  an  einer  neuentdeckten  Zwisserphaliine  des  Bombyx  Crataegi. 
Von  F.  E.  Esper.     Erlangen,  1778. 

Beitrag  zur  Entwicklungsgeschichte  der  Seeigellarven  von  Dr.  A.  Krohn. 
Heidelberg,  1849. 

Beitrage  zur  Fauna  der  Infusorien,  mit  dem  Beigefiigten  Ehrenberg'schen 
Systemef    Von  F.  Riess,  M.  D.     Wien. 

Considerations  Zoologiques  sur  les  Belemnites.  Par  A.  D'Orbigny.  Paris, 
1846. 

Physikalisch-Oeconomische  Abhandlung  von  den  Schiidlichen  Raupen  der 
Obstbilume.     Von  J.  F.  Glaser.     Leipzig,  1780. 

Diss,  inaug.  hist.-med.  de  Nechuschthane  et  ^sculapii  serpente,  etc.  Auc. 
A.  F.  Funk.     Berolini,  1826. 

De  Organogenia,  a  C.  F.  Heusinger.     Jense. 

Notice  Historique  sur  la  Punaise.     Paris,  1817. 

Dissertatio  de  Migratione  Avium  J.  A.  Bamps,  Hasseletensis. 

Beschreibung  und  Abbildung  eines  ungebornen  Elephanten.  Von  E.  A.  W. 
Zimmermann.     Erlangen,  1783. 

Considerations  sur  I'Abeille.     Par  Clement  Pailhasson.     Paris,  1841. 

Sur  le  Gisement  des  Insectes  Fossiles.     Par  A.  Brulle.     Paris,  1839. 

Saggio  di  Una  Monografia  delle  Forficule  indigene  del  Prof.  G.  Gene.  Pa- 
dova,  1832. 

December  23d. 

Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  Nos.  299 — 304.  From  the 
Society. 

The  Canadian  Naturalist  and  Geologist.     December,  1856.  From  the  Editor. 

Report  on  Strychnia.     By  L.  H.  Steiner,  M.  D.     From  the  Author. 

Address  delivered  before  the  Montgomery  County  Agricultural  Society.  By 
J.  R.  Tyson,  LL.  D.     From  the  Author. 

Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  for  the  year  1855.  Arts  and  Manu- 
factures.    Vols.  I.  and  II.     Washington,  1856.     From  the  Patent  OfBce. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Normal,  Model,  Grammar  and  Common  Schools  in  Upper 
Canada,  for  the  year  1853,  with  an  Appendix  by  the  Chief  Superintendent  of 
Education.  Quebec,  1856.  The  same  for  1855.  Toronto,  1856.  From  L.  A. 
Huguet-Latour,  N.  P. 

Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Education  for  Lower  Canada,  for  1855.  To- 
ronto, 1856.     From  the  same. 

The  following  were  presented  by  Dr.  T.  B.  Wilson,  on  the  usual  conditions  : 

Neue  Untersuchungen  liber  den  Bau  des  Riickenmarks  von  Dr.  B.  Stilling. 
Iste  Lief.     Frankfurt,  A.  M.,  1856. 

Atlas  Mikroscopisch-Anatomischer  Abbildungen  zu  den  Neuen  Untersuchun- 
gen, &c.     Von  Dr.  B.  Stilling.     Iste  Lief. 


SXXVl. 

Testacea  Novissima  quse  CI.  de  Saulcy  in  Itinere  per  Orientem  Annis  1850  et 
1851  coUegit.     Auc.  J.  R.  Bourgnignat.     Lntetire,  1852. 

Symbolte  ad  historiam  Heliceorum.  Auc.  Dr.  L.  Pfeiffer,  Sec.  1 — 3.  Cassellis, 
1846. 

Ueber  den  Geologischen  Ban  der  A.lpen.  Von  A.  Schlagintweit.  Berlin,  1852. 

The  Aquavivarium,  fresh  and  marine.     By  E.  Lankester,  M.  D.     London. 

Handbook  of  Zoology.  By  J.  Van  der  Hoeven.  Vol.  I.  Invertebrata.  Cam- 
bridge, 1856. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Esculent  Funguses  of  England.  By  C.  D.  Badham,  M.  D. 
London,  1847. 

Observations  Anatomiqnes  sur  la  Structure  interieure  et  le  Squelette  de 
plusieurs  Especes  de  Cetaces.     Par  P.  Camper.     Paris,  1820. 

Traite  des  Petrifications  avec  figures,     Paris,  1742. 

Tables  of  the  Trade  and  Navigation  of  the  Province  of  Canada,  for  the  year 

1855.  Toronto,  1856.     From  L.  A.  Huguet-Latour,  N.  P. 

Canada  at  the  Universal  Exhibition  of  1855.    Toronto,  1856.  From  the  same. 
Rapport  Annuel  des  Inspecteurs  du  Penitencier  Provincial  pour  I'Anee  1853. 
Toronto,  1856.     From  the  same. 
Public  Accounts  for  the  Province  of  Canada  for  the  year  1855.     Toronto, 

1856.  From  the  same. 

Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Public  "Works  for  the  year  ending  31st  Dec, 
1855.     Toronto,  1856.     From  the  same. 


CATALOGUE 


OP 


HUMAN  CRANIA 

IN   THE   COLLECTION   OF   THE 

ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES 

OF    PHILADELPHIA: 
.  Based  upom  the  Third  Edition  of  Dr.  Morton's  "  Catalogue  of  Skulls,"  &c. 

BY 

J.  AITKEN  MEIGS,  M.  D. 

Librarian  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  &c. 


"  Of  all  the  peculiarities  in  the  form  of  the  bony  fabric,  those  of  the  skull  are  the  most  striking 
and  distinguishing.  It  is  in  the  head  that  we  find  the  varieties  most  strongly  characteristic  of 
different  races." — Prichard. 

'•  Hence  our  zoological  study  of  man  will  be  greatly  assisted  by  carefully  examining  genuine  speci- 
mens of  the  skulls  of  different  nations,  which  are  easily  prepared  and  preserved,  may  be  conve- 
niently handled  and  surveyed,  considered  in  various  points  of  view,  and  compared  to  each  other." — 
Lawkence.  • 


PHILADELPHIA 

1857. 


MERRIHEW   &   THOMPSON,  PRINTERS. 


EXPLANATORY  NOTE. 


Siace  the  death  of  the  late  lamented  President  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences, — Dr.  Samuel  George  Morton, — his  magnificent  Col- 
lection of  Human  Crania,  recently  increased  by  the  receipt  of  67  skulls 
from  various  sources,  has  been  permanently  deposited  in  the  Museum  of 
the  Academy.  Prior  to  his  demise.  Dr.  M.  had  received  100  crania  in 
addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the  third  edition  of  his  Catalogue.  Since 
1849,  therefore,  the  Collection  has  been  augmented  by  the  addition  of  167 
skulls.  To  complete  the  Catalogue  in  a  uniform  manner,  these  have  been 
carefully  numbered  and  measured  in  accordance  with  the  methods  re- 
corded in  the  Crania  Americana,  &c.  In  a  portion  of  these  measurements 
I  was  kindly  assisted  by  our  fellow-member,  Dr.  Thos.  J.  Turner  of  the 
United  States  Navy. 

The  entire  Collection, — numbering  1035  crania, — was  purchased  by 
forty-two  gentlemen*  from  the  executors  of  Dr.  Morton,  for  the  sum  of 
$4,000,  and  by  them  generously  presented  to  the  Academy. 

The  Collection  occupies  16  cases  on  the  first  gallery,  on  the  south  side 
of  the  lower  room  of  the  Museum.  For  convenience  of  study  and  exam- 
ination I  have  grouped  the  crania  according  to  Eace,  Family,  Tribe,  &c., 
strictly  adhering,  however,  to  the  classification  of  Dr.  Morton.  It  will 
be  seen,  also,  that  the  same  arrangement  has  been  adopted  in  this  edition 
of  the  Catalogue,  so  that  it  is  an  exact  representation  of  the  Collection  as 
it  stands  upon  the  shelves.  While  the  old  numbering  has  been  carefully 
preserved  for  the  sake  of  reference  to  the  various  published  descriptions 
of  Dr.  Morton,  new  numbers  have  been  added  to  designate  the  position 
of  any  skull  in  the  natural  division  or  subdivision  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  Suevic,  Cimbric  and  Scandinavian  divisions  of  the  great  Teutonic 
Race,  are  represented  by  32  crania  and  3  casts,  distributed  as  follows : 

*Their  names  are  as  follows: — Charles  Henry  Fisher,  Thomas  Biddle,  Henry  J, 
Williams,  Charles  D.  Meigs,  Thomas  T.  Lea,  John  Farnum,  John  A.  Brown,  William 
Welsh,  Richard  Price,  Morris  L.  Hallowell,  Joseph  D.  Brown,  William  Piatt,  Joseph 
Swift,  Singleton  A.  Mercer.  A.  J.Lewis  Geo.W.  Carpenter,  Geo.  B.  v  ood,  J.  Francis 
Fisher,  David  S.Brown,  John  B.  Meyers,  Lewis  R.  Ashhurst,  Caleb  Cope,  Richard  D. 
Wood,  Samuel  V.  Merrick,  James  Dundas,  J.  Pemberton  Hutchinson,  Henry  Pepper,  John 
Cooke,  John  Lambert,  Robert  Pearsall,  Joseph  S.  Lovering,  J.  G.  Fell.  Caspar  W.  Pen- 
nock,  John  Grigg  Joseph  Jeanes,  Thomas  P.  Remington,  John  Price  Wethcrill,  Henry 
Seybert.  Thomas  McEwen,  Robert  Swift,  Jacob  G.  Morris,  and  Wm.  S.  Vaux.  {.See 
Proceedings  of  the  Academy,  Vol.  VI.  pp-  321,  324, 


4  INTRODUCTORY   NOTE. 

1  Norwegian,  7  Swedish  peasants,  2  Swedes  from  Finland,  3  Swedes  from 
Sudermanland,  1  Ostrogoth,  1  Turannic  Swede,  2  Cimbric  Swedes,  i 
Cimbrian  from  Moen  Island,  11  Germans,  1  Dutchman,  4  Prussians,  and 
1  Ancient  Burgundian.  Among  these  I  have  also  placed  3  Swedish-Finns, 
which,  though  mixed,  are  more  Swedish  than  Finnish.  Next  to  these 
from  their  affinity,  have  been  arranged  the  heads  of  9  true  Finns  and  a 
cast  of  a  Finlander's  skull. 

Of  4  Swedish  peasants,  the  highest  internal  capacity  is  99,  the 
lowest  65,  while  the  average  of  the  group  is  83  cubic  inches.  Of  2  Swedes 
from  Finland,  the  larger  is  107.5,  the  smaller  93.75,  and  the  mean  100.62. 
Of  3  Swedes  from  Sudermanland,  the  highest  measurement  gives  108.25, 
the  lowest  102,  and  the  mean  101.41  inches.  Of  two  Cimbric  Swedes,  the 
higher  is  94,  the  lower  80,  the  mean  87.  Of  10  GTerman  heads,  the  highest 
is  104,  the  lowest  70,  and  the  mean  of  the  series  88.6.  The  skull  of  a 
Dutch  gentleman  (No.  434)  is  the  largest  in  the  entire  collection,  for  it 
measures  114  cubic  inches  of  internal  capacity.  Four  Prussian  skulls 
give  92  for  the  highest,  80  for  the  lowest,  and  83.5  for  the  mean.  The 
average  for  this  branch  of  the  Teutonic  Family,  as  deduced  from  the 
foregoing  measurements  is  about  94  cubic  inches. 

Of  3  Swedish  Finns,  the  highest  internal  capacity  is  89,  the  lowest  85, 
and  the  mean  87  inches.  Of  9  true  Finns,  the  highest  is  112.5,  the  lowest 
81.5,  the  mean  94.3.  A  large  portion  of  this  valuable  series — from  Nos. 
1545  to  1550,  and  from  1542  to  1541, — were  received  from  Prof.  Eetzius, 
after  the  death  of  Dr.  Morton. 

Many  of  the  above  Crania  "  have  been  obtained  from  hospitals  and 
institutions  for  paupers,  whence  we  may  infer  that  they  pertain  to  the 
least  cultivated  portion  of  their  race."*  The  brief  histories  attached  to 
Nos.  1539,  1540,  1542  and  1546,  were  written  in  the  Danish  language,  on 
slips  of  paper,  which  had  been  placed  in  the  cavity  of  each  cranium.  Of 
these  I  obtained  translations  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  L.  Elsberg. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  race  differs  from  the  Teutonic  in  having  a  less 
spheroidal  and  more  decidedly  oval  cranium. 

"  I  have  not  hitherto  exerted  myself  to  obtain  crania  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  race,  except  in  the  instance  of  individuals  who  have  been  signalized 
by  their  crimes ;  and  this  number  is  too  small  to  be  of  any  importance  in 
a  generalization  like  the  present.  Yet,  since  these  skulls  have  been 
procured  without  any  reference  to  their  size,  it  is  remarkable  that  five 
give  an  average  of  96  cubic  inches  for  the  bulk  of  the  brain  ;  the  smallest 
head  measuring  91,  and  the  largest  105  cubic  inches.  It  is  necessary  to 
observe,  however,  that  these  are  all  male  crania  ;  but  on  the  other  hand> 
they  pertained  to  the  lowest  class  of  society,  and  three  of  them  died  on 
the  gallows  for  the  crime  of  murder." 

*This  and  the  following  quotations  are  taken  from  the  unfinished  memoir  left  by  Br. 
Morton.    The  MS  was  kindly  loaned  to  me  by  his  son,  Mr.  Robert  P»  Morion. 


INTRODUCTORY   NOTE.  5 

'The  Anglo-Americans,  the  lineal  descendants  of  the  Anglo-Saxons, 
conform  in  all  their  characteristics  to  the  parent-stock.  They  possess,  in 
common  with  their  English  ancestors,  and  in  consequence  of  their  amal- 
gamation, a  more  elongated  head*  than  the  unmixed  Germans.  The  few 
crania  in  my  possession  have,  without  exception,  been  derived  from  the 
lowest  and  least  cultivated  portion  of  the  community — malefactors,  paupers 
and  lunatics.  The  largest  brain  has  been  97  cubic  inches  ;  the  smallest, 
82  ;  and  the  mean  of  90  (nearly)  accords  with  that  of  the  collective 
Teutonic  race.     The  sexes  of  these  7  skulls  are  4  male  and  3  female." 

"  The  Celts  who,  with  the  cognate  Gauls,  at  one  period,  extended 
their  tribes  from  Asia  Minor  to  the  British  Islands,  are  now  chiefly  con- 
fined as  an  unmixed  people  to  the  west  and  south-west  of  Ireland,  whence 
have  been  derived  the  6  crania  embraced  in  the  Catalogue.  These  range 
between  97  as  a  maximum  and  77  as  a  minimum  of  the  size  of  the  brain ; 
and  the  mean,  which  is  87  cubic  inches,  will  probably  prove  to  be  above 
that  of  the  entire  race  and  not  exceed  85." 

In  the  following  table,  the  reader  will  find  some  of  the  European  races 
compared  together  in  relation  to  their  cranial  capacities. 

TABLE  L 

European    Crania. 


FiSNS. 

Swedes. 

Germans. 

Anglo- 
Saxons. 

Anglo- 
Americans. 

Kelts. 

CiMBRI. 

No.  in 

No.  in 

No.  in 

No.  in\ 

No.  in 

No.  in 

No.  in 

Cata-     I.  C. 

Cata- 

I.e. 

Cata- 

I.e. 

Cata- 

7. C. 

Cata- 

I. C. 

Cata- 

I.U. 

Cata- 

J. a 

CO 

logue. 

logue. 

logue. 

logue. 

logue. 

logue. 
21 

logue. 
1255 

80 

1534 

94.5 

1486 

99. 

706 

94. 

80 

91 

552 

97 

93 

M 

1535 

97.5 

1545 

107.5 

1063 

86. 

539 

92 

999 

91 

42 

97 

1532 

80 

1536 

112.5 

1546 

93.75 

1188 

85. 

991 

105 

1108 

95 

52 

82 

1550 

94 

^ 

1537 

84.25 

1547 

102. 

1189 

78. 

59 

99 

985 

93 

•<! 

1538 

105. 

1548 

94. 

1191 

95. 

1186 

77 

r^ 

1539 
1540 
1541 

81.5 

88.5 
99. 

1549 

108.25 

1187 

434 

1065 

104. 

114. 

92. 

1564 

87.5 

1066 

80. 

Mean. 

95.34 

100.75 
85. 

92. 

96.75 

7 

94.33 

88.25 

84.66 

1247 

1064 

91. 

83. 

18 

78. 

1249 

83 

OQ 

1487 

65. 

1062 

93. 

24 

82. 

hJ 

1192 

82. 

m 

1193 

80. 

4 

-S4 

Mean  of  two  Sexes. 

94.31 

90.3 

89.6 

86.78 

84.25 

In  the  above  table,  the  reader  will  observe  the  high  cranial  capacities 
of  the  Swedes,  Finns,  and  Germans;  he  will  also  perceive  that  the  Anglo- 

*  "This  peculiarity  must  continue  to  develop  itself  still  more  obviously  in  the  United 
States,  in  consequence  of  the  immense  influx  of  a  pure  Celtic  population  from  the  south 
and  west  of  Ireland  ;  for  this  population  by  intermarriage  with  families  of  English  and 
German  descent,  while  it  rapidly  loses  its  own  national  physiognomy,  will  leave  its  traces 
in  a  part  at  least  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  by  whom  it  is  every  where  surrounded." 


b  INTRODUCTORY   NOTE. 

SaxoDS  and  Anglo-Americans  possess  the  same  large  average  ;  while  tho 
mean  for  the  Kelts  and  Cimbri  is  several  inches  less.  It  is  a  curious  fact, 
that  in  the  column  marked  "  Kelts,"  Nos.  21,  42,  52,  and  985  exhibit  the 
Gothic  type,  and  have  generally  the  high  internal  capacity  of  the  Northern 
races;  while  Nos.  18,  1186,  and  1564,  which  are  of  the  Cimbric  type, 
possess  a  lower  internal  capacity.  The  Table  is  not  extensive  enough  to 
base  upon  this  interesting  fact  any  positive  conclusion  ;  but  as  far  as  this 
fact  goes,  it  appears  to  indicate  that  the  Cimbric  and  Keltic  types  of 
skull  are  closely  allied,  if  not  indeed  identical. 

"  I  much  regret  that  my  cranial  series  possesses  but  a  single  example 
derived  from  the  Sclavonic  race,  the  skull  of  a  woman  of  Olmutz,  sent  me 
by  Prof.  Retzius,  and  which  measures  only  —  inches.*  I  record  this  de- 
ficiency in  my  collection,  in  the  hope  that  some  person  interested  in  pur- 
suits of  this  nature  may  be  induced  to  provide  me  with  materials  for 
making  the  requisite  comparisons.  My  impression  is  that  the  Sclavonic 
brain  will  prove  much  less  voluminous  than  that  of  the  Teutonic  race." 

"I  do  not  use  the  term  Pelasgic  with  ethnological  precision,  but  in  this 
designation  place  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  their  descendants  in 
various  parts  of  Europe,  Greece  and  Italy,  and  in  more  isolated  ex- 
amples, in  Spain,  France  and  Britain.  In  the  same  category  I  place  the 
Persians,  Armenians,  Circassians,  Georgians  and  many  other  kindred 
tribes,  together  with  the  Grajco-Egyptians. 

"  Of  4  adult  Circassian  crania,  brought  me  by  Mr.  Gliddon,  two  are 
male  and  two  female.  The  former,  which  we  may  suppose,  from  appear- 
ances, to  have  been  associated  with  a  full  share  of  manly  beauty,  measure 
90  and  94  cubic  inches  of  internal  capacity;  the  female  heads  measure  79 
and  80 ;  whence  we  obtain  86  cubic  inches  as  the  mean  of  all.  One  of 
these  skulls,  that  of  a  woman  who  had  passed  the  prime  of  life,  is  remark- 
able for  the  harmony  of  its  proportions,  and  especially  for  the  admirable 
conformation  of  the  nasal  bones. 

"  Of  4  adult  Armenian  skulls,  3  pertain  to  men ;  and  the  average  size 
of  the  brain  is  but  83  cubic  inches.  I  have  felt  some  hesitancy  in  admit- 
ting these  skulls  in  this  place,  for  two  reasons :  1st,  because  their  charac- 
teristics incline  almost  as  much  to  the  Arab  type  as  to  the  Pelasgic ;  and. 
2dly,  because  the  term  Armenian  is  not  always  used  in  a  strictly  national 
sense  in  the  East,  but  is  applied  to  a  class  of  merchants  whose  ethnologi- 
cal affinities  must  be  often  very  mixed  and  uncertain. 

"  I  possess,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Gliddon,  two  female  Parsee 
skulls,  which,  though  small,  present  a  beautiful  form.  One  measures  89 
cubic  inches,  the  other  only  75." 

Of  23  Grajco-Egyptian  heads,  the  highest  internal  measurement  is  97 
cubic  inches,  the  lowest  73,  and  the  mean  86.11,  which  is  about  "7  cubic 
inches  above  that  of  the  pure  Egyptian  race,  and  but  three  inches  less 
than  the  average  I  have  assumed  for  the  Teutonic  nations.    *    *     *     * 

*  I  find  upon   examination,  that    this  head,  in  its  present  condition,  is  incapable   of 
naeaeuremeni,  in  consequence  of  the  presence  ofthe  falx  cerebri  and  tentorium. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE.  7 

Some  of  these  present  the  most  beautiful  Caucasian  proportions,  while 
others  merge  by  degrees  into  the  Egyptian  type ;  and  I  am  free  to  admit 
that  in  various  instances  I  have  been  at  a  loss  in  my  attempts  to  classify 
these  two  great  divisions  of  the  Nilotic  series." 

The  Semitic  race  "  includes  the  Chaldeans,  Assyrians,  Syrians,  and 
Lydians  of  antiquity,  together  with  the  Arabians  and  Hebrews." 

"Five  of  my  embalmed  Semitic  heads  are  susceptible  of  measurement; 
and  give  the  low  average  of  82  cubic  inches — the  largest  measuring  88 ; 
the  smallest  69.*  In  these  crania,  and  also  in  others  of  existing  Semitic 
tribes,  I  have  looked  in  vain  for  the  pit  described  by  Mulder  as  situated 
on  the  outer  wall  of  the  orbit  at  the  attachment  of  the  temporal  muscles ; 
and  consequently  there  is  no  trace  of  the  corresponding  elevation,  also 
described  by  him,  within  the  orbitar  cavity. 

"I  have  had  but  little  success  in  procuring  the  crania  of  the  modern 
Semitic  tribes;  and  for  the  3  that  I  possess,  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Glid- 
don.  Of  these,  two  are  Baramka,  or  Barmecide  Arabs;  the  third  a  Be- 
douin. The  largest  measures  98  cubic  inches;  the  smallest  84;  and  the 
mean  is  89 ;  but  if  we  take  the  average  of  these  8  Semitic  heads,  ancient 
and  modern,  it  will  be  85  inches." 

The  Nilotic  race  comprises  the  ancient  Egyptians  of  the  pure  stock, 
and  the  modern  Fellahs.  Most  of  the  Egyptian  skulls  were  presented  by 
Messrs.  G.  R.  and  W.  A.  Gliddon,  A.  C.  Harris,  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt. 
and  Dr.  Chas.  Pickering.  Of  the  88  crania  which  present  the  Egyptian 
conformation,  55  are  capable  of  measurement.  At  least  eleven  of  these 
heads  "  are  of  the  unmixed  type,  and  present  the  long,  oval  form,  with  a 
slightly  receding  forehead,  straight  or  gently  aquiline  nose,  and  a  some- 
what retracted  chin.  The  whole  cranial  structure  is  thin,  delicate,  and 
symmetrical,  and  remarkable  for  its  small  size.  The  face  is  narrow,  and 
projects  more  than  in  the  European,  whence  the  facial  angle  is  two  de- 
grees less,  or  78°.  Neither  in  these  skulls,  nor  in  any  others  of  the  Egyp- 
tian series,  can  I  detect  those  peculiarities  of  structure  pointed  out  by 
the  venerable  Blumenbach  in  his  Decades  Craniorum ;  and  the  external 
meatus  of  the  ear,  whatever  may  have  been  the  form  or  size  of  the  carti- 
laginous portion,  is  precisely  where  we  find  it  in  all  the  other  races  of 
men.  The  hair,  whenever  any  of  it  remains,  is  long,  curling,  and  of  the 
finest  texture." 

"On  comparing  these  crania  witli<ftnany/ac  similes  of  monumental  effi- 
gies, most  kindly  sent  me  by  Prof.  Lepsius  and  M.  Prisse  d'Avesnes,  1 
am  compelled,  by  a  mass  of  irresistible  evidence,  to  modify  the  opinion 
expressed  in  the  Crania  ^gyptiaca — viz :  that  the  Egyptians  were  an 
Asiatic  people.  Seven  years  of  additional  investigation,  together  with 
greatly  increased  materials,  have  convinced  me  that  they  were  neither 
Asiatics  nor  Europeans,  but  aboriginal  and  indigenous  inhabitants  of  the 
Valley  of  the  Nile,  or  some  contiguous  regions  ;t  peculiar  ia  their  phy- 

*  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  pp.  41  and  46,  and  the  accompanying  plates, 
t  This  opinion,  with   some  modifications,  has   been   entertained  by  sevejai    karned 
Egyptologists — ChampoUion,  Heeren,  Lenormant,  &c. 


8  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

siognomy,  isolated  in  their  institutions,  and  forming  one  of  the  primordial 
centres  of  the  human  family," 

Of  the  55  measured  Egyptian  heads,  the  largest  measures  but  96  cubic 
inches;  the  smallest  68;  while  the  mean  of  all  is  about  80.  The  crania 
from  the  ancient  tombs  of  Gizeh  give  an  average  of  about  84  inches. 
Concerning  these  Dr.  Morton  says:  "The  persons  whose  bodies  had  re- 
posed in  these  splendid  mausolea  were,  no  doubt,  of  the  highest  and  most 
cultivated  class  of  Egyptian  citizens ;  and  this  fact  deserves  to  be  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  the  present  inquiry.  To  this  we  may  add  that 
the  most  deficient  part  of  the  Egyptian  skull  is  the  coronal  region,  which 
is  extremely  low,  while  the  posterior  chamber  is  remarkably  full  and  pro- 
minent." 

Of  19  Fellah  skulls,  the  highest  measurement  is  96  cubic  inches;  the 
lowest  66;  and  the  mean  of  all  about  79.  Nos.  771,  772,  and  773  were 
sent  by  Mr.  Gliddon  as  Jewish  crania,  but  Dr.  Morton,  guided  by  their 
form,  has  classified  them,  perhaps  erroneously,  with  the  Fellahs.  Mr. 
Gliddon,  in  a  note  in  "Types  of  Mankind"  (p.  723,  No.  390)  says :  "They 
came  from  the  old  Jewish  burial-ground,  behind  Muss'r-el-Ateeka,  on  the 
desert,  toward  Bussateen ;  and  no  Muslim  is  interred  near  a  Jew." 

From  the  form  of  the  skull,  the  mental  and  moral  character  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  their  existing  institutions,  such  as  phallic  worship.  Dr.  Morton 
considers  these  Fellahs  or  Arab-Egyptians  of  the  present  day  to  be  the 
lineal  descendants  of  the  ancient  rural  or  agricultural  Egyptians  blended 
with  the  intrusive  Arabian  stock. 

"The  skull  of  the  Fellah  is  strikingly  like  that  of  the  ancient  Egyptian. 
It  is  long,  narrow,  somewhat  flattened  on  the  sides,  and  very  prominent 
in  the  occiput.  The  coronal  region  is  low,  the  forehead  moderately  re- 
ceding, the  nasal  bones  long  and  nearly  straight,  the  cheek-bones  small, 
the  maxillary  region  slightly  prognathous,  and  the  whole  cranial  struc- 
ture thin  and  delicate.  But  notwithstanding  these  resemblances  between 
the  Fellah  and  Egyptian  skulls,  the  latter  possess  what  may  be  called  an 
osteological  expression,  peculiar  to  themselves,  and  not  seen  in  the  Fel- 
lah." 

"  Of  35  adult  Indostanic  skulls  in  the  collection,  8  only  can  be  identified 
with  tribes  of  the  Ayra*  or  conquering  race  ;  nor  even  in  this  small  num- 
ber is  there  unequivocal  proof  of  the  affinity  in  question.  The  largest 
head  in  the  series,  that  of  a  Brahmin,  who  was  executed  in  Calcutta  for 
murder,  measures  91  cubic  inches  for  the  size  of  the  brain — the  smallest 
head  79.  Two  others  pertain  to  Thuggs,  remarkable  for  an  elongated  form 
and  lateral  flatness.     The  mean  of  these  Ayra  heads  is  86  cubic  inches." 

*  A  fair  race,  with  Sanscrit  speech,  whose  primal  seats  were  in  Eastern  Persia.  They  now 
occupy  the  country  between  the  Himalaya  Mountains  on  the  North,  the  Vindya  on  the 
South,  and  between  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal — a  region  known  as  Ayra. 
varta,  or  India  Proper. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE.  9    ' 

"  Contrasted  with  this  people,  and  occupying  the  country  adjacent  to 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  are  the  Bengalees — small  of  stature,  feeble  in  consti- 
tution, and  timid  in  disposition.  They  are  obviously  an  aboriginal  race,  up- 
on whom  a  foreign  language  has  been  imposed  ;  and  are  far  inferior,  both 
mentally  and  physically,  to  the  true  Ayras.  Weak  and  servile  themselves, 
they  are  surrounded  by  warrior  castes  ;  and  perhaps  the  most  remarkable 
feature  of  their  character  is  the  absence  of  will,  and  implicit  obedience  to 
those  who  govern  them." 

Of  these  child-like  people,  the  Collection  embraces  26  adult  crania,  of 
which  the  largest  measures  90  cubic  inches  ;  the  smallest  67  ;  and  the  mean 
of  all  is  78. 

The  Mongolian  group  has  received  several  additions  since  the  death  of 
Dr.  Morton.  It  is  at  present  represented  by  17  crania  and  4  casts,  distri- 
buted as  follows  :— 11  Chinese,  1  Japanese,  1  Burat-Mongol,  1  Kamschat- 
kan,  1  Kalmuck,  5  Laplanders,  and  6  Eskimos. 

Of  ten  Chinese  crania,  the  largest  measures  98  cubic  inches  ;  the  small- 
est 70  ;  while  the  mean  is  about  85.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Cramer, 
of  St.  Petersburgh,  a  well  marked  Kalmuck  skull  has  been  added  to  the  Col- 
lection. It  measures  93.75  cubic  inches  of  internal  capacity.  Two  true  Lap- 
lander's skulls  measure  respectively  94  and  102  inches ;  while  a  hybrid  Lap- 
land skull  gives  78.75.  Of  the  4  Eskimo  crania,  presented  by  the  late  Dr.  E. 
K.  Kane,  the  largest  internal  capacity  is  98;  the  smallest  80.5;  givingamean 
for  all  of  85.94.  During  his  stay  in  this  city,  Mr.  Combe,  the  Phrenologist, 
loaned  to  Dr.  Morton  three  Eskimo  skulls,  which  were  brought  from  the 
Polar  regions  by  Capt.  Parry.  The  average  measurement  of  these  was 
86.83  inches.*  The  mean  size  of  the  brain  of  this  remarkable  and  inter- 
esting Hyperborean  people,  (as  deduced  from  this  series  of  7  skulls,)  is 
therefore  about  86.32  inches. 

The  Malay  group  comprises  26  crania  of  Malays  proper,  and  12  Poly- 
nesians. The  largest  Malay  skull  measures  "  97  cubic  inches ;  the  smallest 
68  ;  and  they  give  a  mean  of  86  ;  a  large  brain  for  a  roving  and  unculti- 
vated people,  who  possess,  however,  the  elements  of  civilization  and  re- 
finement." The  largest  portion  of  this  series  has  been  collected  with  eth- 
nological precision,  "and  so  much  resemble  each  other  as  to  remind  us  of 
the  remark  of  Mr.  Crawfurd — that  the  true  Malays  are  alike  among  them- 
selves, but  unlike  all  other  nations.  *  *  *  *  They  have  a  rounded  cranium, 
with  a  remarkable  vertical  diameter  and  ponderous  structure.  The  face  is 
flat,  the  cheekbones  square  and  prominent,  the  ossa  nasi  long  and  more 
or  less  flattened,  and  the  whole  maxillary  structure  strong  and  salient." 

The  Polynesian  family  is  represented  by  7  Kanaka,  1  New  Zealand  and  1 
Marquesan  skulls.  The  Kanaka  crania  give  a  mean  of  83  cubic  inches  of 
internal  capacity. 

The  great  American  group  is,  in  several  respects,  well  represented  in 
the  Collection.  It  includes490  crania,  and  13  casts,  making  a  total  of  503 

*  Crania  Americana,  p.  247. 


10 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


from  nearly  70  different  nations  and  tribes.  Of  this  large  number  256  be- 
long to  the  Toltecan  Race,*  and  247  to  the  Barbarous  Tribes  scattered 
over  the  continent.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  they  are  nearly  equally  di- 
vided between  the  two  primary  divisions  of  this  group. 

Of  164  measurements  of  crania  of  the  Barbarous  Tribes,  the  largest  in 
104  cubic  inches  ;  the  smallest  69  ;  and  the  mean  of  all  84.  One  hundred 
and  fifty-two  Peruvian  skulls  give  101  cubic  inches  for  the  largest  internal 
capacity,  58  for  the  smallest,  and  75.3  as  the  average  of  all.  Of  25  skulls 
of  the  Mexican  Family,  the  largest  measures  92;  the  smallest  67  ;  while  the 
mean  is  81.7  inches.  The  number  of  cranial  measurements  and  the  means 
of  these  measurements  for  the  different  tribes,  &c.,  of  the  two  American  Fam- 
ilies, are  given  below  in  a  tabular  form. 

TABLE  II. 

American  Crania, 


Barbarous  Tribes. 


No.  of  skulls  Mean 
ineasw-ed.  I   /.  C. 


North  Americans. 

Arickarees 

Assinaboins , 

Chenouks 

Oregon  Tribes 

Cherokees 

Chetimaches 

Chippeways 

Cotonay  

Creeks 

Dacota 


,  4 
.  5 
,  4 
2 
.  2 
.  3 
.  4 
.      1 

Hurons |...     4 

llroquois 

Lenape 

Lipans 

jMandans  

Menominees 

'Miamis 

Minetaris 

Mohawks 

^Narragansetts 

Osage 

Otoes 

Ottawas 

;Ottigamies 

Pawnees 

Penobscot 

Pottawatomies 

Sauks 

|Seminoles 

Shawnees 

Shoshones 

Upsarookas 

Winnebagos 

lYamassee 

Californian 


4 
2 
7 
7 
5 
4 
3 
10 
2 
3 
4 
2 
2 

1 
3 

2 

13 

4 
4 
2 

2 
1 
1 


81.5 

5 

5 
5 


76 
90 
79 
82 
88, 
79 
91 
86 
88 
90 
1 
96 
79 
91 
83 
84 
86 
86.5 
84 
81 
82.5 
85.6 
81.7 
93.5 
74.5 
80 
91 
90.7 
84 
89.6 
80.7 
94 
89 
70 
87 


Barbarous  Tribes. 

No.  of  skulls 

measured. 

Mean 
J.C. 

Miscellaneous,  'J 

Mound,  Caves,  [■ 

Uncertain,  &c.  j 

Central  American 

South  Americans. 

Araucanians 

Brazilians 

...    27      ... 
...      1      ... 

...     7     ... 
3 

84.8 
91 

76 

73.6 
89 

79 

74.9 

74 

78 

78 

75.5 

84 

80.5 

82.C 

81.6 

76.6 

83 

84 

79.5 

87 

82. fe 

Charib 

...      1 

Toltecan  Eace. 

Peruvian  Family. 
Arica 

...    1^ 

Pachacamac 

Pisco 

...  77     ... 
44 

Santa 

...      5     ... 

Lima 

...      5 

Miscellaneous 

Mexican  Family. 
Tlahuica 

...     7     .  . 
...     1     .  . 

Azteck 

...      2 

Otumba 

...     3     ... 

Tacuba 

...     3 

Otomie 

...      5     .. 

Checliemecan 

Tlascalan 

...      1      ... 
...      1     ... 

Pames 

2 

Miscellaneous 

Modern  Mexicans 

...     4     .„. 

*^*  If  we  take  the  collective  races  of 
America,  civilized  and  savage,  we  find 
that  the  average  size  of  the  brain,  as 
measured  in  the  whole  series  of  341 
skulls,  is  but  80.3  cubic  inches. 


*  The  Toltecan  Race  embraces  the  semi-civilized  communities  of  Mexico,  Bogota   and 
Feni. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE.  -        11 

The  Negro  Group  embraces117  skulls  and  2  casts,  divided  as  follows  : 
16  American-born  negroes,  88  native  Africans,  2  Hovahs  of  Madagascar, 
11  Australians,  and  2  Oceanic  Negroes.  Of  the  American-born  Negroes, 
the  largest  measurement  is  86 ;  the  smallest  73 ;  while  the  mean  is  80.8. 
The  largest  of  the  native  African  series  is  99 ;  the  smallest  65 ;  and  the 
mean  of  64  measurements  is  83.7.  For  the  Hottentot  family,  3  skulls 
give  a  mean  of  75.3  cubic  inches ;  two  Hovah  skulls  of  Madagascar  average 
82.5 ;  and  lastly  the  Alforian  family  gives  for  8  Australian  crania  75,  and 
for  two  skulls  of  Oceanic  Negroes  76.5  cubic  inches. 

Under  the  head  of  Mixed  Races  have  been  placed  5  Coptic  (3  ancient 
and  2  modern),  12  Negroid  Egyptian,  4  Nubian,  2  Hispano-Peruvian,  3 
Negroid  Indian,  1  Hispano-Indian,  1  Malayo-Chinese,  and  2  Mulatto 
crania. 

"Almost  every  investigation  into  the  lineage  of  the  Copts  results  in 
considering  them  a  mixed  progeny  of  ancient  Egyptians,  Berabera,  Ne- 
groes, Arabs,  and  Europeans ;  and  these  characteristics  are  so  variously 
blended  as  to  make  the  Copts  one  of  the  most  motley  and  paradoxical 
communities  in  the  world.  The  Negro  traits  are  visible,  in  greater  or 
less  degree,  in  a  large  proportion  of  this  people,  and  are  distinctly  seen 
in  the  three  skulls  in  my  possession." 

Eighteen  crania  of  lunatics  and  idiots,  seven  illustrative  of  growth, 
two  phrenologically  marked,  and  eleven  of  uncertain  origin,  complete 
the  Collection. 

Extensive  and  unique  as  is  this  Collection,  it  is,  nevertheless,  still  too 
limited  to  justify  any  positive  and  comprehensive  conclusions  concerning 
the  great  fundamental  problems  of  Ethnology.  That  it  will  be  capable, 
when  sufficiently  extended,  of  throwing  much  light  upon  these  obscure 
and  unsettled  questions  is  amply  attested  by  the  scientific  publications  of 
Dr.  Morton.  It  is  earnestly  hoped,  therefore,  that  this  magnificent  nu- 
cleus, the  result  of  much  pecuniary  sacrifice  and  many  years  of  enthusias- 
tic labor  on  the  part  of  its  late  illustrious  owner  and  founder,  will  not  be 
neglected,  but  that  its  efficiency  will  be  increased,  and  the  objects  for 
which  it  was  gathered  together  attained  by  contributions  from  all  who 
may  be  interested  in  the  advancement  of  this  youngest,  most  intricate, 
and  most  important  of  the  sciences. 

The  Norwegians  and  Danes  of  the  Scandinavian  race,  the  Bas-Bretons, 
the  Celtic  Scotch,  Welsh,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  the  ancient  and  mo- 
dern Greeks,  the  Magyar  people,  the  great  Tartar  and  Scythic  hordes, 
the  entire  Basque  family,  and  many  other  races,  are  without  a  single  re- 
presentative in  the  Collection.  Of  the  Polar  and  Tchudic  Families  it 
contains  but  4  and  9  skulls  respectively;  while  the  ancient  Romans  and 
their  descendants,  the  modern  Trasteverini  beyond  the  Tiber,  the  great 
Sclavic  race,  and  the  Berber  tribes,  are  each  represented  by  but  one 
skull. 
These  deficiencies — and  many  others  could  easily  be  particularized — 


12  INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 

are  recorded  in  the  hope  that  the  attention  of  the  scientific  community 
being'  directed  to  them,  they  will  sooner  or  later  be  supplied. 

Hall  of  the  Academy,  December,  1855. 


NOTE. 


From  my  paper  on  the  Cranial  Characteristics  of  the  Races  of  Men 
contribvited  to  the  forth-coming  work  of  Messrs.  Nott  and  Gliddon,  entitled 
'■  Indigenous  Eaces  of  the  Earth,"  I  have  selected  and  embodied  in  the 
Catalogue  several  brief  paragraphs  descriptive  of  some  of  the  heads  in  the 
Collection.     These  paragraphs  are  enclosed  in  brackets,  thus,  [  ]. 

For  the  use  of  the  wood-cuts  which  embellish  the  succeeding  pages, 
and  which  were  originally  executed  for  Crania  Americana,  Crania  iEgyp- 
tiaca,  Types  of  Mankind,  and  Indigenous  Eaces  of  the  Earth,  I  am  in- 
debted to  the  kindness  of  Messrs.  G.  E.  Gliddon  and  R.  P,  Morton. 

February,  1857. 


I  ]Sr  T  K  0  D  U  C  T  I  0  JS^ .  * 


I  commenced  the  study  of  Ethnology  in  1830 ;  in  which  year,  having 
occasion  to  deliver  an  introductory  lecture  on  Anatomy,  it  occurred  to 
me  to  illustrate  the  difference  in  the  form  of  the  skull  as  seen  in  the  five 
great  races  of  men.  After  the  lapse  of  but  twenty  years,  the  fact  seems 
strange  even  to  myself,  that  when  I  sought  the  materials  for  my  proposed 
lecture,  I  found  to  my  surprise  that  they  could  be  neither  bought  nor 
borrowed.  Caucasian  and  Negro  crania  were  readily  procured,  and  two 
or  three  Indian  skulls  were  placed  at  my  disposal;  but  for  the  Mongolian 
and  Malay  I  inquired  in  vain.  I  resolved,  therefore,  to  supply  this  re- 
markable deficiency  in  an  important  branch  of  science;  and  much  time? 
toil,  and  expense  have  been  rewarded  by  the  acquisition  of  867t  human 
skulls  and  601  of  the  inferior  animals.  Yet  I  need  hardly  add,  that  had 
it  not  been  for  the  exertions  of  my  friends  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe 
my  object  would  have  remained  unaccomplished.  The  following  pages 
afford  emphatic  evidence  on  this  point;  and  it  gives  me  great  pleasure 
thus  to  record  the  kindness  of  those  persons  who  have  aided  me  in  an 
enterprise  that,  for  obvious  reasons,  has  been  attended  by  many  diffi- 
culties. 

The  primary  motive  in  making  the  following  Collection,  has  been  to 
compare  the  characters  of  the  cranium  in  the  different  races  of  men,  and 
these  again  with  the  skulls  of  the  inferior  animals ;  not  only  in  reference 
to  exterior  form,  but  also  to  internal  capacity  as  indicative  of  the  size  of 
the  brain. 

Beside  these  strictly  Ethnographic  objects,  some  others  of  a  different^ 
and  subordinate  kind  have  been  had  in  view;  such  as  pathological  condi- 
tions of  the  skull  from  diseases  and  from  wounds ;  remarkable  develop- 
ments illustrative   of  the   principles  of  Phrenology,  and   preternatural 
growths  of  every  description. 

The  Indian  crania  contained  in  this  series  have  received  my  especial 
attention,  both  in  respect  to  their  number  and  authenticity,  for  they  have 
been  collected  with  great  care  by  the  gentlemen  whose  names  are  asso- 
ciated with  them.  In  every  instance  where  a  doubt  is  entertained  as  to 
the  tribe  or  nation  to  which  the  skull  belonged,  it  is  expressed  by  a  mark 
of  interrogation;  and  where  no  clue  exists  for  such  information,  the  defi- 
ciency is  noted  accordingly.     I  have  sometimes  had  the  skulls  of  both 

*  Reprinted  from  the  Catalogue  of  Skulls  of  Man  and  the  Inferior  Animals,  in  the 
Collection  of  Samuel  George  Morton,  M.  D.,  Philada  ,  1849. 
t  Since  increased  to  1035. 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


Europeans  and  Africans  sent  me  by  mistake  for  those  of  Indians ;  that 
these  should  occasionally  be  mingled  in  the  same  cemeteries  is  readily 
understood;  but  a  practised  eye  can  separate  them  without  difficulty. 

Large  as  this  Collection  already  is,  a  glance  at  the  Ethnological  Table 
will  show  that  it  is  very  deficient  in  some  divisions  of  the  human  family. 
For  example  it  contains  no  skulls  of  the  Eskimaux,  Fuegians,  Califor- 
nians  or  Brazilians.  The  distorted  heads  of  the  Oregon  tribes  are  also 
but  partially  represented,  while  the  long-headed  people  of  the  Lake  of 
Titicaca,  in  Bolivia,  are  altogether  wanting.  Skulls  of  the  great  divi- 
sions of  the  Caucasian  and  Mongolian  races  are  also  too  few  for  satisfac- 
tory comparison,  and  the  Sclavonic  and  Tchudic  (Finnish)  nations,  to- 
gether with  the  Mongol  tribes  of  Northern  Asia  and  China,  are  among 
the  especial  desiderata  of  this  Collection.* 

The  following  analysis  exhibits  an  Ethnographic  view  of  the  materials 
embraced  in  the  entire  series.f 


I.  Caucasian  Group. 

1.  Sca7idinavian  Race. 

Norwegian 1 

Swedish  Peasants Y 

Finlaud  Swedes 2 

Sudermanland  Swedes 3 

Ostrogoth 1 

Turannic  Swede 1 

Cimbric  Swedes 3 

Swedish  Finns , 3 

21 
2.  Finnish  or  Tchudic  Race. 
True  Finns 10 

3.  Siievic  Race. 

Germans 11 

Dutchman 1 

Prussians 4 

Burgundian 1 

17 
4.  Anglo-Saxon. 
English J 4 


5,  Anglo-American.  8 

6.  Celtic  Race. 
Irish 8 

Celtic  (?)  heads  from  Catacombs  of 

Paris 4 

Celt  (?)  from  the  field  of  Waterloo..     1 

13 

T.  Sclavonic  Race. 
Sclavonians 2 

8.  Pelasgic  Race.% 

Ancient  Phoenician 1 

Ancient  Roman 1 

Greek 1 

Circassians 4 

Armenians 6 

Parsees 2 

Affghan 1 

Graeco-Egyptians 23 

39 


*  Since  this  paragraph  was  written,  6  Eskimo,  2  Californian,  7  Brazilian,  1  Sclavonic, 
13  Finnish,  1  Kalmuck,  2  Laplander,  1  Japanese,  and  4  Chinese  skulls  have  been  added 
to  the  Collection. 

t  In  consequence  of  the  numerous  additions  to  the  Collection  since  1849,  the  above 
analytical  table  has  been  necessarily  modified  from  that  presented  in  the  third  edition  of 
this  Catalogue.  It  is  proper  to  observe  that  this  table  is  not  an  attempt  at  scientific 
classification,  but  simply  an  arrangement  adopted  for  convenience  of  study  and  exami- 
nation. 

t  Dr.  Morton  used  the  term  Pelasgic  too  comprehensively.  The  Circassians,  Arme- 
nians, and  Persians  should  not  be  placed  in  this  group. 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


9.  Semitic  Race. 

Arabs.......... ^ 

Hebrews ° 

Abyssinian ^ 


10.  Berber  Race  (?). 


14 


1 


Guanche. 

11.  Nilotic  Race. 

Ancient  Theban  Egyptians 34 

"        Memphite      "         1'? 

"        Abydos  "         2 

"        Alexandrian"         3 

Egyptians  from  Gizeh 16 

Kens  or  Ancient  Nubians 4 

Ombite  Egyptians 3 

Maabdeh  Egyptians 4 

Miscellaneous ^ 

Fellahs 19 

101 
12.  Indosianic  Race. 

Ayras  (?) 6 

Thuggs ' 2 

Bengalees 32 

Uncertain.... ^ 

43 
13.  Indo-Chinese  Race. 
Burmese 2 

II.  Mongolian  Group. 
1.  Chinese  Race. 

Chinese H 

Japanese 1 


2.  Hyperborean  Race. 

Burat  Mongol 

Kamschatkan 

Kalmuck. 


12 

1 
1 
1 


Laplanders 4 

Hybrid  Laplander 1 

Eskimo ^ 


14 


Malays . 
Dyaks.. 


III.  Malay  Group. 
1.  Malayan  Race. 


IV.  American  Group. 

1.  Barbarous  Race. 

a.  North  Americans. 

Arickarees 3 

Assinaboins • 3 

Chenouks ^^ 

Oregon  ians ^ 

Cherokees ^ 

Chetimaches 2 

Chippeways 2 

Cotonays 3 

Creeks 4 

Dacotas 3 

Hurons 4 

Iroquois ^ 

Illinois 2 

Klikatat 2 

Lenapes ^® 

Mandans ' 

Menominees ' 

Miamis ^2 

Minetaris 4 

Mohawks ^' 

Naas 

Narragansetts 

Natchez 

Naticks • 

Nisqually 

Osages 

Otoes 

Ottawas 4 

Ottigamies 4 

Pawnees 2 

Penobscots..  2 

Poltawatomies 4 

Sauks ^' 

Seminoles ^^ 

Shawnees 4 

Shoshones 4 

Upsarookas 2 

Winnebagos 2 

Yamassees '^ 

Californians 2 

Miscellaneous _46 

217 
b.   Central  Americans. 


10 

2 

5 
1 

2 

4 


24 

....      2 

26 
2.  Polynesian  Race. 

Kanakas ' 

New  Zealanders .- 4 

Marquesas ^ 

12 


Maya 

Fragments 


from  Yucatan 2 

c.  South  Americans. 

Araucanians ^2 

From  Mounds ^ 

Charibs ^ 

Patagoniaus '^ 

Brazilians ' 


27 


16 


INTRODUCTION. 


2.  Toliecan  Race. 

a.  Peruvian  Family. 

Aricans 

Pachacamac 

Pisco 

Santa 

Lima 

Callao 

Miscellaneous 

Elong;ated   skulls   from    Titicaca, 
&c 


h.  Mexican  Family. 

Ancient  Mexicans 

Modern  Mexicans 

Lipans 


V.  Negro  Group. 
1.  American  horn, 
2,  Native  Africans, 
3,  Hovas, 


20 
104 

62 
8 
1 
3 
9 


221 

.  24 
.  9 
.   2 

35 


16 

88 

2 


4.  Alforian  Race. 

Australians 11 

Oceanic  Negroes 2 

119 

VI.  Mixed  Races. 

Copts 5 

Negroid  Egyptians 12. 

Nubians 4 

Hispano-Peruvians 2 

Negroid-Indians 3 

Hispano-Indian 1 

Malayo-Chinese 1 

Mulattoes 2 

30 

VII.  Lunatics  and  Idiots,  18 

VIII.  Illustrative  of  Growth,     7 

Phrenological  Skulls,  2 

Nation  uncertain,  1 1 

Total,  *1035 


The  letters  F.  A.  express  ihQ  facial  angle,  and  I.  C.  refer  to  the  inter- 
nal capacity  of  the  cranium  as  obtained  by  the  process  invented  by  my 
friend,  Mr.  J.  S.  Phillips,  and  described  in  my  Crania  Americana,  p.  263, 
merely  substituting  leaden  shot,  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  place 
of  the  white  mustard-seed  originally  used.  I  thus  obtain  the  absolute 
capacity  of  the  cranium,  or  hulk  of  the  brain,  in  cubic  inches;  and  the 
results  are  annexed  in  all  other  instances  in  which  I  have  had  •  leisure  to 
put  this  revised  mode  of  measurement  in  practice.  I  have  restricted  it, 
at  least  for  the  purpose  of  my  inferential  conclusions,  to  the  crania  of 
persons  of  sixteen  years  of  age  and  upwards,  at  which  period  the  brain  is 
believed  to  possess  the  adult  size.  Under  this  age,  the  capacity-measure- 
ment has  only  been  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  collateral  comparison. 

All  the  measurements  in  this  Catalogue,  both  of  the  facial  angle  and 
internal  capacity,  have  been  made  with  my  own  hands.  I  at  one  time 
employed  a  person  to  aid  me  in  these  elaborate  and  fatiguing  details ;  but 
having  detected  some  errors  in  his  measurements,  I  have  been  at  the 
pains  to  revise  all  that  part  of  the  series  that  had  not  been  previously 
measured  by  myself.  I  can  now,  therefore,  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of 
these  multitudinous  data,  which  I  cannot  but  regard  as  a  novel  and  im- 
portant contribution  to  Ethnological  science. 

It  is  necessary  to  add,  that  the  measurements  originally  published  in 

*  There  is  a  discrepancy  between  this  total  and  the  highest  number  in  the  Catalogue 
itself,  owing  to  certain  numbers  having  been  cancelled,  and  not  refilled. 


INTRODUCTION. 


the  Crania  Americana  were  made  witli  seeds,  whicli  will  explain  tlie  dis- 
crepancy between  the  numbers  observable  in  that  work  and  this  Cata- 
logue. The  measurements  of  the  Crania  ^gyptiaca  having  been  origin- 
ally made  with  shot,  require  no  revision ;  nor  can  I  avoid  expressing  my 
satisfaction  at  the  singular  accuracy  of  this  method,  since  a  skull  of  an 
hundred  cubic  inches,  if  measured  any  number  of  times  with  reasonable 
care,  will  not  vary  a  single  cubic  inch. 

I  am  now  engaged  in  a  memoir*  which  will  embrace  the  detailed  con- 
clusions that  result  from  these  data ;  and  meanwhile  I  submit  the  follow- 
ing tabular  view  of  the  prominent  facts : — 

TABLE  III. — Showing  the  Size  of  the  Brain  in  cubic  inches,  as  obtained  from  the 
internal  measwement  o/"663  Crania  of  various  Races  and  Families  of  Man. ■\ 


RACES  AND  FAMILIES. 


Modern  Caucasian  Group. 

Teutonic  Family. 

Swedes • 

Germans    )    -— ^  , 

Prussians  >    

English 

Anglo-Americans  ■  •■• 

Tchudic  Family. 

True  Finns 

Celtic  Family. 
Native  Irish •  ■  •  • 

Pelasgic  Family. 

Persians 

Armenians 

Circassians 

Semitic  Family. 
Arabs 

Nilotic  Samily. 

Fellahs 

Indostanic  Family. 

Ayras 

Bengalees 

Ancient  Caucasian  Group. 
^A  )  Pelasgic  Family. 

~  i  1  Graeco-Egyptians 

I  S  j  Miotic  Family. 

^o  J  Egyptians   

Mongolian  Group. 

Chinese  Family 

Hyperborean  Family ,    

Malay  Group. 

Malayan  Family 

Polynesian  Family 

Ameeioan  Group. 

Toltecan  Family 

Peruvians 

Mexicans 

Barbarous  Tribes. 

Iroquois 

Lenape 

Cherokee 

Shoshone,  &c 

Negro  Group. 

American-born  Negroes 

Native  African  Family 

Hottentot  Family 

Alforian  Fam^Uy 

Australians 

Oceanic  Negroes 


NO.  or 

SKULLS. 


11 

15 

5 

7 


LARGEST 
1.   C. 


SMALLEST. 
I.   C. 


10 

3 

18 


IS 
55 

10 

S 

20 
5 


152 
25 


164 


12 

64 

3 

8 
2 


108.25 
114 

105 

97 

112.5 
97 

94 

98 
96 

91 

90 

97 

96 

98 
102 

97 
90.5 


101 
92 


104 


86 
99 
83 

83 

77 


05 
70 

91 

82 

81.5 
78 


84 

66 

79 
67 

73 

68 

70 
78.75 

68 
82 


58 
67 


69 


73 

65 
68 

63 

76 


93 

95 

96 
90 

94.3 

87 

84 

89 

79 

86 
78 

87 
80 

85 

89 

86 
84.3 


75.3 
81.7 


[■93.5 


■81.7 


84 


80.8 
83.7 
75.3 

75 
76.5 


1 87 
I  85 

1 
[80.3 

I 

I 

I 

■  82.25 


*  Dr.  Morton  died  before  this  memoir  was  completed.  Extracts  from  it  will  be  found  in  the  fore- 
going Explanatory  Note. 

1 1  have  enlarged  this  Table  by  the  addition  of  40  measurements,  with  the  effect  of  increasing  the 
mean  cranial  capacity  of  the  Teutonic  Family,  the  Mongolian  and  American  Groups,  by  1.5,  5,  and 
1.3  cubic  inches  respectively;  and  slightly  diminishing  that  of  the  Negro  Group.  In  the  preceding 
Explanatory  Note  the  reader  will  find  a  more  detailed  account  of  these  measurements,  togcthev 
with  others  which  have  been  made  since  Dr.  Morton's  death. 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

In  this  table  the  measurements  of  children,  idiots  and  mixed  races  are 
omitted,  excepting  only  in  the  instance  of  the  Fellahs  of  Egypt,  who, 
however,  are  a  blended  stock  of  two  Caucasian  nations, — the  true  Egyp- 
tian and  the  intrusive  Arab,  in  which  the  characteristics  of  the  former 
greatly  predominate. 

No  mean  has  been  taken  of  the  Caucasian  race*  collectively,  because 
of  the  very  great  preponderance  of  Hindu,  Egyptian,  and  Fellah  skulls 
over  those  of  the  Germanic,  Pelasgic  and  Celtic  families.  Nor  could  any 
just  collective  conipai'ison  be  instituted  between  the  Caucasian  and  Negro 
groups  in  such  a  table,  unless  the  small-brained  people  of  the  latter  divi- 
sion (Hottentots,  Bushmen  and  Australians)  were  proportionate  in  number 
to  the  Hindoos,  Egyptians  and  Fellahs  of  the  other  group.  Such  a  com- 
putation, were  it  practicable,  would  probably  reduce  the  Caucasian 
average  to  about  87  cubic  inches,  and  the  Negro  to  78  at  most,  perhaps 
even  to  75,  and  thus  confirmatively  establish  the  difiFerence  of  at  least 
nine  cubic  inches  between  the  mean  of  the  two  races.f 

Philadelphia,  Nov.  1,  1849. 

*  It  is  necessary  to  explain  what  is  here  meant  by  the  word  race.  Further  researches 
into  Ethnographic  affinities  will  probably  demonstrate  that  what  are  now  termed  the  five 
races  of  men,  would  be  more  appropriately  called  groups — that  each  of  these  groups  is 
again  divisible  into  a  greater  or  smaller  number  of  primary  races,  each  of  which  has  ex- 
panded from  an  aboriginal  nucleus  or  centre.  Thus  I  conceive  that  there  were  several 
centres  for  the  American  group  of  races,  of  which  the  highest  in  the  scale  are  the  Tolte- 
can  nations,  the  lowest  the  Fuegians.  Nor  does  tliis  view  conflict  with  the  general  prin- 
ciple, that  all  these  nations  and  tribes  have  had,  as  I  have  elsewhere  expressed  it,  a  com- 
mon origin ;  inasmuch  as  by  this  term  is  only  meant  an  indigenous  relation  to  the  country 
they  inhabit,  and  that  collective  identity  of  physical  traits,  mental  and  moral  endowments, 
language,  &c.,  which  chracterize  all  the  American  races.  The  same  remarks  are  appli- 
cable to  all  the  other  human  races ;  but  in  the  present  infant  state  of  Etluiographic  sci" 
ence,  the  designation  of  these  primitive  centres  is  a  task  of  equal  delicacy  and  difficulty" 
I  may  here  observe,  that  whenever  I  have  ventured  an  opinion  on  this  question,  it  has  been 
in  favor  of  the  doctrine  of  primeval  diversities  among  men — an  original  adaptation  of  the 
several  races  to  those  varied  circumstances  of  climate  and  locality,  which,  while  conge- 
nial to  the  one,  arc  destructive  to  the  other ;  and  subsequent  investigations  have  confirmed 
me  in  these  views,  See  Crania  Americaiia,  p.  3  ;  Crania  Aigyptiaea,  p,  37  ;  Distinctive 
Characteristics  of  the  Aboriginal  Race  of  America,  p.  36 ;  Sillimans  American  Journal 
of  Science  and  the  Arts,  1847;  and  my  letter  to  J.  R.  Bartlett,  Esq.,  in  Vol.2  of  the  Tran- 
sactions of  the  Ethnological  Society  of  New  York. 

t  From  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  for  Sep- 
tember and  October,  1849. 


C^T  A.LOaUB. 


I.  CAUCASIAN  GROUP. 

I.  SCANDINAVIAN   KACE. 

[Case  1.) 


1.  1260.  Cast  of  a  Norwegian  skull.  From  Prof.  Retzius,  of  Stock- 
holm, A.  D.  1845. 
([This  cast  is  remarkable  for  its  great  size.  It  belongs  to  the  dolicho- 
cephalic variety  of  Retzius.  The  fronto-parietal  convexity  is  regu- 
lar from  side  to  side.  The  occipital  region  as  a  whole  is  quite  pro- 
minent ;  but  the  basal  portion  of  the  occiput  is  flat  and  parallel 
with  the  horizon  when  the  head  rests  squarely  upon  the  lower  jaw. 
The  glabella^  superciliary  ridges^  and  external  angular  processes  of 
the  OS  frontis  are  very  rough  and  prominent,  overhanging  the  orbits 
and  inter-orbital  space  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  very  harsh 
and  forbidding  expression  to  the  face.  The  semi-circular  ridges 
passing  back  from  the  external  angular  process,  are  quite  elevated 
and  sharp.  The  nasal  bones  are  high  and  rather  sharp  at  the  line 
of  junction ;  orbits  spacious }  malar  bones  of  moderate  size,  and 
flattened  antero-laterally ;  superior  maxilla  rather  small  in  com- 
parison with  the  inferior,  which  is  quite  large,  and  much  flared 
out  at  the  angles.  The  facial  angle  is  good,  and  the  whole  head 
strongly  marked.] 

1.  117.  Swede. 

2.  1247.  Swedish  peasant :  woman,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  85. 

3.  1249.  Swedish  woman  of  the  13  th  century,  as  tat.  60.     L  C.  83. 

4.  1258.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Swedish  child, 

5.  1486.  Swedish  peasant :  man,  setat.  30.    I.  C.  99. 

6.  1487.  Swedish  peasant :  woman,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  65. 

7.  1488.  Swedish  child  of  four  years. 

The  six  preceding  skulls  are  from  Prof.  Retzius,  of  Stockholm,  A.  D. 
1845  and  1850. 


20  CATALOGUE  OF 

[The  Swedish  form  of  skull,  judging  from  the  above  specimens,  bears 
a  family  resemblance  to  the  Norwegian,  and  in  several  respects  is 
not  unlike  the  Anglo-Saxon  head  figured  in  the  first  decade  of  the 
Crania  Britannica  of  Messrs.  Davis  and  Thurnam.  In  theAnglo- 
Saxon,  however,  the  chin  is  more  acuminated,  and  the  maxillary 
rami  longer.  The  chief  points  of  resemblance  about  the  calvaria, 
are  the  slightly  elevated  forehead,  the  rather  flattened  vertex,  and 
the  inclination  of  the  parietalia  downwards  and  backwards  towards 
the  occiput.  This  latter  feature  is  also  possessed  by  the  Norwe- 
gian cast  referred  to  above.] 

8.  1545.  Swede  from  Finland.     I.  C.  107.5.     F.  A.  86°. 

9.  1546.  Swede  from  Finland.  I.  C.  93.75.  F.  A.  83°.  Man 
named  Carl  Bli,  from  Borga  Parish,  in  the  Province  of  Nyland. 
For  vagrancy  he  was  imprisoned  May  17th,  1881,  and  in  default 
of  bail,  sentenced  to  a  half-year's  hard  labor.  He  died  setat.  64 
years. 

Nos.  1545  and  15i6,  descendants  of  colonists  who  settled  in  Finland 
in  the  most  remote  times. 

10.  1547-  Savede  from  Sudermanland.     F.  A.  83°.     I.  C  102. 

11.  1548,  Swede  from  Sudermanland.     F.  A.  85°.     L  C  94. 

12.  1549.  Swede  from  Sudermanland.     F.  A.  86°.     I.  C.  108.25. 
Nos.  1545  to  1549,  inclusive,  were  presented  by  Professor  Retzius, 

of  Stockholm,  just  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Morton. 

13.  1255.  Skull  of  an  ancient  Ostrogoth,  from  a  burial-ground  of  Os- 
trogothia,  in  Sweden.     Woman,  a3tat.  50.     I.  C.  80. 

14.  121.  TuRANNic  Swede. 

15.  1532.  Ancient  Cimbric  inhabitant  of  Sweden.     I.  C.  80.     F.  A. 
85*^. 

From  Professor  Retzius,  after  Dr.  Morton's  decease. 

16.  1550.  Ancient  Cimbric  Swede.     F.  A.  88°.     I.  0.  94. 
Probably  descended  from  the  oldest  Seytho-Turannic  inhabitants, 
(Brachy-cephali  ?)  who  always  have  black  hair,  and  are  of  small 
stature.    From  Professor  Retzius  with  No.  1532. 

17.  1362.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  an  ancient  Cumbrian,  from  the  Danish 
Island  of  Moen.     Prof.  Retzius. 

1.  1542.  Swedish  Finn,  (mixed.)  F.  A.  81°.5.  I.  C.  89.  Man, 
named  Elias  Alhonen,  from  Lampis  Parish,  in  the  Province  of 
Fosdelhiius.  For  committing  murder  he  was  imprisoned  (May 
8th,  1840,)  in  the  Fort  to  hard  labor  for  life.  Died  in  the  Laza- 
retto, setat.  62  years. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


21 


2.  1543.  Swedish  Finn,  (mixed.)    F.  A.  80°.    I.  C.  85. 

3.  1544.  Swedish  Finn,  (mixed.)    F.  A.  77°.     I.  C.  85.25. 

[In  No.  1249  the  singularly  protuberant  occiput  projects  far  behind 
the  foramen  magnum.  Nos.  1255,  1550  and  1532  evidently  belong 
to  the  same  peculiar  type.  These  four  heads  resemble  each  other  as 
strongly  as  they  differ  from  the  remaining  Swedes,  Finns,  Ger- 
mans, and  Kelts  in  the  collection.  They  call  to  mind  the  kumbe- 
kephalge,  or  boat-shaped  skulls  described  by  Prof.  Wilson  in  his 
Pre-liistoric  Annals  of  Scotland.  No.  1362,  presents  the  same 
elongated  form.  It  differs  from  the  four  preceding  skulls  in  being 
larger,  more  massive,  and  broader  in  the  forehead.  Nos.  117,  1258, 
and  1488  possess  the  true  Swedish  form  as  described  above.  Nos. 
1545  and  1546  are  broader,  more  angular,  and  less  oval  than  the 
tx'ue  Swedish  form.  The  horizontal  portion  of  the  occiput  is  quite 
flat,  and  the  occipital  protuberance  prominent.  The  three  Suder- 
manland  Swedes  have  the  same  general  form,  while  the  three 
Swedish  Finns  have  a  more  squarely  globular,  and  less  oval  cranium 
than  the  true  Swedes.  In  No.  121  the  posterior  region  of  the 
calvaria  is  broader,  and  does  not  slope  away  so  much.  In  general 
configuration  this  cranium  approaches  the  brachy-cephalic  class  of 
Ketzius.] 


1.  1534.  True  Finn. 

2.  1535,  True  Finn. 


II.  FINNISH  RACE. 

{Casel.) 

I.  C.  94.5.  F.  A.  87°. 
I.  C.  97.5.  F.  A.  84.5°. 


3.  1536.  True  Finn.    I.  C.  112.5.  F.  A.  83' 


4.  1537.  True  Finn. 


Finn  (1537). 
I.  C.  84.25.  F.  A.  82.5°. 


22  CATALOGUE  OP 

[The  Finnish  skull  has  a  square  or  somewhat  angularly  round  appear- 
ance. The  antero-posterior  diameter  being  comparatively  short,  it 
falls  within  the  brachy-cephalic  class  of  Retzius.  The  forehead  is 
broad,  though  less  expansive  than  in  the  true  Germanic  race.  This 
frontal  breadth,  the  lateral  expansion  of  the  parietalia,  and  the  flat- 
ness of"  the  OS  occipitis,  give  to  the  coronal  region,  when  viewed 
perpendicularly,  a  square,  or  rather  slightly  oblong  appearance. 
The  face  is  longer  and  less  broad  than  in  the  Mongolian  head, 
while  the  lower  jaw  is  larger,  and  the  chin  more  prominent. 
Hence,  the  lower  part  of  the  face  is  advanced,  somewhat  in  the 
manner  of  the  Sclavonian  face.  The  whole  head  is  rather  massive 
and  rude  in  structure,  the  bony  prominences  being  strongly  cha- 
racterized, and  the  sutures  well  defined.  The  general  configura- 
tion of  the  head  is  European,  bearing  certain  resemblances,  how- 
ever, to  the  Mongolian  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Sclavonian  on  the 
other.] 

5.  1538.  True  Finn.     I.  C.  105.    F.  A.  83°. 

6.  1539.  True  Finn.  I.  C.  81.5.  F.  A.  85°.  A  laborer,  named 
Matts  Johansson  Lans,  from  the  city  of  Abo.  Convicted  of  deser- 
tion and  theft  while  in  the  Emperor's  service,  he  was  sentenced  to 
8  years  imprisonment,  and  died,  ast.  22  years,  in  the  Prisoners' 
Lazaretto. 

7.  1540.  True  Finn.  I.  C.  88.5.  F.  A.  84°.  A  man  named 
Jacob  Nurkkala,  alias  Karry,  from  Storkyro  Parish,  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Wasa,  whO;  for  committing  burglary  for  the  third  time, 
was  imprisoned  July  6th,  1835,  to  hard  labor  in  the  Fort  for  life. 
He  died  in  the  Lazaretto,  set.  59  years. 

8.  1541.  True  Finn.     I.  C.  99.     F.  A.  83°. 

The  preceding  11  skulls  were  sent  to  the  Academy  by  Professor 
Retzius,  of  Stockholm,  just  after  the  demise  of  Dr.  Morton. 

9.  1252.  Skull  of  a  Finland  woman,  from  the  Parish  of  Kemi, 
setat.  40.    I.  C.  86. 

10.  1259.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Finlander.     Prof  Retzius,  1845. 

III.  SUEVIC  RACE. 

( Case  1.) 

1.  37.  German  ;  woman,  aetat.  30.     I.  C  90.     [Round  form.] 

2.  706.  German  ?  man,  tetat.  30.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  94. 

3.  1060.  German  of  Tubingen  :  woman,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  70. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  23 

4.  1063.  German  of  Tubingen  :  man,  aetat.  40.  I.  C.  8G.  [Square 
form;   occiput  flattened  ;  face  large  and  long.] 

5.  1064.  German  of  Tubingen  :  woman,  setat.  40.  I.  C.  91.  [Has 
the  Swedish  or  Northern  angular  oval,  a  type  distinct  from  the  oval 
of  Southern  Europe,  with  which  hasty  observers  are  apt  to  confound 
it.  It  is  a  well-formed  head,  and  in  some  respects  resembles  the 
Anglo-Saxon   skull  figured  in  Crania  Bntannica.~\ 

6.  1188.  German  of  Tubingen  :  man,  setat.  30.  I.  C.  85.  [Resem- 
bles the  preceding  skull  in  form.] 

7.  1189.  German  of  Tubingen  :  man,  astat.  40.  I.  C.  78.  [Bears 
the  Swedo-Finuic  type. 3 

8.  1190.  German  dwarf:  female  of  Tubingen,  20  years  of  age  and 
three  feet  in  height.     I.  C.  46.5. 

9.  1191.  German  of  Frankfort :  man,  setat.  70.  I.  C.  95.  [Ap- 
proximates the  square  form.] 

10.  1062i  German  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main  :  woman,  getat.  40.     I, 
C.  93. 

11.  1187.  German  of  Frankfort-on4he-Maiu :  man,   oetat.  50.     I.  C. 
104. 

For  the  preceding  8  skulls  of  the  Germanic  or  Teutonic  Race,  I  am 
indebted  to  Dr.  George  Engelmann,  now  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

1.  434.  A  Dutchman  of  noble  family,  born  in  Utrecht,  and  for 
several  years  a  captain  in  the  army  at  Batavia,  in  the  Island  of  Java, 
where  he  died  under  thirty  years  of  age.  He  was  handsome,  not  de- 
ficient in  talent,  and  of  an  amiable  disposition,  but  devoted  to  con- 
viviality and  dissipation,  which  finally  destroyed  him.  Dr.  Doornik, 
late  of  Batavia,  from  whom  I  obtained  this  cranium,  gave  me  the 
above  facts  from  personal  knowledge.  F.  A.  81°.  I.  C.  114. 
[The  calvaria  is  very  large ;  the  face  rather  small,  delicate,  well- 
formed,  and  tapering  towards  the  chin.  The  frontal  diameter  or 
breadth  between  the  temples,  is  4^  inches;  the  greatest  breadth 
between  the  parietal  protubei'ances  is  6|  inches;  the  antero-poste- 
rior  or  longitudinal  diameter  is  71  inches;  the  height,  measured 
from  the  anterior  edge  of  the  foramen  magnum,  in  a  direct  line  to 
the  sagittal  suture,  5H  inches.  A  certain  angularity  or  squareness 
of  the  frontal  and  posterior  bi-parietal  regions,  gives  to  this  head 
the  Teutonic  form.  The  posterior  or  occipital  region  is  flat  and 
broad,  and  presents  to  the  eye  a  somewhat  pentagonal  outline. 
The  temporal  regions  are  full,  the  mastoid  processes  large,  and 
the  basis  cranii  nearly  round.     The  outline  of  the  coronal  region 


24  CATALOGUE  OP 

resembles  a  triangle,  truncated  at  the  apex.     This  latter  feature  is 
also  seen  in  one  of  the  Finnic  skulls  (No.  1538).] 

1.  1065i  Prussian  of  Berlin  :  man,  astat.  30.     I.  C.  92. 

2.  1066.  Prussian  of  Berlin :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  80. 

3.  1192.  Prussian  of  Berlin  :  woman,  aetat,  25.     I.  C.  82. 

4.  1193.  Prussian  of  Berlin  :  woman,  aetat.  20.     I.  C.  80. 
The  preceding  4  crania  from  Dr.  Greo.  Engelmann. 

1.  1533.  Fragments  of  an  Ancient  Burgundian  skull,  from  a  tomb 
near  Lausanne  in  Switzerland.  Procured  by  Mr.  Trojon,  a  cele- 
brated Archaeologist,  who  considers  this  skull  to  have  been  2000 
years  in  the  tomb.  Presented  by  Prof.  Retzius  subsequent  to  Dr. 
Morton's  death. 

IV.  ANGLO-SAXON  KACE. 

{Case  1.) 

1.  80.  Skull  of  an  Englishman  named  Samuel  Gwillym,  a  con- 
vict in  Australia,  whose  history  is  thus  briefly  given  by  my  friend 
Dr.  C.  HuflPnagle,  now  of  Calcutta : — 

''  Transported  to  Van  Diemen's  laud  in  1820  for  house-breaking ; 
was  orderly  on  ship-board,  but  subsequently  robbed  his  master,  for 
which  he  was  sent  for  two  years  to  Maria  Island  :  while  there  was 
flogged  for  combination,  and  also  received  100  lashes  for  stealing 
articles  from  the  wreck  of  the  Apollo.  Returning  to  Van  Diemen's 
land  he  was  fined  twice  for  drunkenness;  and  was  executed  there 
on  the  16th  of  March,  1837,  for  the  murder  of  Mary  Mills,  a  young 
woman  whom  he  had  previously  violated."    I.  C.  91. 

[This  skull  belongs  to  the  dolicho-cephalic  class,  but  is  not  strictly 
oval,  being  flattened  posteriorly.  In  general  configuration  it  re- 
sembles the  Northern  or  Grothic  style  of  head.  The  face  bears  the 
Finnic  stamp.] 

2.  539.  Skull  of  James  Moran,  an  Englishman,  who  was  executed 
at  Philadelphia  for  piracy  and  murder.  May  19, 1837.  -^tat.  20. 
F.  A.  79°.     I.  C.  92. 

[This  skull  is  long,  flat  on  the  top,  and  broad  between  the  parietal 
bones.  The  posterior  portion  of  the  occiput  is  prominent,  the  basal 
surface  is  flat.  In  its  general  outline,  the  calvaria  approaches 
the  kumbe-kephalic  form.] 

3.  991.  English  soldier?  from  Bloody  Pond,  near  Lake  George, 
New   York ;    the  scene  of   Montcalm's  massacre  of  the  English 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


25 


garrison,  A,  D.  1757.   ,F.  A.  82°.    I.  C.  105.    Jacob  Morris,  Esq., 
of  Philadelphia. 
4.       59.  Anglo-Saxon  head  :  skull  of  Pierce,*  a  convict  and  canni- 
bal, who  was  executed  in  New  South  Wales,  A.  D.  18—.     F.  A. 
85°.     I.  C.  99.     [A  long  and  strictly  oval  head.] 

V.   ANGLO-AMERICAN"  RACE. 

{Case  1.) 

1.  7.  Anglo-American:  female,  setat.  nearly  100  years.  I.  C. 
83.     [G-ermanic  form.] 

2.  24.  Anglo-American  :  female  with  an  open  frontal  suture. 
Fille-de-joie,  setat.  26  years.  F.  A.  77^^.  I.  C.  82.  [Interme- 
diate in  form  between  the  German  and  Swedish  types.] 

3.  88.  Anglo-American  :  child.    Dr.  F.  Turnpenny. 

4.  98.  Anglo-American  ?  Kemarkable  for  the  fulness  of  the 
occipital  region,  and  obliquity  of  the  foramen  magnum.  [Germa- 
nic form.] 

5.  552.  x\nglo-American  :  man,  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  97.  This  skull 
belonged  to  the  collection  of  the  late  Dr.  Doornik,  and  was  pre- 
sented to  me  with  other  crania,  by  Dr.  Jones,  of  New  Orleans, 

*  A  letter  addressed  to  me  by  Wm.  Cobb  Hurry,  Esq.,  of  Calcutta,  contains 
the  following  particulars  of  this  man's  singular  career  : — 

"  With  regard  to  the  cannibal  Pierce,  all  that  is  known  of  him  is,  that  he  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  or  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  a  seaman.  He  was  a  convict 
in  Van  Diemeu's  land,  and  escaped  with  others  into  the  woods.  Hunger  com- 
jjelled  them  to  prey  upon  each  other,  till  only  Pierce  and  another  were  left.  A 
romantic  tale  might  be  made  from  Pierce's  own  narrative  of  the  feelings  with 
which  these  two  men  watched  each  other,  till,  overcome  with  fatigue,  the  last 
of  the  band  fell  a  victim.  Pierce  was  relieved  by  a  party  who  fell  in  with  him, 
and  the  cannibalism  of  which  he  was  guilty  being  attributed  to  necessity,  was 
not  punished.  From  that  time  his  propensities  acquired  their  full  development, 
and  he  succeeded  repeatedly  in  persuading  his  fellow  prisoners  to  escape  with 
him,  for  the  sole  pui'pose  of  killing  them  and  devouring  their  flesh.  He  used  to 
return  secretly  to  the  depot,  and  persuade  a  fresh  victim  that  he  had  been  sent 
by  others  who  were  waiting  in  the  woods.  He  was  at  last  caught ;  and  being 
asked  if  he  knew  where  one  of  his  companions  was,  deliberately  pulled  an  arm 
out  of  his  jacket  and  showed  it  to  the  soldiers.  Mr.  Crockett,  from  whom  I  had 
this  account,  and  who  gave  me  the  skull,  is  the  Colonial  Surgeon,  and  attended 
Pierce  in  the  hospital  both  before  and  subsequently  to  his  crimes.  He  stated  to 
me  his  conviction  that  Pierce  was  insane,  which,  however,  did  not  prevent  him 
from  being  hanged." 


26  CATALOGUE  OP 

through  B.  F.  French,  Esq.     [In  form  it  resembles  the  Norwegian 
skull.] 

6.  899.  Anglo-American  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  91. 

7.  1108.  Anglo-American:   man.     I.  C.  95.      Dr.  C.  H,  Came- 
ron.    [Northern  or  Gothic  form.] 

8.  724.  Conical  skull  of  a  white  woman,  setat.  40,  of  whose  history 
nothing  is  known.     1839.     I.  C.  81. 

VI.   CELTIC    RACE. 

(^Case  1.) 

1.  18.  Celtic  Irish  :  from  the   Abbey  of  Buttevant,  county  of 

Cork,  Ireland.     Woman,  getat.  40.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  78.     See 

No.   52.      [Form  intermediate  between  the  Cimbric  and  Swedish 
types.] 

2.  21.  Celt  :  supposed  to  be  a  British  soldier,  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Chippeway.  ^tat.  40.  I.  C.  93.  This  skull  is  remarkable  for 
the  great  size  of  the  superciliary  ridges  ;  that  of  the  right  side  hav- 
ing a  corresponding  frontal  sinus,  that  on  the  left  being  represented 
by  solid  bone  upwards  of  half  an  inch  in  horizontal  thickness.  Dr. 
Mickle,  1831.  [In  this  head  the  Gothic  calvarial  form  is  asso- 
ciated with  a  heavy,  massive  face.] 

3.  42.  Celtic  Irishman,  aged  21,  imprisoned  for  larceny,  and  in 
all  respects  a  vicious  and  refractory  character.  Died  A.  D.  1831. 
I.  C.  97.     [Approaches  the  square  Germanic  form.] 

4.  52.  Celtic  Irish  from  the  Abbey  of  Buttevant,  County  of  Cork, 
Ireland.  Woman,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  80°.  I.  C.  82.  Dr.  Smith 
(Hist,  of  the  County  of  Cork)  says  that  these  are  the  bones  of  the 
Irish  slain  at  the  battle  of  Knockinoss,  A.  D.  15 — .  [The  same 
form  as  the  preceding.] 

5.  985.  Celtic  Irish  :  man,  setat.  60.  F.  A.  77°  I.  C.  93. 
[This  head  being  rather  broad  between  the  parietal  tubers,  approxi- 
mates the  Gothic  type.  The  face  resembles  that  of  some  of  the 
Finns,  but  is  smaller  and  less  massive.] 

6.  986.  Anglo-Irish  :  girl,  eetat.  12. 

7.  1186.  Irish  cranium  from  Mayo  county.  [Belongs  to  the  peculiar 
boat-ghaped  Cimbric  type.] 

8.  1356.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  one  of  the  ancient  Celtic  race  of  Ireland. 
Prof.  Kctzius. 

[This  head,  the  largest  in  the  group,  is  very  long,  clumsy  and  massive 
in  its  general  appearance.  The  forehead  is  low,  broad,  and  ponder- 
ous ;  the  occiput  heavy  and  very  protuberant ;  the  basis  cranii  long, 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


27 


broad,  and  flat ;  the  orbits  capacious ;  and  the  distance  from  the 
root  of  the  nose  to  the  upper  alveolus  quite  short.  In  its  general 
form,  it  very  much  resembles  the  Cimbrie  skull.  No.  1362.  The 
Cimbric  type,  however,  is  somewhat  narrower  in  the  frontal  region, 
and  widens  more  posteriorly  towards  the  parietal  protuberances.] 

661.  Celtic  (?  J  skull,  -j  obtained  from  the  Catacombs  at  Paris  by 

662.  Celtic  (?)  skull,  f  ^^^  ^^^^  p^,  ^^^^^^     Presented  by  Mr- 

663.  Celtic  (?)  skull,  fjj^^,!^^, 

664.  Celtic  (?)  skull,  J 

13.  1564.  Celtic  (?)  skull  from  the  field  of  Waterloo.  Presented  by 
Mr.  Harlan.  [The  very  heavy  skull  from  the  field  of  Waterloo 
(No.  1564)  is  strictly  and  beautifully  oval.  Of  the  four  heads  from 
the  Catacombs  at  Paris,  three  are  decidedly  brachy-cephalic,  and 
one  of  the  Germanic  form.] 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12 


VII.  SCLAYONIC  RACE. 

{Case  1.) 
1.  1251.  Sclavonian,  from  Olmutz,  in  Moravia :  woman,  setat.  30. 


SciiAVONIAN  (1251). 

[This  skull  presents  the  following  characters  :-^General  form  of  the 
head  globular,  though  wanting  in  symmetry,  in  consequence  of  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  right  parietal  bone  being  more  fully  de- 
veloped than  the  corresponding  portion  of  the  left ;  the  calvaria 
quite  large  in  proportion  to  the  face,  and  broadest  posteriorly  be- 
tween the  parietal  protuberances;  the  forehead  is  high,  and  mode- 
rately broad ;  the  vertex  presents  a  somewhat  flattened  appearance, 
in  consequence  of  sloping  downwards  and  backwards  towards  the 
occiput ;  the  occipital  region  is  also  flat,  and  the  breadth  between 


28 


CATALOGUE  OF 


the  mastoid  processes  very  great.  The  face  is  small  and  delicate, 
the  nasal  bones  prominent,  the  orbits  of  moderate  size,  the  malar 
bones  flat  and  delicately  rounded,  and  the  zygomatic  processes  small 
and  slender.  The  lower  jaw  is  rather  small,  rounded  at  the  an- 
gles, and  quite  acuminated  at  the  symphysis.  If  classified  according 
to  its  form,  this  head  would  find  its  place  near  to,  if  not  between, 
the  Kalmuck  and  Turkish  types.] 

2.  1253.  Cast  of  a  Sclavonian  head  from  Morlack,  in  Dalmatia. 

Nos.  1251  and  1253  from  Prof.  Eetzius. 


VIII.  PELASGIC  RACE. 

{Case  2.) 
1.  1352.  Ancient  Phenician  ? 

I  received  this  highly  interesting  relic  from  M.  F.  Fresnel,  the  distin- 
guished French  archasologist  and  traveller,  with  the  following  memo- 
randum, A.  D.  1847  : — 
"  Crane  provenant  des  caves  sepulchrales  de  Ben-Djemma,  dans  Tile 
de  Malte.  Ce  crane  parait  avoir  appartenu  a  uu  individu  de  la  race 
qui,  dans  les  temps  les  plus  anciens,  occupaitla  cote  septentrionale 
de  I'Afrique,  et  les  iles  adjacentes." 


Phenician  (1352). 


[This  cranium  is  the  one  "alluded  to  in  the  interestino-  anecdote 
narrated  by  the  late  Dr.  Patterson,  in  his  graceful  memoir  as 
illustrating  the  wonderful  power  of  discrimination,  the  tactusvisus 
acquired  by  Dr.  Morton  in  his  long  and  critical  study  of  crani- 
ology.*  From  this  circumstance,  and  from  the  many  sino-ular  and 
interesting  associations  inseparably  connected  with  its  antiquity,  the 
introduction  of  the  above  figure  cannot  fail  to  be  received  with  a 


■•<^  See  Types  of  Mankind,  p.  xl. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  29 

lively  sense  of  interest  by  those  engaged  in  these  studies.  It  is  in 
many  respects  a  peculiar  skull.  In  a  profile  view,  the  eye  quickly 
notices  the  remarkable  length  of  the  occipito-mental  diameter. 
This  feature  gives  to  the  whole  head  an  elongated  appearance, 
which  is  much  heightened  by  the  general  narrowness  of  the  calva- 
ria,  the  backward  slope  of  the  occipital  region,  and  the  strong  prog- 
nathous tendency  of  the  maxillae.  The  contour  of  the  coronal 
region  is  a  long  oval,  which  recalls  to  mind  the  kumbe-kephalic 
form  of  Wilson.  The  moderately  well-developed  forehead  is  nota- 
^  ble  for  its  regularity.  In  its  form  and  general  characters  the  face 
is  sui  generis.  It  may  not  inaptly  be  compared  to  a  double  wedge, 
for  the  facial  bones  are  not  only  inclined  downwards  and  remarkably 
forward,  thus  tapering  towards  the  chin,  but  also  in  consequence 
of  the  flatness  of  the  malar  bones  and  the  inferior  maxillary  rami 
they  appear  laterally  compressed,  sloping  gently,  on  both  sides, 
from  behind  forwards,  towards  the  median  line.  The  lower  jaw  is 
large,  and  much  thrown  forwards.  The  slope  of  the  superior  max- 
illa forms  an  angle  with  the  horizon  of  about  45°.  Notwithstanding 
this  inclination  of  the  maxilla,  the  incisor  teeth  are  so  curved  as  to 
be  nearly  vertical.  Hence  the  prognathism  of  the  jaws  is  quite 
peculiar,  differing,  as  it  does,  from  that  of  the  Eskimo  and  true 
African  skulls  presently  to  be  noticed.] 
1.  1049.  Fragments  of  an  ancient  Roman?  head,  from  a  tomb  on 
the  road  between  Cumae  and  the  ruins  of  Baise,  near  the  latter  place, 
A.  D.  1841.     Dr.  M.  Burrough. 

1.  1354.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  young  Greek.  Prof.  Retzius. 
[The  calvarial  region  is  well  developed ;  the  frontal  expansive  and 
prominent ;  the  facial  line  departs  but  slightly  from  the  perpen- 
dicular, and  the  facial  angle  consequently  approaches  a  right  angle. 
A  small  and  regularly-formed  face,  devoid  of  asperities,  harmonizes 
well  with  the  general  intellectual  character  of  the  head  proper. 
The  malar  bones  are  small,  flat,  and  smooth,  with  just  enough  lateral 
prominence  to  give  to  the  face  an  oval  outline ;  the  alveolar  mar- 
gins of  the  maxillae  are  regularly  arched,  and  the  teeth  perpen- 
dicular.] 

Circassians. 

1.  762.  Saraska,  or  pure  Circassian  :  man,  setat.  30.     F.  A;  75°. 
I.  C.  94. 

2.  763.  Circassian  woman,  setat.  50.     F.  A.  81''.     I.  C.  81. 


30  CATALOGUE  OP 

3.     764.  Circassian  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  78°.    I.  C.  90. 


Circassian  (764). 
[The  calvaria  of  No.  764  is  well  developed  and  regularly  arched,  and 
in  size  considerably  exceeds  the  face.  The  proportions  between  the 
vertical,  transverse,  and  longitudinal  diameters  are  such  as  to  con- 
vey to  the  eye  an  impression  of  harmony  and  regularity  of  structure. 
The  high  and  broad  forehead  forms  with  the  parietal  region  a  con- 
tinuous and  symmetrical  convexity.  The  occiput  is  full  and  pro- 
minent. The  face  is  strongly  marked ;  the  orbits  moderate  in  size ; 
the  nasal  bones  prominent ;  the  malar  bones  small  and  rounded ; 
the  teeth  vertical ;  the  maxillae  of  medium  size,  and  the  chin  pro- 
minent. The  fulness  of  the  face,  its  oval  contour,  and  general 
want  of  angularity,  decidedly  separate  this  head  from  the  Mongo- 
lian type,  as  represented  by  the  Kalmuck  skull.  No.  1553.] 
4.     765,  Circassian  :  woman,  oetat.  18.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  79. 


Armenians. 

1.  789.  Armenian  :  girl,  aetat.  16.     I.  C.  86. 

2.  790.  Armenian  child  of  twelve  years. 

3.  791.  Armenian  :  man,  aetat.  80.     I.  C.  83. 

4.  792.  Armenian  girl  of  fourteen  years  ? 

5.  793.  Armenian  :  man,  aetat.  75.     I.  C.  80. 

6.  794.  Armenian  :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  80. 

Persians. 

1.  731.  Parsee,  or  Persian  fire-worshipper,  from  the   "Tower  of 
Silence,"  Bombay,  India  :  woman,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  75. 

2.  743.  Parsee,  or  Persian  fire-worshipper,  from  the  "  Tower  of 
Silence,"  near  Bombay  :  woman,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  89. 

The  12  preceding  skulls  from  Gr.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq. 


HUMAN   CRANIA.  31 

3.  1333.  Affghan  boy,  about  16  years  of  age,  killed  at  Jugdalluk 
during  tbe  memorable  massacre  of  the  44tli  English  regiment,  A. 
D.  1845. 
[A  general  family  resemblance  pervades  all  these  crania.  They  are 
all,  with  one  exception,  remarkable  for  the  smallness  of  the  face, 
and  shortness  of  the  head.  In  the  Armenian  skull,  the  forehead  is 
narrow  but  well  formed,  the  convexity  expanding  upwards  and 
backwards  towards  the  parietal  protuberances,  and  laterally  towards 
the  temporal  bones.  The  greatest  transverse  diameter  is  between 
the  parietal  bosses.  This  feature,  combined  with  the  flatness  of 
the  occiput,  gives  to  the  coronal  region  an  outline  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  triangle  with  all  three  angles  truncated,  and  the  base  of 
the  triangle  looking  posteriorly.  In  fact,  the  whole  form  of  the 
calvaria  is  such  as  to  impress  the  mind  of  the  observer  with  a  sense 
of  squareness  and  angularity.  The  dimensions  of  the  orbits  are 
moderate;  the  malar  bones  small,  flat,  and  retreating;  the  zygo- 
matic processes  slender,  and  the  general  expression  of  the  face  re- 
sembling that  of  the  Circassians,  from  which  latter  it  difi"ers  in 
being  shorter.  The  Persian  head  is  less  angular,  the  frontal  region 
broader,  the  occiput  fuller,  and  the  malar  bones  larger.  The  lower 
jaw  is  small  and  rather  round.  The  Afi"ghan  skull  resembles,  in 
several  respects,  the  Hindoo  type.] 

Gro£co-Egyptians. 

Nos.  798  to  804  are  ancient  Egyptians  from  the  necropolis  of  Mem- 
phis, north-west  of  the  Pyramid  of  Five-Steps,  viz  : — 

1.  798.  Pelasgic  or  Graeco-Egyptian  form.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  84. 
Crania  JEgyptiaca,  plate  3,  fig.  6. 

Under  "this  name  I  embrace  all  those  crania  that  conform  to  the 
highest  Caucasian  type.  The  Egyptian  or  Nilotic  form  includes  the 
pure  Egyptian  race.  The  Negroid  form  expresses  that  mixture 
of  the  Egyptian  and  Negro  in  which  the  latter  predominates.  See 
Crania  JEgyptiaca,  passim. 

2.  799.  Pelasgic  form:  man,  oetat.  35.    F.  A.  82°.    I.  C.  87.    Cra- 
nia iEgyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  4. 

3.  801.  Pelasgic  form  :  woman,  setat.  25. 

4.  804.  Pelasgic  form  :  girl,  zetat.  12.     Crania  J3gyptiaca,  plate 
3,  fig.  3. 

5.  808.  Pelasgic  form.     F.  A.  77°.     1.  C.  97.     Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  2,  fig.  1. 


32 


CATALOGUE  OP 


Pelasgic  (808). 

6.     812.  Pelasgic  form  :  woman,  astat.  20.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  82. 
Crania  ^Egyptiaca,  plate  2,  fig.  3. 


PELASGfIC  (812). 

7.  814.  Pelasgic  form  :  man,  setat.90.    I.  C.  97.    Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  2,  fig.  5. 

8.  815.  Pelasgic  form.    F.  A.  81°.     I.  C.  88.     Crania  JEgypti- 
aca,  plate  2,  fig.  2. 


Pelasgic  (815). 

9.     817.  Pelasgic  form.    F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  89.     Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  5,  fig.  3. 

10.  821.  Pelasgic  form.     F.  A.  79°.     I.  C.  74.     Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  12,  fig.  6. 

11.  824.  Infantile  mummy. 

12.  825.  Pelasgic  form.     Memphite  necropolis.     F.  A.  81°.    I.  C. 
93.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  3,  fig.  9. 

13.  856.  Pelasgic  form.     I.  C.  87.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  9, 


HUMAN   CRANIA.  33 

The  two  following  crania  were  found  by  Mr.  Perring,  Civil  Engineer, 
in  the  gallery  leading  to  the  newly  discovered  chamber  in  the 
Pyramid  of  Five  Steps,  at  Saccara.  These  are,  perhaps,  the  most 
ancient  human  remains  extant.  Mr.  Perring  is  of  opinion  that  they 
date  with  the  erection  of  the  Pyramid,  and  are  therefore  in  all  pro- 
bability upwards  of  4000  years  old.  See  Vyse,  Pyramids  of 
Gizeh,  vol   iii.  p.  44. 

14.  837.  Pelasgic  form  :  man,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  83^.  I.  C.  97. 
Crania  jEgyptiaca,  plate  ],  fig.  2. 

15.  838.  Pelasgic  form  :  man,  jetat.  40.  F.  A.  81°.  I.  C  90. 
Crania  -3ilgyptiaca,  plate  1,  fig.  1. 

16.  840.  Pelasgic  form :  man.  F.  A.  79°.  I.  C  89.  Skull  ob- 
tained  from  a  tumulus  recently  opened  at  the  ancient  quarries  of 
Toora,  (on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  seven  miles  above  Cairo,) 
whence  was  taken  the  stone  used  in  building  the  Pyramids  of 
Gizeh,  and  other  and  much  later  structures  in  Egypt.  The  bodies 
were  covered  with  coarse  matting,  and  enclosed  in  sarcophagi,  and 
are  doubtless  the  remains  of  quarrymen.  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate 
2,  fig.  9. 

17.  850.  Pelasgic  form  :  man,  aetat.  70.  I.  C  86.  Crania  iEgypti- 
aca,plate  6,  fig.  4. 

18.  859.  Pelasgic  form  :  woman,  setat.  80.  Hair  long  and  fine.  I. 
C.  82.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  5. 

19.  868.  Pelasgic  form  :  child. 

20.  873.  Pelasgic  ?  form  :  man  of  80.     I.  C.  88. 

21.  875i  Pelasgic  form  :  woman,  setat.  70,  with  long,  fine  hair.  I. 
C.  73.     Crania  jEgyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  9. 

22.  884.  Pelasgic  form  :  woman,  aetat.  30,  with  a  profusion  of  long, 
silky  hair.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  8. 


Pelasgic  (884). 
23.     893.  Pelasgic  form  :  man  of  60.     Thebes.     F.  A.  81°.     I.  C. 
85.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  3. 
Nos.  798  to  893  from  G.  Ft.  Gliddon,  Esq. 


3 


34  CATALOGUE  OF 

IX.  SEMITIC  RACE. 

(^Case  2.) 
Arahs. 

1.  780.  Baramka,  or  Barmecide  Arab  of  Gemardash  :  man,  setat. 
80.     F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  86. 

2.  781.  Baramka  :  man,  setat.  40.     F.  A.  88°.     I.  C.  84. 

3.  784.  Bedouin  of  the  Eastern  Desert :  man,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  98. 

4.  1296.  Cranium  of  an  embalmed  body  taken  by  Mr.  Fresnel,  A.  D. 
1839,  from  one  of  the  hypogea  called  Maghair-Shudyh,  or  Grot- 
toes of  Jethro,  in  Midian,  east  of  the  Gulf  of  Akaba,  in  Arabia 
Petrsea.     M.  Fresnel,  through  Mr.  Gliddon. 

Nos.  780  to  1296  from  G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq. 

[These  four  heads  are  characterised  by  a  low,  recedent  forehead,  a 
broad  and  flattened  occipital  region,  and  a  comparatively  short 
occipito-frontal  diameter.  They  fall  within  the  brachy-cephalic 
class,  and  have  therefore  been  separated  from  the  group  of  longer 
and  more  oval  Fellah  skulls.     (See  pages  43-4).] 

5.  671,  Os  Frontis  of  a  Midianite. 

Hebrews  [?) 

1.  1299.  Cast  in  plaster  of  a  bas-relief  Semitic  head  brought  by  M. 
Botta  from  the  ruins  of  Khorsabad.     G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq.     1846. 

2.  807.  Semitic  ?  form  :  man,  astat.  30.  F.  A.  74*.  I.  C.  88. 
Crania  ^'Egyptiaca,  plate  2,  fig.  8. 

3.  818.  Semitic  form.  F.  A.  77°.  I.  C.  69.  Crania  ^gyptiaca, 
plate  5,  fig.  4. 

4.  842.  Semitic  form,  Thebes :  man,  setat.  40,  with  smooth,  brown 
hair.     I.  C.  85.     Crania  -^gyptiaca,  plate  11,  fig.  2. 


Semitic  (842). 

5.     845.  Semitic  ?  form  :  man,  with  fine  hair.     I.  C,  92.     Thebes 
Crania  iEgyptiaca,  plate  12,  figs.  1,  2. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  35 

6.  865.  Semitic  form  :  man,  eetat.  40.  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  6, 
fig.  2. 

7.  870.  Semitic  form  :  man,  setat.  30,  with  fine  hair  cut  close.  I. 
C.  79.     Crania  JEgyptiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  8. 

8.  879.  Semitic  form  :  man,  setat.  50.  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  8, 
fig- 2, 

Nos.  807  to  879  from  G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq. 

1.   1361.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  an  Abyssinian  woman.  Prof.  Retzius. 

X.  BERBER  RACE. 

(Case  2.) 
1.       23.  Guanche,  from  a  cave  in  the  island  of  Palma,  one  of  the 
Canaries  :  man,  cetat.  40.    F.  A.  77°.    I.  C.  85.  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren. 

XI.  NILOTIC  RACE. 

{Case  2.) 
Ancient  Thehan  Egyptians. 

1.  48.  Embalmed  head  of  an  Egyptian  girl  eight  years  of  age, 
from  the  Theban  catacombs.  Egyptian  form,  with  a  single  lock  of 
long  fine  hair.  Dissected  by  me  before  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  December  10,  1833. 

2.  60.  Embalmed  head  of  an  Egyptian  lady  about  16  years  of  age, 
brought  from  the  Catacombs  of  El  Gourna,  near  Thebes,  by  the  late 
Antonio  Lebolo,  of  whose  heirs  I  purchased  it,  together  with  the 
entire  body  :  the  latter  I  dissected  before  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  on  the  10th  and  17th  of  December,  1833,  in  presence  of 
eighty  members  and  others.  Egyptian  form,  with  long,  fine  hair. 
Crania  ^^gyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  6. 


Egyptian  (843). 
3.     843.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  setat.  30,  with  long,  fine  hair. 
C.  74.     Thebes.     Crania  iEgyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  4. 


36 


CATALOGUE  OF 


4.     844.  Egyptian  form:  woman,  aetat.  30,  with  long,  fine  hair.    I. 
C.  68.     Thebes.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  1. 


Egyptian  (844.) 

0.  846.  Egyptian  form  :  youth  of  18.  Hair  dark  and  fine.  I.  C.  87. 
Thebes.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  11,  fig.  1. 


Egyptian  (846). 
The  following  crania,  Nos.  847  to  861,  inclusive,  (nine  in  number,) 
are  from  the  Catacombs  of  El  Gourna,  near  Thebes.  This  valuable 
series  was  obligingly  presented  to  me  by  M.  Clot  Bey,  Chief  of  the 
Medical  Staff  of  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt. 

6.  847.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  aetat.  30.     F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  68. 
Crania  iBgyptiaca,  plate  7,  fig.  5. 

7.  848.  Egyptian  form :  woman  of  40.  F.  A.  80°.  I.  C.  82.  Crania 
^Egyptiaca,  plate  7,  fig.  4. 

8.  849.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.  25.     I.  C.  81. 

9.  851.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  getat.  35.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  79. 
Crania  J^gyptiaca,  plate  7,  fig.  1. 

10.  853.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  95.  Crania  ^S^gypti- 
aca,  page  17, 

11.  854.  Egyptian  form  :  girl  of  16.  CraniaiEgyptiaca,  plate7,fig.  6. 

12.  855.  Egyptian  form  :  girl  of  18,  with  very  fine,  longhair.  Crania 
iEgyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  9. 

13.  860.  Egyptian  form  :   man,  aetat.   50.     F.  A.  82°.     I.  C.  SO. 
Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  1. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


37 


14.  861.-  Egyptian  form:  man,  astat.  50.  F.  A.  78o.  I.  C.96.  Crania 
-iEgyptiaca,  plate  7,  fig.  2. 

(Cases  2-3.) 

The  following  fifteen  heads,  862  to  889,  inclusive,  were  obtained  by 
Mr.  Grliddon  from  the  Theban  Catacombs. 

15.  862.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.  60,  with  long,  fine  hair.     I.  C. 
79.     Crania  JEgyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  3. 

16.  866.  Egyptian  form:  woman,  aetat.   20,  with  long,  fine  hair. 
Crania  j3i]gyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  5. 

17.  867.  Egyptian  form  :  man  of  50,  with  fine,  dark  hair.     F.  A. 
78°.     I.  C.  86.  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  8. 

18.  871.  Egyptian  form  :    woman,  aetat.  20.     Crania  ^gyptiaca, 
plate  8,  fig.  4. 

19.  872.  Egyptian  form :    woman,  oetat.  50,  with  long,  fine  hair. 
Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  2. 

20.  876.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  with  fine  hair.     I.  C.  83.     Crania 
iEgyptiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  9. 


Egyptian  (87'7). 
21.     877.  Egyptian  form :  man,  aetat.  40,  with  fine  hair  and  a  short 
beard.     I.  C  89.     Crania  j3i]gyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  5. 


Egyptian  (8Y8). 
22.     878.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.   50,  with  long  smooth   hair. 
I.  C  77.     Crania  j^gyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  1. 


38 


CATALOGUE  OF 


23.  880.  Egyptian   form  :   woman  ?   of  40,  with  short,  fine   hair. 
F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  85.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  7. 

24.  881.  Egyptian  form  :  girl  of  17.     Resembles  the  Hindu  type. 
F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  71.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  6. 

25.  882.  Egyptian  form  :  juvenile  female  head,  with  long,  fine  hair. 
Crania  ^Egyptiaca,  plate  10,  fig.  7. 

26.  883.  Egyptian   form :  man,  setat.  40.     F.  A.  Bl^.     I.  C.  82. 


Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  6. 


27. 

28. 
29. 


886.  Egyptian  form:  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  76. 


30 


^1 


887.  Egyptian  form:  child  of  12  years,  with  long,  fine  hair. 

889.  Egyptian  form:  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  83.     Crania  JEgyp- 
tiaca,  plate  6,  fig.  7. 

894.  Egyptian  form  :  child  of  9  years.  Thebes. 
1044.  Embalmed  head  of  a  Theban  lady  of  30  years.  Mr.  Gliddon. 
This  head,  with  its  long  oval  cranium,  receding  forehead,  gently  aqua- 
line  nose,  retracted  chin,  and  long,  fine  hair,  may  serve  as  a  type  of 
the  pure  Egyptian  stock  ;  a  people  indigenous  to  the  valley  of  the 
Nile ;  Caucasian  in  physical  lineaments  and  philological  relations, 
and  constituting  one  of  the  several  primordial  centres  of  that  widely- 
extended  race.  See  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  pages  17,  37;  and  Trans- 
actions of  the  Ethnological  Society  of  New  York,  vol.  ii.  p.  219. 


Embalmed  female  head  from  the  Catacombs  of  Thebes. 
No.  1044. 

32.  1290.  Ancient  Egyptian,  from  a  tomb  at  Thebes.  Egyptian  form, 
I.  C.  82. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


39 


33.  1293.  Embalmed  head  from  Thebes.     Egyptian  form:  woman, 
aetat.  40,  with  long,  fine  hair. 

34.  1295.  Embalmed  head  of  an  infant  at  birth.     From  Thebes. 
Nos.  1290  to  1295,  inclusive,  were  presented  by  A.  0.  Harris,  Esq., 

of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  A.  D.  1846. 

Ancient  MempMte  Egyptians. 
(^Case  3.) 

1.  796.  Egyptian  form.     F.  A.  75°.    I. 
C  80.     Crania  JEgyptiaca,  page  7. 

2.  797.  Egyptian   form  :    woman,  setat. 
70.  I.e.  76.  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  page  7. 

Nos.  796  and  797  were  exhumed  from  the 
front  of  the  First  or  Northern  Brick 
Pyramid  of  Dashour,  Memphite  necropo- 
lis, by  Mr.  Perring,  Civil  Engineer.  See 
Vyse's  Pyramids  of  Gizeh,  vol.  iii.  page 
60. 

(For  No.   795  see  Copts.) 

Nos.  805  to  816,  ancient  mummied  Egyp- 
tians from  various  parts  of  the  Necropo- 
lis of  Memphis.     From  G.  K.  Gliddon, 
Esq. 
805.  Egyptian  form 


o. 


4. 


F.  A.  83°.     I.  C.  79. 


F.  A.  77°.    I. 


6. 


7. 


8. 
9. 


man,  setat.  50. 
Crania   .^gyp- 
tiaca,  plate  2,  fig.  7. 
806.  Egyptian  form. 
C.  83.    Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  2,  fig.  4. 

809.  Egyptian  form  :  woman.  F.  A. 
78°.  I.e.  81.  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate 
3,  fig.  2. 

810.  Egyptian  form :  woman,  setat.  20. 
F.  A.  780.  I.  C.  86.  Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  2,  fig.  6. 

811.  EGYPTiANform:  woman, setat.  25. 
F.  A.  76°.  I.  C.  73.  Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  3,  fig.  1. 

813.  Egyptian  form:   child,  setat.  8. 
816.  Egyptian  form.    F.A.  78°.    I.  C.92.    Crania  iEgyptiaca, 
plate  3,  fig.  5. 


40  CATALOGUE  OP 

10.  1223.  Memphite  head  :  Egyptian  form.     F.  A.  82o.    Found  with' 
No.  1194,  &c.     (See  next  page.) 

11.  1235.  Ancient  Egyptian:  Egyptian  form,  with  fine,  silk-like  hair. 
Memphite  necropolis.     I.  C.  82.     Dr.  Charles  Pickering. 

12.  1291.  Embalmed  head  from  Memphis.  Egyptian  form  :  girl  of  14. 
Presented  by  A.  C.  Harris,  Esq.,  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.     1846. 

13.  1519.  Egyptian,  from  the  Necropolis  of  Memphis. 

14.  1520.  Egyptian,  from  the  Necropolis  of  Memphis. 

15.  1521.  Egyptian.     Memphis. 

16.  1522.  Egyptian.     Memphis. 

17.  1524.  Egyptian.  Memphite  Necropolis.  Woman,  setat.  60.  I.  C. 
87.*  F.  A.  79^^.  This  is  the  head  of  the  mummy  opened  by  Mr. 
Gliddon  in  Philadelphia,  January,  1851,  and  by  him  presented  to 
me. 

18.  819.  Egyptian  form  :  man.  F.  A.  79*=^.  I.  C.  85.  Crania  ^gyp- 
tiaca,  plate  5,  fig.  1. 

19.  820.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.  40.  F.  A.  76^.  I.  C.  96. 
Crania  j3i]gyptiaca,  plate  5,  fig.  2. 

Nos.  819  and  820  are  from  Arabat-el-Matfoon,  the  ancient  Abydos. 
"  Found  with  Nos.  817  and  818  in  a  pit  containing  scarabsei  and 
ornaments  bearing  the  name  of  Ramses  III.,  (Sesostris,)  and  the 
prenomen  of  Thotmes  IV.,  (Mceris,)  whence  it  is  conjectured  that 
they  may  have  belonged  to  a  period  between  1822  and  1474  years 
before  Christ. — Vide  Rosellini's  Chronology."     Gr.  R.  Gr. 

Alexandrian  Egyptians. 
{Case  3.) 

1.  1266.  Embalmed  head  of  the  pure  Egyptian  form.     I.  C.  77. 

2.  1267.  Embalmed  head  of  the  Egyptian  form. 

o.  1268.  Ancient  Egyptian.  Egyptian  form :  man,  aetat.  60.  I.C.  78. 
The  preceding  three  heads  were  found  in  a  rock-tomb,  with  Greek 
legends,  about  four  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Alexandria.  This  tomb 
was  accidentally  discovered  in  blasting  rocks  for  a  fortification,  A. 
D.  1845,  and  probably  belonged  to  the  Ptolemaic  era.  The  skulls 
were  procured  by  Mr.  Wm.  A.  Gliddon,  and  by  him  presented  to 
me;  A.  D.  1848. 

Egyptians  from  Gizeh. 
{Case  3.) 
The  following  sixteen  ancient  Egyptian  crania  were  obtained  from  the 
tombs  opened  by  Prof  Lepsius  at  the  base  of  the  great  Pyramid  of 


I. 

C. 

93. 

A. 

91 

o 

.  S2°. 

I.  C 

.77. 

A. 

80O 

.     L 

C.  8 

I. 

C. 

79. 

I. 

c. 

83. 

HUMAN    CRANIA,  41 

Gizeh,  and  presented  to  me  by  Mr.  Wm.  A.  Grliddon,  A.  D.  1846. 
See  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, November,  1845. 

1.  1194.  Egyptian  form:  woman,  aetat.  16.     F.  A.  85o.     L  C.  83. 

2.  1195.  Egyptian  form :  man,  stat.  50.     F.  A.  78*.     I.  C  88. 

3.  1196.  Egyptian  form,  »tat.  30,     F.  A.  82^^.    I.  C.  80. 

4.  1197.  Egyptian  form,  setat.  25.     F.  A.  78°.     I.  C.  77. 

5.  1198.  Egyptian  form,  ^tat.  45,     F,  A.  82°. 

6.  1199.  Egyptian  form  :  child  of  ten  years.     F. 

7.  1200.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.  30.     F.  A. 

8.  1201.  Egyptian  form  :  child  of  6  years. 

9.  1202.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  astat,  40.     F. 

10.  1203.  Egyptian  form,  setat.  60.     F.  A.  80'^. 

11.  1204.  Egyptian  form,  cetat.  50.     F.  A.  79°. 

12.  1205.  Egyptian  form,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  91. 

13.  1206.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  jetat.  25.     F.  A.  83°. 

14.  1207.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  setat.  20.     F.  A.  86°.     I.  C.  76. 

15.  1208.  Egyptian  form :  woman,  aetat.  30.     I.  C  86. 

16.  1209.  Egyptian  form :  man,  setat.  60.     F.  A.  79°.     I.  C.  83. 

Kens  or  Ancient  Nubians. 
(Case  3.) 

Nos.  826  to  829,  "  Kens,  or  ancient  Nubians  ?  from  the  pits  at  De- 
bod,  the  ancient  Parembole,  30  miles  south  of  Philae.  Some  writers 
maintain  that  there  are  no  mummies  in  Nubia.  Here  is  proof  to 
the  contrary."     Q.  K.  Q. 

1.  826.  Egyptian  form.  F.  A.  77°.  I.  C.  74.  Crania  ^gyptiaca, 
plate  13. 

'^-  827.  Egyptian  form  :  man,  aetat.  40.  I.  C.  82.  Crania  ^gyp- 
tiaca,  plate  12,  fig.  9. 

3.  828.  Egyptian  form  :  juvenile  head.     F.  A.  90°. 

4.  829.  Egyptian  form.  F.  A.  85°.  I.  C.  70.  Crania  ^gypti- 
aca,  plate  12,  fig.  8. 

Ombite  Egyptians. 

Nos.  830  to  832,  "  Ancient  Egyptians  from  the  pits  at  Koum  Ombos : 
probably  inhabitants  of  the  Ombite  nome."     Gr.  R.  G-. 

1.  830.  Egyptian  form :  woman,  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  77.  Crania 
^gyptiaca,  plate  12,  fig.  3. 

2.  831.  Egyptian  form:  woman;  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  68.  Crania 
iEgyptiaca,  plate  12,  fig.  4. 


42  CATALOGUE  OP 

3.  832.  Egyptian  form  :  woman,  getat.  30.     F.  A.  81*.     I.  C.  68. 

Crania  JEgyptiaca,  plate  12,  fig.  5. 

3Iaabdeh  Egyptians. 

Nos.  833  to  836  :  "  Ancient  Egyptians  from  the  Crocodile  mummy- 
pits  called  Margaret-es- Samoun,  behind  the  village  of  Maabdeh, 
and  opposite  to  Manfaloot.  I  brought  these  from  a  measured  dis- 
tance of  438  feet  under  ground  horizontally,  averaging  twenty  feet 
below  the  surface."     Gr.  K,.  Gr. 

1.  833.  Egyptian  form:  man,  setat.  35;  long  hair  and  a  little  beard. 
Crania  -3i]gyptiaca,  plate  4,  fig.  1. 

2.  834.  Negroid  form :  woman,  setat.  30 ;  hair  long  and  harsh. 
Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  4,  fig.  2. 

•  3.     836.  Egyptian  form :  woman  of  30  years,  with  long,  curling  hair. 
Crania  J^gyptiaca,  plate  4,  fig.  4. 

4.  1292.  Embalmed  Egyptian  from  Maabdeh.  Egyptian  form  : 
woman,  getat.  40,  with  long,  fine  hair.  From  A.  C  Harris,  Esq. 
1846. 

Miscellaneous. 

1.  822.  Egyptian  form :  child  of  12  years.  Exhumed  by  Mr. 
Gliddon  from  tumuli  at  the  island  of  Beggeh,  the  ancient  Senem, 
a  sacred  spot  close  to  Philae  in  Nubia.  Found  with  Nos.  821,  823 
and  824.  "  These  may  have  been  pilgrims  to  the  Temple,  and,  as 
such,  of  any  nation  or  of  any  speech."     G-.  R.  G. 

2.  802.  Egyptian  or  Nilotic  form  :  woman,  getat.  50.  I.  C.  81. 
Crania  uEgyptiaca,  plate  3,  fig.  7.     Gr.  R.  G. 

3.  803.  Egyptian  form :  man,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  82'^.  I.  C.  92. 
Crania  -lEgyptiaca,  plate  3,  fig.  8.     G.  R.  G. 

4.  1240.  Mummied  head  from  Egypt.  Egyptian  ?  form,  with  long, 
fine  hair.     Dr.  C.  Pickering.     1845. 

5.  1317.  Head  of  an  ancient  Egyptian.  Egyptian  form  :  woman, 
setat.  50,  from  a  tomb  at  the  base  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  Dr. 
Charles  Huflfnagle.     1848. 

FellaTis. 

(Case  3.) 
1.     499.  Fellah,  or  Arab-Egyptian  of  Old  Cairo :  man,  setat.  60. 
F.  A.  80«.     I.  C.  94. 
The  Fellalis,  or  Arab-Egyptian  peasants,  are  the  lineal   descendants 
of  the  rural  population  of  ancient  Egypt. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  43 

2.  782.  Fellah  of  Old  Cairo:  woman,  setat.  40.  F.  A.  82«*. 
I.  C.  66. 

3.  783.  Fellah  of  Old  Cairo :  woman,  aetat.  70. 

4.  785.  Fellah  :  woman,  jetat.  20.     F.  A.  79^.     I.  C.  73. 

5.  788.  Fellah  of  Old  Cairo:  woman,  getat.  30.  F.  A.  74*^. 
I.  C.  74. 

6.  999.  Fellah  of  Egypt :  girl  of  16.     F.  A.  78«.     I.  C.  72. 

7.  766.  Fellah  or  Arab-Egyptian  of  tlie  Owlad-el-belled,  or  bet- 
ter class,  from  Bab-el-Nasr,  in  Lower  Egypt :  woman,  aetat.  70. 
I.  C.  77. 

8.  767.  Fellah  :  man,  setat.  70.     F.  A.  80».     I.  C.  85. 

9.  768.  Fellah  :  man,  aetat.  70.     I.  C.  96. 

10.  769.  Fellah:  woman,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  81. 

11.  770.  Fellah  of  the  better  class  :  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  83. 

12.  771.  Fellah  of  Lower  Egypt :  woman,  setat.  70.     F.  A.  75*. 

L  C.  78. 

13.  772.  Fellah   of  Lower   Egypt:  man,   ^tat.    30.     F.  A.  73^. 
L  C.  74. 

14.  773.  Fellah  of  Lower  Egypt :   woman,  aetat.  20.     F.  A.  75*. 
L  C.  76. 

Nos.  766  to  770,  inclusive,  were  merely  marked  Arab,  but  tbey  are 

all  obviously  Fellahs. 
Nos.  771  to  773,  inclusive,  I  refer  to  the  same  people,  though  sent 

me  as  Jewish  crania. 

15.  774.  Fellah  :  village-chief,  or  "  Sheik-el-belled,"  from  Shubra, 
setat.  80.     I.  C.  88. 

16.  775.  Fellah  of  Shubra :  woman  of  70.     I.  C.  75. 

17.  776.  Fellah   of  Shubra,  in   Lower  Egypt :   woman,  aetat.  20. 
F.  A.  79^^.     L  C.  74. 

18.  778.  Fellah  of  Mattorieh,  (Heliopolis,)  in  Lower  Egypt :  woman, 
£etat.  30.     F.  A.  75°.     I.  C.  72. 

19.  779.  Fellah  of  Mattorieh  :  woman,  aetat.  40.    F.  A.  80''.    I.  C 
86. 

Nos.  499  to  779,  from  G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq. 

[Nos.  499,  774  and  766  to  770,  inclusive,  have  been  labelled  by 
Dr.  Morton  ''  Arab."  But  the  osteological  diflPerences  between  these 
"  Arabs"  and  the  "  Fellahs"  with  which  they  are  associated,  ap- 
pear to  me  entirely  too  slight  to  warrant  their  separation.  In  the 
accompanying  engravings,  taken  from  Crania  ^gyptiaca,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  so-called  Arab  differ  from  the  Fellah  skulls  main- 
ly in  having  a  somewhat  more  recedent  forehead.     The  former  are 


44 


CATALOGUE  OF 


probably  the  hybrid  offspring  of  Fellah  and  Arabian  parents,  the 
Fellah  element  predominating.     (See  page  34.) 


XII.  INDOSTANIC  RACE. 

Ayras  (?) 
(Case  4.) 
1.  1329.  Hindu  fanatic  from  Juggernaut :  woman,  aetat.  25.  I.  C.  86. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


45 


2.  1330.  Sumboo-sing,  a  Hindu  of  the   Brahmin  caste,  hans;ed  at 
Calcutta  for  murder,  December,  1840.     Mta.t.  40.     I.  C  91. 


Hindu  (1330). 

3.  1331.  Hindu  fanatic  from  Juggernaut,  A.  D.  1839,  a  beautiful 
head  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  87. 

4.  1332.  Gunga-Govind,  Hindu,  eetat.  40.     T.  C.  86. 

5.  1334.  Sepoy,  or  Hindu  soldier,  with  cicatrised  fracture  and  de- 
pression of  the  right  frontal,  malar  and  superior  maxillary  bone?. 
^tat.  40.     L  C.  86. 

6.  1335.  Hindu  from  the  hospital  of  Calcutta,  with  syphilitic  per- 
forating ulcers  of  the  ci'aniura.     Man,  aetat.  60-     I.  C.  81. 

The  preceding  six  skulls,  Nos.  1329  to  1335,  inclusive,  were  pro- 
cured in  Calcutta  by  my  friend  Dr.  Charles  Huffnagle,  and  by  him 
presented  to  me,  A.  D.  1847. 

7.  712.  Thugg  of  India,  executed  at  Calcutta  for  murder  :  man, 
aetat.  30.  F.  A.  80°.  I.  C.  90.  Presented  by  Dr.  Martin,  of 
Calcutta,  through  W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

713.  Thugg,  executed  with  the  preceding,  and  presented  by  Dr. 
Martin,  through  W.  A.  Foster,  Esq.  Woman,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  76^. 
I.  C.  79. 


8. 


Bengalees. 

(Case  4.) 

4.  Bengalee  child  of  twelve  years. 

5.  Bengalee  child  of  six  years. 

6.  Bengalee  :  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  81*^.     I.  C.  85. 
8.  Hindu  of  Bengal:  woman,  tetat.  30.     I.  C.  73. 

Nos.  4  to  8  were  presented  by  Dr.  Burrough. 
5.       19.  Bengalee  child  of  5  years.     From  Dr.  Joseph  Carson. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 


46  CATALOGUE  OP 

6.  20.  Hindu  of  Bengal:  man,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  78.     Dr.  Bur- 
rough. 

7.  25.  Hindu  of  Bengal:   woman,  £etat.  25.     I.  C.  74.     Wm. 
Cobb  Hurry,  Esq. 

8.  28.  Bengalee  child  of  seven  years. 

9.  29.  Bengalee  child  of  five  years. 

10.  31.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  woman  astat.  30.     I.  C.  67. 

11.  32.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  girl  of  twelve  years. 
Nos.  28  to  32  from  Dr.  Burrough. 

12.  49.  Hindu  :  man,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  90.     Dr.  Joseph  Carson. 
18.       51.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  woman,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  77".     I.  C 

70.     Dr.  Joseph  Carson. 

14.  83.   Hindu  of  Bengal  :  girl  of  16.  I.  C.'67.  Dr.  James  Mease. 

15.  410.  Hindu  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  84. 

16.  411.  Hindu  :  man,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  86. 

17.  413.  Hindu  :  man,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  83°.     I.  C.  79. 
Nos.  410  to  413  from  Henry  Piddington,  Esq.,  of  Calcutta. 

18.  432,  Hindu  of  Bengal:  man,  aetat.  25.     I.  C.  86. 

19.  442.  Bengalee  :  woman,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  79°.     I.  C.  69. 

20.  443.  Bengalee  :  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  84. 

21.  444.  Bengalee  :  man,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  81. 
Nos.  443  and  444  from  Dr.  Joseph  Carson. 

22.  547.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  woman,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  85. 

23.  553.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  man,  eetat.  30.     I.  C.  83. 

24.  554.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  75. 
Nos.  553  and  554  from  H.  Piddington,  Esq. 

25.  948.  Bengalee  :  man,  setat.  40.    I.  C.  76-5. 

26.  1309.  Hindu  :  man,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  84. 

27.  1310.  Hindu  :  woman,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  74. 

28.  1311.  Hindu  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  78. 

29.  1312.  Hindu  :  woman,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  73. 
Nos.  1309  to  1312  from  Dr.  James  Mease. 

30.  1344.  Hindu  of  Bengal  :  man,  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  75.  Brought 
from  India  with  other  crania,  by  Dr.  Mead,  and  presented  to  me. 
on  his  behalf,  by  Dr.  John  Watson,  of  New  York,  1847. 

31.  1554.  Hindu  :  found  on  the  margin  of  the  Ganges,  by  Dr.  C.  B. 
Matthews.  Presented  by  Dr.  B.  H.  Coates,  March  2d,  1852. 
I.  C. 

32.  1047.  Bengalee  :  woman,  setat.  40.  I.  C.  67.  From  Dr.  T.  R. 
Calhoun. 

33.  665.  Hindu,  deposited  by  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


47 


04.  101.  Hindu  :  young  woman. 

05.  111.  Hindu  (?)     The  three  preceding  skulls  are  of  uncertain 
locality, 

XIII.  INDO-CHINESE   RACE. 

1.  666.  Skull  of  a  Burmese  soldier. 

2.  667.  Skull  of  a  Burmese  soldier.     Both  from  the  late  Dr.  Har- 
lan's collection.     Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 


1. 


5. 


<5. 


II.  MONGOLIAN  aHOUP. 


I.  CHINESE    RACE. 


{Case  4.) 

3.  Chinese  :  man,  astat.  60.  Born  in  the  province  of  Canton, 
I.  C.  89.  Dr.  J.  K.  Mitchell.  This  man  and  three  accomplices 
were  executed  for  murder. 

56,  Chinese  :  man/  astat.  60.  I.  C.  91.  Dr.  T.  F.  Betton, 
1833. 

94.  Chinese  :  man,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  70.  One  of  the  seventeen 
pirates  who  attacked  and  took  the  French  ship  "  Le  Navigateur" 
in  the  China  Sea.     Dr.  Ruschcnberger. 


C.  83. 


Dr.  Door- 


man, 


Chinese  (94). 

426.  Chinese  of  Canton  :  man,  aetat.  40. 
uik. 

427.  Chinese,   hanged   for  forgery  at  Batavia,  in  Java 
aetat.  30.     F.  A.  78°.     I.   C.  83.'    Dr.  Doornik. 

550.  Chinese  of  Canton  :  woman,  ^tat.  40.     I.  C.  75. 
1336.  Chinese,  hanged   at  Singapore  for   piracy,  A.  D.  1845. 
Man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  98.     The  face  in  this  instance  conforms  in 
every  respect  to  the  Mongolian  type,  but  the  cranium  is  one  of  the 


48 


CATALOGUE  OF 


10 


11 


most  beautiful  I  have  ever  seen  among  any  race  or  nation.  Pro- 
cured in  Calcutta  by  my  friend  Dr.  Charles  Huffnagle,  and  by  him 
presented  to  me,  A.  D.  1847. 

8.  1526.  Chinese  child,  setat.  From  Cumsingmoom.    J.  Hop- 
kinson,  M.  D.,  U.  S.  N. 

9.  1527.  Cochin-Chinese  from  Turon  Bay.     Man,  aetat.  I.  V. 
91.5.     J.  Hopkinson,  M.  D.,  U.  S.  N. 

669,  Chinese.    From  Dr.  B.  McCarta,  M.  D. 
W.  P.  Johnson.     I.  C.  85. 

670.  Ningpo-Chinese,     From  Dr.  McCarta. 
J.  Carson.     I.  C.  84-5. 


Deposited  by  Mr. 
Presented  by  Dr. 


II.  JAPANESE  RACE. 

668.  Japanese.   Presented  by  Dr.  A.  M.  Lynch,  U.  S.  N.  I.  C. 
80. 


Japanese  (668.) 

1.  672.  Cranium  of  a  Loo  Choo  Islander. 

2.  673.  Cranium  of  a  Loo  Choo  Islander. 

No3.  672  and  673  were  presented  by  Dr.  B.  Vreeland,  Passed  Assist- 
ant Surgeon,  U.  S.  N.     (See  page  52,  note.) 

III.  HYPERBOREAN  RACE. 

{Case  4.) 
1.   1355.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  young  Burat-Mongol.     Professor 
Retzius. 


1.     725.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Kamschatkan  female.     Dr.  0.  b'. 

Fowler. 

[^It  is  long  and  flat,  and  presents  quite  a  different  proportion  between 

the  bi-temporal,  longitudinal  and  vertical  diameters  from  what  we 

find  in  the  heads  of  the  true  Hyperboreans.     The  low,  flat,  and 


HUMAN  CKANIA.  49 

smootti  forehead  is  devoid  of  the  keel-like  formation  perceptible  in 
the  Eskimo.  The  carinated  ridge  makes  its  appearance  along  the 
middle  and  posterior  part  of  the  inter-parietal  suture.  The  widest 
transverse  diameter  is  near  the  superior  edge  of  the  temporal  bone ; 
from  this  point  the  diameter  contracts  both  above  and  below.  As 
in  the  Eskimo,  the  occiput  is  full  and  prominent,  as  is  also  the 
posterior  surface  of  the  parietal  bones,  which  surface,  in  the  Eski- 
mo, however,  is  flat.  The  forehead  inclines  upwards  and  back- 
wards to  a  prominence  in  the  middle  of  the  inter-parietal  suture, 
from  which  point  it  is  rounded  off  posteriory.  The  face  forms  a 
broad  oval ;  the  orbits  are  large,  deep,  and  have  their  transverse 
ax*  at  right  angles  with  the  median  line  of  the  face.  The  malar 
bones,  though  large,  are  neither  so  prominent  nor  high  as  in  the 
Eskimo.  They  are  laterally  compressed,  more  rounded,  and  less 
flared  out  at  their  inferior  margin  in  the  Polar  man.  The  anterior 
nares  are  flat  and  smooth,  and  the  alveolar  arch  somewhat  more 
prominent  than  in  the  typical  Eskimo,  as  is  shown  by  comparing 
them  by  the  norma  verticalis.  Upon  examining  the  basis  cranii, 
we  observe,  at  once,  the  globular  fulness  of  tbe  occipital  region, 
and  an  alteration  in  the  general  configuration  of  the  base,  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  true  Arctic  skull.  The  greatest  breadth  is 
not  confined  to  the  zygomatic  region,  for  lines  drawn  from  the  most 
prominent  point  of  the  zygomae  to  the  most  prominent  point  of  the 
mastoid  process,  on  either  side,  are  parallel  to  each  other.] 

1.  1553.  Kalmuck.    Presented  by  Charles   Cramer,  Esq.,  of  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia.     F.  A.  8P.     I.  C.  93-75. 


Kalmuck  (1553). 

rin  the  accompanying  figure,  the  reader  will  observe  that  the  cra- 

4 


50  CATALOGUE  OF 

nium  is  nearly  globular,  while  the  forehead  is  broad,  flat,  and  less 
receding  than  in  the  Eskimo  and  Kamtskatkan.  Without  being 
ridged  or  keel-like,  the  median  line  of  the  cranium  forms  a  regular 
arch,  the  most  prominent  point  of  which  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
coronal  and  sagittal  sutures.  Behind  and  above  the  meatus,  the 
head  swells  out  into  a  globe  or  sphere,  instead  of  tapering  away 
postero-laterally  towards  the  median  line,  as  in  the  Eskimo  crania. 
This  appearance  is  also  well  seen  in  the  head  figured  by  Blumen- 
bach.*  He  says  of  it,  "habitus  totius  cranii  quasi  inflatus  et 
tumidus."  The  eye  at  once  detects  the  striking  difi'erence  between 
the  facial  angle  of  this  cranium  and  that  of  the  Eskimo  figured  on 
the  next  page.  In  the  latter,  the  facial  bones  resemble  a  huge  wedge 
lying  in  front  of  the  head  proper.  This  appearance,  it  is  true,  is 
somewhat  dependent  upon  the  obtuseness  of  the  angle  of  the  lower 
jaw,  but  mainly,  as  will  be  seen,  upon  the  prominent  chin  and 
prognathous  jaw.  In  the  Kalmuck,  the  facial  bones  form  a  sort 
of  oblong  figure,  and  are  by  no  means  so  prominent.  The  face  is 
broad,  flat,  and  square ;  the  superciliary  ridges  are  massive  and 
prominent ;  the  orbits  are  large,  and  directed  somewhat  outwards  ; 
the  ossa  nasi  are  broad  and  rather  flat,  forming  an  obtuse 
angle  with  each  other ;  the  malar  bones  are  large,  strong,  protuber- 
ant, and  roughly  marked.] 

1.  1248.  Laplander  :  man,  aetat.  40.    I.  C.  94.  ' 

2.  1250.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Lapland  child  two  years  of  age. 

3.  1257.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Lapland  woman. 

4.  1552.  True  Laplander.     F.  A.  83-5°.    1.  C.  102. 

5.  1551.  Hybrid  Laplander.     F.  A.  83°.     I.  C.  78.75. 
The  preceding  5  skulls  from  Prof.  Ketzius. 

1.  1558.  Eskimo  skull.  Presented  to  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane  by  Surgeon 
Donnet  of  H.  M.  S.  Assistance,  North  Baffin's  Bay.  Lat.  76o  30'  N. 
L  C.  98.  F.  A.  73°. 
[The  following  brief  resum6  of  the  characteristics  of  an  Eskimo  cra- 
nium will  serve  as  a  commentary  upon  the  accompanying  flgures, 
which  represent  the  front  and  lateral  views  of  the  head  above  men- 
tioned (No.  1558).  The  male  Eskimo  skull  is  large,  long,  narrow, 
pyramidal ;  greatest  breadth  near  the  base  ;  sagittal  suture  promi- 
nent and  keel-like,  in  consequence  of  the  angular  junction  of  the 

*  Tab.  XIV.  of  the  Decades. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


51 


parietal  aad  two  halves  of  the  frontal  boaes ;  proportion  between 
length  of  head  and  height  of  face  as  7  to  5  ;  proportion  between 
cranial  and  facial  halves  of  the  occipito-mental  diameter  as  4^  to 
5 ;  attachment  for  the  temporal  muscle  large  ;  zygomatic  fossae 
deep  and  capacious  j  mastoid  processes  thick  and  prominent  j  gle- 


Lateral  view  of  Cranium.  Front  view  of  same. 

BsKtMO   (1558). 
(^From  Dr.  Kands  First  Artie  Voyage.) 

noid  cavity  capacious,  and  adapted  to  considerable  lateral  motion 
of  the  condyles ;  forehead  flat  and  receding ;  occiput  full  and  sa- 
lient ;  face  broad  and  lozenge-shaped,  the  greatest  breadth  being 
just  below  the  orbits  ;  malar  bones  broad,  high,  and  prominent,  the 
external  surface  looking  antero-laterally ;  orbits  large  and  straight ; 
zygomatic  arches  massive  and  widely  separated ;  length  of  the  face 
one  inch  less  than  the  breadth ;  nasal  bones  flat,  narrow,  and  united 
at  an  obtuse  angle,  sometimes  lying  in  the  same  plane  as  the  naso- 
maxillary processes ;  superior  maxilla  massive  and  prognathous, 
its  anterior  surface  flat  and  smooth,  superior  alveolar  margin  oval ; 
inferior  margin  of  anterior  nares  flat,  smooth,  inclining  forwards 
and  downwards ;  inferior  maxilla  large,  long,  and  triangular ;  semi- 
lunar notch  quite  shallow;  angles  of  the  jaw  flared  out,  and  chin 
prominent ;  teeth  large,  and  worn  in  such  a  manner  as  to  present, 
in  the  upper  jaw,  an  inclination  from  without  inwards,  upwards, 
and  laterally,  and  in  the  lower  jaw,  just  the  reverse ;  antero-pos- 
terior  diameter  of  cuspids  greater  than  the  transverse ;  configuration 
of  the  basis  cranii  triangular,  with  the  base  of  the  triangle  forward 
between  the  zygomae,  the  truncated  apex  looking  posteriorly ; 
breadth  of  base  about  one-half  the  length ;  shape  of  foramen  mag- 


52  CATALOGUE  OP 

num  an  irregular  oval ;  anterior  margin  of  foramen  magnum  on  a 
line  with  the  posterior  edge  of  the  external  meati. 
The  female  cranium  differs  from  the  male  in  being  smaller,  lighter, 
and  presenting  a  smoother  surface  and  more  delicate  structure. 
The  malar  bones  are  less  massive,  the  face  not  quite  so  broad, 
and  the  anterior  surface  of  the  superior  maxilla  concave  rather 
than  flat.] 

2.  1559.  Eskimo.     Taken  by  Dr.  Kane,  from  the  Eider  duck  resorts, 
near  the  "  Three  Islands  of  Baffin."  Lat.  73°  50'  N.    I.  C.  84.25 
F.  A. 

3.  1550,  Eskimo.  Taken  from  a  low  island  off  Storoe.  Lat.  72° 
15'  N.     I.  C.  80.5.     F.  A. 

4.  1561.  Eskimo  from  Storoe.     I.  C.  81.     F.  A. 

The  above  4  crania  were  presented  to  the  Academy  by  the  late  Dr.  E.  K. 
Kane,  U.  S.  N.,  of  the  Glrinnell  Arctic  Expedition. 

5.  1562.  Eskimo  skull  obtained  by  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane  from  an  ancient 
grave  or  cairn,  at  the  Eskimo  village  of  Etah,  north  of  Cape  Alex- 
ander.    Presented  by  Dr.  J.  K.  Kane,  Aug.  12,  1856. 

6.  1563>  Eskimo  skull  from  the  Danish  settlement  of  Upernavick, 
Presented  by  Dr.  S.  W.  Mitchell,  Aug.  12,  1856. 

7.  674,  Eskimo  skull. 

8.  675.  Eskimo  skull. 

9.  576.  Eskimo  skull. 

10.  677.  Eskimo  skull. 

11.  678,  Eskimo  skull. 

12.  679.  Eskimo  skull. 

13.  200.  Eskimo  skull. 


These  crania  were  procured  at  God- 
havn.  Disco  Island,  coast  of  Grreenland, 
by  Dr.  B.  Vreeland,  U.  S.  N.,  and  by  him 
kindly  presented  to  the  Academy."^ 


III.  MALAY  GROUP. 

I.  MALAYAN  RACE. 

[Case  5.) 

1.       41.  Tagelos  Malay,  native  of  the  Island  of  Luzon  (Luconia) 
in  the  Manilla  Sea,     Woman,  setat.  30.    I.  C.  68.     Dr.  Burrough. 

*  The  above  seven  Eskimo  crania,  together  with  the  two  Loo  Chooan  skulls 
recorded  on  page  48  were  opportunely  received  from  Dr.  Vreeland,  while  the 
sheets  of  this  and  the  preceding  'i  signatures"  of  the  Catalogue  were  passing 
through  the  press,  April  *rth,  1837.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  introduction  of 
these  nine  heads  in  their  appropriate  places  increases  the  total  number  of  skulls 
in  the  Collection  from  1035  to  1044,  and  causes  the  Catalogue  to  differ  slightly 
from  the  tabular  enumeration  given  on  page  15, 


HUMAN   CRANIA.  53 

2.  495.  Malay  of  Ceylon;    Singalese  :  man,  astat.  20.     L  C.  85. 
Dr.  Ptuschenberger. 

3.  1338.  Malay  of  Amboyna;  Saparoua:  man,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  73. 

4.  459.  Malay  of  Amboyna ;  man,  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  84.  Dr.  Ruschen- 
berger. 

5.  430.  Malay  of  Amboyna ;  man,  ajtat.  30.    F.  A.  73°.    I.  C.  92. 

6.  460.  Malay  of  Malacca  :  man,  setat.  40.  I.  0.  77.  Dr.  Kuschen- 
berger. 

7.  546.  Malay  of  Macassar  :  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  92. 

8.  429.  Malay  of  Macassar,  in  the  Island  of  Celebes  :   man,  aetat. 
50.     F.  A.  820.     I.  C.  97. 

9.  1340.  Malayan  of  Macassar  :  man,  astat.  40.     I.  C.  77. 

10.  1341i  Javanese  Malay  :  man,  setat.  35.     I.  C.  83. 

11.  545.  Javanese  Malay  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C  81. 

12.  46:  Javanese  Malay  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  93.     Dr.  Mead. 

13.  428.  Javanese  of  the  District  of  Djogocarta :  man,  setat.  20. 
I.  C.  88. 

14.  47.  Malay  of  tbe  Island  of  Bally,  coast  of  Java.     F.  A.  69°. 
I.  C.  82.     Dr.  Mead. 


Malay  (47). 

15.  1337.  Malayan,  banged  at  Singapore  for   piracy,  A.  D.  1845. 
Man,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  96. 

16.  425.  Malay  of  Borneo  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  91. 

17.  1186.  Malay  of  Borneo  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  89.     Hanged  at 
Batavia  for  piracy,  A.  D.  1826.  From  Dr.  Jones,  of  New  Orleans. 

18.  1316.  Malay  child  :  Island  of  Gee  Foo.     H.  Piddington,  Esq. 

19.  543.  Malay  :  man,  aetat.  iO.     I.  C.  96. 

20.  544.  Malay  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  91. 

21.  1339.  Malayan  of  Madura  :  man,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  96. 

22.  424.  Malay  of  the  Island  of  Madura,  in  the  Indian  Archipelago  : 
man,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  80. 


54  CATALOGUE  OP 

28.     201.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Madurese.    Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 
24.     433.  Malay  of  the  Island  of  Sumbawa  :  man,  ^tat.  30.  I.  C.  80. 
Nos.  1338,  1339,  1840  and  1341   were  brought  from  India  by  Dr. 
Mead,  and  presented  to  me  on  his  behalf,  by  Dr.  John  Watson,  of 
New  York,  1847. 
Nos.  424,  425,  428,  429,  480  and  433  are  from  Dr.  Doornik. 
Nos.  543, 544,  545  and  54G,  from  Dr.  Doornik's  collection,  were  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Jones  of  New  Orleans,  through  B.  F.  French,  Esq. 

Dyahs. 

1.  1523.  Skull  of  a  Dyak  woman,  prepared  as  a  trophy  according  to 
the  usage  of  these  people.  Obtained  in  an  assault  upon  a  native 
village,  on  the  river  Barya,  near  Pontianck,  in  the  S.  W.  region  of 
Borneo.  Brought  from  Sarawak,  in  that  Island,  A.  D.  1850,  by 
Mr.  Wm.  A.  Gliddon,  and  by  him  presented  to  me.  I.  C.  81. 
^tat.  25. 

2.  1525,  Kiong-Dyak,  from  the  dead-house  of  those  people,  in  the 
interior  of  Borneo  :  Woman,  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  86.  From  J.  Hop- 
kinson,  M.  D.,  U.  S.  N. 

II.  POLYNESIAN  RACE. 

Ka7iahas. 
[Case  5.) 

1.  564.  Kanaka,  of  Oahu  :  woman.     I.  C.  82. 

2.  565.  Kanaka,  or  Sandwich  Islander  of  Oahu.     I.  C.  83. 

3.  566.  Kanaka,  or  Sandwich  Islander  of  Oahu  :  man. 

These  three  skulls,  Nos.  564,  565,  566,  were  presented  to  Dr.  Rusch- 
enberger  by  a  chief  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Dr.  R.  having  so- 
licited them  for  scientific  purposes.  Two  of  these  skulls  have  the 
face-bones  completely  and  somewhat  skilfully  separated  from  the 
head  ;  which,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  was  a  customary  usage  in  the 
performance  of  human  sacrifices  :  and  these  remains  were  probably 
disinterred  from  that  part  of  the  Moral  devoted  in  former  years  to 
this  class  of  persons.  Capt.  Cook's  head,  when  restored  to  his 
friends  after  his  murder  at  Owyhee,  had  been  divided  precisely  in 
this  way,  although  but  a  few  days  had  elapsed.  See  Cook's  Third 
Voyage,  Volume  2,  page  80. 

4.  572.  Kanaka  of  the  Sandwich  Islands :  man,  jetat.  40.  F.  A. 
78°.     I.  C.  84.     Dr.  J.  K.  Townsend. 

[This  head  afi'ords  a  good  idea  of  the  general  cranial  type  of  Poly- 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  55 

nesia.     It  is  elongated;  the  forehead  recedent ;  the  face  long  and 
oval  J  the  breadth  between  the  orbits  considerable ;   the  alveolar 


Kanaka  (572). 

margin  of  the  superior  maxillary  slightly  prominent ;  the  lower 
jaw  large  and  regularly  rounded.  The  breadth  and  shortness  of  the 
base  and  the  peculiar  flatness  of  the  sub-occipital  region  give  to  the 
whole  head  an  elongated  or  drawn-out  appearance.] 

5.  695.  Kanaka  of  Oahu  :  girl  of  10  years.  F.  A.  82^'.     Dr.  J.  K. 
Townsend. 

6.  1300.  Kanaka,  ornative  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  :  man,  astat.  40. 
I.  C.  82.     Lt.  I.  G.  Strain,  U.  S.  N.     1846. 

7.  1308.  Head  of  a  Kanaka  or  Sandwich  Islander  :  woman?  aetat. 
30.     Dr.  Gibbon. 

New-Zealanders,  Marquesas,  Sfc. 

1.  680.  New  Zealand  chief:  tattooed.     Dr.  Samuel  McClellan. 

2.  1324,  Head  of  a  New  Zealand  chief,  embalmed  according  to  the 
custom  of  those  Islanders. 

3.  1325.  Head  of  a  New  Zealander,  prepared  in  the  same  manner 
as  No.  1324. 

4.  202,  New  Zealand  head,  tattooed.  From  the  late  Dr.  Harlan's 
collection.     Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 

1.  1531,  Marquesas  skull  from  the  village  of  Whytahoo,  Kesolu- 
tion  Bay,  in  the  Island  of  Christina,  where  it  was  obtained  in  1841, 
by  Lt.  H.  A.  Steele,  U.  S.  N.,  for  Dr.  L.  P.  Bush,  and  by  the 
latter  presented  to  me.  F.  A.  82°.  I.  C.  90.5.  The  Christina 
Islanders  are  cannibals. 
[This  head  exhibits  a  narrow,  dolicho-cephalic  form ;  the  frontal  re- 
gion flat  and  narrow ;  the  posterior  region  broad  and  ponderous  ; 


56 


CATALOGUE  OF 


the  face  massive  and  roughly  marked ;  the  superior  maxilla  more 
everted  than  in  the  Sandwich  Islander ;  altogether  a  low  and  brutal 
form.] 

IV.  AMERICx\N  aEOUP. 

I.  BARBAROUS   RACE. 
a.    NORTH    AMERICANS. 

(Case  5.) 
Arickarees. 

1.  649,  Indian  of  the  Arickaree  tribe  of  Upper  Missouri :  woman, 
ffitat.  40.     F.  A.  IQ".     I.  C.  73.     Dr.  B.  B.  Brown. 

2.  949.  Arickaree  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri:  woman,  setat. 
20,  with  the  frontal  suture.     I.  C.  75.     Mr.  J.  N.  Nicollet. 

.3.  748.  Arickaree  Indian  of  Missouri :  woman,  setat.  50.  I.  C- 
80.     From  Mr.  J.  N.  Nicollet. 

Assindboins. 

1.  659.  AssiNABOiN  Indian  of  Upper  Missouri:  man  setat.  50. 
F.  A.  79°.     I.  C.  101.     Dr.  B.  B.  Brown  of  St.  Louis. 

2.  1230.  AssiNABOiN  Indian  of  Missouri :  woman,  setat.  20.  I.  C.  85. 

3.  1231.  AssiNABOiN  woman,  setat.  18.     I.  C.  85. 

Nos.  1230  and  1231  from  J.  J.  Audubon,  Esq.,  A.  D.  1845. 

Cherokees. 

1.  632.  Cherokee?  woman,  setat.  20.  F.  A.  77°.  I.  C  90.  "  From 
a  cave  at  Springtown,  north  of  the  river  Hiwassee,  and  near  an 
ancient  battle-ground.  The  form  of  the  cranium  and  the  develop- 
ments are  strikingly  characteristic  of  the  mountain  Cherokee  of  the 
present  day." 

2.  633.  Cherokee?  girl  of  14.  F.  A.  76°.  Found  with  the  pre- 
ceding. 

3.  634.  Cherokee  :  woman,  aetat.  20.     F.  A.  74°.     I.  C.  84. 

4.  635.  Cherokee  child,  eight  years  of  age. 

Nos.  632  to  635,  inclusive,  from  Dr.  Martin,  U.  S.  A. 

5.  1285,  Cherokee,  from  a  mound  in  South  Carolina.  I.  C.  96. 
Dr.  Hardy,  of  Ashville,  North  Carolina. 

6.  1297.  Cherokee:  man,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  84.  From  South  Caro- 
lina.    Dr.  Hardy. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  57 

CJietimaches. 

1.  43i  Chetimache  Indian  of  Louisiana  :  man,  setat.  40.  F.  A, 
770.     I.  C.  84.     See  No.  70.     Dr.  Le  Beau. 

2.  70i  Chetimache  Indian  of  Louisiana:  woman,  aetat.  50.  F.  A. 
71°.  I.  C.  75.  Dr.  J.  Le  Beau.  See  Crania  Americana,  plate 
19  and  page  163. 

CMnooks. 

1.  457.  Chinook  Indian  of  Oregon  :  woman,  aetat.  60.  F.  A.  73*^, 
I.  C.  82.     Natural  form.     Dr.  John  K.  Mitchell. 

2.  462.  Skull  of  a  Chinook  chief  of  Oregon,  greatly  flattened  by  art : 
aetat.  60.  F.  A.  72^^.  I.  C.  72.  From  Dr.  J.  K.  Townsend,  who  also 
brought  me  the  cradle  and  other  apparatus  by  means  of  which  this 
singular  distortion  is  produced.  See  Crania  Americana^  page  208 
and  plate  43. 

3.  578.  Chinook  slave  of  Oregon  :  head  of  the  natural  form. 
Woman,  aetat.  40.  F.  A.  76°.  I.  C.  75.  Dr.  Townsend.  Crania 
Americana,  plate  42  and  page  207. 

4.  641,  Indian  child  of  the  Chinook  tribe,  about  four  years  old  : 
much  flattened  by  art.     Dr.  J.  K.  Townsend. 

5.  721.  Skull  of  a  Chinook  Indian,  flattened  by  art :  man,  aetat.  50. 
Columbia  River.     L  C.  88.     W.  Slakum,  Esq.,  U.  S.  N. 

6.  1349.  Skull  of  a  Chinook  child  six  years  old,  flattened  by  art. 
From  Port  Discovery,  Straits  of  Fuca.  Dr.  Wm.  Maxwell  Wood, 
U.  S.  N.     1847. 

7.  1350.  Entire  desiccated  body  of  a  Chinook  infant,  aged  about 
two  years.  The  head  is  greatly  flattened  by  artificial  processes. 
From  Dr.  Wm.  Maxwell  Wood,  U.  S.  N.     1847. 

S.  203.  Chinook  skull  from  Clatsop.  Presented  by  Dr.  J.  H.  B* 
McClellan,  May  5th,  1856. 

(^Case  6.) 
Cliippeioays. 

1.  683.  Chippeway  warrior  of  Upper  Canada,  aetat.  50.  F.  A.  84°. 
I.  C.  97.  H.  R.  Schoolcraft,  Esq.  Crania  Americana,  plate  28 
and  page  177. 

2.  684.  Chippeway  Indian  :  man,  aetat.  30.  F.  A.  73°.  L  C.  85. 
Prof.  Eaton. 

Cotonays. 

1.  744.  Cotonay  or  Black-foot  Indian,  of  the  Rocky  mountains  : 
man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  94.     From  Mr.  J.  N.  Nicollet. 

2.  745.  Cotonay  or  Black-foot :  woman,  aetat.  40.    I.  C.  75. 


58 


CATALOGUE  OP 


3.  1227.  CoTONAT  (Black-foot)  chief,  named  the  "Bloody  Hand," 
setat.  50.  I.  C  88.  F.  A.  75°.  Upper  Missouri.  From  J.  J.  Audu- 
bon, Esq.     A.  D.  1845. 


COTONAY    (1227). 

Creehs. 

1.  441.  Creek  warrior  of  Alabama.  F.  A.  74o.  I.  C.  91.  Dr. 
J.  Pancoast. 

2.  579.  Athla-ficksa  :  a  Muskogee  or  Creek  chief,  aetat.  50. 
F.  A.  72°.  I.  C.  97.  Dr.  H.  S.  Rennolds,  U.  S.  N.  Crania 
Americana,  plate  26  and  page  170. 

3.  751.  Creek  woman  of  Georgia,  aetat.  80.  I.  C.81.  Dr.  Joseph 
Walker. 

4.  1454.  Creek  Indian  of  Western  Arkansas :  woman,  aetat.  70.  I.  C. 
86.     Dr.  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  1850. 

Dacotas. 
1,    605.  Dacota  or  Sioux  Indian  of  Wisconsin :   man,  aetat.  20. 


Dacota  or  Sioux  (605). 
F.  A.  77°.     I.  C.  90.    Dr.  Poole.     Crania  Americana,  plate  39 
and  page  198. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  59 

2.  112t  Dacota  or  Sioux  Indian. 

3.  204.  Dacota  or  Sioux  Indian.     From  Dr.  T.  Gr.  Morton. 

Murons. 

1.  1 5.  Huron  chief,  aetat.  60,  killed  near  Detroit  in  a  rencontre  with 
another  Indian.  F.  A.  73°.  I.  C  75.  See  Crania  Americana, 
plate  37. 

2.  607.  Huron?  Indian,  from  Cleveland,  Ohio :  woman,  eetat.  40. 
F.  A.  760.     I.  C.  82.     Dr.  Mendenhall. 

3.  1217.  Indian  of  the  Huron?  tribe.     I.  C.  86. 

4.  1218.  Huron  Indian  :  woman,  getat.  40.     I,  C.  83. 

These  two  skulls  were  taken  from  a  mound  near  Detroit,  by  Lt.  Meigs, 
U.  S.  A.,  A.  D.  1844. 

Illinois. 

1.  1010.  iLiiiNOis  Indian. 

2.  1042,  Illinois  Indian. 

Iroquois. 

1.  16.  Iroquois?  Exhumed  with  many  others  near  Lake  Erie, 
about  20  miles  east  of  Niagara,  A.  D.  1824.  F.  A.  14P.  I.  C.  103. 
Mr.  Thomas  Fisher. 

2.  119.  Iroquois  Indian. 

3.  989.  Indian  warrior:  Iroquois?  aetat.  80.  I.  C.  89.  Dr.  W. 
B.  Casey. 

Lenajpes,  or  Delawares, 

1.  40.  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian  :  woman,  aetat.  40.  F.  A.  76". 
I.  C  82.  Dr.  Z.  Pitcher.  See  Crania  Americana,  plate  32  and 
page  189. 

2.  115.  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian. 

3.  118.  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian. 

4.  418,  Manta  Indian  ?  A  tribe  of  the  Lenap6  or  Delaware  nation. 
F.  A.  79".  I.  C  75.  Found  in  excavating  near  the  bank  of  the 
Delaware  River  in  New  Jersey,  about  four  miles  above  Burlington. 
The  body,  with  several  others,  was  buried  in  the  sifting  posture. 
Dr.  Edward  Swain. 

5.  1263.  Cranium  of  a  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian  :  man,  getat.  30. 
I.  C.  80,  Dug  from  an  aboriginal  cemetery  at  Richmond,  on  the 
Delaware  River,  about  four  miles  north  of  Philadelphia,  A.  D.  ]'847. 
The  atlas  vertebra  is  anchylosed  with  the  occipital  bone.  Mr.  Isaac 
Morris. 


GO  CATALOGUE  OP 

6.  1264,  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian  :  woman,  getat,  50.  I.  C.  81. 
One  of  those  massacred  by  the  whites  at  the  settlement  on  White 

.   River,  Indiana.     Dr.  E.  Fussell. 

7.  1265.  Lenape  or  Delaware  Indian. 

8.  205.  Delaware  Indian  :  fragmentary. 

9.  206.  Delaware  Indian  :  fragmentary. 

Nos.   205  and  206  were   dug  up  from  a   street   in   Philadelphia. 
Presented  by  Dr.  Geo.  P.  Oliver^  November,  1852. 
10.    568.  MiNsi  (?)  Lenape. 

Mandans. 

1.  643.  Indian'of  the  Mandan  tribe  :  woman,  setat.  16.  F.  A.  77*-. 
L  C.  86.     Dr.  B.  B.  Brown. 

2.  644.  Mandan  Indian  of  Missouri :  woman,  aetat.  40.    F.  A.  7iP. 
I.  G.  79.     Dr.  B.  B.  Brown. 

3.  738i  Mandan  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri :  woman,  aetat.  30. 
L  C.  77. 

4.  739.  Mandan  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri :  woman,  aetat.  30. 
L  C.  81. 

5.  740.  Mandan  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri  :  man,  aetat.  40; 
L  C.  91. 

6.  741.  Mandan  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri :  man,  aetat.  50. 
L  C.  85. 

7.  742.  Mandan  Indian  of  the  Upper  Missouri :  man,  aetat.  50. 
L  C.  86. 

Nos.  738  to  742,  inclusive,  from  J.  N.  Nicollet,  Esq. 

Me7iomi7iees. 

1.  35.  Menominee  Indian  of  Michigan  :  woman,  aetat.  30,     F.  A. 
720.     I.  C.  74.     J.  A.  Lapham,  Esq. 

2.  44.  Menominee  Indian  of  Michigan:  woman,  setat.  50.    F.  A. 
75*^.     I.  C.  77.     J.  A.  Lapham,  Esq.,  of  Milwaukee. 

3.  78.  Indian  of  the  Menominee  tribe  of  Michigan  :   man,  aetat. 
40.  F.  A.  78°.     L  C.  88.     J.  A.  Lapham,  Esq. 

4.  454.  Menominee  Indian  of  Michigan.     F.  A.  79®.     I.  C.  88. 
Dr.  Saterlee,  U.  S.  A.     Crania  Americana,  plate  29  and  page  179. 

5.  563.  Menominee  Indian  :  woman,  setat.  40.     F.  A.  76°.    I.  C. 
87.     J.  A.  Lapham,  Esq. 

6.  1220.  Menominee  Indian  of  Michigan.  I.  C.  88,    Mr.  Lapham. 

7.  1222.  Natonake,  a  Menominee  chief,  aetat.  40.  I.  C.  86.    Mr. 
J.  P.  Wetherill. 


HUBIAN  CRANIA.  61 

Miamis. 

1.  106.  Miami  Indian. 

2.  407.  Miami  Indian  of  Indiana.  F.  A.  75o.  I.  C.  87.  Dr.  Tuley. 

3.  541.  Miami  Indian. 

4.  542.  Miami  Chief,  setat.  45.    F.  A.  75^.    I.  C.  95.    Dr.  J.  W. 
Davies,  Indiana.     Crania  Americana,  plate  30  and  page  182. 

5.  1052.  Miami  Indian. 

6.  1053.  Miami  Indian. 

7.  1054.  Miami  Indian.     F.  A.  79^. 

8.  1056.  Miami  Indian. 

9.  1055.  Miami  :  woman,  ^tat.  40.     F.  A.  79°.    I.  C.  81. 

10.  1057.  Miami  :  woman,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  77^^.    I.  C.  84. 

11.  1058.  Miami  :  cliild  twelve  years  old. 

The  preceding  three  Miami  skulls  were  obtained  near  Pendleton, 
Indiana,  by  Dr.  Edwin  Fussell. 

12.  1233.  Miami  Indian :  woman,  getat.  40.     I.  C.  84.     Kev.  W.  F. 
Ferguson.     1845. 

Minetaris. 
1.     650.  Indian  of  the  Minetari  tribe  of  Missouri :  woman,  setat.  40, 

F.  A.  74^.     I.  C.  87. 
-2.     746.  Minetari  or  Gros- ventre  of  Missouri :   woman,  setat.  80. 
I.  C.  82. 

3.  747.  Minetari  or  Gros-ventre  Indian  of  Missouri :  woman,  setat. 
40.     I.  C.  83. 

4.  749.  Minetari  or  Gros-ventre  of  Missouri :   man,  setat.  40. 
I.  C.  94. 

Nos.  746  to  749,  inclusive,  from  Mr.  J.  N.  Nicollet. 

Mohawks. 

1.  895.  Mohawk  Indian  :  man,  setat.  50.  Exhumed  near  Manheimj 
New  York.     I.  C.  89. 

2.  896.  Mohawk  Indian :   woman,  getat.  80.     Obtained  witb  the 
preceding.     I.  C.  83. 

3.  897.  Mohawk  Indian  :  girl  of  16.     Found  witb  the  preceding, 
I.  C.  81. 

Nos.  895  to  897,  inclusive,  from  L.  Vanuxem  and  J.  Beardsley,  Esqs. 

{Case  7.) 
Narragansets. 
1.    693.  Narraganset  Indian,  from  an  old  cemetery  of  that  tribe  on 
the  western  shore  of  Tiverton,  in  Ebode  Island.     Man,  aetat.  30, 
I.  C.  85.     Dr.  Thomas  C.  Dunn. 


62 


CATALOGUE  OF 


F.  A.  82''. 


Series  of  eight  skulls,  950  to  957,  of  the  Narraganset  tribe  of  Indians, 
of  Ehode  Island  :  from  Dr.  Usher  Parsons,  of  Providence,  K.  I. 
1840. 

2.  950.  Narraganset  :  woman,  aetat.  70. 

3.  951.  Narraganset:  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  72*. 
.4.     952.  Narraganset  :  woman,  aetat.  80.     I.  C.  84. 

5.  953.  Narraganset  :  woman,  aetat.  40. 

6.  954.  Narraganset  :  woman,  atat.  30. 

7.  955.  Narraganset  :  man,  aetat.  60. 

8.  956.  Narraganset  :  man,  aetat.  70. 

9.  957.  Narraganset  :  man,  aetat.  25. 


I.  C.  85. 
C.  80. 

I.  C.  77. 


F.  A.  72^^ 
I.  C.  77. 
F.  A.  75«.     I.  C.  78. 
F.  A.  74*.     I.  C.  90. 
F-  A.  73^.     I.  C.  82 


10.  1040.  Narraganset  Indian  :  woman,  aetat.  70,  with  a  singularly 
elongated  head.     I.  C.  72. 

,  Natchez. 

1.  102.  Natchez  Indian.     Cast. 

2.  1106.  Natchez  Indian,  moulded  by  art  into  a  flattened  cone.  Mr. 
J.  Tooley,  Jr.,  of  Natchez,  1840.  See  American  Journal  of 
Science,  for  July,  1846. 

For  further  information  on  this  mode  of  moulding  the  head  among 
the  Natchez  tribes,  see  Garulaso  de  la  Vega,  Hist,  de  la  Florida, 
Lib.  IV.  cap.  13 ;  and  Crania  Americana^  page  160. 


Natchez  (1106). 

NaticTcs. 

1.  103.  Natick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 

2.  104.  Natick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 

3.  107,  Natick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


63 


4. 

5. 


2. 


3. 


110,  Natick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 
401.  Natick  Indian  of  Nantucket. 


Dr.  Paul  Swift. 


Oregon   Tribes. 

461,  Skull  of  a  Clickitat  Indian  of  Oregon,  much  flattened  by 
art.  Man,  jetat.  50.  F.  A.  TO''.  I.  C.  84.  Dr.  J.  K.  Townsend. 
Crania  Americana,  plate  48  and  page  214. 

207.  Clickitat  Indian  from  Dewamish  or  White  river  (Lat. 
47°  30'  N.).  Presented  by  Dr.  J.  H.  B.  McClellan,  who  received 
it  from  Mr.  George  Gibbs,  of  Steilacoom,  Washington  Territory. 

573.  Indian  of  the  Kowalitsk  tribe  of  Oregon  :  artificially  com- 


KOWALITSK  (573). 

pressed.    Man,  ^tat.  40.    F.  A.  66^.    I.  C.  79.    Dr.  J.  K.  Town- 
Crania  Americana,  plates  49  and  50,  and  page  215. 


send. 


Kowalitsk  (573). 

574,  Indian  of  the  Calapooyah  tribe  of  Oregon :  artificially 
compressed.  Man,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  68^.  I.  C  91.  Dr.  J,  K. 
Townsend.     Crania  Americana,  plate  47  and  page  212, 


64 


CATALOGUE  OP 


Calapootah  (574). 

575.  Clatsap  Indian  of  Oregon  :  artificially  compressed, 
setat.  50.     F.  A.  70°.     I.  C.  82.     Dr.  J.  K.  Townsend. 
Americana,  plate  46  and  page  211. 


Man, 
Crania 


Clatsap  (B7B). 

6.  576,  KiLLEMOOK  cMef. 

7.  577.  Indian  of  the  Klatstoni  tribe  of  Oregon :  artificially  com- 
pressed. Man,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  70°.  I.  C.  75.  Dr.  J.  K.  Town- 
send.     Crania  Americana,  plate  44  and  page  210. 

S.  208.  NiSQUALtY  Indian  of  the  Selish  or  Flathead  family.  From 
Washington  Territory.  Presented  by  Dr.  J.  H.  B.  McClellan, 
May  5th,  1856. 

Osages. 

1.  54.  Osage  warrior  of  Arkansas,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  77°.  I.  C.  81. 
Dr.  Z.  Pitcher.     See  Crania  Americana,  plate  41  and  page  199. 

2.  660.  Osage  Indian  of  Upper  Missouri :  woman,  getat,  30.  F.  A. 
80<^.    I.  C.  84.    Dr.  B.  B.  Browu. 


HUMAN   CRANIA.  65 

Otoes. 

1.  755,  Otoe  warrior  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  80. 

2.  756.  Otoe  warrior  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  setat.  60.  I.  C.  94. 

3.  757.  Otoe  warrior  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  83. 

4.  758.  Otoe  child,  eight  months  old, 

Nos.  755  to  758,  inclusive,  from  Dr.  J.  Walker,  U.  S.  A. 

Ottawas. 

1.  1006.  Ottawa  chief  of  Michigan,  setat.  50.     I.  C  85. 

2.  1007.  Ottawa  warrior,  setat.  75.     I.  C  89. 

3.  1008.  Ottawa  woman,  stat.  60.     I.  C.  76. 

4.  1009.  Ottawa  boy,  atat.  14.     I.  C.  77. 

The  four  preceding  skulls  were  obtained  in  Michigan  by  Dr.  George 
C.  Leib,  A.  D.  1842. 

Ottigamies. 

1.  415.  Indian  of  the  Ottigamie  tribe,  a  half-breed,  killed  in  a 
quarrel  at  Quincy,  Illinois,  A.  D.  1830.  F.  A.  76®.  Dr.  S.  P. 
Hildreth. 

2.  639.  Ottigamie  or  Fox  Indian  of  Wisconsin  :  man,  getat.  50. 
F.  A.  82®.  I.  C.  92.  Dr.  B.  B.  Brown.  Crania  Americana, 
plate  31  and  page  184. 

3.  694.  Ottigamie  or  Fox  Indian  of  Illinois  :  man,  setat.  80.  I.  C. 
95.     Dr.  P.  Gregg. 

4.  209.  Ottigamie  Indian. 

Pawnees. 

1.  540.  Pawnee  Indian  of  the  Platte  River:  woman,  aetat.  30. 
F.  A.  75®.     I.  C.  75.     See  Crania  Americana,  plate  38, 

2.  1043.  Pawnee  Indian  :  woman,  »tat.  30.  F.  A.  78®.  I.  C.  74. 
Dr.  Brown, 

Pendbscots. 
-1.     105.  Penobscot  Indian. 

2.  89.  Indian  of  the  Gepepscot  tribe,  from  Maine  :  man,  aetat.  50. 
F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  80.     Prof.  Cleveland. 

Potawatomies. 

1.  657.  PoTAWATOMiE  Indian  of  Michigan  :  man,  aetat.  50.  F.  A- 
80®.  I.  C.  101.  Dr.  Walker,  U.  S.  A.  Crania  Americana,  plate 
34  and  page  186. 

2.  736.  PoTAWATOMiE  Indian. 

3.  737.  POTAWATOMIE  of  Michigan  :  man,  aetat.  70.  I.  C  93.  Col. 
J.  J.  Abert. 

4.  1322.  Young  POTAWATOMIE  warrior,  who  killed  the  Miami  chief 

5 


66 


CATALOGUE  OP 


Majinnik,  on  tlie  Wabash  Eiver,  A.  J).  1841,  for  which  he  was 
himself  slain  by  the  Miamis  :  aetat.  20.  I.  C.  79.  Dr.  Edwin 
Fussell. 

Sauks. 

1.  561.  Sauk  Indian  :  woman,  getat.  40.     I.  C.  98,     H.  Cole,  Esq. 

2.  1039.  Sauk  Indian.     F.  A.  80°.     1.0.83.5.     Dr.  B.  B.  Brown, 
of  St.  Louis. 

3.  1246.  Sac  (?)  Indian  :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  88.     From  a  ceme- 
tery of  the  Sac  and  Fox  tribes.     Dr.  Kite,  1845. 

Seminoles. 
1.    456.  Seminole  Indian  of  Florida.    F.  A.  81^.    I.  C.  93.    H.  B. 
Groom,  Esq.     Crania  Americana;  plate  54  and  page  169. 


Lateral  view. 


Seminole  (604). 


Coronal  view. 


Posterior  view. 
2.     604.  Seminole  warrior  of  Florida,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  72°.  I.  C.  96. 
Dr.  G.  Emerson.     Crania  Americana,  plate  22  and  page  166. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  67 

0.  698.  SexMinole  warrior  of  Florida  :  man,  setat.  40.  F.  A.  7o°. 
I.  C.  88.     Col.  J.  J.  Abert. 

4.  707.  Seminole  Indian  :  man,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  78^.  I.  C.  93. 
Dr.  E.  H.  Abadie,  U.  S.  A.  Crania  Americana,  plate  23  and 
page  168. 

5.  708.  Seminole  warrior  of  Florida  :  woman,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  73°. 
I.  C.  91.     Dr.  B.  H.  Abadie. 

6.  726.  Seminole  woman  of  rank,  setat.  40.     Florida.     I.  C.  79. 

7.  727.  Seminole  boy  of  six  years. 

8.  728.  Seminole  boy  of  Florida,  getat.  4. 

9.  729.  Seminole  girl  of  tbe  Fuke-luste-Hadjo  tribe.     I.  C.  70. 

10.  730.  Seminole  warrior,  setat.  40,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Okee- 
Cbobee,  in  Florida,  December  25,  1837.     I.  C.  79. 

Nos.  726  to  730,  inclusive,  from  Dr.  E.  H.  Abadie,  U.  S.  Army. 

11.  732.  Seminole  warrior,  setat.  40,  killed  at  the  battle  of  Okee- 
Chobee,  in  Florida,  December  25,  1837.  I.  C.  90.  Dr.  Abadie, 
U.  S.  A. 

12.  733.  Micco-SuKiE  tribe  of  the  Seminole  nation  :  woman,  aetat. 
30.    I.  C.  73.    Fort  Bassinger,  Florida.    Dr.  Abadie,  U.  S.  Army. 

13.  754.  Seminole  warrior  of  Florida,  setat.  40.  I.  C.  89.  From 
Dr.  J.  Walker,  U.  S.  A. 

14.  1105.  Seminole:  man,  setat.  40.  F.  A.  75°.  I.  C.  82.  Dr.  F. 
M.  Robinson,  Augusta,  Georgia. 

15.  1286.  Seminole  Indian  of  Florida:  woman,  getat.  40.  I.  C  72. 
James  Couper,  M.  D.     1848. 

16.  1556.  Seminole  Indian.  Presented  by  Dr.  C.  D.  Meigs,  May,  1852. 

JShawnees. 

1.  440.  Shawnee  skull  ?  Man,  setat.  50.  I.  C.  88.  Dr.  S.  P. 
Hildreth,  Marietta. 

2.  606.  Shawnee  ?  woman,  of  Ohio,  setat.  30.  I.  C.  70.  Dr. 
Hildreth. 

3.  691.  Shawnee?  Indian  of  Ohio:  a  remarkably  inequilateral 
skull.     I.  C.  87.     Mr.  Russell  Smith. 

4.  1210.  Shawnee?  Indian  of  Ohio:  man,  setat.  .  I.  C  104. 
Mr.  M.  S.  Weaver. 

Shoshones. 

1.  1446.  Indian  of  the  Trucky  ?  tribe,  of  the  Shoshone  nation  :  man, 
astat.  40.  I.  C.  85.  Obtained  on  the  Trucky  River,  in  the  Cali- 
fornia mountains,  by  Capt.  Fremont,  A.  D.  1845. 

2.  1447.  Shoshone  or  Root-digger  nation,  from  the  mountains  of 
Salmon  trout  River.    Woman, satat.  40.    I.  C.  75.  Capt.  Fremont. 


68  CATALOGUE  OP 


o 
O. 


1448.  From  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  does  not 
pertain  to  any  tribe  of  the  Shoshones  :   man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  91. 
Capt.  Fremont. 
4.  1449.  Shoshone  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  72.     Capt.   Fremont, 
through  Mr.  Edward  M.  Kern. 

Upsarookas. 

1.  1228.  Upsarooka  or  Crow  Indian  :  man,  aetat.  40.  Upper  Mis- 
souri.    I.  C.  93. 

2.  1229.  Upsarooka  of  the  Upper  Missouri:  man,  setat.  40.  I.  C.  95. 
Nos.  1228  and  1229  from  J.  J.  Audubon,  Esq.,  A.D.  1845. 

Winnebagos. 

1.  559.  Winnebago  warrior.    F.  A.  79^.   I.  C.  92.   Dr.  P.  Gregg. 

2.  560.  Winnebago  warrior.    F.  A.  79*.   I.  C.  86.  Dr.  P.  Gregg. 

Yamassees. 

1.  1214.  Yamassee  ?  Indian,  of  Florida  :  man,  setat.  50, 

2.  1215.  Yamassee?  Indian,  of  Florida:  man,  getat.  60. 

3.  1216.  Yamassee?  Indian,  of  Florida:  man,  setat.  60.      I.  C.  70. 
The  three  preceding  skulls  were  obtained  from  a  mound  near  Tampa, 

in  Florida,  by  Dr.  R.  S.  Holmes,  U.  S.  A.,  A.  D.  1844.  Thej 
appear  to  have  lain  in  the  earth  upwards  of  a  century.  Two  of 
them  are  perforated  by  musket  balls,  and  of  course  date  subsequent 
to  European  discovery. 

Californians. 

1.  1514.  California  Indian,  from  a  mound  near  Sacramento  City. 
Man,  »tat.  30.  I.  C.  87.  F.  A.  79°  .Obtained  by  Mr.  F.  0.  El- 
dredge,  and  presented  by  Dr.  J.  H.  B.  McClellan,  A.  D.  1850. 

2.  1565.  Indian  cranium  :  fragment  of  an  upper  jaw,  with  teeth  and 
several  other  fragments  of  human  bones,  thickly  encrusted  with 
carbonate  of  lime.  From  a  cave  in  Vallecita,  Calaveras  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia. In  this  cave  upwards  of  300  human  crania  were  found 
embedded  in  limestone.  Presented  by  Mr.  Charles  Ellet,  Jr., 
through  Dr.  C.  D.  Meigs,  May,  1854. 

Miscellaneous. 
{Case  8.) 

1.  416.  Indian  skull  from  a  mound  on  the  Upper  Mississippi.  F.  A. 
79°.  I.  C.  84.  Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth.  Crania  Americana,  plate 
52  and  page  220. 

2.  1236.  Indian  cranium,  exhumed  near  Fort  Chartres,  Illinois,  by 
Dr.  Wislizenus.  See  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  for 
May,  1846. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  69 

c{-  1237.  Another  Indian  cranium  from  the  same  place,  and  from  the 
same  gentleman:  woman, getat.  68.     I.  C.  81. 

4.  1315.  Skull  of  an  aboriginal  American,  found  in  a  cave  at  Gol- 
conda,  Illinois  :  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  81.     Dr.  R.  Harlan. 

5.  1510.  Indian  skull :  man,  aetat.  50,  I.  C.  89.  Taken  from  an 
ancient  mound  in  Illinois  by  Dr.  Lippincott,  of  Chandlerville,  in 
that  State,  and  presented  to  me  through  Dr.  R.  S.  Holmes.    1849. 

6.  1511.  Indian  cranium,  found  with  the  preceding,  and  also  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Lippincott.     Man,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  80. 

7.  420.  Indian  from  the  Cave  at  Steubenville,  Ohio  :  man,  aetat.  40. 
F.  A.  80.  I.  C.  92.  Dr.  Robert  M.  S.  Jackson.  See  No.  436, 
&c. 

8.  436.  Skull  from  the  Indian  Cave-cemetery  at  Steubenville,  Ohio  : 
man,  cetat.  60.     F.  A.  77°.     I.  C  92.     Dr.  McDowell. 

9.  437.  Indian  from  the  Cave  at  Steubenville,  Ohio:  man,  aetat.  60. 
F.  A.  79°.  I.  G.  91.  Dr.  J.  Andrews,  of  Steubenville.  Crania 
Americana,  plate  36  and  page  235. 

10.  438.  Indian  from  the  Cave  at  Steubenville,  Ohio:  man,  aetat.  50. 
F.  A.  80=^.     I.  C.  85.     Dr.  J.  Andrews. 

11.  439i  Indian  from  the  Cave  at  Steubenville,  Ohio :  woman,  setat. 
70.     F.  A.  78°.     I.  C.  78.     Dr.  J.  Andrews. 

12.  210.  Indian  from  the  Cave  at  Steubenville,  Ohio. 

13.  658.  Aboriginal  American,  from  the  Cave  near  Steubenville, 
Ohio.     F.  A.  79°.     Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth. 

14.  723.  Aboriginal  American,  from  the  Cave  near  Steubenville, 
Ohio  :  woman,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  74.     Dr.  Hildreth. 

15.  53.  Indian  from  a  mound  at  Circleville,  Ohio.  F.  A.  76°. 
I.  C  90.  Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth.  See  Crania  Americana,  plate  51 
and  page  219. 

16.  1287.  Indian  skull  from  a  mound  at  Chilicothe,  Ohio.  I.  C.  90. 
Dr.  E.  H.  Davis  and  Mr.  Squier.     1846. 

17.  1288.  Indian  cranium.  Found  with  the  preceding.  Man  of  60. 
I.  C.  86.     Dr.  E.  H.  Davis  and  Mr.  E.  G.  Squier.     1846. 

18.  736,  Infant  Indian  skull  from  a  mound  in  Wisconsin.  Mr.  J.  J. 
Libhart,  of  Columbia,  Pennsylvania. 

19.  992.  From  a  mound  in  Tennessee,  at  the  junction  of  French,  Broad 
and  Holston  rivers.  I.  C.  90.  Dr.  Gr.  Troost.  Crania  Americana, 
plate  55. 

20.  1270.  Indian  cranium,  thrown  out  in  making  the  fortifications  at 
Detroit,  A.  D.  1844.  Woman,  setat.  40.  From  Lt.  Meigs,  U.  S. 
Army. 


70 


CATALOGUE  OF 


21.  1271.  Skull  of  an  Indian  obtained  from  a  mound  about  three 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  Huron  river,  Ohio,  by  Mr.  Charles  W. 
Atwater :  man,  setat.  60.  See  American  Journal  of  Science,  for 
July,  1846. 

22.  1272.  Skull  of  a  woman,  setat.  50.     Found  with  the  preceding. 

23.  1455.  Skull  flattened  by  art :  man,  getat.  50.  I.  C.  70.  Taken 
from  a  mound  in  Florida.  From  Dr.  Isaac  Hulse,  U.  S.  N.,  from 
whom  I  also  received  the  following  memorandum,  A.  D.  1849  : — 

"  This  skull  was  exhumed  from  a  mound,  the  apex  of  which  is  about 
thirty  feet  above  the  ground  in  its  vicinity.  The  locality  is  Bald- 
win county,  Alabama,  near  Bear  Point,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bay 
of  Perdido,  and  about  two  or  three  miles  north  of  the  shore  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  Near  the  apex  of  the  mound  there  stood  a  live  oak 
tree,  supposed  to  be  more  than  100  years  old.  Near  the  foot  of 
this  live  oak  the  party  made  their  excavations,  and  a  few  feet  be- 
low the  surface  they  found  the  skull  which  I  have  had  the  happi- 
ness to  place  among  your  collection.  The  skull  was  covered  with 
a  hollow  demi-sphere  of  pottery,  composed  of  clay  and  shell,  well 
burned.  Upon  the  convex  surface  were  sketched  two  whales,  rather 
rudely,  but  sufficiently  well  to  be  recognizable." 

24.  1512.  Aboriginal  American  ;  a  very  remarkable  head,  found  by 
Dr.  Davis  and  Mr.  Squier  in  a  mound  in  the  Scioto  Valley,  Ohio, 
and  described  and  figured  by  them  in  their  "  Ancient  Monuments 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  PI.  XLVII.  and  XLVIII.  This  is,  per- 
haps, the  most  admirably-formed  head  of  the  American  race  hitherto 
discovered.  It  possesses  the  national  characteristics  in  perfection, 
as  seen  in  the  elevated  vertex,  flattened  occiput,  great  interparietal 
diameter,  ponderous  bony  structure,  salient  nose,  large  jaws  and 
broad  face.  It  is  the  perfect  type  of  Indian  conformation,  to  which 


=JS5!>s 


Aboriginal  American  (1512). 

the  skulls  of  all  the  tribes  from  Cape  Horn  to  Canada  more  or  less 
approximate.     Similar  forms  are  common  in  the  Peruvian  tombs, 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  71 

and  have  the  occiput,  as  in  this  instance,  so  flattened  and  vertical 
as  to  give  the  idea  of  artificial  compression  ;  yet  this  is  only  an  ex- 
aggeration of  the  natural  form,  caused  by  the  pressure  of  the  cradle- 
hoard  in  common  use  among  the  American  nations.  F.  A.  81^. 
I.  C.  90.     Dr.  E.  H.  Davis  and  E.  G.  Squier,  Esq.,  A.  D.  1849. 

"  The  circumstances,"  writes  Mr.  Squier,  ia  the  work  above  quoted,  "  under 
which  this  skull  was  found,  are  altogether  so  extraordinary  as  to  merit  a 
detailed  account.  It  will  be  observed,  from  the  map,  that  the  mound  above 
indicated  is  situated  upou  the  summit  of  a  high  hill,  overlooking  the  valley 
of  the  Scioto,  about  four  miles  below  the  city  of  Chilicothe.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  prominent  and  commanding  positions  in  that  section  of  country. 
Upon  the  summit  of  this  hill  rises  a  conical  knoll,  of  so  great  regularity  as 
almost  to  induce  the  belief  that  it  is  itself  artificial.  Upon  the  very  apex 
of  this  knoll,  and  covered  by  the  trees  of  the  primitive  forests,  is  the  mound. 
It  is  about  eight  feet  high,  by  forty  or  fifty  feet  base.  The  superstructure  is 
a  tough,  yellow  clay,  which,  at  the  depth  of  three  feet,  is  mixed  with  large, 
rough  stones ;  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  section. 


"  These  stones  rest  upon  a  dry,  calcareous  deposit  of  buried  earth  and  small 
stones,  of  a  dark  black  color,  and  much  compacted.  This  deposit  is  about 
two  feet  in  thickness  in  the  centre,  and  rests  upon  the  original  soil.  In  ex- 
cavating the  mound,  a  large  i^late  of  mica  was  discovered,  placed  upon  the 
stones.  *  *  *  *  *  Immediately  underneath  this  plate 
of  mica,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  buried  deposit  was  found  the  skull  figured 
[on  the  opposite  page.]  It  was  discovered  resting  upon  its  face.  The 
lower  jaw,  as  indeed  the  entire  skeleton,  excepting  the  clavicle,  a  few 
cervical  vertebrae,  and  some  of  the  bones  of  the  feet,  all  of  which  were 
huddled  around  the  skull,  were  wanting. 

"From  the  entire  singularity  of  this  burial,  it  might  be  inferred  that  the  de- 
posit was  a  comparatively  recent  one;  but  the  fact  that  the  various  layers 
of  carbonaceous  earth,  stones,  and  clay  were  entirely  undisturbed,  and  in 
no  degree  intermixed,  settles  the  question  beyond  doubt  that  the  skull  was 

placed  where  it  was  found  at  the  time  of  the  construction  of  the  mound. 
*****  -x- 

"  This  skull  is  wonderfully  preserved ;  unaccountably  so,  unless  the  circum- 
stances under  which  it  was  found  may  be  regarded  as  most  favorable  to 
such  a  result.  The  imperviousness  of  the  mound  to  water,  from  the 
nature  of  the  material  composing  it,  and  its  position  on  the  summit  of 
an  eminence,  subsiding  in  every  direction  from  its  base,  are  circumstances 


72  CATALOGUE  OF 

which,  joined  to  the  antiseptic  qualities  of  the  carbonaceons  deposit 
enveloping  the  skull,  may  satisfactorily  account  for  its  excellent  preser- 
vation."    (See  pp.  288-9.) 

25.  417.  Chief  of  the  Cayuga  tribe  of  Indians,  State  of  New  York, 
aetat.  70.  F.  A.  78*.  I.  C.  94.  Dr.  Z.  Pitcher.  See  Crania 
Americana,  plate  35  and  page  192. 

26.  1041.  Chayenne  Indian  of  Missouri.  F.  A.  73°.  I.  C.  73.  Dr. 
B.  B.  Brown. 

27.  211.  Missouri  Indian. 

28.  987.  Chemesyan  Indian,  from  the  N.  W.  coast  of  America  : 
woman,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  78°.  I.  C.  93.  Prof.  Scouler,  of 
Dublin. 

29.  22.  Young  Choctaw  female  of  Georgia.     Dr.  J.  Hutchins. 
80.        39.  Indian  of  the  Euchee  tribe  of  Florida  :   man,  setat.  40. 

F.  A.  75°.  I.  C.  84  ?  Dr.  Z.  Pitcher.  Crania  Americana,  plate 
27  and  page  174. 

31.  212.  Cast  of  a  Kenhawha  skull. 

32.  27.  Massasauga  Indian,  of  Peterboro',  Upper  Canada :  man, 
ffitat.  30.     F.  A.  760      I.  C.  80.     Rev.  S.  Wood,  1837. 

33.  455.  Indian  of  the  Mingo  tribe,  Ohio.  F.  A.  77°.  Dr.  S.  P. 
Hildreth. 

34.  213.  Naas  Indian  from  Fort  Simpson,  Washington  Territory. 

35.  214.  Naas  Indian  from  Fort  Simpson,  Washington  Territory. 
These  two  heads  were  presented  by  Dr.  J.  H.  B.  McClellan,  May 

5th,  1856. 

36.  1219.  Nanticoke  ?  Indian,  from  the  valley  of  Wyoming  :  woman, 
aetat.  80.     I.  C.  84.     Mr.  W.  S.  Vaux.     1844. 

37.  567.  Naumkeag  Indian  of  Massachusetts  :  man,  «tat.  40.  F.  A. 
80°.  I.  C.  75.  Dr.  A.  L.  Pearson.  Crania  Americana,  plate  33 
and  page  187. 

38.  33.  Oneida  warrior,  Iroquois  confederacy.  I.  C.  95.  Dr.  B. 
Tappan.     Crania  Americana,  plate  36  and  page  193. 

39.  1036,  PocASSET  Indian. 

40.  26.  QuiNNiPiACK  (Mohegan)  Indian.  I.  C.  80.  East  Haven, 
Connecticut.     Mr.  E.  C.  Herrick. 

41.  1516.  Seneca  Indian:  man,  aetat.  60.  Exhumed  from  an  old 
burying  ground  near  Seneca  Lake,  New  York.  I.  C  .  Dr.  Jas. 
Bryan,  1850. 

42.  1557.  Indian  cranium  from  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  river. 
From  Dr.  Alexander  Janney,  May,  1852. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  73 

43.  215i  Aboriginal  eranmm  from  South  Carolina.  F.  A,  75". 
From  Dr.  R.  W.  Gibbs,  of  Columbia,  S.  C,  November,  1853. 

44.  216.  Indian  cranium  from  Gambel's  Western  collection.  Pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Wilson. 

45.  217.  Fragment  of  cranium  from  the  Grave  Creek  mound. 

46.  218.  Fragments  of  cranium  from  a  mound,  with  a  portion  of  the 
OS  femoris. 

47-  219.  Fragment  of  cranium  from  Tippecanoe  battle-ground.  Pre- 
sented by  Mr.  L.  H.  Sands. 

48.  220.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  an  Indian  named  Walk-in-the-water, 
Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 

I.     CENTRAL     AMERICANS. 

{Case  8.) 

1-  990,  Maya  Indian  of  Yucatan  :  man,  aetat.  50.  I.C.  91.  Cheva- 
lier Friedrichthal,  of  Vienna. 

2.  1050.  Fragments  of  the  skull  and  other  parts  of  the  skeleton  of  a 
young  aboriginal  female,  taken  from  an  ancient  tomb  at  Ticul,  a 
ruined  city  near  San  Francisco,  in  Yucatan,  A.  D.  1842.  From  J. 
L.  Stevens,  Esq.     Vide  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan,  vol.  i. 

3.  1067.  Fragments  of  cranial  and  other  bones  of  three  human  skele- 
tons, obtained  by  Mr.  B.  M.  Norman  from  mounds  in  Yucatan. 
Vide  Rambles  in  Yucatan,  page  217. 

C.     SOUTH     AMERICANS. 

Araiicanians. 

1.     651.  Araucanian  Indian  (Arauco)  of  Chili :   woman,  aetat.  50. 

F.  A.  73°.     I.  C.  73. 
'i.     652.  ARAUCANiANlndianrwoman,  setat.  50.  F.A.740.   I.C.  75. 

3.  654.  Indian  of  the  Arauco  nation  of  Chili:  woman,  setat.  30. 
F.  A.  72°.     I.  C.  78.     Crania  Americana,  plate  78  and  page  241. 

4.  655.  Indian  of  the  Arauco  nation:  man,  aetat.  30.  F.  A.  76°. 
I.  C.  86.     Crania  Americana,  plates  76,  77,  and  page  241. 

5.  656.  Araucanian  woman,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  76°.     1.  C.  76. 

I  received  this  and  the  four  preceding  skulls  through  the  kindness  of 
Dr.  J.  N.  Casanova,  of  Valparaiso,  who  informed  me  that  the  three 
heads,  Nos.  654,  655,  656,  were  taken  from  chiefs  killed  in  an  en- 
counter with  the  Chilian  army  under  General  Bulnes,  on  the  river 
Bio-Bio,  in  1835.     I  took  occasion,  however,  to   intimate  to  Dr. 


74  CATALOGUE  OP 

Casanova  my  suspicion  that  these  were  not  recent  crania,  inasmuch 
as  they  had  yet  adhering  to  them  some  shreds  of  a  peculiar  mummy- 
cloth  common  in  the  old  cemeteries  of  Peru  and  Chili,  at  the  same 
time  that  they  bore  unequivocal  evidences  of  long  inhumation. 
Dr.  Casanova,  however,  could  not  suppose  that  he  had  been  de- 
ceived by  his  agent,  and  I  therefore  published  the  circumstances  as 
related  by  him,  and  on  his  authority,  in  my  Crania  Americana, 
page  243.  I  may  add  that,  judging  from  the  size  and  conforma- 
tion of  the  skull  No.  654,  I  inferred  that  it  had  belonged  not  to  a 
chief,  as  was  supposed  by  Dr.  C,  but  to  a  woman. 

Subsequent  examinations  have  satisfied  me  that  my  suspicions  were 
well  founded;  and  I  am  further-  confirmed  in  this  belief  by  com- 
paring these  crania  with  the  plates  of  a  series  obtained  by  the 
Naturalists  of  the  Astrolabe  from  an  ancient  cemetery  on  the  Bio- 
Bio  river,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Moticha  in  Chili.  It  is 
suflScient  to  add  that  both  collections  of  skulls  were  evidently  ob- 
tained from  the  same  place  ;  and,  although  Dr.  Casanova  was  mis- 
led as  to  particulars,  the  crania  I  received  from  him  pertain  to  a 
veritable  but  ancient  Araucanian  tribe,  and  possess  a  great  interest, 
both  in  regard  to  their  sepulchral  locality  and  their  admirably  de- 
veloped characteristics.  See  Voyage  del' Astrolabe:  AntJiropologie 
par  le  Dr.  Dumoutier,  planche  27. 

6.  995.  Araucanian  woman,  aetat.  80.     I.  C.  77. 

7.  997.  Araucanian  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  77. 

The  two  preceding  Araucanian  skulls  from  the  interior  of  Arauco, 
were  received  from  Dr.  Thomas  Page,  of  Valparaiso,  in  Chili. 

8.  221.  ^  Two  Araucanian  skulls  in  a  fragmentary  condition.    Ob- 

9.  222.  5  tained  from  a  well  on  the  premises  of  Mr.  Keen,  at  Talca- 
huano.     One  of  the  heads  was  enclosed  in  an  earthen,  unglazed  jar. 
Near  it  was  found  a  peculiar  lozenge-shaped  stone.     Presented  by 
Dr.  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger,  U.  S.  N.,  June  10th,  1856. 

10.  223,  Araucanian  skull. 

11.  224.  Araucanian  skull. 

12.  120,  Cast  of  an  Araucanian  skull. 

From  3Iounds. 

1.  1242.  "  Indian  cranium  from  an  ancient  town  called  Chiuehiu,  or 
Atacama  Baja,  situated  on  the  river  Loa,  at  the  eastern  edge  of  the 
Desert  of  Atacama,  eight  leagues  from  Calamo,  and  57  from-  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Here  are  extensive  remains  of  Indian  houses,  and 
a  fortress  built  of  mud,  and  loop-holed.     The  huaco  or  burial  place 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


75 


is  along  a  terrace  of  soft  sandstone,  and  the  bodies  are  buried  in 
the  sitting  posture.'' 

From  Dr.  John  Houston,  of  Valparaiso,  who  obtained  this  and  the 
following  skull  and  presented  them  with  the  above  memorandum  : 


Indian  Cranium  (1242). 

2.  1243i  Indian  cranium,  found  with  the  preceding. 
Both  these  heads  are  elongated  upwards  in  the  sugar-loaf  form,  by 
pressure  applied  both  back  and  front.  See  Crania  Americana, 
page  116;  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  for 
December,  1845,  and  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  for 
July,  1846. 

For  original  sources  of  information  on  these  singular  artificial  modi- 
fications of  the  form  of  the  cranium,  see  Cieza,  Chronica  del  Peru, 
cap.  XXVI,  and  Torquemada,  Monarquia  Indiana,  T.  II.  p.  581. 
Fol.  Madrid,  1723. 

'        Charihs. 

1.  638.  Skull  of  a  Charib  of  Venezuela,  flattened  by  art :  found  in 
a  terra  cotta  vase,  with  the  os  sacrum  and  some  small  bones.    Man, 
aetat.  40?     F.  A.  70°.     From  Ex-President  Vargas,  of  Caraccas.  * 
Crania  Americana,  plate  64  and  page  237. 

2.  692.  Skull  of  a  Charib  of  the  Antilles,  obtained  in  the  island  of 
Nassau  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Leaver,  for  several  years  a  mission- 
ary there.     He  presented  the  cranium  to  Dr.  Thomas  C.  Dunn,  of 


76  OATALOGUE  OP 

Newport,  Ehode  Island,  by  whom  it  was  added  to  the  present  col- 
lection, A.  D.  1849.     Man,  letat.  30.     I.  C.  89. 
3.     225.  Cast  of  a  Chakib  skull. 

Patagonians. 

1.  1357.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Patagonian.     Prof.  Retzius. 

2.  1359.  Cast  of  the  head  of  a  Puelche  girl  of  Patagonia.  Prof. 
Retzius. 

3.  226,  Cast  of  a  Patagonian  skull.     Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 

Brazilians. 

1.  1254.  Skull  of  a  Tapuyo  Indian  of  Brazil. 

2.  1513.  Head  of  a  Brazilian  Indian,  artificially  preserved  with 
false  eyes,  &c.  :  woman,  getat.  60.  I.  C.  75.  From  the  interior  of 
Brazil.     Mr.  Henry  Bond  Dewey,  of  Para,  A.  D.  1850. 

Vide  Blumenbach,  Decades  Craniorum,  tab.  xlvii. 

3.  1528.  Desiccated  head  of  a  Brazilian  Indian,  from  the  head 
waters  of  the  Tapajos  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Amazon  :  woman, 
a3tat.  30.     I.  C.  69.     Amory  Edwards,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  1851. 

4.  1529.  Brazilian  Indian,  prepared  like  the  last  and  obtained  with 
it :  man  setat.  70.     I.  C.  76.     Amory  Edwards,  Esq.,  1851. 

No.  1513  has  probably  been  obtained  from  this  aboriginal  cemetery, 
and  no  doubt  pertains  to  the  same  tribe. 

5.  1530.  GuAYCURU  Indian  of  Brazil :  girl,  eetat.  13.  Died  at 
Beunos  Ayres  in  the  professional  care  of  Dr.  Kennedy,  who 
presented  me  the  skull,  A.  D.  1851. 

6.  1555.  I  Gentoo  Indians:    two  prepared  heads  from  the  Purus 

7.  1556.  J  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Amazon.  Presented  by  Mr.  Amory 
Edwards,  March,  1852.     I.  C. 


II.  TOLTECAN-   RACE. 

a.    PERUVIAN     FAJIILY. 

From  Arica. 

(Case  9.) 

1.  67.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Arica:  man,  aetat.  40.  F.  A.  73o. 
I.  C.  86.  Dr.  Ruschenberger.  See  Crania  Americana,  plate  4 
and  page  108. 

2.  496.  Peruvian  child  of  five  years,  from  Arica :  artificially  elon- 
gated.    Crania  Americana,  plate  2. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


77 


3.  1045i  Ancient  Peruvian  Lead,  artificially  elongated  :  woman, 
getat.  30.  F.  A.  68^.  L  C  77.  From  Arica.  Dr.  P.  B.  Goddard. 
See  Crania  Americana,  plate  3. 

The  following  highly  interesting  series  of  crania,  ten  in  number, 
(1275  to  1284,  inclusive,)  was  sent  me  by  my  friend  William  A. 
Foster,  Esq.,  now  of  Lima,  who  obtained  them  from  the  cele- 
brated Peruvian  cemetery  at  Arica.  "  This  cemetery,''  he  observes, 
"  lies  on  the  face  of  a  sand-hill,  sloping  towards  the  sea.  The  ex- 
tent of  surface  occupied  by  these  tombs,  as  far  as  we  explored,  I 
should  say  was  five  or  six  acres.  In  many  of  the  tombs  three  or 
four  bodies  were  found  clustered  together,  always  in  the  sittiny 
posture,  and  wrapped  in  three  or  four  thicknesses  of  cloth,  and  a 
mat  thrown  over  all.  Each  one  has  about  the  person  a  pouch  or 
bag,  an  ear  or  two  of  maize,  fruit  of  some  kind,  and  not  unfre. 
quently  a  drinking  vessel."     Lima,  December  17,  1845. 

See  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  for  April, 
1846  ;  and  American  Journal  of  Science,  for  July,  1846. 

4.  1275i  Cranium  of  a  child,  partially  compressed  and  elongated. 

5.  1276.  Cranium  of  a  child  about  four  years  old  :  natural  form. 

6.  1277i  Skull  of  a  man,  getat.  65,  remarkably  altered  by  art  into  the 
elongated,  symmetrical  form.     I.  C.  69. 

The  annexed  wood-cut  shows  the  course  of  the  bandages  used  in  ob- 
taining this  singular  modification  of  the  cranium.  The  forehead 
was  pressed  downwards  and  backwards  by  a  compress  probably  of 
folded  cloth.  To  keep  it  in  its  place,  a  bandage  was  carried  over 
it  from  the  base  of  the  occiput  and  thence  across  the  forehead.  To 
confine  the  lateral  portions  of  the  skull,  and  in  order  to  produce 


Peruvian  skull  (127T). 

the  symmetrically  elongated  form,  the  same  bandage  was  continued 
over  the  top  of  the  head,  immediately  behind  the  coronal  suture, 
probably  with  an  intervening  compress ;    and  the  bandaging  was 


78  CATALOGUE  OF 

repeated  upon  these  parts  until  they  were  immovably  confined  in 
the  desired  position ;  thus  permitting  the  head  to  expand  only  in 
the  posterior  direction.  See  my  Illustrated  System  of  Human 
Anatomy,  p.  90. 

7.  1278.  Skull  of  a  man,  aetat.  50,  of  similar  form  to  the  preceding, 
but  in  less  degree.     I.  C.  85. 

8.  1279.  Man,  of  the  same  configuration  as  1277  :  setat.  40.  I.  C.  87. 

9.  1280.  Peruvian,  conformation  same  as  the  last :   woman,  getat. 
50.     I.  C.  70. 

10.  1281.  Peruvian  skull  moulded  in  the  same  manner  as  the  last : 
woman,  aetat.  20. 

11.  1282.  Peruvian  head,  same  form  as  the  preceding :  agtat.  50. 
I.  C.  87. 

12.  1283.  Peruvian  bead,  same  form  as  the  preceding :  man,  retat. 
65.     I.  C.  75. 

13.  1284.  Peruvian,  same  form  as  the  preceding,  but  wants  the  face. 
The  following  six  crania  were  obtained  at  the  ancient  Peruvian  ceme- 
tery at  Arica,  by  my  friend  and  former  pupil  Dr.  S.  J.  Oakford, 
A,  D.  1847. 

14.  1363.  Peruvian   skull  from  the  cemetery  at  Arica :  man,  astat. 
70.     Artificially  elongated  and  symmetrical.     1.  C  71. 

15.  1364.  Female  Peruvian  cranium  from  Arica;  elongated  by  art. 
^tat.  60.     I.  C.  74. 

16.  1365.  Elongated  skull  of  a  Peruvian  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  76. 
From  Arica. 

17.  1366.  Peruvian,  artificially  elongated :  man,  getat.  70,     I.  C  101. 
From  Arica. 

18.  1367.  Elongated  Peruvian  skull  from  Arica :  man,  aetat.  40. 
I.  C.  76. 

19.  1368.  Peruvian  female  head,  artificially  elongated  :   aetat.  60. 
I.  C.  78.     From  Arica. 

20.  227.  Peruvian  from  Arica  (?) 

From  Pacliacamac. 
(Cases  9-10.) 

1.  13.  Ancient  Peruvian,  Pachacamac  :  man,  aetat.  60.    I.  C  83. 
W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

2.  30.  Ancient  Peruvian,  Pachacamac:  woman,  cetat.  25.     I.  C. 
78.     W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

3.  75.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac,  or  the  Temple  of  the  Sun, 
near  Lima  :  woman,  setat.  60.    F.  A.  72°.    I.  C.  87.  Dr.  Ruschen- 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


79 


:  man,  getat.  50.    F.  A.  75*^. 

I.  C.  75.  W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 
:  man,rBtat.  40.     F.  A.  80*. 


berger.  No  one  was  permitted  to  be  buried  in  this  sanctuary  but 
the  families  of  priests,  nobles  and  other  persons  of  distinction.  See 
Rerrera,  Hist.  Lib.  vi.  Dec.  5,  and  Crania  Americana,  page  132. 

4.  76.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac.     F.  A.  73°.     I.  C.  62.     Dr. 
Ruschenberger. 

5.  77.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac 
I.  C.  76. 

6.  84.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac. 

7.  85.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac 
I.  C.  76.     See  Crania  Americana,  plate  11  B,  and  page  129. 

8.  86.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac :  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  81°. 
I.  C.  88.     See  Crania  Americana,  plate  11  and  page  127. 

9.  87,  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac.     F.  A,  75*.     I.  C.  73.    See 
Crania  Americana,  plates  8  and  9,  and  page  125. 

10.  90.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  woman,  getat.  30.  F.  A.  75*. 
I.  C.  71. 

11.  92.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  75. 

12.  93.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat,  40.  F.  A.  79°. 
I.  C.  79. 

Nos.  85,  86,  87,  90,  92  and  93  from  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

13.  95.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  man,  setat.  60.  F.  A.  80°, 
I.  C.  91.  Dr.  Ruschenberger.  See  Crania  Americana,  plate  11 
A,  and  page  127. 

14.  96.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat.  40.  F.  A.  73®. 
I.  C.  80. 

15.  97.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac :  man,  setat.  50.  F.  A.  75©. 
I.  C.  77.     See  Crania  Americana,  plate  11  D,  and  page  131. 


Peruvian  (97). 

16.  99.  Peruvian  child  of  three  years.     Pachacamac. 

17.  100.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  woman,  astat.  40.  F.  A.  70*. 
I.  C.  67. 


80 


CATALOGUE  OP 


18.  108.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac. 

19.  400.  Peruvian  from  Pacliacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  50.  F.  A.  76^. 
I.  C.  75. 

20.  402,  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  50.  F.  A.  77*'. 
I.  C.  78. 

21.  403.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  74°. 
I.  C.  77. 

22.  404.  Peruvian  from  Pacliacamac :  child  of  five  years. 

23.  405.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac.     F.  A.  75°.     I.  C.  70. 

24.  406.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac :  woman,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  76^. 
I.  C.  76. 

Nos.  402  to  406,  inclusive,  from  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

25.  409.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac :  woman,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  82. 
W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

26.  446.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac.    F.  A.  80°.    I.  C.  75.    Cra- 
nia Americana,  plate  11  C,  and  page  130. 


Lateral  view. 


Peruvian  (446). 


Coronal  view. 


Posterior  view. 

27.    450.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac :  woman,  oetat.  50.   F.  A.  75'^. 
I.  C.  77. 
Nos.  446  and  450  from  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  81 

28.  453.  Peruvian  child.     Pacliacamac. 

29.  541,  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  man,  setat.  55.     I.  C.  80. 

30.  562.  PERtrviAN  from  Pacliacamac :  man,  aetat,  40.     I.  C  79. 

31.  568.  Peruvian  of  Pachacamae. 

32.  570.  Peruvian  of  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  80.     I.  C.  69. 

33.  571.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  85.     I.  C.  75. 

34.  631.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  85.     I.  C.  68. 

35.  642.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  0.  73. 

36.  685.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  35.     I.  C.  78. 

37.  686.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  0.  70. 

38.  687.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  80.     I.  C.  71. 

39.  688.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  58. 

40.  696.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  68. 
The  preceding  18  skulls,  Nos.  453  to  696,  inclusive,  are  from  W.  A . 

Foster,  Esq. 

41.  697.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  50.  F.  A. 
73°.     I.  C.  74.     Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

42.  699.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae:  woman,  aetat.  40. 
F.  A.  74.     I.  C.  76.     Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

43.  750,  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :   man,  jetat.  40.     I.  C.  69. 
W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

44.  752.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  67. 

45.  947.  Peruvian  child  from  Pachacamae :  aetat.  4.     Mr.  Foster. 

46.  1042.  Peruvian  child  from  Pachacamae  :  aetat.  6. 

47.  1059.  Peruvian  child  from   Pachacamae :   setat.    2.      W.   A. 
Foster,  Esq. 

48.  1104i  Peruvian  child   from   Pachacamae  :   aetat.   8.      W.   A. 
Foster,  Esq. 

49.  1225,  Peruvian  of  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  85. 

50.  1232.  Peruvian  of  Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat.  80.     I.  C.  68. 

51.  1241.  Peruvian  of  Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  67. 

52.  1453.  Peruvian  child  from  Pachacamae  :  aetat.  9  years. 

For  the  following  series  of  Peruvian  skulls,  1456  to  1509,  I  am  in- 
debted to  my  friend  Wm,  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

53.  1456.  Peruvian.     Pachacamae  :  man,  aetat.  70.     I.  C.  79.     The 
atlas  is  anchylosed  to  the  occiput. 

54.  1457.  Peruvian.      Pachacamae.      Remarkable  for  the  number 
of  ossa  triquetra.     Girl  of  16.     I.  C.  69. 

55.  1458,  Peruvian.     Pachacamae:  woman,  aetat.  25.     I.  C.  67. 

56.  1459,  Peruvian.     Pachacamae :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  68. 

57.  1460.  Peruvian.     Pachacamae  :  woman,  aetat,  40. 

6 


82 


CATALOGUE  OP 


58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 

65. 
66. 
67. 
68. 
69. 
70. 
71. 
72. 

to. 

74. 
75. 

76. 

1 1. 

78. 

79. 

80. 

81. 

82. 

83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

89. 

90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 

94. 

95. 

96 


I. 

c. 

64. 

I. 

c. 

75. 

I. 

c. 

64. 

I. 

c. 

66. 

1461i  Peruvian.  Paoliacamac :  woman,  aetat.  80. 
1462.  Peruvian.  Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat.  45. 
1463^  Peruvian  child  of  four  years.     Pachacamac. 

1464.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  60. 

1465.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  35. 

1466.  Peruvian  child  of  five  years.     Pachacamac. 

1467.  Peruvian  child  of  four  years.     Remarkable  for  the  fulness 
of  the  occipital  region.     Pachacamac. 

1468.  Peruvian  child  of  eight  years.     Pachacamac. 

1469.  Peruvian  child  of  eight  years.     Pachacamac. 

1470.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  82. 

1471.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman.     I.  C.  72. 

1472.  Peruvian  :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  77. 

1473.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  man,  aetat.  55.     I.  C.  83. 

1474.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac :  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C  86. 

1475.  Peruvian  :  man,  aetat.  60.    I.  C.  81.     Pachacamac. 

1476.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  70. 

1477.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  74. 

1478.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  man,  setat.  40.     I.  C  83. 

1479.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac. 

1480.  Peruvian  :  woman,  aetat.  16.     I.  C.  78.     Pachacamac. 

1481.  Peruvian:  man,  setat.  80.     I.  C.  81.     Pachacamac. 

1482.  Peruvian  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  82.     Pachacamac. 

1483.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac :  man,  setat.  40. 

1489.  Peruvian  :  woman,  aetat.  16.     I.  C.  77.     Pachacamac. 

1490.  Peruvian  :  man,  setat.  80.     I.  C.  78.     Pachacamac. 

1491.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  77. 

1492.  Peruvian  child  of  six  years.     Pachacamac. 

1493.  Peruvian  child  of  twelve  years.     Pachacamac. 

1494.  Peruvian  :  woman,  aetat.  16.     I.  C  69.     Pachacamac. 

1495.  Peruvian  :  man,  aetat.  50.    I.  C.  73.     Pachacamac. 

1496.  Peruvian  from  Pachacamac  :  man,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  75. 

1497.  Peruvian  child  of  four  years.     Pachacamac. 

1498.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat.  40. 

Pachacamac  :  man,  a3tat.  45.     I. 
Pachacamac :  woman,  setat.  60. 
Pachacamac  :  man,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  74. 
Pachacamac  :  woman,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  83. 
Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  45.     I.  C.  70. 
Pachacamac :  man,  aetat.  70.     I.  C.  77. 


1499.  Peruvian. 

1500.  Peruvian. 

1501.  Peruvian. 

1502.  Peruvian. 

1503.  Peruvian. 

1504.  Peruvian. 


C.  75. 

I.  C.  69. 


97.  1505.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  woman,  aetat.  70. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  83 

98.  1506.  Peruvian.     Pacliacamac  :  man,  setat.  40.    I.  C.  66. 

99.  1507.  Peruvian.     Pachacamac  :  womaa,  setat.  20.     I.  C.  75. 

100.  1508.  Peruvian.     Pacliacamac  :  woman,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  72. 

101.  1509.  Peruvian,     Pachacamac:  man,  setat.  70.    I.  C  76. 

102.  228.  Peruvian.     Pacliacamac. 

103.  229,  Peruvian.     Pacliacamac. 

104.  230.  Peruvian.     Pacliacamac. 

The  three  preceding  skulls  were  found  on  the  side  of  a  hill  two  miles 
south  of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  July,  1845. 

From  Pisco. 

(Cases  10-11.) 

1.  38,  Peruvian  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Pisco. 

2.  72.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  83. 
8.     445.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco. 

4.  497.  Peruvian  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Pisco  :  woman, 
aetat.  16.     I.  C.  62. 

5.  498.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  astat.  50.     I.  C.  63. 

6.  630i  Peruvian  child  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Pisco. 

7.  996.  Peruvian  from  the  ancient   cemetery  at  Pisco  :  woman, 
aetat.  60.     I.  C  84. 

8.  1048.  Peruvian  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Pisco. 

9.  1061.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  66. 

10.  1221.  Ancient  Peruvian  :  man,  setat.  60.    I.  C.  82.    From  the 
Huacas  of  Pisco. 

11.  1269.  Peruvian  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Pisco :  woman j 
getat.  60.    I.  C.  72. 

12.  1326i  Peruvian  from  the  ancient  cemetery  at  Pisco :  man,  setat. 
50.     I.  C.  75. 

Nos.  38  to  1326,  inclusive,  from  W.  A.  Foster,  Esq. 

13.  1369.  Peruvian  from  the  Huacas  of  Pisco  :  woman,  setat.  80. 
L  C.  71. 

14.  1370.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  80. 

15.  1371.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  man,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  77. 

16.  1372^  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  woman,  setat.  40. 

17.  1373.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  man,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  77. 

18.  1374.  Ancient  Peruvian  from  Pisco;  forehead  compressed:  man, 
setat.  50.     I.  C.  74. 

19.  1375.  Peruvian  child  of  six  years  old.     Pisco. 

20.  1376.  Peruvian  child  eight  years  of  age.  Head  elongated  in  the 
upward  direction.     Pisco. 


84  CATALOGUE  OP 

21.  1406.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  getat.  35.     I.  C.  72. 

22.  1407,  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  man,  aetafc.  60.     I.  C.  77. 

23.  1408.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  man,  aetat.  45.     I.  C.  81. 

24.  1409.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  setat.  25.     I.  C  70. 

25.  1410.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  a3tat.  40.     I.  C.  73. 

26.  1411,  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  man^  setat.  50.     I.  C  89. 

27.  1412.  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  man,  getat.  70.     I.  C.  88. 

28.  1413.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  setat.  60. 

29.  1414.  Peruvian  from  Pisco. 

30.  1415.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  child  of  twelve  years. 

31.  1416.  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  man,  retat.  50.     I.  C.  73. 

32.  1417.  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  man,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  79. 

33.  1418.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  woman,  setat.  50.     I.  C.  64. 

34.  1419.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  woman,  setat.  25.     I.  C.  62. 

35.  1420.  Peruvian   from   Pisco;   conical   form:   man,   setat.    55. 
I.  C.  76. 

36.  1421.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  getat.  50.     I.  C.  81. 

37.  1422.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  womi^n,  setat.  80.     I.  C.  77.    Atlas 
anchylosed  to  the  cranium.     See  also  Nos.  1263  and  1456. 

38.  1423.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  child  of  two  years. 

39.  1424.  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  man,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  60.     Skull 
compressed,  with  frontal  suture. 

40.  1425.  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  setat.  40.     I.  C.  72.     Much  com- 
pressed. 

41.  1426.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  setat  60.     I.  C.  85.     Conical 
form. 

42.  1427.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  77.     Conical 
form. 

43.  1428.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  setat.  40. 

44.  1429.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  aetat.  70.     I.  C.  71. 

45.  1430.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:    a  child  of  8  years.     Head  com- 
pressed. 

46.  1431.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  boy,  setat.  17.     I.  C.  66.     Conical 
form. 

47.  1432.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  getat.  35.  I.  C  74.  Conical 
form. 

48.  1433.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  child  of  seven  years, 

49.  1434.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  getat.  40.     I.  C.  75.    Much 
compressed. 

50.  1435.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  setat.  60.  I.  C.  66.  Conical 
form. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  85 

51.  1436.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  man,  aetat.  50.    I.  C  76,    Strongly 
.  resembles  a  Malay  skull. 

52.  1437.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  74. 

53.  1438.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  setat.  55.     I.  C.  72. 

54.  1439.  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  woman,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  69. 

55.  1440.   Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C  84. 

56.  1441.  Peruvian  from  Pisco:  child  of  8  years.     Conical  form. 

57.  1442.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman  aetat.  35.     I.  C  72. 

58.  1443.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  sotat.  50.     I.  C.  73. 

59.  1444,  Peruvian  from  Pisco :  woman,  aetat.  40.     I.  C.  66. 

60.  1445.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  aetat.  80. 

For  the  preceding  series  of  Peruvian  crania  from  Pisco,  I  am  indebt- 
ed to  my  friend  "Wm.  A.  Foster,  Esq.,  formerly  of  this  city,  and 
now  a  resident  of  Lima,  who  accompanied  them  with  the  following 
memorandum : — 

"  These  skulls  were  all  collected  from  the  surface  of  three  or  four 
liuacas  (tumuli)  within  a  short  distance,  perhaps  a  couple  of  miles, 
of  each  other,  having  been  disturbed  and  left  lying  there  by  pre- 
vious diggers;  that  is,  by  the  common  people  of  the  country,  who 
are  full  of  notions  about  buried  treasure.  All  the  huacas  I  saw 
were  evidently  those  of  the  poorer  classes. 

"  The  whole  country  around  Pisco  is  covered  with  Indian  remains. 
It  is  a  rich  valley,  with  a  small  stream  running  through  it,  and  has 
every  appearance  of  having  been  thickly  populated  and  well  and 
extensively  cultivated." 

61.  1484.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  man,  aetat.  50. 

62.  1485.  Peruvian  from  Pisco  :  woman,  aetat.  40. 

From  Santa. 
{Case  11.) 

1.  71.  Peruvian  child  from  Santa.  Dr.  Waters  Smith,  U.  S. 
Navy. 

2.  73.  Peruvian  from  a  mound  near  Santa  :  woman,  aetat.  40. 
F.  A.  71°.  I.  C.  75.  Dr.  Waters  Smith,  U.  S.  Navy.  See  Cra- 
nia Americana,  plate  56  and  page  225. 

3.  79.  Peruvian  from  Santa :  man,  aetat.  30.  F.  A.  74°.  I.  C.  76. 

4.  81.  Peruvian  from  Santa:  woman,  aetat.  40.  F.  A.  76°. 
I.  C.  77. 

5.  82,  Peruvian  from  Santa :  woman,  getat.  60.  F.  A.  79°. 
I.  0.  76. 

Nos.  79,  81  and  82  from  Dr.  Ruscbenberger. 


86  CATALOGUE  OF 

6.  449.  Peruvian  from  Santa  :  man,  setat.  60.  F.  A.  77*.  I.  C.  88. 

7.  569.  Peruvian  child  of  8  years,  from  Santa.  Dr.  Ruschen- 
berger. 

8.  109.  Peruvian  from  Santa. 

From  Lima. 

1.  68.  Peruvian  from  a  tumulus  near  Lima :  man,  setat.  40. 
F.  A.  74^^.     I.  C.  90.     Dr.  H.  S.  Rennolds,  U.  S.  Navy. 

2.  91.  Peruvian  from  Chorillos,  near  Lima  :  woman,  oetat.  60. 
F.  A.  75*.     I.  C.  66.     Dr.  Rusclienberger. 

3.  412.  Peruvian  from  a  tumulus  at  Rimac,  near  Lima  :  woman, 
»tat.  60.  F.  A.  74°.  I.  C.  79.  Dr.  H.  S.  Rennolds,  U.  S.  N. 
See  Crania  Americana,  plate  57  and  page  226. 

4.  414.  Peruvian,  the  OS  frontis  flattened  by  art.  From  a  tumulus 
at  Rimac,  near  Lima.  F.  A.  72*.  L C  81.  Dr.  H.  S.  Ren- 
nolds, U.  S.  N.     See  Crania  Americana,  plate  57  and  page  226. 

5.  452.  Peruvian  from  near  Lima :  man,  setat.  30.  F.  A.  69*. 
L  C.  83.     From  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

6.  576.  Peruvian  from  a  mound  near  Lima.  I.  C.  72.  Dr.  H.  S. 
Rennolds,  U.  S.  N. 

7.  231.  Peruvian  from  an  Indian  tumulus  in  the  valley  of  Lima, 
near  Magdalena,  June,  1845. 

Miscellaneous. 
{Case  11.) 

1.  11,  Ancient  Chimuyan  from  the  ruined  city  near  Truxillo,  in 
Peru  :  woman,  setat.  40.  L  C.  71.  Dr.  M.  Burrough.  See  Crania 
Americana,  plate  6  and  page  112. 

2.  451.  Peruvian  :  woman,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  78*.     I.  C.  87. 

3.  637.  QuiCHUA  Indian  of  Upper  Peru  :  man,  setat.  40.  F.  A.  70o. 
I.  C.  82.     Ex-President  Vargas. 

4.  1348.  Peruvian  skull,  artificially  elongated  upwards  and  back- 
wards :  man,  ostat.  50.     I.  C  66.     Dr.  Dickeson. 

5.  1517.  Peruvian  child  of  8  years.  Payta.  Dr.  S.  J.  Oakford. 
1850. 

6.  1518,  Peruvian:  man,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  — .  From  a  mound  in 
the  province  of  Payta,     Dr.  S.  J.  Oakford.     1850. 

7.  113.  Peruvian  of  the  Inca  race. 

8.  232,  Peruvian.    Atacames. 

9.  1046.  Peruvian  from  an  ancient  cemetery  at  Guamay.  I.  C.  74. 
Dr.  Paul  Swift.     1843. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  87 

1.  447.  Peruvian  from  near  Callao  :  woman,  setat.  40,  F.  A.  74'^. 
I.  C.  76. 

2.  448.  Peruvian  from  near  Callao  :  woman,  £etat.40.  F.  A.  74°. 
I.  C.  73. 

Nos.  447  and  448  from  Dr.  Ruschenberger. 

3.  233.  Peruvian  from  vaults  at  Callao  Fort,  May,  1845. 

1.  710.  Cast  of  an  elongated  Peruvian  skull.     Dr.  0.  S.  Fowler. 

2.  71 L  Cast  of  another  ancient  Peruvian  skull.  Dr.  0.  S. 
Fowler. 

8.  700i  Cast  of  the  head  of  an  ancient  Peruvian,  from  a  tomb  on 
the  Island  of  Titicaca,  in  Bolivia.  Crania  Americana,  page  97,  &c. 

4.  701.  Cast  of  an  ancient  Peruvian  skull,  from  a  tomb  on  the 
Island  of  Titicaca. 

5.  702.  Cast  of  a  skull  found  with  the  preceding. 

6.  703.  Cast  of  a  skull  taken  by  Mr.  Pentland  from  an  ancient  tomb 
at  Coracolla,  latitude  17"  38'  south. 

7.  704.  Cast  of  a  skull  of  the  ancient  Peruvian  race,  taken  from 
the  tombs  between  Pomete  and  Chimgauge,  by  Mr.  Pentland. 

8.  705.  Cast  of  a  skull  taken  by  Mr.  Pentland  from  a  large  tomb  in 
the  Island  of  Titicaca.  See  Crania  Americana,  page  97,  and  Jour- 
nal of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  vol.  viii.  See  also  my 
Distinctive  Characteristics  of  the  Aboriginal  Race  of  America,  p. 
7,  41,  and  M.  D'Orbigny,  L'Hopime  Americain,  planche  2. 

h.    MEXICAN    family. 

{Case  12.) 
1.  34.  Mexican  Indian  of  the  Tlahuica  tribe  :  woman,  aetat.  40. 
F.  A.  76'^.  I.  C.  84.  W.  Maclure,  Esq.,  1836.  The  following 
is  a  copy  of  Mr.  Maclure's  note  to  me  : — 
"  The  skull  of  an  Indian  from  Acapancingo,  eighteen  leagues  south 
of  Mexico,  and  a  league  and  a  half  from  Cuernavaca,  State  of 
Mexico."  See  Clavigero^ s Hist,  of  31exico,  Cullen's  Trans.,yo\.\. 
p.  7 ;  and  Crania  Americana,  plate  18  A,  and  page  156. 

1.  734.  Skull  of  an  ancient  Mexican,  of  the  Aztec?  nation;  ex- 
humed near  the  Indian  village  of  Guahapan,  on  the  mountain  Popo- 
catapetl.    Man,  aetat.  40.    I.  C.  85.    Dr.  J.  Macartney,  of  Mexico. 

2.  735.  Aztec?  found  with  the  preceding.  Woman,  eetat.  40. 
I.  C.  76.     Dr.  Macartney. 


88  CATALOGUE  OP 

1.  714.  Mexican  ladlan  from  an  ancient  cemetery  at  Otumba : 
man,  £etat.  40.  I.  C.  90.  Crania  Americana,  plate  61  and  page  233. 

2.  715.  Mexican  Indian  from  Otumba  :  woman,  setat.  20.  I.  C.  77. 
Crania  Americana,  plate  59  and  page  231. 

3.  716.  Mexican  Indian  from  Otumba :  woman,  setat.  30.     F.  A. 
77°.     I.  C.  81.     Crania  Americana,  plate  60  and  page  232. 

1.  717.  Ancient  Mexican  from  Tacuba:  man,  aetat.  50.     I.  C.  80. 

2.  718.  Ancient  Mexican  from  Tacuba  :  man,  getat.  40.     I.  C.  81. 

3.  719.  Mexican  Indian  from  near  the  city  of  Mexico.     I.  C.  92. 

4.  720.  Ancient  Mexican  from  Tacuba  :   woman,  aetat.  60.    I.  C- 

The  preceding  seven  skulls,  714  to  720,  inclusive,  were  transmitted 
to  me  by  the  late  William  Maclure,  Esq.,  with  the  following  note  : 

"  Skulls  obtained  by  Mr.  Joseph   Smith  from  the  ancient  tombs  of 
Tacuba  and  Otumba,  for  Dr.  Morton,  May,  1,  1839." 

1.  1323.  The  skull  of  Vicente  Kivaz,  an  Otomie  Cazique  of  the  pure 
Mexican  race,  born  and  died  in  the  village  of  San  Piedro  Flax- 
coapan,  in  the  department  of  Tula,  20  leagues  from  the  city  of 
Mexico.  He  lived  to  be  80  years  of  age,  and  was  remarkable  for 
his  literary  attainments  and  amiable  disposition.  Sent  meby  Senor 
Don  Jose  Gomez  de  la  Catina,  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  A.  D.  1848, 
through  Dr.  Henderson,  U.  S.  A.     I.  C  72. 

2.  1000.  Ancient  Mexican.  Otomie  nation  :  man,  getat.  50.  From 
a  mound  near  Ajacuba.    F.  A.  80^.     I.  C.  92. 

3.  1001.  Ancient  Mexican.  Otomie  nation  :  woman,  setat.  30.  From 
the  same  place.     F.  A.  75°.     I.  C  67. 

4.  1002.  Ancient  Mexican.  Otomie  nation  :  woman,  aetat.  40.  From 
a  mound  near  the  village  of  Doxey.     F.  A.  73°.     I.  C.  76. 

5.  1003.  Ancient  Mexican.  Otomie  nation  :  man,  aetat.  18.  From 
a  mound  near  the  Sierra  de  Zumpanga.     F.  A.  70°.     I.  C.  76. 

1.  1004.  Ancient  Mexican.  Tlascalau  nation  :  man,  aetat.  40.  From 
a  mound  in  the  suburbs  of  Tlascala.     F.  A.  75°.     I.  C.  84, 

1.  1005.  Ancient  Mexican.  Chechemecan  nation  :  woman,  aetat.  30. 
From  a  mound  at  Tezcuco.     F.  A.  75°.     I.  C.  83. 
The  six  preceding  crania  were  obtained  and  presented  by  Don  J. 
Gomez   de  la  Cortina,  of   the  city  of  Blexico^  through  Mr.  W. 


HUMA.N    CRANIA.  89 

Augustus  Twigg.     See  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  for  July,  1841. 

1-  1226.  Ancient  Mexican  skull,  from  the  cemetery  of  Santiago  de 
Tlatilolco,  near  the  city  of  Mexico,  in  which  many  thousands  of  the 
natives  were  interred  after  the  brave  defence  of  their  city  against 
Cortes.  I.  C  79.5.  From  his  Excellency  the  Baron  von  Gerolt, 
A.  D.  1845.  See  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
for  July,  1845. 

1.  681.  Mexican  Indian  of  the  Pames  tribe,  from  San  Lorenzo, 
near  the  capital :  woman, setat.  50.  F.  A.  77°.  I.  C.  78.  Crania 
Americana,  plate  17  A,  and  page  154. 

2.  1313i  Pames  Mexican  :  woman,  setat.  30.  I.  C.  81.  From  the 
village  of  San  Lorenzo,  near  the  city  of  Mexico.  W.  S.  Parrott, 
Esq. 

1.  1314i  Ancient  Mexican  chief,  exhumed,  together  with  various 
aboriginal  arms  and  utensils,  from  the  Cerro  de  Quesilas,  near  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  brought  from  thence  by  the  Hon.  J.  R.  Poin- 
sett, U.  S.  Minister  to  Mexico.  F.  A.  72°-  I.  C.  86.  See  Cra- 
nia Americana,  plate  14  and  page  152. 

2.  682.  Mexican  Indian :  man,  Eetat.  40.  F.  A.  80°.  L  C.  91. 
Crania  Americana,  plate  17  and  page  153.  In  that  work,  table  1, 
page  257,  this  skull  is  erroneously  referred  to  No.  559, 

3.  234.  Skull  said  to  be  taken  from  under  the  vast  Altar  of  Sacri- 
fices at  Mexico.     Presented  by  Dr.  E.  H.  Barton,  of  N.  Orleans. 

1.  1353.  Cast  of  a  singularly  deformed  Mexican  skull.  Prof.  An- 
dreas Retzius,  of  Stockholm. 

1.  1566.  Indian  cranium.  Pimos  village,  Mexico.  Presented  by 
Dr.  Heermann,  August,  1854.     F.  A.  78°.     I.  C.  — . 

1.  1345.  Skull  of  a  chief  of  the  Lipan  tribe  of  Indians,  killed  in  a 
skirmish  with  Col.  Doniphan's  legion,  on  the  5th  of  May,  1847,  at 
Poyo,  near  Parses,  in  New  Mexico.  Man,  astat.  40.  I.  C.  84. 
This  skull  was  procured  and  presented  by  Dr.  A.  Wislizeuus,  of 
St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

2.  1346.  Skull,  supposed  to  be  of  an  ancient  tribe  of  Lipan  Indians, 
from  the  celebrated  sepulchral  cavern  of  Bolson  de  Massimi,  be- 


90  CATALOGUE  OF 

tween  San  Sebastian  and  San  Lorezo,  in  the  State  of  Durango, 
['New   Mexico.     Man,  setat.   50.     I.  C.  99.     Obtained   and    pre- 
sented by  Dr.  A.  Wislizenus,  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  A.  D.  1847. 

1.  1515.  Modern  Mexican  Indian:  man  (?)  aetat.  30.  I.  C.  78. 
Brought  from  Perote,  A.  D.1847,  by  Capt.  G.  W.  Smith,  U.  S. 
Army,  and  presented  by  Dr.  J.  H.  B.  McClellan. 

2.  1347,  Head  of  a  young  Mexican  sergeant,  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Buena  Vista,  in  New  Mexico,  May,  1847.  An  example  of  natural 
desiccation.     Dr.  R.  S.  Holmes,  U.  S.  A. 

o.  555.  Mexican  soldier,  setat.  40,  with  three  cicatrized  gunshot 
wounds  through  the  right  parietal  bone.  Slain  at  the  battle  of  San 
Jacinto,  in  Texas,  A.  D.  1836. 

4.  556.  Mexican  soldier,  setat.  40,  with  cicatrized  depression  of  the 
frontal  and  nasal  bones.     Slain  at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto. 

5.  557.  Mexican  soldier,  setat.  50,  slain  at  San  Jacinto.  A  rifle 
ball  has  entered  the  occipital  bone  and  passed  out  of  the  left 
parietal. 

6.  558.  Mexican  soldier,  setat.  40,  slain  at  San  Jacinto.  Skull 
perforated  by  a  ball. 

Nos.  555  to  558,  inclusive,  from  J.  J.  Audubon,  Esq. 

7.  722.  Singularly  formed  skull  from  the  battle-field  of  San  Jacinto, 
in  Texas,  A.  D.  1836.     I.  C.  79.     Dr.  Trudeau. 

8.  689.  Mexican  Indian,  slain  at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  in 
Texas,  A.  D.  1836.  Man,  £etat.  30.  I.  C.  91.  W.  M.  Black- 
ford, Esq. 


V.  NEGRO  GROUP. 

1.  American-Born. 

(Case  12.) 

1.  1.  Negro,  born  in  the  United  States,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  83. 

2.  2,  Negro,  born  in  the  United  States,  aetat.  50.     F.  A.  69^'. 
I.  C.  83. 

3.  69.  Negress,  setat.  80  years.     I.  C.  79. 

4.  74.  Negro  ;  died  of  malignant  polypus  of  the  antrum.  I.  C  76. 
Dr.  F.  Turnpenny. 

5.  548.  Negro  of  St.  Domingo,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  86. 

6.  549.  Negress,  setat.  20.    I.  C.  83. 


HUMAN   CRANIA.  91 

7.  900,  Negro,  born  iu  the  United  States,  setat.  60.     I.  C.  75. 

8.  983.  Negro,  born  in  the  United  States.     F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  84. 


Negeo  (983). 
9.     984.  Negro,  bom  in  the  United  States,  aetat.  50.     F.  A.  79^. 
I.  C.  86. 

10.  1301.  Fragment  of  a  Negro  skull  of  remarkable  thickness. 

11.  1302.  Negro  convict. 

12.  1318,  Negro.     History  unknown. 

13.  1320.  Negress   of  South   Carolina,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  73.     Dr. 
Hardy. 

14.  1321.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Negro,  remarkable  for  the  flatness  of 
the  lateral  or  temporal  regions,  and  for  a  grooved  surface  over  the 
posterior  part  of  the  coronal  suture,  and  deep  depressions  which 
supply  the  place  of  the  parietal  protuberances.  Dr.  J.  Wyman,  of 
Boston.     See  Nos.  444,  893  and  1290. 

15.  235.  Cast  of  a  Negro  skull. 

16.  236.  Cast  of  a  Negro  skull. 

2.  Native  Africans. 
(Cases  12-13.) 

1.  12.  Native  African  boy.     Dr.  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger. 

2.  114.  Negro,  from  Western  Africa. 

3.  421.  Native  African,  male  of  the  Benguella  tribe,  setat. 
about  40  years.     I.  C.  88.     Dr.  J.  W.  Russell,  1835. 

4.  422.  Native  African,  female  of  the  Mina  tribe,  aetat.  about 
30  years.     I.  C.  80.     Dr.  Kussell. 

5.  423.  Native  African,  male  of  the  Mozambique  tribe,  aetat. 
between  40  and  50  years.     I.  C.  85.     Dr.  Russell. 

6.  1245,  Mozambique  Negro  :  man,  aetat.  60.   I.  C.  80.    Mr.  Jno. 
Watson,  through  Dr.  Gr.  Watson,  1845. 

7.  237.    Cast  of  a  Mozambique  skull.     Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 
[In  the  Benguella  skull  (No.  421),  the  forehead  is  broad  and  capa- 


92 


CATALOGUE  OF 


9. 
10. 

11. 

12. 
13. 


14 


cious,  the  calvarial  arcli  full  and  regular,  the  posterior  region  ap- 
pears elongated  in  consequence  of  the  angle  formed  by  the  junction 
of  a  large  Wormian  piece  and  the  occiput  proper ;  face  regular, 
superior  maxillae  prognathous.  The  Mozambique  skull  (No.  423), 
resembles  in  form  that  of  the  Benguella  and  Kroos.  In  another 
Mozambique  head  (No.  1245),  however,  the  forehead  is  narrower 
and  higher.  The  cast  of  a  Mozambique  skull  (No.  237),  pre- 
sents an  exceedingly  low  and  degraded  form.] 

580.  Native  African  of  the  Macua  tribe :  boy,  setat.  16. 
F.  A.  75°.     I.  C.  67.     Dr.  Lobe  of  Havana. 

640.  Native  African  of  the  Dey  tribe,  Liberia.    Dr.  Skinner. 

645.  Native  African  of  the  Grabbo  tribe,  near  Liberia :  man, 
setat.  30.     F.  A.  77^.    L  C.  97. 

646.  Native  African  of  the  Bassa  tribe  of  Liberia :  woman, 
setat.  30.     F.  A.  SO^".     L  C.  77. 

647.  Native  African  of  the  Bassa  tribe  of  Liberia  :  man,  getat. 
30.    L  C.  98. 

648.  Native  African  of  the  Bassa  tribe,  setat.  50.  I.  C.  88. 
I  received  this  skull,  together  with  the  preceding  three,  from  Dr. 
Robert  McDowell,  with  the  following  memorandum  : — 

"  The  skull  of  an  African  Gree-gree  man,  or  doctor.  For  commit- 
ting some  crime  he  was  tried  by  the  ordeal  of  drinking  red-toood 
water,  and  being  found  guilty,  was  cut  in  pieces,  and  thrown  into 
the  St.  John's  river.  Grand  Bassa,  Africa,  where  his  skull  was 
found — a  very  good  specimen  of  the  Bassa  tribe.     A.  D.  1835. 

823.  Negress,  setat.  60,  with  gray,  woolly  hair.  I.  C.  73.  Crania 
^gyptiaca,  plate  12,  fig.  7. 


Negress  (823). 

15.     898.  Native  African. 

The  following  series  of  29   skulls,  of  Native  African  Negroes,  was 
received  from  Don  Jose  Rodriguez  Cisneros,  M.  D,,  of  Havana. 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  93 

16.  901.  Native  African.     F.  A.  76°.    I.  C.  76. 

17.  902.  Native  African,  aetat.  30.    F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  86. 

18.  903.  Native  African.     F.  A.  77''.    I.  C.  80. 

19.  904.  Native  African,  eetat.  20.     F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  79. 

20.  905.  Native  African,  setat.  30.    F.  A.  75°.    I.  C.  85. 

21.  906.  Native  African,  aetat.  12.     F.  A.  79^. 

22.  907.  Native  African,  aetat.  14.  h 

23.  908.  Native  African,  setat.  25.    F.  A.  82°.     I.  C.  99. 

24.  909.  Native  African,  »tat.  16.     F.  A.  79°.    I.  C.  89. 

25.  910.  Native  African,  setat.  20.     F.  A.  75°.    I.  C.  78. 

26.  911.  Native  African,  setat.  14.     F.  A.  79®. 

27.  912.  Native  African,  setat.  25.     F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  87. 

28.  913.  Native  African,  setat.  30.    F.  A.  76°.    I.  C.  92. 

29.  914.  Native  African,  setat.  17.     F.  A.  73°.     I.  C.  78. 

30.  915.  Native  African,  setat.  25.     F.  A.  77°.     I.  C.  88. 

31.  916.  Native  African,  setat.  16.     F.  A.  79*.     I.  C.  80. 

32.  917.  Native  African,  setat.  25.     F.  A.  78^.     I.  C.  73. 

33.  918.  Native  African,  setat.  40.    F.  A.  75°.     I.  C.  87. 
84.  919.  Native  African,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  96. 

35.  920.  Native  African,  setat.  25.     F.  A.  74*.    I.  C.  72. 

36.  921.  Native  African,  aetat.  14. 

37.  922.  N.\TivE  African,  aetat.  14.    F.  A.  74*. 

38.  923.  Native  African,  aetat.  20.    F.  A.  81°.     I.  C.  86. 

39.  924.  Native  African,  setat.  16.     F.  A.  73°.     I.  C.  76. 

40.  925.  Native  African,  «tat.  30.    F.  A.  81*.     I.  C.  80. 

41.  926.  Native  African,  setat.  14. 

42.  927.  Native  African,  aetat.  16.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  90. 

43.  928.  Native  African,  setat.  35.     F.  A.  77°.     I.  C.  88. 

44.  929.  Native  African,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  77°.     I.  C.  83. 
Second  series  of  crania  of  Native  African  tribes,  Nos.  958  to  981, 

inclusive,  from  Don  Jose  Kodriguez  Cisneros,  M.  D.,  of  Havana. 

45.  958.  Native  African  Negro,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  79*.     I.  C.  89. 

46.  959.  Native  African,  setat.  7. 

47.  960.  Native  African  Negress,  aetat.  18.    F.  A.  76°.  I.  C.  82. 

48.  961,  Native  African  :  girl  of  14  years.     F.  A.  82°. 

49.  962.  Native  African  Negro,  setat.  18.     F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  87. 

50.  963.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  30.     F.  A.  71°.     I.  C.  82. 

51.  964.  Native  African  Negro,  setat.  40.     F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  93. 

52.  965.  Native  African  Negress,  setat.  16.    F.  A  77°.   I.  C.  72. 

53.  966.  Native  African  Negress.     F.  A.  79*.     I.  C.  79. 

54.  967.  Native  African  :  girl  of  18.    I.  C.  71. 


94  CATALOGUE  OF 

55.  968.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  25.     F.  A.  73°.    I.  C.  87. 

56.  969.  Native  African  :  girl  of  12  years.     F.  A.  74''. 

57.  970.  Native  African  :  girl  of  16.     F.  A.  78°.     I.  C.  76. 

58.  971.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  25.    F.  A.  80°.     I.  C.  86. 

59.  972.  Native  African  :  boy  of  15  years.     F.  A.  75°. 

60.  973.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  25.    F.  A.  79«.     I.  C.  93. 

61.  974.  Native  African  Negro.     F.  A.  12^.     I.  C.  85, 

62.  975.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  25.    F.  A.  81°.     L  C.  99. 

63.  976.  Native  African  Negro,  astat.  18.     F.  A.  80*.     I.  C.  82. 

64.  977.  Native  African,  ^tat.  16.     F.  A.  83°.     I.  C.  86. 

65.  978.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  20.     F.  A.  80°     I.  C.  78. 

66.  979.  Native  African,  getat.  16.     F.  A.  73^^.    I.  C.  77. 

67.  980.  Native  African,  aetat.  14. 

68.  981.  Native  African  Negro,  setat.  30.     F.  A.  75*'.     I.  C.  97. 

69.  993.  Native  African  Negro,  aetat.  30.     F.  A.  81°.    I.  C.  78. 

70.  994.  Native  African  Negro,  ^tat.  30.    F.  A.  76°.     I.  C.  76. 

71.  1093,  GoLAH  Negro,  warrior,  setat.   70.     F.  A.  77°.     I.  C.  85. 
Liberia. 

72.  1094.  GoLAH  warrior,  setat.  40.     F.  A.  77*.    I.  C.  90. 

73.  1095.  Pessah  :  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  80«.     I.  C.  90. 

74.  1096.  Pessah  :  man,  aetat.  30.     F.  A.  76*.     I.  C.  80. 

75.  1097.  Pessah  :  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  77°.    I.  C.  83. 

The  five  preceding  skulls  are  of  Negroes  killed  in  the  attack  on 
Heddington,  in  Liberia,  A.  D.  1840. 

76.  1098.  Krooman,  jetat.  40.     F.  A.  79°.     L  C.  92. 

77.  1099.  Krooman,  setat.  50.     F.  A.  73°.     I.  C.  95. 

78.  1100.  Dey  :  man,  aetat.  30.     F.  A.  79°.     L  C.  89. 

79.  1101.  Eboe  :  man,  aetat.  40.     F.  A.  74°. 

80.  1102.  Eboe  :  woman,  aetat.  30.     F.  A.  75*.     L  C.  71.       ' 
The  last  two  were  hanged  in  Liberia  for  murder. 

SI.  1103.  Native  African  :  woman,  aetat.  25.  F.  A.  75*.  I.  C.  65. 

The  preceding  eleven  skulls  of  Native  Africans  were  received  A.  D. 
1842,  from  Dr.  S.  M.  E.  Goheen,  for  several  years  physician  to  the 
colony  of  Liberia  in  Western  Africa. 

[The  Golah  skull  (No.  1093),  is  remarkable  for  its  massiveness  and 
density.  The  calvaria  is  well-formed,  expanding  fron  the  frontal 
region  back  towards  the  occiput,  which  is  flat  and  shelving.  The 
two  halves  of  the  os  frontis  form  a  double  inclined  plane,  whose 
summit  coincides  with  the  sagittal  suture.  The  basis  cranii  is 
full  and  round,  and  the  mastoid  processes  large;  nasal  bones  flat, 
and  falling  in  below  the  glabella ;   orbits  large,  and  widely  sepa- 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  95 

rated ;  malar  bones  laterally  prominent.  This  latter  feature,  in 
conjunction  with  the  double  inclination  of  the  os  frontis,  gives  to 
the  head  a  pyramidal  form.  The  superior  maxilla  is  distinctly 
everted  at  the  alveolar  margin.  Another  head  of  the  same  tribe 
is  longer  and  narrower,  and,  in  consequence  of  the  flatness  of  the 
malar  bones,  has  less  of  the  pyramidal  form. — The  calvaria  of  a 
Pessah  skull  (No.  1095)  is  oblong  in  figure ;  the  forehead  flat, 
and  receding ;  superciliary  ridges  ponderous  ;  malar  bones  large 
and  flat;  upper  jaw  everted;  lower  jaw  retracted,  occiput  pro- 
tuberant. In  a  Kroo  head  (No.  1098),  I  find  the  forehead  broad 
and  high ;  the  calvaria  regularly  arched,  and  having  its  greatest 
diameter  between  the  anterior  and  inferior  parts  of  the  parietalia ; 
the  occipital  region  flat  and  shelving  downwards  and  forwards  to 
a  small  foramen  magnum ;  mastoid  processes  large ;  face  very 
broad ;  malar  bones  shelving  slightly  like  those  of  the  Eskimo ; 
inter-orbital  space  very  large;  upper  jaw  slightly  everted ;  teeth 
rather  small,  and  vertical ;  zygomatic  fossae  deep.  In  another 
Kroo  skull,  the  vertex  is  flat,  the  forehead  recedent,  and  the  jaws 
more  prognathous.  The  calvaria  of  a  Dey  skull  is  narrow  in  front 
and  broad  posteriorly,  with  a  flat  vertex ;  face  small,  regular,  and 
compact,  and,  were  it  not  for  the  projection  of  the  superior  alve- 
olus, might  be  considered  as  almost  European.  The  skull  of  an 
Eboe  (No.  1102),  presents  characters  similar  to  those  just  de- 
tailed. It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  great  obliquity  of  the 
orbital  opening,  and  the  unusual  smallness  of  the  mastoid  pro- 
cesses.] 

82.  1224.  Congo  Negro  ;  a  young  native.  Remarkable  for  the  ab- 
sence of  the  coronal,  sagittal  and  lambdoidal  sutures.  Dr.  David 
Gilbert,  1844. 

83.  1107.  Hottentot:  woman,  setat.  35.     F.  A.  75«.     I.  C.  68. 

84.  1244.  Hottentot  :  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  75. 

85.  1351.  Hottentot  :  woman,  aetat.  25.     I.  C.  83. 

The  above  three  Hottentot  skulls  were  sent  me  by  Mr.  John  Watson, 
of  Cape  Town,  through  Dr.  Gavin  Watson,  1845-8. 

86.  1358.  Kaffeb  skull :  man,  aetat.  50.  I.  C.  80.  From  Mr.  John 
Watson,  through  Dr.  G.  Watson. 

87.  1360.  Cast  of  a  Kaffer  skull.     Prof.  Retzius. 

88.  238.  Cast  of  the  skull  of  a  Bosjie  woman.  Presented  by  Mr. 
Harlan. 

[The  three  Hottentot  heads  are  long,  compressed  anteriorly;    fore- 
heads low ;  the  whole  face  small  and  prognathous,  the  slope,  from 


96  CATALOGIIE  OF 

the  glabella  to  the  upper  alveolus,  being  continuous ;  the  occipital 
region  protuberant.  Only  one  of  these  heads  approximates  the 
pyramidal  form.  The  two  Kaffir  skulls  are  characterized  by  high, 
peaked  foreheads  ;  the  sagittal  suture  marked  by  a  prominent  ridge, 
and  the  calvaria  pyramidal  in  form.] 

3.  Hovahs. 
{Case  13.) 

1.  1306.  HovAH  of  Madagascar  :  man,  setat.  25.     I.  C.  82. 

2.  1307.  HovAH  of  Madagascar  :  man,  astat.  40.     I.  C.  83. 

These  two  Hovah  skulls  were  procured  by  Lieut.  Isaac  G.  Strain, 
U.  S.  N.,  at  Majunga,  Bembatooka  Bay,  on  the  west  coast  of 
Madagascar,  A.  D.  1846. 

The  Hovahs,  who  constitute  the  ruling  caste  of  this  island,  are  a 
black  race  closely  allied  to  the  Kaffers.  They  are  more  or  less 
blended  with  the  Arabs,  Hindus  and  Malays,  but  not  to  such  a 
degree  as  to  materially  affect  their  national  traits  or  their  peculiar 
language,  as  Mr.  Crawfurd  has  shown, 

[These  two  Hovah  skulls  have  the  base  long  and  narrow,  the  vertex 
flat,  the  orbits  narrow  and  high,  and  the  superior  maxillae  promi- 
nent.] 

ly.   ALFOPJAN  RACE. 

Australians. 

(Case  13.) 

The  following  three  native  Australian  skulls  were  presented  to  me 
A.  D.  1849,  by  Dr.  Charles  Nicholson,  of  Sydney,  New  South 
"Wales. 

1.  1450.  AusTEALiAN  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  71. 

2.  1451.  Native  Australian   man,  from   Mount   Abrupt,  in   the 
Australian  Grampians.     JEtat  50.     I.  C.  83. 

3.  1452.  Native  Australian  woman,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  63. 

4.  1327.  Australian  of  Port  St.  Philip,  New  South  Wales. 

This  man,  whose  name  wasDurabub,  was  killed  in  a  fray  after  having 
himself  killed  two  savages  of  a  hostile  tribe,  A.  D.  1841.  His  skull 
is  the  nearest  approach  to  the  Orang  type  that  I  have  seen.  JEt2it. 
40.     I.  C.  81. 

[It  is  a  truly  animal  head.  The  forehead  is  exceedingly  flat  and  re- 
cedent,  while  the  prognathism  of  the  superior  maxillary  almost 
degenerates  into  a  muzzle.     The  alveolar  arch,  instead  of  being 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


97 


round  or  oval  in  outline,  is  nearly  square.     The  whole  head  is 
elongated  and  depressed  along  the  coronal  region,  the  basis  cranii 


AUSTKALIAN    (132Y). 

flat,  and  the  mastoid  processes  very  large  and  roughly  formed. 
The  immense  orbits  are  overhung  by  ponderous  superciliary 
ridges.  This  latter  feature  is  still  more  evident  in  No.  1451  of 
the  Collection,  which,  though  varying  somewhat  in  type,  presents 
in  general  the  same  brutal  appearance.] 

5.  1328.  Native  Australian  boy,  about  16  years  old,  native  of  Port 
St.  Philip,  at  which  place  he  was  hanged  for  murder.  I.  C.  82. 
Procured  in  Calcutta  by  my  friend  Dr.  Chas.  Huffnagle,  and  by 
him  presented  to  me,  A.  D.  1847. 

6.  1261  ■  New  Hollander,  of  a  tribe  near  the  Goulbourn  settlement : 
man,  aetat.  60.     I.  C.  81. 

7.  1262,  New  Hollander,  from  a  tribe  of  the  Goulbourn  settlement, 
killed  in  an  affray  with  the  people  of  another  tribe  :  woman,  aetat. 
55.    I.  C.  75. 

The  two  preceding  skulls  were  sent  me  by  Charles  Nicholson,  M.  !>., 
of  Sydney,  in  Australia,  1845.  See  Proceedings  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  for  December,  1845. 

1289.  Native  of  New  Holland  :  man,  aetat.  60.  I.  C.  65.  From 
J.  W.  Wilton,  Esq.,  Gloucester,  England,  1846. 
239.  Fragment  of  the  skull  of  a  New  Hollander. 
Australian  :  man,  from  Moreton  Bay. 
Australian  :  woman,  from  Moreton  Bay. 

Oceanic  Negroes. 

1.  435.  Oceanic  Negro,  from  the  Indian  Archipelago  :  woman, 
aetat.  40.     I.  C.  77.     Dr.  Doornik. 

2.  1343;  Tasmanian,  of  Van  Diemen's  land  (?) 
of  the  Indian  Archipelago ;  setat.  35.     I.  C.  76. 

7 


8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 


240. 
241. 


Oceanic  Ne^ro 


98 


CATALOGUE  OF 


VI.  MIXED  RACES. 

Copts. 
{Case  14.) 

1.  759i  Copt  from  a  Convent  near  Cairo,  on  the  road  to  Abersabei  : 
woman,  aetat.  20.  F.  A.  78°.  I.  C.  77.  Crania  .^gyptiaca. 
page  57.  From  G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq.,  late  United  States  Consul 
for  the  City  of  Cairo. 

2.  760.  Coptic  child,  a  year  old. 
Obtained  with  No.  759. 


761.  Copt  of  Lower  Egypt : 
man,  ^tat.  40.  F.  A.  8 P. 
I.  C.  85.  Obtained  with  No. 
759. 

[Dr.  Morton  describes  No.  761  as 
elongated,  narrow,  but  other- 
wise mediately  developed  in 
front,  with  great  breadth  and 
fulness  in  the  whole  posterio^^" 
region.  The  nasal  bones, 
though  prominent,  are  broad, 
short,  and  concave,  and  the 
upper  jaw  is  everted.  There  is 
also  a  remarkable  distance  be- 
tween the  eyes.  See  Crania 
JEgyptiaca,  p.  57.]] 

4.  795.  Skull  exhumed  from  the 
front  of  the  First  or  Northern 
Brick  Pyramid  of  Dashour, 
Memphite  necropolis,  by  Mr. 
Ferring,  Civil  Engineer.  Blends 
the  Coptic  with'  the  Egyptian 
form.  F.  A.  76°.  I.  C.  75. 
Crania  ^gyptiaca,  page  J. 
For  an  engraving  of  this  skull, 
see  page  39. 


HUMAN  CRANIA. 


99 


5.     786.  Skull  sent  me  from  Old  Cairo,  in  Egypt,  by  Mr.  Gliddon, 
who  knew  nothing  of  its  history.     A  eunuch  ?  setat.  40.     I.  C.  77. 

Negroid  Egyptians. 

1.  800.  Negroid  form  :  head  of  a  child. 

2.  835.  Negroid  form :   woman   of    30,   with   long,    coarse   hair. 
F.  A.  73^.     I.  C.  71.     Crania  .^gyp- 
tiaca,  plate  4,  fig.  3. 

Nos.    800   and   835    are    from   G.    K. 
Gliddon,  Esq. 

3.  852,  Negroid  Egyptian :  man,  setat. 
50.  F.  A.  75°.  I.  C.  77.  Crania 
JEgyptiaca,  page  17. 

4.  857.  Egyptian  blended  with  the 
Negro  form  ?  Hair  fine,  F.  A.  77°. 
I.  C.  83.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  7, 


fig.  3. 


0. 


858i  Negroid  Egyptian  :  man,  getat. 
60.     F.  A.  77°.     I.   C.  87.     Crania 
-•Egyptiaca,  page  17. 
Nos.  852,  857  and  858  are  from  M.  Clot 
Bey. 

6.  864.  Negroid  Egyptian :  woman, 
eetat.  40.  F.  A.  75^.  I.  C.  77. 
Crania  ^gyptiaca,  page  17. 

7.  869.  Negroid  Egyptian  :  man,  jetat. 
50.  F.  A.  76°.  I.  C.  88.  Crania 
.-.^gyptiaca,  page  17. 

874.  Egyptian  and  Negro  form  ? 
child  of  ten  years. 

885.  Negroid  form  :  woman,  astat. 
40.     F.  A.  76^.     I.  C.  77.     Crania 
-^gyptiaca,  page  17. 
Nos.  864,  869,  874  and  885  are   from 
G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq. 

10.  1238,  Mummied  head  from  Egypt. 
Negroid  form  ;  hair  long,  coarse  and 
curling.     Dr.  C.  Pickering.     1845. 

11.  1239.  Mummied  head  from  Egypt.     Negroid  form  ?  man,  atat. 
50.     I.  C.  75.     Dr.  Charles  Pickering.     1845. 


8. 


9. 


100 


CATALOGUE  OP 


12.  1294i  Embalmed  head  from  the  Grottoes  of  Maabdeh.  Negroid 
form  (mixed  Negro  and  Egyptian)  ■with  short  frizzled  hair  :  man, 
aetat.  50.  From  A.  C.  Harris,  Esq.,  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt^ 
A.  D.  1846. 

Nuhians. 

1.  787.  Modern  Nubian?    Nation  uncertain.     From  Old   Cairo. 
Woman,  setat.  30.     I.  C.  80. 

2.  839.  Nubian  form?  man,   stat.   50.    F.  A.  78o.     I.  C.  74. 
Thebes.     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  plate  8,  fig.  3. 

3.  888.  Nubian  form  ?  man,  stat.  35.     I.  C  85.     Crania  -^gyp- 
tiaca,  page  14. 

Nos.  787  to  888  from  G.  R.  Gliddon,  Esq. 


Nubian?   (888). 

4.  242.  Cast  of  a  Nubian  skull.  From  the  late  Dr.  Harlan's  col- 
lection.    Presented  by  Mr.  Harlan. 

Hispano- Peruvians. 

1.  50.  CnoLO,  or  Hispano-Peruvian  ?  From  the  church  vault 
at  Old  Callao,  into  which  were  thrown  the  dead  bodies  of  the  Royal- 
ist garrison  of  San  Philippo,  A.  D.  1825.  I.  C.  96.  Dr.  H.  S. 
Rennolds,  U.  S.  Navy. 

2.  61.  Cholo,  or  Hispano-Peruvian  ?  setat.  50.  I.  C.  95.  Dr. 
H.  S.  Rennolds,  U.  S.  Navy. 

Hispan  o-In  dian. 
1.     690.  Mexican  soldier,  with  a  cicatrised  sabre  wound  of  the  os 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  101 

frontis.     Mixed  Indian  and  Spaniard  ?  setat.  30.     Slain  at  San 
Jacinto,  Texas.     I.  C.  81.     J.  J.  Audubon,  Esq. 

Negroid  Indians. 

1.  408,  Choctaw  and  Negro?  I.  C.  79.  Dr.  Wilson,  wlio  dis- 
sected this  man,  considered  him  a  full-blooded  Choctaw  j  but  the 
skull  strongly  indicates  a  mixture  of  the  Negro. 

2.  636.  Sambo  :  mixed  race  of  Venezuela  Indian  and  Negro  : 
man,  setat.  40.     I.  C  81.     Ex-President  Vargas,  of  Caraccas. 

3.  982.  Mixed  Negro  and  Indian  ?    I.  C.  78. 

Malay  0-  Chinese. 

1.  1342.  Malayo-Chinese  of  the  Island  of  Java :  man,  setat.  30. 
I.  C.  84.  Presented  by  Dr.  Mead,  through  Dr.  John  Watson,  of 
New  York,  1847. 

Mulattoes. 

1.  1234.  Mulatto  ?  man,  aetat.  50,  with  an  anchylosed  fracture  and 
displacement  of  the  left  occipital  condyle.     Dr.  Edward  Hallowell. 

2,.  1319.  Skull  of  John  Voorhees,  a  Mulatto  porter,  born  in  Chester 
county,  Pennsylvania,  and  died  of  consumption  in  the  Blockley 
Hospital,  November  5,  1846,  aged  35  years.  About  an  hour  be- 
fore his  death,  he  called  the  nurse  to  him  and  confessed  as  follows  : 
That  eighteen  or  twenty  years  before,  having  a  hatred  against 
another  boy  of  his  own  color,  two  years  younger  than  himself,  he 
strangled  and  killed  him.  After  committing  the  murder  he  be- 
came alarmed,  and  placed  the  dead  body  in  a  chair  near  the  win- 
dow, hoping  to  revive  it.  He  then  fled  ;  and  not  having  been  seen 
to  enter  the  house  was  never  suspected  of  the  murder  ;  and  the  boy, 
being  found  dead  in  the  chair,  was  supposed  to  have  died  of  apo- 
plexy. I  have  these  facts  and  the  skull  from  my  friend  Dr.  Adol- 
phus  L.  Heerman. 

VII.  LUNATICS  AND  IDIOTS. 
((7ase  14.) 

1.  9.  Negro  Idiot,  jetat.  60.     I.  C.  70. 

2.  10.  Anglo-American  boy  :  hydrocephalous,  aged  8  years. 

3.  14.  Anglo-American  Lunatic  :  woman,  aetat.  45.  F.  A.  80®. 
I.  C.  85.     1880. 


102 


CATALOGUE  OP 


i.       17.  Mulatto  Lunatic.     Died  of  religious  mania,  1831.  Man, 


getat.  22.     I.  C.  77. 


5. 
G. 


36.  Anglo-American  Idiot  :  man,  setat.  40.     I.  C.  81. 
45.  Anglo-American  Lunatic,  for  several  years  confined  in 
the  cells  of  the  Philadelphia  Hospital.     I.  C.  91. 
55.  Negro  Lunatic,  astat.  40.     I.  C.  89. 

57.  Lunatic  Irishman,  (Celt)  ^tat.  40.    F.  A.  79^.   I.  C.  82. 

58.  German  Lunatic  :  man,  getat.  70.     I.  C.  87. 
62.  Lunatic  Englishman,  aged  30  years.     L  C.  92.     1833. 
53.  Negro  Lunatic,  Died  in  the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  A.  D. 

1832,  aged  65  years.     I.  C  84. 

64.  Mulatto  Lunatic  :  woman,  aetat.  18.    I.  C.  76.     Died  of 
Cholera,  A.  D.  1832. 

431.  Malay  Idiot  of  Amboyna :   man,  aetat.  30.     I.  C  74. 
From  Dr.  Doornik. 

458.  Anglo-American  female  ;  an  Idiot  from  birth.  Died  Sep- 
tember, 1836,  setat.  70.     I.  C.  03.     Dr.  Henry  S.  Patterson. 

15.  551.  Idiot  :  European,  aetat.  30.     I.  C.  79.     From  Dr.  Door- 
nik's  collection.     Presented  by  Dr.  Jones,  of  New  Orleans. 

16.  841.  Idiotic  head  from  Thebes :  man,  with  fine  hair.     F.  A. 
65^  ?     Crania  ^gyptiaca,  page  16. 


^ . 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 


Idiot  (841). 

17.  863.  Head  of  an  Idiot  :   man,  aetat.  40.     Crania  yEgyptiaca, 
page  16. 

18.  988.  Dutch  Idiot,  deaf  and  dumb  :  man,  stat.  30.     I.  C.  96.5. 
Dr.  W.  B.  Casey,  of  Middletown,  Connecticut. 

19.  243.  Skull  of  an  Idiotic  Negress,  of  a  most  remarkable  charac- 


HUMAN  CRANIA.  103 

ter.     Presented  by  Mr.  B.  H.  Warden,  wliile  these   sheets  were 
passing  through  the  press. 

YIII.  SKULLS  ILLUSTRATIVE  OF  aROWTH. 

(^Case  15.) 

1.  65.  Skull  of  a  child  born  at  the  seventh  month.    Dr.  P.  B. 
Goddard. 

2.  66.  Child  six  months  old.     Dr.  Groddard. 

3.  419.   Head  at  the  full  period  of  utero-gestation. 

4.  709.  Skull  of  a  foetus  at  the  sixth  month  of  utero-gestation. 

5.  1211.  Cranium  of  a  child  five  months  old. 

6.  1212.  Cranium  of  a  child  nine  months  old. 

7.  1213.  Cranium  of  a  child  eight  months  old. 

31iscellaneous  and  Uncertain. 

.  1.     244.  Cranium  phrenologically  marked,  according  to.  Dr.  Spurz- 

heim.     From  Dr.  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger. 

2.     245.  Cranium  phrenologically  marked. 

1-11,  Eleven  unclassified  crania. 

1045  Total. 
It  will  be  seen  that  this  total  differs  from  that  given  on  page  16 
This  discrepancy  is  due  to  the  incorporation  of  several  skulls 
received   vyhile  these   sheets   were  passing  through   the  press. 
(See  page  52,  note,  and  page  102,  No.  243). 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Abyssinian,  (No.  1361) 36 

Affghan,  (No.  1333) 31 

Africans,  Native,  (Nos.  12,  114,237,238,421  to  423,  580,640,645   to 
648,  823,  898,901  to  929,  958  to  981,  993,  994,  1093 

to  1103,  1107,  1224,  1244,  1245,  1351,  1358,  1360)..  91-6 

Alexandrian  Egyptians,  (Nos.  1266  to  1268) 40 

Alforian  Race,  (See  Australians) 96 

Amboyna  Malays,  (Nos.  430,  459,  1338) 53 

America,  Central,  Barbarous  Tribes  of,  (Nos.  990,  1050,  1061) 73 

"        North,             «                     " 56 

*     »        South,            "                    "     73 

"             "         Indians  from  Mounds  in,  (Nos.  1242,  1243) 74-5 

American  Group 56 

American  Indians  from  various  sources,  (Nos.  53,  211,  215  to  220,  416, 
736,  992,  1236,  1237, 1270  to  1272, 1287, 1288,  1315, 

1455,  1510  to  1512,  1557) 68-73 

Anglo- American  Race 25 

Anglo-Americans,  (Nos.  7,  24,  88,  98,  552,  724,  899,  1108) 25-6 

Anglo-Saxon  Race , 24 

Arabs,  (Nos.  780,  781,  784) 34 

Araucanians  (Nos.  120,  221  to  224,  651,  652,  654  to  656,  995,  997) 73-4 

Arican  Peruvians,  (See  Peruvians) 76-8 

Arickarees,  (Nos.  649,  748,  949) 56 

Armenians,  (Nos.  789  to  794) 30 

Assinaboins,  (Nos.  659,  1230,  1231) 56 

Australians,  (Nos.   239  to  241,  1261,  1262,  1289,  1327,  1328,  1450  to 

1452) 96-7 

Ayras,  (Nos.  712,  713,  1329  to  1332,  1334,  1335) 45 

Aztec  Mexicans,  (Nos.  734,  735) 87 

Barbarous  Tribes  of  North  America 56 

Bassa  Negroes,  (Nos.  646  to  648) 92 


106  INDEX. 

« 

Page. 
Bengalees,  (Nos.  4,  5,  6,  8,  19,  20,  25,  28,  29,  31,  32,  49,  51,  83,  101, 
111,  410,  411,  413,  432,  442  to  444,  547,  553,  554,  655,  948, 

1047,  1309  to  1312,  1344,  1554) 45-7 

Benguella  Negro,  (No.  421) 91 

Berber  Race 35 

Black-foot  Indians,  (See  Cotonays) 57 

Borneo  Malays,  (Nos.  425,  1186) 53 

Bosjie,  (No.  238) 95 

Brahmin,  (No.  330) 45 

Brazilians,  (Nos.  1254,  1513,  1528  to  1530,  1555,  1556) 76 

British  soldier,  (?)  (No.  21) 26 

Burat  Mongol,  (No.  1355) 48 

Burgundian,  Ancient,  (No.  1533) 24 

Burmese  soldiers,  (Nos.  666,  667) 47 

Calapooyah,  (No.  574) 63 

Californian  Indians,  (Nos.  1514,  1565) 68 

Catacombs  of  Paris,  Skulls  from,  (Nos.  661  to  664) 27 

Caucasian  Group 19 

Cayuga  Indian,  (No.  417) 72 

Celtic  Race,  (See  Irish) 26 

Central  Americans 73 

Oharibs,  (Nos.  225,  638,  692) 75-6 

Chayenne  Indian,  (No.  1041) 72 

Chechemecan,  (No.  1005) ^ 

Chemesyan  Indian,  (No.  987) 72 

Cherokees,  (Nos.  632  to  635,  1285,  1297) 56 

Chetimaches,  (Nos.  43,  70) 57 

Chimuyan  Indian,  (No.  11) 86 

Chinese,  (Nos.  3,  56,  94,  426,  427,  550,  669,  670,  1336,  1526,  1527) 47-8 

Chinooks,  (Nos.  203,  457,  462,  578,  641,  721,  1349,  1350) 57 

Chippeways,  (Nos.  683,  684) 57 

Choctaw  Indian,  (No.  22) 72 

Cimbric  Dane,  (No.  1362) 20 

Cimbric  Swedes,  (Nos.  1532,  1550) 20 

Circassians,  (Nos.  762  to  765) 29-30 

Clatsaps,  (Nos.  203,  575) 57,  64 

Clickitats,  (Nos.  207,  461) 63 

Congo  Negro,  (No.  1224) 95 

Copts,  (Nos.  759  to  761,  786,  795) 98 

Cotonay  Indians,  (Nos.  744,  745,  1227) 57-8 

Creeks,  (Nos.  441,  579,  751,  1454) 58 

Crow  Indians,  (See  Upsarookas) 68 

Dacotas,  (Nos,  112,  204,  605) 58-9 

Dane,  Cimbric,  (No.  1362) 20 

Deformed  Mexican  skull,  (No.  1353) 89 


INDEX.  107 

Page. 

Delaware  Indians,  (See  Lenapes) 59 

Dey  Negroes,  (Nos.  640,  1100)  92,94 

Djogocarta  Javanese,  (No.  428) 53 

Dutchman,  (No.  434) 23 

Dyaks,  (Nos.  1523,  1525) 54 

Eboes,  (Nos.  1101,  1102) 94 

Egyptians,  Alexandrian,  (Nos.  1266  to  1268) 40 

Egyptians  from  Gizeh,  (Nos.  1194  to  1209) 41 

"             "     Maabdeh,  (Nos.  833,  834,  836,  1292) 42 

"  "     Memphis,  (Nos.   769,  191,  805,  806,  809,  810,  811,  813, 

816,  819,  820,   1223,   1235,    1291,    1519    to 

1522,  1524) 39-40 

"             "     Pits  atKoum  Ombos,  (Nos.  830  to  832) 41-2 

"          Negroid, 99-100 

"  from  Thebes,  (Nos.  48,  60,  843,  844,  846  to  849,  851,  853, 

854,  855,  860  to  862,866,  867,  871,  872,  876 
to  878,  880  to  883,  886  to    889,  894,  1044, 

1290,1293,1295) "^6-9 

"             "     other  sources,  (Nos.  802,  803,  822,  1240,  1317) 42 

Englishmen,  (Nos.  59,  80,  539,  991) 24-5 

Eskimos,  (Nos.  200,  674  to  679,  1558  to  1563) 50-2 

Euchee  Indian,  (No.  39) 72 

Explanatory  Note 3 

Fellahs,  (Nos.  499,  766  to  776,  778,  779,  782,  783,  785,  788,  999) 42-3 

Finland  Swedes,  (Nos.  1545,  1546) 20 

Finnish  Race 21 

Finns,  Swedish,  (Nos.  1542  to  1544) 20-1 

Finns,  True,  (Nos.  1252,  1259,  1534  to  1541) 21-2 

Fox  Indians,  (See  Ottigamies) 65 

Fuke-luste-Hadjo  Indian,  (No.  729) 67 

Guanche,  (No.  23) 35 

Gee-Foo  Malay,  (No.  1316) 53 

Gentoo  Indians,  (Nos.  1555,  1556) 76 

Gepepscot  Indian,  (See  Penobscots) 65 

Germans,  (Nos.  37,  706,  1060,  1062  to  1064,  1187  to  1191) 22-3 

Gizeh  Egyptians,  (Nos.  1194  to  1209) 41 

Golah  Negroes,  (Nos.  1093,  1094) 94 

Grabbo  Negro,  (No.  615) 92 

Grseco-EgyptianS;  (Nos.  798,  799,  801,  804,  808,812,814,  815,  817,  821 
824,  825,  837,  838,  840,  850,  856,  859,  868,  873,  875, 

884,  893) 31-3 

Greek,  (No.  1354) 29 

Gros-ventre  Indians,  (See  Minetari) 61 

Guaycuru  Indian,  (No.  1530.).. 76 

I 


108  INDEX. 

Page. 

Hebrews,  (Nos.  SOT,  818,  842,  845,  865,  870,  8t9,  1299) 34-5 

Hindoos,  (See  Ayras  and  Bengalees) 44-7 

Hispano-Peruvians,  (Nos.  50,  61) 100 

Hispano-Indian,  (No.  690) 101 

Hottentots,  (Nos.  1107, 1244, 1351) 95 

Hovahs,  (Nos.  1306,  1307) 96 

Hurons,  (Nos.  15,  607,  1217,  1218) 59 

Hyperborean  Race 48 

Idiots,  (See  Limaties) 101 

Illinois  Indians,  (Nos.  1010,  1042) 59 

Indians  from  Steubenville  Cave,  (Nos.  210,  420,  436  to  439,  658,  723)...  69 

Indo-Chinese  Race 47 

Indostanic  Race 44 

Introduction 13 

Irish,  (Nos.  18,  42,  52,  985,  986,  1186,  1356) 26-7 

Iroquois,  (Nos.  16,  119,  989) 59 

Japanese,  (No.  668) 48 

Jayanese  Malays,  (See  Malays) 53 

Kaffers,  (Nos.  1358,  1360) 95 

Kalmuck,  (No.  1553) 49 

Kamskatkan  (No.  725) 48 

Kanakas  of  Oahu,  (Nos.  564,  695) 54-5 

"          Sandwich  Islands,  (Nos.  565,  566,  572,  1300,  1308) 54-5 

Kenhawha,  (No.  212) 72 

Kens  or  Ancient  Nubians,  (Nos.  826  to  829) 41 

Killemook,  (No.  576) 64 

Klatsoni,  (No.  577) 64 

Kowalitsk,  (No.  573) 63 

Kroomen,  (Nos.  1098,  1099) 94 

Laplanders,  (Nos.  1248,  1250,  1257,  1551,  1552) 50 

Lenapes  or  Delawares,  (Nos.  40,  115,  118,  205,  206,  418,  568,  1263 

to   1265) 59-60 

Lipan  Indians,  (Nos.  1345,  1346) 89 

Loo-Choos,  (Nos.  672,  673) 48 

Lunatics  and  Idiots,  (Nos.  9,  10,  14,  17,  36,45,  55,  57,  58,  62  to   64, 

243,  431,  458,  551,  841,  863,  988) 101-2 

Maabdeh  Egyptians,  (Nos.  833,834,  836,  1292) 42 

Macua  Negro,  (No.  580) 92 

Malayan  Race 52 

Malayo-Chinese,  (No.  1342) 101 

Malays  of  Amboyna,  (Nos.  430,  459,  1338) 63 

"        Bally,  (No.  47) 53 


INDEX.  109 

Page. 

Malays  of  Borneo,  (No3.  425,  1186) 53 

"         Ceylon,  (No.  495) 53 

«         Gee-Foo,  (No.  1316) 53 

«         Java,  (Nos.  46,  428,  545,  1341) 53 

"         Macassar,  (Nos.  429,  546, 1340) 53 

"         Madura,  (Nos.  201,  424,  1339) 53-4 

"         Malacca,  (No.  460) 53 

"         Singapore,  (No.  1337) 53 

"         Sumbawa,  (No.  433) 54 

«         Tagelos,  (No.  41) 52 

"     from  other  sources,  (Nos.  543,  544) 53 

Mandans,  (Nos.  643,  644,  738  to  742) 60 

Marquesas  Islander,  (No.  1531) 55 

Massasauga,  (No.  27) 72 

Maya  Indian,  (No.  990) 73 

Memphite  Egyptians,  (Nos.  796,  797,805,  806,  809  to  811,  813,  816,  819, 

820,  1223,  1235,  1291,  1519  to  1522,  1524) 39-40 

Menominees,  (Nos.  35,  44,  78,  454,  563,  1220,  1222) 60 

Mexican  Family 87 

Mexicans,  Ancient,  (Nos.  234,  682,  1314) 89 

"         Modern,  (Nos.  555  to  558,  689,  722,  1347,  1515) 90 

«         of  the  Aztec  nation,  (Nos.  734,735) 87 

"         Chechemecan,  (No.  1005)  88 

"         of  the  Otomie  nation,  (Nos.  1000  to  1003,  1323) 88 

"         from  Otumba,(Nos.  714to716) 88 

'<         of  the  Fames  tribe,  (Nos.  681,  1313) 89 

"         from  Pimos  Tillage,  (No.  1566) 89 

«            "     Tacuba,  (Nos.  717  to  720) 88 

"         of  the  Tlahuica  tribe,  (No.  34) 87 

«         of  Tlascala,  (No.  1004) 88 

«         of  Tlatilocolo,  (No.  1226) 89 

Miamis,  (Nos.  106,  407,  541,  542, 1052  to  1058,  1233) 61 

Micco-Sukie  Indian,  (No.  733) 67 

Midianites,  (Nos.  671,  1296) 34 

Mina  Negro,  (No.  422) 91 

Minetaris,  (Nos.  650,  746,  747,749) 61 

Mingo  Indian,  (No.  455) 72 

Mixed  Races 98 

Mohawks,  (Nos.  895  to  897) 61 

Mongolian  Group 47 

Mozambique  Negroes,  (Nos.  237,  423,  1245) 91 

Mulattoes,  (Nos.  1234,  1319) 101 

Muskogee,  (No.  579) 58 

Naas  Indians,  (Nos.  213,  214) 72 

Nanticoke  Indian,  (No.  1219) 72 

Narragansets,  (Nos.  693,  950  to  957,  1040) 61-2 


110  INDEX. 

y 

Page. 

Natchez,  (Nos.  102,  HOG) 62 

Xaticks,  (Nos.  103,  104,  107,  110,401) 62-3 

Naumkeag  ladian,  (No.  567) 72 

Negro  Group 90 

Negroes  born  in  America,  (Nos.  1,  2,  69,  74,  235,  236,  548,  549,  900, 

983,  984,  1301,  1302, 1318,  1320,  1321)...  90-1 

Negroes,  Oceanic,  (Nos.  435,  1343) 97 

Negroid  Egyptians,  (Nos.  800,  835,  852,  857,  858,864,  869,  874,  885, 

1238,   1239,   1294) 99-100 

Negroid  Indians,  (Nos.  408,  636,  982) 100-101 

New  Hollanders 97 

New  Zealanders,  (Nos.  202,  680,  1324,  1325) 55 

Nilotic  ^&ce,  (^See  Uffi/ptians) 35 

Nisqually  Indian,  (No.  208) 64 

Norwegian,  (No.  1260) 19 

Nubians,  (Nos.  242,787,  839,  888) 100 

Ombite  Egyptians,  (Nos.  830  to  832) 41-2 

Oneida  Indian,  (No.  33) 72 

Oregon  Tribes 57-63 

Osages,  (Nos.  54,  660) 64 

Ostrogoth,  (No.  1255) 20 

Otoes,  (Nos.  755  to  758) , 65 

Ottawas,  (Nos.  1006  to  1009) 65 

Ottigamies,  (Nos.  209,  415,  639,  694) , 65 

Parsees  or  Persian  fire-worshippers,  (Nos.  731,  743) 30 

Patagonians,  (Nos.  226,  1357,  1359) 76 

Pawnees,  (Nos.  540,  1043) 65 

Pelasgic  Race 28 

Penobscots,  (Nos.  89,  105) 65 

Peruvians  from  Arica,  (Nos.  67,  227,  496,  1045,  1275  to  1284,  1363  to 

1368) 76-8 

"             "       Callao,  (Nos.  233,  447,  448) 87 

"  "       Lima  and  its  vicinity,  (Nos.  68,  91,  231,  412,  414,  452, 

576) 86 

"     "   Pachacamac,  (Nos.  13,  30,  75  to  77,  84  to  87,  90  to  92, 

93,  95  to  97,  99,  100,  108,  228,  229, 
230,  400,  402  to  406,  409,  446,  450,  453, 
541,  562,  568,  570,  571,  631,  642,  685  to 
688,  696,  697,  699,  750,  752,  947,  1042, 
1059,  1104,  1225,  1232,  1241,  1453, 

1456  to  1483,  1489  to  1509) , 83 

"     "   Pisco,  (Nos.  38,  72,  445,  497,  498,  630,  996, 1 048,  1061, 
1221,  1269,  1326,  1369  to  1376,  1406  to  1445, 


1484,  1485) 83- 


INDEX.  Ill 

Page. 

Peruvians  from  Santa,  (Nos.  71,  73,  79,  81,82,109,  449,  569) 85-6 

"  "      Titicaca,  CoracoUa   and  other  places,  (Nos.  11,  113, 

232,  451,  637,  700   to    705,  710,  711,  1046, 

1348,  1517,  1518) 86-7 

Pessah  Negroes,  (Nos.  1095  to  1097) 94 

Phoenicia,!!,  (No.  1352) 28 

Phrenologically  marked  crania 103 

Pocasset  Indian,  (No.  1036) 72 

Polynesia!!  Race 54 

Potawatomies,  (Nos.  657,  736,  737,  1322) 65 

Prussians,  (Nos.  1065,  1066,  1192,  1193) 24 

Puelche,  (No.  1359) 76 

Qu'ichua  Indian,  (No.  637) 86 

Quinnipiack  Indian,  (No.  26) 7i 


'7 


Roman,  (No.  1049) 29 

Root-digger  Indians,  (See  Shoshones) 6^ 


F.*> 


Saparoua 5 

Sauks,  (Nos.  561,  1039,  1246) '. 66 

Scandinavian  Race 19 

Sclavonians,  (Nos.  1251,  1253) 28 

Seminoles,  (Nos.  456,  604,  698,  707,  708,  726   to    730,  732,   733,  754, 

1105,  1286,  1556) 66-7 

Semitic  Race 34 

Seneca  Indian,  (No.  1516) 72 

Sepoy 45 

Shawnees,  (Nos.  440,  606,  691,1210) 67 

Shoshones  (Nos.  1446  to  1449) 67-K 

Singalpse 53 

Sioux  Indians,  (See  Dacoias) 58 

Skull  from  the  field  of  Waterloo 27 

Skulls  illustrative  of  growth 103 

Suevic  R;icc 22 

Swedes,  (Nos.  117,  1247,  1249,  1258,  1486  to  1488) 19 

"      Cimbric,  (Nos.  1532,  1550) 20 

«      fiom  Finland,  (Nos.  1545,  1546) 20 

«'         "      Sudermanland,  (Nos.  1547  to  1549) 20 

Swedish  Finns,  (Nos.  1542  to  1544) 20-1 

Tapuyo  Indian,  (No.  1254) 76 

Tasmania!!,  (No.  1343) 97 

Theban  Egyptians,  (See  Egyptians) 36-9 

Thuggs   (Nos.  712,  713) 45 

Toltecau  tlace 76 


112  INDEX. 

Page. 

Trucky  Indian,  (No.  1446) 67 

Turranic  Swede,  (No.  121)... 20 

Unclassified  crania 103 

Upsarookas,  (Nos,  1228,  1229) 68 

Winnebagos,  (Nos.  559,  560) 68 

Yamassees,  (Nos.  1214  to  1216) 68 

1 


ACT  OF  INCORPORATION 


AS  D 


BY-LAWS 


OF     THE 


t 


nhnii)  of  UatoEl  ^ticnccs 


OP 


PHILADELPHIA 


PHILADELPHIA: 
MERRIHEW  &  THOMPSON,  PRINTERS. 

•     1857. 


AN     ACT 


TO  INCORPORATE  THE 


ACADEMY  OF  NATUEAL  SCIENCES 


OP 


PHILADELPHIA. 


Whereas  it  is  represented  to  the  Legislature  that  a  number  of  per- 
sons have  formed  a  Society  in  Phihxdelphia  for  the  encouragement 
and  cultivation  of  the  Sciences,  by  the  name  of  "  The  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,"  as  a  Society  devoted  entirely  to 
the  advancement  of  useful  learning,  and  in  order  that  the  purposes 
thereof  may  be  carried  into  better  effect, 

Therefore, 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  Assembly  met, 
and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  all  such 
persons  as  now  are  members  of  said  Society,  according  to  its  rules 
heretofore  adopted,  or  that  hereafter  may  become  members  of  the 
same,  agreeably  to  its  rules  and  regulations,  be  and  they  are  hereby 
incorporated  into  a  Society  by  the  name  of  "  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,"  and  by  that  name  shall  have  perpetual 
succession,  with  power  to  have  a  common  seal,  and  change  the  same 
at  pleasure,  to  make  contracts  relative  to  the  said  institution,  to  sue 
and  be  sued,  and  by  that  name  and  style  be  capable,  in  law,  of  pur- 
chasing, taking,  holding,  and  conveying  any  estate,  real  or  personal, 
for  the  use  of  said  corporation :  Provided,  that  the  annual  income  of 
such  estate  shall  not  exceed  in  value  eight  thousand  dollars,  nor  be 
applied  to  any  other  purposes  than  those  for  which  this  corporation 
is  formed. 

Sect.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid. 
That  the  Society  may  establish  By-Laws  and  orders  for  its  government 
and  regulation,  and  for  the  preservation  and  application  of  the  funds 


thereof;  Provided  the  same  be  not  repugnant  to  the  Constitution  and 
Laws  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  Commonwealth. 

Sect.  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That 
the  Society  shall  consist  of  members  and  correspondents ;  and  candi- 
dates for  admission  shall  be  elected  under  such  rules,  and  upon  such 
terms,  as  the  Society  shall  establish ;  aliens  shall  enjoy  the  full  rights 
of  members  or  correspondents  in  the  Society ;  but  members  only  shall 
have  the  right  of  voting,  of  holding  offices,  and  of  transacting  busi- 
ness; and  correspondents  shall  have  the  privilege  of  attending  the 
meetings,  and  visiting  the  museum. 

Sect.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That 
the  officers  of  the  Society  shall  be  a  president,  two  vice-presidents,  a 
corresponding  secretary,  a  recording  secretary,  a  treasurer,  a  librarian, 
and  four  curators,  whose  respective  duties  may  be  assigned  by  the  By- 
Laws  of  the  said  Society,  and  they  shall  be  elected  at  the  last  stated 
meeting  of  the  Society  in  December  in  each  year,  and  if  any  office 
should  become  vacant,  it  may  be  supplied  by  a  special  election,  until 
the  annual  election  then  ensuing ;  and  until  the  next  annual  election 
for  officers  in  the  month  of  December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  seventeen,  the  present  officers  are  hereby  vested  with  power  to 
perform  the  duties  prescribed  by  the  existing  rules  of  the  Society, 
unless  there  be  intermediate  vacancies,  and  then  the  officer  or  officers 
to  be  elected  shall  have  the  full  power  of  his  or  their  predecessors. 

Sect.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That 
if  the  annual  election  for  officers  shall  not  be  held  at  the  stated  day, 
the  said  corporation  shall  not  be  thereby  dissolved,  but  the  officers 
shall  continue  in  office  until  a  new  election. 

REES  HILL,  * 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

ISAAC  WEAVER, 

Sjjeaker  of  the  Senate. 

Approved  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventeen. 

SIMON  SNYDER. 

Office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth, 
Harrisburg,  April  25th,  1817. 
I  certify  that  the  above  and  foregoing  is  a  true  copy  of  the  original 
law  remaining  on  file  in  this  office.     Witness  my  hand  and  seal. 

JAMES  TRIMBLE,     [l.  s.] 

Deputy  Secretary. 


BY-LAWS 


OF  THE 


ACADEMY  OP  NATURAL  SCIENCES 


OF 


PHILADELPHIA. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Akt.  I.  The  Society  shall  be  called  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Art.  II.  The  Society  shall  consist  of  members  and  correspondents. 

Art.  III.  The  right  of  voting,  of  holding  offices,  and  of  transact- 
ing business,  lies  solely  with  the  members :  correspondents  have  the 
privilege  of  attending  the  meetings,  and  of  visiting  the  museum. 

Art.  IV.  The  common  seal  of  the  Society  shall  be  the  title  of  the 
association,  surrounding  the  words, 

Instituted,  1812. 
Incorporated,  1817. 

Art.  V.  The  Academy  shall  grant  to  each  member  and  corre- 
spondent a  certificate  of  membership,  as  follows : 

The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  has  elected 
a  member  of  their  association,  this  day  of 

Correspond.  Sec.  pi    s  T  President. 

Record.  Sec.  Vice-President. 

Art.  VI.  The  hall  of  the  Academy  shall  be  used  for  the  purposes 
of  the  Society  only. 

Art.  VII.  The  officers  of  the  Academy  shall  be  a  President,  two 
Vice-Presidents,  a  Recording  Secretary,  a  Corresponding  Secretary, 
a  Treasurer,  a  Librarian,  and  four  Curators,  who  shall  be  elected  at 
the  last  stated  meetino;  in  December. 


CHAPTER  II. 

ELECTION    OF    MEMBERS   AND    CORRESPONDENTS. 

Art.  I.  All  candidates  for  admission  into  the  Academy,  "wlietlier 
as  members  or  correspondents,  must  be  proposed  in  writing  by  two 
members  at  a  meeting  of  business,  and  be  balloted  for  at  the  meeting 
of  business  next  succeeding ;  the  affirmative  votes  of  three-fourths  of 
the  members  present  shall  be  necessary  to  elect  a  candidate. 

Art.  II.  No  person  residing  in  Philadelphia  can  be  chosen  a  cor- 
respondent ;  nor  shall  any  correspondent  continue  such  after  he  shall 
have  removed  permanently  to  Philadelphia.  In  such  case  a  re-election 
is  not  necessary,  but  the  correspondent  becomes  liable  for  the  semi- 
annual contributions,  and  is  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  of  a  member. 

Art.  III.  No  person  shall  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  member- 
ship until  he  shall  have  paid  the  fee  of  initiation  (except  in  cases  of 
correspondents  removing  to  the  city),  and  signed  the  following  obliga- 
tion : 

In  becoming  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  I  promise  to  conform  myself  to  its  constitution,  laws, 
and  regulations,  and  in  testimony  thereof  I  do  hereunto  subscribe  my 
name. 

Art.  IV.  If  any  member  elect  shall  not  sign  the  above  declaration, 
and  pay  the  fee  of  initiation  within  six  months  from  the  date  of  his 
election  into  the  Society,  the  said  election  may  be  declared  null  and 
void  by  a  majority  of  the  members  present  at  any  meeting  of 
business. 

Art.  V.  If  any  person  shall  be  balloted  for  and  rejected,  or  his 
name  withdrawn  previous  to  the  ballot,  no  note  of  said  rejection  or 
withdrawal  shall  be  made  on  the  minutes  of  the  Academy. 

Ar  /^I.  No  person  thus  rejected  shall  again  be  proposed  before 
the  e:  ition  of  one  year;  nor  shall  any  one  whose  name  has  been 
withdr  a  previous  to  the  ballot,  be  again  ^oposed  before  the  expira- 
tion of  oix  months  from  said  withdrawal. 

CHAPTER  III. 

CONTRIBUTIONS   AND    PAYMENTS. 

Art.  I.  Every  member  elect  shall  pay  to  the  treasurer  an  initiation 
fee  of  five  dollars. 

Art.  II.  Every  member  shall  be  subject  to  a  semi-annual  contri- 


bntion  of  five  dollars,  payable  at  the  last  stated  meeting  in  June  and 
December. 

Art.  III.  But  any  member  who  shall  pay  into  the  hands  of  the 
treasurer  the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars,  shall  be  exempt  from  all 
future  semi-annual  contributions. 

Art.  IV.  The  Academy  may,  as  a  mark  of  distinction,  exempt  any 
member  from  his  contributions,  provided  it  be  proposed  at  one  meet- 
ing of  business,  lie  on  the  table  for  one  month,  and  all  the  members 
present  at  the  subsequent  meeting  of  business  agree  thereto. 

Art.  V.  Every  member  who  shall  be  absent  from  the  city  during 
the  space  of  six  or  more  months,  may  be  exonerated  from  the  pay- 
ment of  his  dues  accruing  during  his  absence. 

Art.  VI.  No  member  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  the  annual  elec- 
tion for  officers,  unless  he  can  exhibit  to  the  tellers  a  receipt  in  full 
for  all  his  arrearages  due  to  the  Academy. 

Art.  VII.  No  pecuniary  contributions  shall  be  required  from  cor- 
respondents :  but  correspondents  residing  in  the  United  States  shall 
be  charged  with  a  diploma  fee  of  five  dollars. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

resignation  and  expulsion  of  members. 

Art.  I.  Any  member  shall  have  leave  to  resign  upon  application 
made  therefor,  in  writing,  provided  he  can  produce  a  certificate  from 
the  Treasurer  that  all  arrears  due  from  him  to  the  Society  have  been 
discharged. 

Art.  II.  Members  may  be  expelled  from  the  Academy  for  any 
flagrant  act  of  disrespect  to  the  officers  or  members  of  the  Academy, 
or  wilful  disregard  of  the  Constitution  and  By-laws. 

Art.  hi.  No  member  shall  be  •expelled  from  the  Academy  unless 
three-fourths  of  the  members  present  agree  thereto,  at  least  twelve 
members  being  present,  and  then  not  without  having  an  opportunity 
of  being  heard  in  his  own  defence. 

Art.  IV.  No  person  thus  expelled  shall,  under  any  circumstances, 
be  received  as  a  candidate  for  re-election. 

CHAPTER  V. 

OF    OFFICERS    AND   THEIR   DUTIES. 

Art.  I.  The  duties  of  the  president  are,  to  occupy  the  chair  at  the 
meetings  of  the  Academy,  to  preserve  good  order  and  decorum,  to 


regulate  tlie  debates,  to  nominate  the  chairman  of  all  committees, 
other  than  those  specially  excepted ;  and  to  call  special  meetings  of 
the  Society  at  such  times  as  he  shall  deem  necessary,  or  at  the  request 
of  five  members. 

Art.  II.  The  duties  of  the  vice-president  shall  be  the  same  as 
those  of  the  president  during  his  absence. 

Art.  III.  The  recording  secretary  is  to  take  and  preserve  correct 
minutes  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Society,  to  notify  all  members  of 
their  election,  and  all  committees  of  their  appointment,  to  keep  a 
correct  list  of  the  members  of  the  Society,  with  the  date  of  their 
election,  resignation,  or  death,  to  have  charge  of  the  common  seal  of 
the  Academy,  and  to  lay  before  the  Society,  at  the  last  stated  meet- 
ing in  December,  a  written  report  of  its  transactions  during  the  pre- 
ceding year. 

Art.  IV.  The  corresponding  secretary  is  to  maintain  and  conduct 
the  correspondence  of  the  Academy,  and  to  acknowledge  all  donations 
made  by  those  who  are  not  members  of  the  Society.  He  is  to  notify 
all  correspondents  of  their  election,  and  to  keep  a  correct  list  of  all 
such  elections,  as  well  as  of  any  deaths,  resignations,  &c.,  that  may 
occur,  noting  the  time ;  he  is  also  to  keep  correct  copies  of  all  letters 
written  on  the  business  of  the  Academy,  to  have  the  care  of  the 
certificates  of  membership,  and  to  have  them  filled  up,  signed,  sealed, 
and  forwarded  to  correspondents,  or  delivered  to  members,  provided 
they  exhibit  to  him  a  receipt  from  the  treasurer  that  they  are  not  in 
arrears  to  the  Society,  and  shall  read  a  minute  of  his  transactions  at 
each  meeting  for  business. 

Art.  V.  The  duty  of  the  treasurer  is  to  take  charge  of  the  funds 
of  the  Society,  and  to  attend  to  the  collection  and  payment  of  moneys ; 
but  no  moneys  are  to  be  paid  by  him  except  on  an  order  from  the 
auditors.  He  is  to  keep  a  clear  and  detailed  statement  of  all  receipts 
and  expenditures,  which  is  to  be  laid  before  the  Academy  at  the  last 
stated  meeting  in  December. 

Art.  VI.  The  duty  of  the  librarian  shall  be  to  attend  daily  at  the 
Hall  from  11  o'clock  A.  M.  to  2i  p.  M.,  to  take  charge  of  all  books 
belonging  to  the  Academy,  under  the  rules  prescribed  in  Chapter  VII, 
to  keep  a  correct  list  of  all  donations  or  deposits  of  books,  of  those 
missing  or  lent,  and  to  report  on  the  state  of  the  library  at  the  last 
stated  meeting  in  December. 

Art.  VII.  The  curators  shall  have  charge  of  the  Hall  of  the 
Academy,  purchase  all  articles  wanted,  hire  janitors,  report  on  what 


9 

repairs  are  necessary,  and  see  that  they  are  properly  executed ;  they 
shall  keep  the  keys  of  all  cases  in  the  museum,  and  have  charge  of  it 
under  the  rules  prescribed  in  Chapter  VIII ;  they  shall  report  all 
additions  made  to  the  different  departments  under  their  charge,  at  the 
last  stated  meeting  in  December. 

Art.  VIII.  The  chairman  of  the  curators  shall  attend  daily  at  the 
Hall  from  2J  p.  m.  until  sunset,  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

COMMITTEES   AND    THEIR   DUTIES. 

Art.  I.  There  shall  be  fifteen  standing  committees,  viz.:  1,  the 
Ethnological  committee ;  2,  the  committee  on  Comparative  Anatomy 
and  General  Zoology ;  3,  committee  on  Mammalogy ;  4,  on  Ornitho- 
logy ;  5,  on  Herpetology  and  Ichthyology ;  6,  on  Conchology ;  7,  on 
Entomology;  8,  on  Botany;  9,  on  Palseontology ;  10,  on  Geology 
and  Mineralogy ;  11,  on  Physics ;  12,  on  the  Library ;  13,  on  the 
Proceedings ;  14,  the  Auditors,  each  to  consist  of  three  members ; 
and  15,  the  Publication  Committee,  to  consist  of  five  members,  whose 
term  of  service  shall  be  one  year:  and  all  these,  except  the  Auditors 
and  Publication  Committee,  shall  be  elected  at  the  last  meeting  in 
January  of  each  year. 

Art.  II.  The  committees  of  auditors  and  of  publication  shall  be 
elected  in  the  same  manner  and  at  the  same  time  as  the  officers  of  the 
Academy. 

Art.  III.  In  appointing  all  other  committees,  the  president  is  to 
nominate  the  first  member  of  it,  who  is  to  nominate  a  second,  the 
second  a  third,  and  in  like  manner  successively,  until  the  number 
agreed  on  be  completed.  ' 

Art.  IV.  All  committees  must  report  in  writing ;  and  every  report 
must  be  signed  by  a  majority  of  the  committee  offering  it. 

Art.  V.  All  special  committees  must  report  at  the  meeting  of 
business  next  succeeding  their  appointment. 

Art.  VI.  The  committee  of  auditors  shall,  in  conjunction  with  the 
treasurer,  have  the  superintendence  of  the  moneyed  concerns  of  the 
Academy ;  they  shall  examine  all  bills,  and,  if  correct,  give  an  order 
on  the  treasurer  for  the  amount ;  examine  the  treasurer's  books  and 
accounts,  keep  correct  minutes  of  their  proceedings,  and  report  at  the 
last  stated  meeting  in  December. 

Art.  VII.  The  committee  of  publication  shall  conduct  the  publica- 


10 

tion  of  the  Journal,  under  the  rules  prescribed  in  Chapter  IX,  and 
shall  report  to  the  Academy  at  the  last  stated  meeting  in  December. 

Art.  VIII.  The  library  committee  shall,  in  conjunction  with  the 
librarian,  have  the  superintendence  of  the  books  belonging  to  the 
Society,  negotiate  all  exchanges  of  duplicates,  and  keep  a  correct  list 
of  all  additions  to  the  library,  and  report  at  the  last  stated  meeting 
in  January. 

Art.  IX.  The  standing  committees  shall  have  charge,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  curators,  of  their  respective  departments,  make  ex- 
changes of  duplicates,  arrange  and  keep  in  order  all  donations  and 
deposits,  carefully  labelling  each  article,  and  keep  a  correct  catalogue 
of  all  additions  to  their  respective  departments,  and  report  at  the  last 
stated  meeting  in  January. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

LIBRARY. 

Art.  I.  All  works  in  the  library  must  be  classed  according  to  their 
subjects. 

Art.  II.  The  librarian  shall  keep  a  correct  catalogue  of  all  books 
belonging  to  the  Society,  which  shall  always  be  open  to  the  inspection 
of  members. 

Art.  III.  There  shall  be  two  sets  of  keys  to  the  cases  containing 
the  books,  one  of  which  shall  be  kept  by  the  librarian,  and  the  other 
by  the  chairman  of  the  library  committee. 

Art.  IV.  The  library  shall  be  open  to  the  gratuitous  admission  of 
the  public  on  as  many  days  and  evenings  of  the  week  as  the  funds  of 
the  Society  will  enable  them  to  command  the  attendance  of  a  Li- 
brarian. 

Art.  V.  Members  of  the  Academy  alone  shall  have  free  access  to 
the  library.  All  other  persons  must  obtain  permission  of  the  libra- 
rian, and  minors  under  sixteen  years  of  age  shall  not  be  permitted 
to  examine  any  work,  except  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  the 
librarian. 

Art.  VI.  The  library  shall  be  amply  provided  with  chairs,  tables, 
and  writing  apparatus,  for  the  convenience  of  persons  desirous  to  con- 
sult the  books. 

Art.  VII.  Members  may  borrow  books,  the  property  of  the  Aca- 
demy, from  the  librarian,  on  signing  a  promissory  note  for  jfifty  dollars, 
which  shall  become  void  on  the  book  being  returned. 


11 

Art.  VIIL  But  no  works  shall  be  loaned  from  the  hall  on  any 
account  whatever,  except  those  marked  with  an  asterisk  (thus  *)  in 
the  catalogue,  unless  by  an  affirmative  ballot-vote  of  three-fourths  of 
the  members  present  when  the  application  is  made ;  and  in  the  case 
of  deposited  books,  the  written  consent  of  the  depositor  having  been 
previously  obtained  ;  the  name  of  the  borrower  and  the  title  of  the 
book  to  be  recorded  on  the  minutes,  and  security  given  for  its  safe 
return,  by  note  or  otherwise,  for  the  full  value  thereof,  according  to 
the  estimate  of  the  librarian  or  the  library  committee. 

Art.  IX.  And  whenever  the  librarian  may  deem  it  necessary  to 
withhold  the  loan  of  books,  permission  must  be  obtained  from  the 
Society,  two-thirds  of  the  members  present  agreeing  thereto. 

Art.  X.  Every  book  must  be  returned  on  the  evening  of  business 
next  succeeding  the  time  at  which  it  was  borrowed,  under  a  penalty 
of  twenty-five  cents  for  each  week  it  shall  be  detained  beyond  such 
time. 

Art.  XI.  No  member  shall  be  allowed  to  renew  the  loan  of  a  book 
if  any  other  member  shall  be  desirous  of  obtaining  it. 

Art.  XII.  The  librarian  and  library  committee  shall  be  responsible 
for  all  works  committed  to  their  charge. 

CHAPTER  VIIL 

MUSEUM. 

Art.  I.  No  specimen  of  Natural  History  contained  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Academy  shall  be  loaned  from  the  Hall  under  any  pre- 
tence, or  for  any  purpose  whatever. 

Art.  II.  The  keys  of  the  cases  containing  the  collections  shall  be 
kept  by  the  curators  and  members  of  the  committees  attached  to  the 
different  departments,  who  alone  shall  have  liberty  to  open  the  cases, 
and  shall  be  responsible  for  all  articles  committed  to  their  charge. 

Art.  III.  If  any  member  is  desirous  to  inspect  more  closely  the 
specimens  in  the  collection,  for  purposes  of  study  or  description,  he 
must  apply  to  the  curators  or  the  members  of  the  committee  on  that 
department. 

Art.  IV.  All  articles  in  the  museum  must  be  properly  labelled  as 
far  as  practicable,  and  a  catalogue  of  the  articles  in  each  department 
kept  by  the  committee  attached  to  said  department. 

Art.  V.  Articles  presented  to  the  Academy  for  the  museum  must, 
if  possible,  be  arranged  therein  before  the  stated  meeting  next  suc- 
ceeding their  presentation. 


12 

Art.  VI.  When  a  member  of  the  Academy  deposits  in  the  museum 
a  sufficient  number  of  articles  to  fill  an  entire  case,  the  key  of  said 
case  shall  be  at  all  times  at  his  command. 

Art.  VII.  Books  or  objects  of  natural  history  deposited  with  the 
Academy  shall  be  returned  only  on  a  request  of  the  owners  or  their 
representatives,  and  in  all  cases  a  receipt  shall  be  given  to  the  curators 
on  the  articles  being  returned. 

AAt.  VIII.  No  specimen  which  is  not  capable  of  being  arranged 
in  the  cabinet  shall  be  received  on  deposit,  unless  the  sanction  of  the 
committee  on  the  department  in  which  the  specimen  may  be  classed, 
and  that  of  the  curators,  be  first  reported  in  writing. 

Art.  IX.  The  museum  of  the  Academy  shall  be  open  to  the  gra- 
tuitous admission  of  the  public  on  the  afternoons  of  Tuesday  and 
Friday  from  one  o'clock  until  sunset. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

JOURNAL. 

Art.  I.  The  committee  of  publication  shall  immediately  after  their 
election  appoint  a  secretary  and  treasurer,  who  shall  keep  correct 
minutes  of  the  financial  and  other  concerns  of  the  Journal. 

Art.  II.  If  any  member  absent  himself  from  the  meetings  of  the 
committee  for  three  months,  his  place  may  be  considered  as  vacant, 
and  may  be  supplied  by  the  Academy. 

Art.  III.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  committee  to  receive  all  such 
papers  as  have  been  pronounced  worthy  of  publication  by  the  Aca- 
demy, to  have  them  published  as  early  as  possible,  and  to  follow  in 
the  publication,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  order  in  which  they  have 
been  reported  on. 

Art.  IV.  No  author  shall  be  permitted  to  make  any  other  than 
verbal  alterations  in  a  paper  while  in  the  hands  of  the  publication 
committee,  without  the  consent  of  the  Academy,  and  the  committee 
are  not  authorized  to  make  any  alteration  in  a  paper  committed  to 
them  without  the  consent  of  the  author.  All  alterations  proposed 
(other  than  verbal)  must  be  read  to  the  Academy. 

Art.  V.  Drawings  shall  be  considered  the  property  of  the  indi- 
vidual who  furnishes  them,  and  shall  be  returned  when  called  for. 

Art.  VI.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  publication  committee  to  read 
the  proof-sheets  of  all  papers,  and  when  practicable  they  shall  also  be 
submitted  to  the  author  for  correction. 


13 

Art.  VII.  Where  doubts  arise  as  to  the  expediency  of  furnishing 
plates  to  an  essay,  the  committee  shall,  as  soon  as  possible,  report  the 
case  to  the  Academy. 

Art.  VIII.  Every  author  shall  be  entitled  to  an  extra  copy  of  the 
number  or  numbers  in  which  his  papers  appear,  and  on  timely  appli- 
cation to  the  committee,  he  shall  be  entitled  to  twenty  extra  copies  of 
his  paper  at  the  Society's  expense. 

Art.  IX.  The  committees  shall  be  responsible  for  the  cost  of  pub- 
lication, and  if  the  expenses  exceed  the  receipts,  they  shall  themselves 
make  up  the  deficiency,  unless,  in  any  special  case,  the  Academy,  at 
a  meeting  of  business  and  by  a  vote  of  three-fourths  of  the  members 
present,  make  an  appropriation  to  protect  the  committee  from  loss. 

Art.  X.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
publication  committee  to  take  charge  of  all  papers  reported  for  publi- 
cation, to  keep  an  account  of  the  number  of  the  Journal  printed,  of 
the  number  presented,  and  to  whom  presented,  and  of  those  sold,  and 
on  hand ;  they  shall  also  keep  a  correct  account  of  the  money  trans- 
actions of  the  committee,  receiving  all  moneys  arising  from  the  sale 
of  the  Journal,  and  paying  all  bills  for  publishing  the  same,  these 
having  been  first  approved  by  the  committee. 

Art.  XI.  The  publication  committee  shall  be  authorized  to  ex- 
change the  Journal  for  any  work  which  they  may  deem  of  sufiicient 
value. 

Art.  XII.  No  copy  of  the  Journal  shall  be  presented  to  any  indi- 
vidual or  Society,  except  by  special  resolution  of  the  Academy. 

CHAPTER  X. 

COMMUNICATIONS,    ETC. 

Art.  I.  All  written  communications  intended  for  publication,-  read 
before  the  Academy,  shall  be  referred  to  special  committees,  who  are 
to  report  thereon  at  the  meeting  of  business  next  succeeding  their 
appointment. 

Art.  II.  All  such  communications  become  the  property  of  the 
Academy,  and  shall  be  deposited  in  the  archives  after  publication ;  a 
copy,  however,  of  any  paper  read  before  the  Academy  may  be  taken 
by  the  author. 

Art.  III.  But  all  written  communications,  which  shall  not  be 
deemed  fit  for  publication,  may  be  returned  to  their  authors,  if  duly 
requested. 


14 
CHAPTER  XL 

MEETINGS. 

Art.  I.  The  stated  meetings  of  the  Academy  shall  be  held  on 
Tuesday  evening  of  each  week,  at  hours  fixed  from  time  to  time  by 
the  Academy.  No  change,  however,  can  be  made  but  after  one 
month's  notice,  given  at  a  meeting  for  business. 

Art.  II.  The  last  stated  meeting  in  each  month  shall  be  called  a 
Meeting  for  Business,  and  shall  be  appropriated  to  elections  of  mem- 
bers and  correspondents,  the  enacting  and  altering  of  laws,  the  finan- 
cial concerns  of  the  Society,  receiving  reports  of  committees,  and  in 
general  to  all  such  business  as  does  not  appertain  to  the  scientific 
transactions  of  the  Academy. 

Art.  III.  All  other  stated  meetings  shall  be  called  Ordinary  Meet- 
ings, and  shall  be  devoted  to  scientific  pursuits.  No  other  business 
shall  be  brought  forward,  except  in  cases  of  urgency,  and  on  a  vote 
of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

Art.  IV.  Special  meetings  may  be  convened  by  resolution  of  the 
Society,  or  by  public  notice  from  the  president,  or  at  the  request  of 
five  members. 

Art.  V.  Six  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

Art.  VI.  Strangers  may  be  introduced  at  ordinary  meetings  of  the 
Society. 

Art.  A-'II.  The  order  of  business,  at  ordinary  meetings,  shall  be : 

1.  Minutes  of  the  last  ordinary  meeting  shall  be  read. 

2.  Donations  to  the  museum 


.    shall  be  received. 

3.  Donations  to  the  library 

4.  Written  communications  to  be  made. 

5.  Verbal  communications. 

G.  Business  called  up  by  special  resolution. 

7.  Rouo;h  minutes  read. 

8.  Adjournment. 

Art.   VIII.    The  order  of   business,    at    meetings   for    business, 
shall  be : 

1.  Minutes  of  the  last  meeting  for  business  shall  be  read. 

'  2.  Reports  of  committees. 

3.  Corresponding  secretary's  report. 

4.  Deferred  business. 

5.  New  business. 


15 

6.  Auditor's  report  of  bills  examined. 

7.  Elections. 

8.  Rouajli  minutes  read. 

9.  Adjournment. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Art.  I.  In  all  such  points  of  order  as  are  not  noticed  in  these  By- 
laws, the  Academy  is  to  be  governed  by  the  established  usages  of 
similar  institutions. 

Art.  II.  Every  proposition  to  alter  or  amend  these  By-laws  shall 
be  submitted,  in  writing,  at  a  meeting  for  business,  and  if  adopted  by 
the  affirmative  votes  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present,  it  shall  be 
read  at  the  meeting  for  business  next  succeeding  ;  and  then,  if  adopted 
by  the  affirmative  votes  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present,  it  shall 
be  again  read  at  the  next  succeeding  meeting  for  business,  and  on 
receiving  the  affirmative  votes  of  two^hirds  of  the  members  present, 
it  shall  become  a  part  of  these  By-laws  ;  Provided^  that,  at  least, 
twelve  members  be  present  at  each  of  the  three  readings. 

Art.  III.  ISio  one  or  more  of  the  By-Laws  of  this  Academy  shall 
be  suspended. 


16 


OFFICERS 

OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA, 

FOR  1857. 


PRESIDENT. 

GEORGE  ORD. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

ROBERT  BRIDGES,  M.  D., 
ISAAC  LEA. 

CORRESPONDING    SECRETARY. 

JOHN  L.  LE  CONTE,  M.  D. 

RECORDING    6ECEETAET. 

B.  HOWARD  RAND,  M.  D. 

LIBRAKIAN. 

J.  AITKEN  MEIGS,  M.  D. 

TREASURER. 

GEORGE  W.  CARPENTER. 

CURATORS. 

JOSEPH  LEIDY,  M.  D., 
WILLIAM  S.  VAUX, 
SAMUEL  ASHMEAD, 
JOHN  CASSIN. 

AUDITORS. 

ROBERT  PEARSALL, 
SAMUEL  ASHMEAD, 
WILLIAM  S.  VAUX. 


LIST  OF  MEMBEKS 


AND 


CORRESPONDENTS 


OF  THE 


ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES 


OF 


PHILADELPHIA, 


FROM    THE 


OKIGIN  OF  THE  SOCIETY  IN  1812  TO  MAECH  1,  1867, 


MEMBERS 


OP    THE 


ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES 


OF 


PHILADELPHIA 


Names  of  members  known  to  be  deceased  are  in  italics.  Names  of  life  mem- 
bers are  preceded  by  an  asterisk  (*).  Names  of  members  who  are  not  residents  of 
the  city,  are  followed  by  the  letters  (N.  R.)  Names  of  those  who  were  originally 
elected  correspondents,  and  became  members  by  removal  to  the  city,  are  followed  by 
(corres.)  The  names  of  those  who  have  resigned,  or  who  have  forfeited  their  mem- 
bership, are  not  included.  Correspondents  are  regarded  as  members,  when  they 
become  permanent  residents  in  the  city. 


Allinson,  N.  S.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1812. 
Anthony,  Thomas,  Jan.  1813. 
Abert,  Col.  J.  J.  (N.R.),  Oct.  1828. 
Alden,  Charles  Henry,  Sune,  183  Y. 
*Ashmead,  Samuel,  Sept.  1839. 
Alien,  Nathan,  M.D.,  May,  1841. 
Ashmead,  Samuel  B.,  Jan.  1843. 
Allen,  Wm.  H.,  Aug.  1851. 
Allen,  J.  M,,  M.D.,  April,  1852. 
*Ashhurst,  Lewis  R.,  May,  1853. 
Agnew,  Wm.  G.  E.,  May,  1853. 

*Barnes,  John,  M.D,  (N.R.),  April,  1812. 
*  Barton,  Edward,  M.D.,  Aug.  1815. 
•*Brown,  Moses,  Feb.  ISlY. 
*Biddle,  Nicholas,  Jan.  1818. 
*Brewer,  John  M.,  (corres.),  Oct.  1820. 
Bowen,  George  T.,  Nov.  1822. 
Birch,  William  r.,Dec.  1823. 
Bonaparte,  Charles  L.  (N.R.),  Feb.  1824. 
*Bancker,  Charles  N.,  April,  1824. 


*Beck,  Charles  F.,  M.D.,  June,  182T. 
Betton,  Thomas  F.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1828. 
Bache,  Alex.  Dallas  (N.R.),  Jan.  1829. 
Bond,  Henry,  M.D.,  Jan.  1830. 
^•Burrough,  Marmaduke,  M.D.,  Nov.  1830. 
^Bridges,  Robert,  M.D.,  Jan.  1835. 
Bowie,  Thomas  L.,  Dec.  1835. 
Browne,  Peter  A.,  May,  1841. 
*Baird,  S.F.  (N.R.)  (corres.),  Aug.  1842. 
*Biddle,  Alexander,  Aug.  1848. 
Barton,  T.  Pennant  (N.R.),  April,  1849. 
Belknap,  Henry  (N.R.),  May,  1849. 
*Biddle,  Clement,  Jr.,  May,  1850. 
Brinton,  John  H.,  M.D.,  June,  1851. 
Burtt,  J.  L.,  M.D.,Oct.  1851. 
*Budd,  Chas.  H.,  M.D.  (N.R.)  Mar.  1852. 
Boiler,  Henry  J.,  April,  1852. 
Buckley,  Ed.  S.,  May,  1852. 
*Biddle,  Henry  J.,  Aug.  1852. 
Booth,  James  C,  Sept.  1852. 
*Biddle,  Thomas,  May,  1853. 


20 


*Brown,  John  A.,  May,  1853. 
*Brown,  David  S.,  May,  1853. 
*Brown,  Joseph  D.,  May,  1853. 
Bullitt,  John  C,  July,  1853. 
Biddle,  John  B.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1853. 
Borda,  Eugene  (N.R.),  Sept.  1854. 
Barton,  Isaac,  March,  1855. 
*Barcroft,  Stacy  B.,  July,  1855. 
Brower,  Robert  F.,  M.D.,  (N.R.)  Nov.  1855, 
Blackwood,  Wm.,  M.D.,  Jan.  1856. 
Brasier,  Amable  J.,  March,  1856. 
Boker,  Chas.  S.,  M.D.,  June,  1856. 
Binney,W.  G.,  Sept.  1856. 

Correa  deSerra,  Joseph,  Feb.  1814. 
Coze,  Alexander  S.,  Feb.  1815. 
*CoUi7is,Zaccheus,  March,  1815. 
Cleaver,  Isaac,  M.D.,  Jan.  181T. 
*Clark,  Edward  (N.R.),  Jan.  1817. 
*Carmalt,  Caleb  (N.  R.),  Aug.  1817. 
*Coates,  Benj.  H.,  M.D.,  April,  1818. 
^Carpenter,  Geo.  W.,  July,  1825. 
*Clark,  John  Y.,  M.D.,Feb.  1826. 
*  Conrad,  Solomon  W.,  March,  1826. 
Conrad,  Timothy  A.,  (N.R.),  Jan.  1831. 
Carson,  Joseph,  M.D.,  Oct.  1833. 
Chase,  Eeber,  M.D.,  Aug.  1836. 
*Clay,  Joseph  A.,  Aug.  1837. 
Camacy  William  M.,  March,  1839. 
*Cresson,  Charles  C,  Sept.  1840. 
*Cassin,  John,  Sept.  1842. 
Curtis,  Josiah  (N.R.),  June,  1843. 
Cuesta,  Fernand  de  la  (N.R.),  Nov.  1844. 
Clemm,  Charles,  (N.R.)  Oct.  1847. 
*Cope,  Caleb,  Jan.  1848. 
*Cooke,  John,  Jan.  1848. 
Caldcleugh,  Robert  A.,  Nov.  1851. 
Camac,  Wm.  M.D.,  April,  1852. 
*Claghorn,  James  L.,  July,  1852. 
*CoIlet,  Mark  W.,  M.D.,  Sept.  1852. 
Corse,  James  M.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1852. 
*Cresson,  JohnC,  April,  1853. 
Collins,  Percival,  Sept.  1853. 
Cadwalader,  Wm.,  March,  1855. 
Clements,  Richard,  M.D.,  July,  1855. 
Caldwell,  Jas.  E.,  March,  1856. 
Cresson,  Chas.  M.,  M.D.,  March,  1856. 
*Cope,  Alfred,  July,  1856. 
Coppe,  Henry,  Dec.  1856. 


^Dohson,  Judah,  Nov.  1813. 
Davis,  David  Jones,  iune,  1815. 
*Dulles,  Joseph  H.,  Feb.  1816. 
*Deitz,  Rudolph,  Jan.  1821. 
Durand,  Elias,  Aug.  1824. 
Dunn,  Nathan  (corres.),  June,  1828. 
Davis,  Charles,  M.D.  (N.R.)  March,  1842. 
Darrach,  Wm.,  M.D.,  May,  1844. 
,  Dundas,  James,  Airg.  1844. 
*Dickeson,  M.  W.,M.D.,  Oct.  1846. 
•»Da  Costa.  J.  C,  Feb.  1852. 
Ducachet,  Rev.  H.  W.,  D.D.,  April,  1852. 
*Dunglison,  Robley,  M.D.,  Jan.  1853. 
"Draper,  Edmund,  May,  1853. 
Dock,  George,  M.D.,  Feb.  1854. 
Drysdale,  Thos.  M.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1854. 
Dunlap,  Thos.,  Dec.  1856. 

Eberle,  John,  M.D.,  April,  1819. 
*Ellmaker,  Levi,  April,  1829. 
Elwyn,  Alfred  L.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1831. 
Evans,  Edm.  C,  M.D.  (N.R.),  Oct.  1838. 
*Ellet,  Charles,  Jr.,  April,  1842. 
Emery,  Moses  H.,  Sept.  1847. 
*Edwards,  Amory  (N.R.),  March,  1852. 
Emerson,  G.,  M.D.,  Aug.  1853. 
Ennis,  J.,  Feb.,  1857. 

Frazer,  Robert,  April,  1814. 
*Fisher,  Joseph,  May,  1821. 
Fisher,  Thomas,  April,  1824. 
Foster,  Wm.  A.,  Nov.  1833. 
Foster,  Hudson  S.,  S&n.  \Q3A. 
Frazer,  John  F.,  Sept.  1835. 
French,  Benj.  F.  (corres.),  Jan.  1843. 
*Frost,  John,  Sept.  1844. 
Foulke,  Wm.  Parker,  Nov.  1849. 
*Fisher,  Jas.  C,  M.D.  (N.R.),  July,  180C. 
Fahnestock,  Geo.  W.,  Aug.  1852. 
*Fisher,  Charles  Henry,  May,  1853. 
*Farnura,  John,  May,  1853. 
*Fisher,  J.  Francis,  May,  1853. 
*Fell,  J.  G.,  May,  1853. 
Fassitt,  Francis,  Nov.  1854. 
Freeman,  Wm.  H.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1854. 
Forbes,  W.  S.,  M.D.,  Sept.  1856. 
Francfort,  Eug.,  M.D.  (N.R.),  Oct.  1856. 
Fassitt,  Louis,  Jan.  1857. 
Fry,  J.  Reese,  Jan.  1857. 


21 


*Gilliams,  Jacob  (founder),  Jan.  1812. 
Griffith,  R.  tJglesfeld,  M.D.,  May,  1815. 
Godman,  John  D.,  July,  1821. 
Goddard,  Paul  B.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1829. 
Griscom,  Samuel  S.,  Nov.  1830. 
Gibbons,  Wm.  P.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1833. 
Gumbes,  Sam.  Wetherill,  April,  1834. 
*Gerhard,  Wm.  W.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1835. 
Gambel,  Wm.,  M.D.,  Aug.  1843. 
Germain,  Lewis  J.  (N.  E.),  April,  1846. 
Goddard,  Kingston,  Rev.,  Jan.  1848. 
Grant,  Wm.  Robertson,  M.D.,  Dec.  1849. 
Genth,  Fred.  A.,  M.D.,  April,  1852. 
Greene,  Francis  V.,  M.D.,  Sept.  1852. 
^Griffith,  Robert  E.,  Sept.  1852. 
Gardette,  E.  B.,  M.D.,  May,  1853. 
*Graff,  Frederick,  May,  1853. 
*Grigg,  John,  May,  1853. 
Guillou,  Constant,  March,  1854. 
Geyelin,  Emile,  Sept.  1854. 
*Cruex,  Jdhn  A.,  Nov.  1854. 
Gibbs,  George  (N.  R.),  Jan.  1856. 
Garrigues,  S.  S.,  M.D.,  Juhe,  1856. 
Gobrecht,  W.  H.,  M.D.,  July,  1856. 
Griffith,  Robt.  E.,  M.D.,  Oct.  1856. 
Gross,  Saml.  D.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1856. 
Gorgas,  Albert  C.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1857. 

*  Haines,  Reuben.  Nov.  1813. 
*Hare,  Robert,  M.D.,  Nov.  1813. 
Hazard,  Saml.  (corres.),  Jan.  1814. 

*  Harlan,  Richard,  M.D.,  Oct.  1815. 

*Hays,  Isaac,  M.D.,  July,  1818. 
Henlz,  N.  M.  (N.R.),  May,  1819. 
*IIembel,  William,  Sept.  1824. 
*Hering,  C.  (corres.),  Oct.  1826. 
Horsfield,  S.  C.  C.  (N.R.),  Oct.  1830. 
Huffnagle,  Charles,  M.D.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1830. 
Hallowell,  Edw.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1834. 
*Harris,  Edward  (N.E.),  Aug.  1835. 
*HaIdeman,  S.  S.  (N.R.),  Jan.  1837. 
''^Holmes,  Charles,  Feb.  1838. 

*Haines,  John  S.,  March,  1841. 
Heister,  J.  P.,  M.D.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1843. 
Heerraann,AdolphusL.,M.D.,  April,  1845. 
Hartshorne,  Edw.,  M.  D.,  May,  1847. 
*Haines,  Robt.  B.,  Jan.  1848. 
Henderson,  A.  A.,  M.D.  (cor.),[JuIy,  1848, 
"^^ Horner,  Wm.  E.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1849. 


Henry,  Bernard,  M.D.,  May,  1849. 
Hopkinson,  Joseph,  M.D.,  Feb.  1852. 
*Hewson,  Addinell,  M.D.,  Jan.  1853. 
Hanson,  H.  Cooper,  Feb.  1853. 
*Hallowell,  Morris  L.,  May,  1853. 
*Hutchinson,  J.  Pemberton,  May,  1853. 
Harding,  George,  Feb.  1854. 
Harrison,  Joseph,  Aug.  1854. 
Hilgard,  Theo.  C.,M.D.  (N.R.),Oct.  1854. 
Hooper,  "Wm.  H.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1854. 
Hunt,  William,  M.D.,  Jan.  1855. 
Hartshorne,  Henry,  M.D.,  April,  1855. 
Hagedorn,  C.  P.,  Aug.  1855. 
Humphreys,  George  A.,  Sept.  1855. 
Hering,  C.  J.,  Sept.  1855. 
Howell,  Saml.  B.,  Nov.  1855. 
Hayes,  Isaac  I.,  M.D,,  Jan.  1856. 
Hoopes,  B.  F.  (N.R.),  Feb.  1856. 
Hesse,  F.  G.  (N.R.)  Nov.  1856. 

Jones,  Thos.  P.,  M.D.,  Dec.  1812. 
'^James,  Thos.  C,  M.D.,  March,  1814. 
*Jessup,  Augustus  E.,  Nov.  1818. 
Johnson,  Walter  R.  (N.R.),  Feb.  1827. 
*Jaudon,  Samuel  (N.R.),  Jan.  1836. 
Jackson,  Isaac  R.,  Aug.  1841. 
^Jordan,  John, Jan. 1851. 
*Jeanes,  Joseph,  May,  1853. 
*Jeanes,  Samuel,  Jan.  1856. 

*Kneass,  Wm.,  May,  1814. 
^Keating,  Wm.  H.,  April,  1816. 
Keagy,  J.  M.,  M.D,,  Jan.  1833. 
Kane,  Elisha  K.,  M.D.,  Jan.  1843. 
■=^Kilvington,  Robert,  April,  1843. 
King,  Charles  R.,  M.D.,  June,  1843. 
Kern,  Richard  H.,  May,  1847. 
Ker?i,  BenJ.  J.,  M.  D.,  Sept.  1847. 
Kern,  Edward  M.  (N.R),  Oct.  1847. 
Keller,  Wilhelm,  M.D.,  Nov.  1848. 
Keim,  George  M.  (N.R.),  July.  1852. 
*Keating,  Wm.  V.,  M.D.,  Jan.  1853. 

^'Lukens,  Isaiah,  June,  1812. 

Le  Conte,  John  (corres.),  Feb.  1815. 

Lea,  John,  May,  1815. 

*Lea,  Isaac,  June,  1815, 

Longstreth,  Joshua,  June,  1815. 

*Lesueur,  Chs.  .4.,  Jan.  1818. 


22 


Land,  John  (N.R.),  May,  1836. 
*Le  Conte,  J.  L.,  M.D.  (corres.)  Feb.  1845. 
•^Leidy,  Joseph,  M.D.,  July,  1845. 
*Lewis,  Elisha  J.,  M.D.,  July,  1846. 
*Lambert,  John,  Nov.,  1846. 
*Lea,  M.  Carey,  Sept.  1847. 
*Lenmg,  Charles,  Oct.  1847. 
^Ludlow,  John  L.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1847. 
Lejee,  Wm.  R.,  Feb.  1848. 
*Lea,  H.  C,  Feb.  1848. 
Lewis,  Francis  W.,  M.D.,  Oct.  1849. 
"^Lennig,  Francis,  July,  1851. 
Langstroth,  Rev.  L.  L.  (N.R.),  Sept.  1851. 
*Lea,  Joseph,  June,  1852. 
*Logan,  J.  Dickinson,  M.D.,  March,  1853. 
Lang,  Edmund,  M.D.,  April,  1853. 
*Lea,  Thomas  T.,  May,  1853. 
*Lewis,  A.  J.,  May,  1853. 
*Lovering,  Joseph  S.,  May,  1853. 
Lippincott,  Joshua  B.,  June,  1853. 
Lesley,  J.  P.,  June,  1853. 
Luther,  DilIer,M.D.,  Oct.  1854. 
La  Roche,  C.  Percy,  Jr.,  Oct.  1855. 
Lewis,  Samuel,  M.D.,  Oct.  1855. 

*3Iann,  C.  M.  (founder),  Jan.  1812. 
*Maclure,  Wm.y  July,  1812. 
*M'Euen,  Thos.,M.D.,  May,  1818. 
*Morton,  Saml.  George,  M.D.,  April,  1820. 
*Mitchell,  John  K.,  M.D.,  July,  1822. 
Mickle,  Andrew  E.,  M.D.,  June,  1831. 
Mutter,  Thos.  D.,  M.D.,  July,  1833. 
M'Euen,  Charles,  Dec.  1834. 
Mifflin,  George,  March,  1835. 
Miller,  Clement  S.,  Dec.  1836. 
*Markland,  John  H.,  May,  1839. 
"^'Maclure,  Alexander,  Dec.  1840. 
Moss,  Theo.  F.  (N.R.),  June,  1845. 
M'Call,  Col.  G.  A.  (corres.),  June,  1847. 
M'Clellan,  J.  H.  B.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1847. 
Meigs,  Charles  D.,  M.D.,  April,  1848. 
M'Michael,  Wm.  (N.R.),  June,  1850. 
*Meigs,  J.  Forsyth,  M.D.,  April,  1852. 
*Morris,  Jacob  G.,  April,  1852. 
*Meigs,  James  Aitken,  M.D.,  April,  1852. 
^■Mercer,  Singleton  A.,  May,  1853. 
*Merrick,  Samuel  V.,  May,  1853. 
■''-Myers,  John  B.,  May,  1853. 
Mitchell,  S.  Weir,  M.D.,  Sept.  1853." 


Merrick,  J.  Vaughan,  April,  1854. 
M'llhenny,  Wm.  S.,  M.D.,  May,  .1854. 
Messchert,  M.  H.,  June,  1854. 
Mallery,  Garrick,  Jr.,  Aug.,  1854. 
Morris,  J.  Cheston,  M.D.,  Oct.  185^. 
*Moore,  Saml.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1855. 
M'AUister,  John,  Jr.,  June,  1856. 
Mayburry,  Wm.,  M.D.,  Aug.  1856. 
Monnier,  Alfred,  Aug.  1856. 
Morton,  Thos.  George,  M.D.,  Aug.  1856. 
Morehouse,  Geo.  R.,  M.D.,  Aug.  1856. 

*Norris,  Wm.,  Jr.,  Dec.  1830. 
Neill,  John,  M.D.,  May,  1847. 
'^Norris,  Octavus  A.,  Oct.  1849. 
Newbold,  Thomas,  M.D.,  Nov.  1854. 

*Ord,  George,  Sept.  1815. 

*Parmentier,  iV.  S.  (founder),  Jan.  1812. 
•:^Pierce,  Jacob  (N.R.),  Dec.  1813.- 
^Patterson,  R.  M.,  M.D.,  .Jan.  1816. 
*Peale,  Titian  R.  (N.R.),  Aug,  1817. 
*Poulson,  Charles  A.,  Sept.  1823. 
--Pennock,  C.  W.,  M.D,  (N.R.),  June,  1824. 
''^Preston,  Jonas,  M.D.,  Jan.  1825. 
Penrose,  Saml.  S.,  Nov.  1830. 
*Peterson,  Robert  E.,  April,  1831. 
Porter,  R,  R.,  June,  1833. 
Pearsall,  Robert,  Dec.  1835. 
Phillips,  John  S.,  Aug.  1836. 
Pepper,  Wm.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1837. 
Percival,  Thomas  C,  Jan.  1845. 
Powell,  Samuel  (N.R.),  July,  1847. 
*Pancoast,  Joseph,  M.D.,  Dec.  1847. 
Phillips,  D.  B.,  M.D.,  Oct.  1852.      , 
Page,  Wm.  Byrd,  M.D.,  April,  1853. 
*Pepper,  Henry,  May,  1853. 
*Price,  Richard,  May,  1853. 
*Platt,  William,  May,  1853. 
Pennypacker,  I.  A.,  M.D.,  Sept.  1854. 
Patterson,  Wm.  H.,  April,  185G. 
Penrose,  R.  A.  F.,  M.D.,  April,  1856. 
Packard,  John  H.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1856. 

*Ro(ck,  Joseph,  Feb.  1814. 
^Randolph,  Richard,  May,  1814. 
Richardson^  Caleb,  Dec.  1814. 
*Rotch,  Thomas,  Feb.  1816. 


23 


Rafinesque,  O.  S.,  Feb.  1816. 

*Itead,  James,  Dec.  1824. 

Eeeve,  Mark  M.,  M.D,  March,  1831. 

*Ituschenberger,  W.  S.  W.,|M.D.  (corres. 

Maj,  1832. 
Rivinus,  Edw.  F.,  M.D.  (N.R.),  Jan.  1834, 
Rogers,  Henry  D.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1834. 
Ryan,  Thomas,  Jan.  1836. 
Rogers,  R.  E.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1837. 
Rice,  Willard  M.,  Dec.  1842. 
Rogers,  James  B.,  M.D.,  Oct.  1847. 
*Rosengarten,  Saml.  G.,  May  1850. 
Remington,  R.  P.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1850. 
*Rand,  B.  Howard,  M.D.,  Jan.  1851. 
■^Remington,  Thos.  P.,  May,  1853. 
Rogers,  Fairman,  Feb.  1854. 
^Rogers,  W.  Frederick,  March,  1855. 
Rush,  Madison,  June,  1855. 

*Shinn,  John,  Jr.  (founder),  Jan.  1812. 
*Speakman,  John  (founder),  Jan.  1812. 
*Say,  Thomas  (founder),  April,  1812. 
*Stouse,  Joseph,  M.D.,  May,  1812. 
*Say,  Benjamin,  June,  1813. 
Stockton,  E.  B.,  May,  1815. 
*Smith,  Charles  W.,  Dec.  1815. 
*Smith,  Jacob  R.,  Dec.  1815. 
Stewart,  William  (N.R.),  June,  1823. 
*Spackman,  George,  M.D.,  July,  1825. 
*Smith,  Joseph  P.,  Feb.  1826. 
*Seybert,  Henry,  Dec.  1826. 
Steinhaur,  Rev.  Ban.,  July,  1829. 
Smith,  John  B.,  April,  1834. 
■*Simmons,  John,  July,  1835. 
Shoemaker,  Benj.,  (N.R.),  Sept.  1835. 
Snelling,  Samuel,  Aug.  1836. 
*Say,  Mrs.  Lucy  W.  (N.R.),  Oct.  1841. 
Stephens,  H.  S.  (N.R.),  May,  1843. 
Skerrett,  David  C,  M.D.,  April,  1847. 
Sargent,  F.  W.,  M.D.  Sept.  1847. 
*Sergeant,  J.  Dickinson,  Oct.  1847. 
Smith,  Francis  G.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1849. 
Smith,  Aubrey  H.,  Sept,  1850. 
Smith,  Charles  E.,  June,  1851. 
Sherman,  W.,  M.D.,  Oct.  1851. 
Sharpless,  Caspar  W.,  Jan.  1852. 
Struthers,  William,  Feb.  1852. 
*Seal,  Thomas  F.  (N.R.),  May,  1852. 
Sheafer,  P.  W.  (N.R.),  March,  1853. 


*Schaf  hirt,  Frederick,  March,  1853. 

*Swift,  Joseph,  May,  1853. 

*Sanderson,  Ed.  F.  (N.R.),  Sept.  1853. 
),  Smyth,  Samuel,  (N.R.),  June,  1855. 

*Spackman,  Rev.  H.  S.,  July,  1855. 
.     Smith,  Alex.  Hamilton,  M.D.  Dec.  1^56. 

Souder,  Edmund  A.,  Feb.  1857. 

Troost,  Gerard,}!.!),  (founder), Jan.  1812. 
^Thompson,  J.  Edgar,  Feb.  1831. 
Tuft,  John  B.,  M.D.  (N.R.),  May,  1831. 
^Taylor,  Rich.  C.  (corres.),  July,  1832. 
*Tow?isend,  John  K.,  M.D.,  Sept.  1833. 
Turnpenny,  Frederick,  M.D.,  Nov.  1833. 
Trudeau,  James,  M.D.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1835. 
*Trautwine,  John  C,  April,  1852. 
Tingley,  W.  H.,  M.D.,  June,  1852. 
Taggart,  Wm.  H.,  M.D.,  April,  1853. 
Turner,  Thos.  J.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1854. 
Tyson,  Job  R.,  May,  1854. 
Taggart,  J.  Edward,  June,  1854. 
Tiedeman,  Eknry,  M.D.,  July,  1855. 
Taylor,  William  J.,  Feb.  1857. 

Uhler,  Wm.  M.,M.D.,  Jan.  1856. 

Vanuzem,  Lardner,  June,  1815. 
*  Vaux,  Roberts,  March,  1818. 
'^  Vaughan,  John,  March,  1822. 
*Vaux,  William  S.,  March,  1834. 
Vanderkemp,  John  J.,  M.D.  April,  1854. 
Vesey  (de),  Louis,  (N.R.)  Dec.  1856. 

Wilson,  Alexander,  June,  1813. 
Warner,  Benjamin,,  Feb.  1814. 
Waierhouse,  JohiF.,  M.D.,  March,  1814. 
'^Warder,  William  S.,  Dec.  1814. 

*  Wagner,  William,  June,  1815. 
Woollens,  Jos.,  M.D.,  June,  1815. 
"Watson,  Joseph,  May,  1816. 
*Wetherill,  J.  Price,  March,  1817. 
■"^Wagner,  Tobias,  Oct.  1818. 
*WiIliaras,  Henry  J.,  April,  1819. 
*Wetherill,  William,  Feb.  1824. 
Wood,  Wm.  W.  (N.R.),  Jan.  1825. 

,     *Wood,  George  B.,  M.D.,  1825. 

Ware,  Nathaniel  A.  (N.R.),  Oct  ]82t;. 

*  Wether.ill,  Charles,  Nov.  1830. 
*Wistar,  Richard,  Jan.  1631. 


24 


^Wilson,  Thos.  B.,  M.D/June,  1832. 
Walker,  A.  M.  (N.R.),  April,  1836. 
Whelpley,  James  D.  (N.R.),  Mar.  1838. 
Wistar,  Mifflin,  M.D.,  June,  1839, 
Watson,  Gavin,  M.D.,  April,  1840. 
Wetherill,  Samuel  (N.R.),Not.  1843. 
Woodhouse,  Sam.  W.,  M.D.,  Nov.  1845. 
*Wetherill,  Chs.  M,,  Jr.,  M.D.,  Feb.  1846. 
Whitman,  Wm.  E.,  Feb.  1848. 
Wolgamutb,  Francis  F.,  Feb.  1848. 
*Wilson,  Wm.  S.  (N.R.),  June,  1848. 
*Wheatley,  Cbs.  M.  (N.R.)  March,  1850. 
Wistar,  Caspar,  M.D.,  June,  1851. 
*  Welsh,  William,  May,  1853. 
*Wood,  Richard  D.,  May,  1853, 


*WheIen,  Edward  S.,  June,  1853. 
Wythes,  Rev.  Jos.  H.  (N.R.),  Nov.  1853. 
Woodward,  J.  J.,  M.D.,  June,  1855. 
West,  Hilborne,  Sept.  1855. 
Wilson,  Joseph,  M.D.,  Jan.  1856. 
*Weigbtman,  Wm.  Sept.  1856. 
Wilson,  EUwood,  M.D.,  Oct.  1856. 
Warren,  G.  K.,  Feb.  1857. 

Yeager,  George,  April,  1852. 

Zantziriffer,  George,  Sept.  1835. 
*Zantzinger,Wm.S.,M.D.,(N.R.)  Oct,  1840. 
Ziegler,  George  T.  Nov,  1856. 


Total  number  of  members. 

Total  number  who  have  died  members, 


338 
103 


CORRESPONDENTS. 


Adrian,  Robert,  LL.D.,  1815. 
Abadie,  Pedro,  Lima,  Peru,  1821. 
Audouin,  J.  Victor,  M.D.,  Paris,  1821. 
Auduhon,  John  James,  l:ievf  York,  1831. 
Anthony,  John  Gould,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1833. 
Agardh,  Professor  0.  A.,  Lund,  Sweden,  1834. 
Auber,  Pedro  Alessandro,  1835. 
Abadie,  E.  A.,  M.D.,  U.  S.  A.,  1836. 
Agassiz,  Professor  Louis,  Boston,  1836. 
Anton,  Professor  Frak.,  Halle,  Germany,  1840. 
Alger,  Francis,  Boston,  1841. 
Arago,  M.,  Paris,  1843. 
Avogadro,  Amedeo,  Turin,  1844. 
Audubon,  Victor  G.,  New  York,  1845, 
Adams,  Chas.  B.,  Vermont,  1846. 
Aall,  Nicolai,  Christiana,  Sweden,  1846. 
Antisell,  Thomas,  M.D.,  New  York,  1852. 
Audubon,  John  W.,  New  York,  1854. 
Adamson,  J.  C,  M.  D,,  1855. 

Bartram,  William,  Kingsessing,  Pennsylvania,  1812. 

Bedwell,  Thomas,  Jr.,  Eio  Janeiro,  1812. 

Beelen  A.,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1812. 

Brongniart,  Alexandre,  Paris,  1812. 

Bruce,  Archibald,  M.D.  New  York,  1812. 

Betton,  Samuel,  M.D.,  Germantown,  1815. 

Beck,  T.  Romeyn,  M.D.,  Albany,  New  York,  1816. 

BicTdey,  Robert,  Pennsylvania,  1816. 

Baldwin,  William,  M.D.,  Wilmington,  Deleware,  1817. 

Blainville,  H.  Ducrotay  Be,  Paris  1817. 

Bradbury,  John,  London,  1817. 

Bonelli,  Professor  Francisco,  Turin,  1818. 

Brovm,  Samuel,  M.D.,  Alabama,  1818. 


26 

Brantz,  Lewis,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1819. 

Bigshy,  John  J.,  M.D.,  Newark-on-Trent,  England,  1820. 

SeMfZaw^F. /S.,  Paris,  1821. 

Borie,  A.  Amiens,  Paris,  1821. 

Brewster,  David,  LL.D.,  Edinbnrgh,  1822. 

BucMand,  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  Oxford,  England. 

Brongniart,  Adolph  T.,  M.D.,  Paris,  1821. 

Best,  Eobert,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  1823. 

Bellinger!,  M.  Turin,  Italy,  1826. 

Berzelius,  Professor  J.  Jacob,  Stockholm,  1826. 

Burr,  John  H.,  M.D.,  CMloe,  Chili,  1829. 

Bustaraente,  Jose  Marie,  Mexico,  1828. 

Boue,  Ami,  Paris,  1830. 

Barabino,  Joseph,  New  Orleans,  1831. 

Bachman,  Rev.  John,  D.D.,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1832. 

Beaumont,  Elie  De,  Paris,  1833. 

Beck,  Letcis  C,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  1833. 

Bell,  Thomas,  London,  1834. 

Burchell,  William  J.,  London,  1835. 

Belot,  Jule  Henri,  Paris,  1836. 

Binney,  Amos,  M.D.,  Boston,  1836. 

Blanding,  William,  M.D.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  1831. 

Blanding,  Shubel,M.B.,  South  Carolina,  1836. 

Blanding,  William,  South  Carolina,  1836. 

Broderip,  William  J.,  London,  1836. 

Brown,  Benjamin  B.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  1837. 

Barratt,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  Middleton,  Connecticut,  1837. 

Backmann,  Professor  Charles  Frederick,  Jena,  Germany,  1840. 

Bailey,  Professor  J.  W.,  West  Point,  1841, 

Brewer,  Thomas  M.,  Boston,  1841. 

Balfour,  J.  Hutton,  M.D.,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  1842. 

Bourne,  W.  Oland,  New  York,  1844. 

Boudin,  J.  CM.,  M.I).,  Versailles,  France,  1845. 

Bey,  Clot,  M.D.,  Cairo,  Egypt,  1845. 

Baird,  W.  M.,  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  1846. 

Brown,  Richard,  Sidney,  Cape  Breton,  1846. 

Bromfield,  William  A.,  M.D.,  Isle  of  Wight,  1847. 

Brevoort,  James  Carson,  New  York,  1847. 

Barratt,  John  P.,  MD.  Barrattsville,  South  Carolina,  1847. 

Brydges,  Sir  Harford  J.  J.,  Bart.,  England,  1848. 

Blyth,  Edward,  F.Z.S.,  Calcutta,  1848. 

Blanchard,  M.  Emile,  Paris,  1848. 

Bartlctt,  John  R.,  New  York,  1850. 

Barry,  Rev.  A.  C,  Racine,  Wisconsin,  1853. 

Beche,  Sir  Henry  Thomas  dela,  London,  1832. 

Buch,  Leopold  ^von,  Berlin,  1840. 

Burnett,  Waldo  J.,  M.D.,  Boston,  1854. 


27 

Briicke,  Professor  E.,  Vienna,  1854. 
Blake,  W.  F.,  New  Haven,  1856. 

Cooper,  Thomas,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  1812. 

Cleveland,  Parker,  LL.D.,  Bowdoin  College,  Maine,  1812. 

Chapman,  Isaac,  M.D.,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  1813. 

Clinton,  Be  Witt,  LL.D.,  New  York,  1815. 

Carr,  Eobert,  Kingsessing,  Pennsylvania,  1816. 

Cist,  Jacob,  Wilkesbarre,  Pennsylvania,  1816. 

Clifford,  John  D.,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  1816. 

Cogswell,  Joseph  H.,  New  York,  1816. 

Cloquet,  Jules,  Paris,  1816. 

Collins,  Baron  de,  Havana,  Cuba,  1818. 

Cuvier,  Baron  George,  Paris,  1818. 

Cuvier,  Frederick,  Paris,  1818. 

Cloquet,  Jules  {le  jeune),  Paris,  1819. 

Camper,  Adrain,  Holland,  1821. 

Colla,  Professor  Luigi,  Turin,  1822.  , 

Cooper,  William,  New  York,  1828. 

Cass,  Lewis,  Washington  City,  1831. 

Craft,  James  S.,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  183L 

Cohen,  J.  J.,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1833. 

Casanova,  J,  S.,  M.D.,  Paris,  1834. 

Cramer,  Charles,  St.  Petersburg,  Eussia,  1834= 

Croom,  H.  P.,  Tallahassee,  Florida,  1835. 

Cautley,  Major  Proby  T.,  London,  1836. 

Children,  J.  G.,  London,  1836. 

Conybeai-e,  William  D.,  London,  1836. 

Curtis,  John,  London,  1836. 

Carus,  Professor  Charles  G.,  M.D.,  Dresden,  1837. 

Clapp,  Asahel,  M.D.,  New  Albany,  Indiana,  1837. 

Clark,  Lewis  Meritvether,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  1837. 

Couthouy,  Joseph  P.,  Boston,  1837. 

Castlenau,  Count  Laport  de,  Paris,  1837, 

Combe,  George,  Edinburgh,  1838. 

Clay,  J.  Randolph,  Lima,  Peru,  1839. 

Carpenter,  Wm.  3L,  M.D.,  Louisiana,  1840. 

Charlesworth,  Edward,  London,  1841. 

Couper,  J.  Hamilton,  Darien,  Georgia,  1842. 

Gonyngham,  Redmond,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  1842- 

Chevreul,  E.,  Paris,  1845. 

Chipman,  Isaac  L,,  Horton;  Nova  Scota,  1847. 

Cantor,  Theodore,  M.D.,  Singapore,  India,  1848. 

Cobb,  J.,  M.D.,  Kentucky,  1848. 

Couch,  Lieutenant  D.  N.,  U.S.N.,1853. 

Davis,  John,  Boston,  1812. 

Doddridge,  C,  M.D.;  Brook  C.  H.;  Virginia,  1812. 


28 

DraTce,  Daniel,  M.D.-,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1812. 

Ducatel,  Julius  F.,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1812. 

Dana,  Samuel  L.,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1815. 

Dillwyn,  Leivis  W.,  Pennllergare,  Wales,  1815. 

Duncan,  Thomas,  Eappahannock,  Yirginia,  1816. 

Desmarest,  Anselme  Gaetan,  Paris,  1817. 

Darlington,  William,  M.D.,  West  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  1818. 

Dumeril,  Constant,  Paris,  1818. 

Duvignan,  M.>  Paris,  1820. 

Delay,  Jarae^  E.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1821. 

Dupont,  Alfred,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  1821. 

Deabbate,  Gaspard,  Turin,  1823. 

Drapier,  A.,  Brussels,  1824. 

Doehereiner,  Professor  Johannes  W.,  Jena,  Austria,  1830, 

Deshayes,  G.  P.,  Paris,  1832. 

Dewey,  Chester,  Berkshire,  Massachusetts,  1832. 
Dudos,  M.,  Paris,  1833. 

Dana,  James  D.,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  1836. 
Dc  Candolle,  Auguste  P.,  Geneva,  1836. 

Draper,  John  W.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1836. 

Dietz,  Andrew  E.,  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  1839. 
Denny,  Henry,  Leeds,  England,  1842. 

Dickson,  S.  Henry,  M.D.,  Charleston,  S.  C,  1843. 

Delafield,  Major  Joseph,  New  York,  1846. 

Dawson,  J.  W.,  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia,  1846. 

Davis,  Edwin  Hamilton,  M.D.,  Chilicothe,  Ohio,  1847. 

Dowler,  Bennet,  New  Orleans,  1848, 

Doane,  George  W.,  D.D.,  New  Jersey,  1848. 

Dewey,  Henry  B.,  Para,  Brazil,  1850, 

Diesing,  C.  M.,  M.D.,  Yienna,  Austria,  1851. 

Daniel,  Wm.  F.,  M.D.,  London,  1852. 

Dalton,  Henry  G.,  M.D.,  Demarara,  1852. 

De  Candolle,  Alphonse,  Geneva,  1853, 

De  Rivero,  Marino,  Arequipa,  Peru,  1821. 

Dcaring,  W.  E.,  M.D.,  Augusta,  Georgia,  1854. 

Dalton,  John  C.  W.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1854. 

D'Oleveira,  C.  Baptista,"  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1855 

D'Orbigny,  M.  Alcide,  Paris,  1834. 

Doremus,  R.  Ogden,  M.D.,  New  York,  1855. 

Davis,  J.  Bernard,  England,  1856. 

Elliott,  Andrew,  Pennsylvania,  1812. 

Escher,  Henri,  Switzerland,  1813. 

Elliott,  Stexjhen,  Charleston,  S.  C,  1815, 

Eandi,  Chev.  A.  M.  Yassali,  Turin,  1822. , 

Ellis,  W.  Cox,  Muncy,  Pennsylvania,  1828. 

Eaton,  Amos,  Troy,  New  York,  1829. 

Eaton,  H.  Hulbert,  M,  D,,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  1831. 


29 

Edwards,  M.  Milne,  Paris,  1832. 

Earle,  John  Milton,  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  1833. 

Esenbeck,  Professor  C.  G.  Nees  Von,  Bonn,  1836. 

Eights,  James,  M.D.,  Albany,  New  York,  1837. 

Emmons,  Ebenezer,  M.D.,  Albany,  New  York,  1840. 

Engelmann,  George,  M.D.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  1840. 

Emerson,  George  B.,  Boston,  1840. 

EytoD,  Thomas  C,  Shropshire,  England,  1846. 

Eschricht,  Professor  Daniel  F.,  M.D.,  Copenhagen,  1848. 

Ehrenberg,  Christian  G.,  M.D.,  Berlin,  1848. 

Evans,  John,  M.D.,  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  1850. 

Enderlm,  Charles,  M.D.,  New  York,  1854. 

Elliott,  Rev.  Stephen,  Savannah,  Georgia,  1856. 

Fonds,  M.  Faujas  de  St.,  Paris,  1812. 

Faucker,  Sylvanus,  Connecticut,  1815. 

Ferris  Z.,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  1815. 

Forster,  Thomas,  M.D.,  London,  1815. 

Francis,  John  W.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1816. 

Ferussac,  Baron  d'Audebard  de,  PariS;  1816. 

Fowler,  Samuel,  M.D.,  Franklin,  New  Jersey,  1823. 

Foote,  John  P.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1824. 

Featherstonhaugh,  G.  W.,  Havre,  1830. 

Frick,  Henry,  Northumberland,  Pennsylvania,  1831, 

Fitzinger,  Professor  Leopold,  Vienna,  1832. 

Falconer,  Hugh,  M.D.,  London,  1836. 

Fitton,  William  Henry,  M.D.,  London,  1837. 

Fussel,  Edwin,  M.D.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  1840. 

Faraday,  Sir  Michael,  London,  1857. 

Fremont,  John  Charles,  Washington,  D.C.,  1848. 

Foster,  J.  W.,  Lake  Superior,  1852. 

Ford,  Henry  A.,  Glasstown,  Gaboon  River,  Liberia,  1352. 

Fox,  Rev.  Charles,  Michigan,  1853. 

Griscom,  John,  LL.  D.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  1814. 

Gibhs,  George,  New  York,  1815. 

Gilmer,  Francis  W.,  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  1815. 

Griffith,  Tliomas,  M.D.,  Columbia,  Pennsylvania,  1815. 

Gorham,  John,  M.D.,  Harvard  University,  1816. 

Gammere,  John,  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  1816. 

Garcia,  Manuel  de  la,  Madrid,  1817. 

Guillemard,  John,  London,  1817. 

Gilmore,  Robert,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1819. 

Gray,  John  Edward,  LL.D.,  Edinburg,  1823. 

Germar,  Professor  Ernst  Friedrich,  Halle,  Saxony,  1828. 

Griffith,  Edward,  London,  1828. 

Galbraith,  John,  Venango,  Pennsylvania,  1831. 

Green,  Benjamin  D.,  M.D.,  Boston,  1831. 


30 

Geddings,  E.,  M.D.,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1832, 

Goldfuss,  Professor  August,  M.D.,  Bonn,  Germany,  1832. 

Grateloup,  M.,  M.D.,  Bordeaux,  1836. 

Gray,  Asa,  M.D.,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1836. 

Goheen,  S.  M.  E.,  M.D.,  Columbia,  Pennsylvania,  1840. 

Gesner,  Abraham,  M.D.,  St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick,  1840. 

Gould,  Augustus  A.,  M.D.,  Boston,  1840. 

Graham,  Major  J.  D.,  U.  S.  Topog.  Eng.,  1841. 

Gliddou,  George  R.,  1841. 

Galeotti,  Henry,  Brussels,  1842. 

Giraud,  Jacob  P.,  Jr.,  New  York,  1842, 

Gould,  John,  London,  1843. 

Gibbes,  Lewis  R.,  M.D„  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1844„ 

Gibbes,  Robert  "W,,  M.D.,  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  1845. 

Gourlie,  William,  Jr.,  Glasgow,  1846, 

Gerolt,  Baron  Von,  Washington,  1846. 

Gray,  George  Robert,  London,  1846. 

Gilliss,  J.  M.,  U.S.N.,  Washington  City,  1848. 

Goodsir,  John  D.,  Edinburgh,  1849. 

Girard,  Charles,  Washington,  1851. 

Garcia,  Jose  Anto.  G.  y,  Lima,  Peru,  1855. 

Green,  John  W.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1856. 

Hauy,  L  Ahbe,  Paris,  1812. 

Haines,  John  S.,  Northumberland,  Pennsylvania,  1814. 

Hayden,  Horace  R.,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1815. 

Hosack,  David,  M.D.,  New  York,  1815. 

Hunt,  David,  M.D.,  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  1815. 

Hassenfratz,  J.  H.,  Paris,  1819. 

Hazlewood,  George,  London,  1821. 

Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson,  London,  1821. 

Harris,  Thaddeus,  W„  M.D.,  Milton,  Massachusetts,  1826. 

Holmes,  Ezekiel,  M.  D.,  Waterville  College,  Maine,  1826. 

Horsfield,  Thomas,  M.D.,  London,  1826. 

Hadley,  James,  M,D.,  Fairfield,  New  York,  1828. 

Harlan,  Josiah,  1831, 

Hildreth,  Samuel  P.,  M.D.,  Marietta,  Ohio,  1832, 

Hitchcock,  Edward,  LL.D.,  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  1832. 

Holbrook,  John  Edwards,  M.  D.,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1832. 

Hurry,  William  Cobb,  Calcutta,  1832. 

Hooper,  Robert,  M.D.,  London,  1834, 

Herrick,  Edward  C,  New  Haven,  1836, 

Hodgkin,  Thomas,  M,D,  London,  1837, 

Henderson,  Joseph,  M.D.,  Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania,  1838. 

HougMon,  Do^iglass,  M.D.,  Detroit,  1840. 

Hubbard,  Oliver  P.  M.D.,  Dartmouth  College,  New  Hampshire,  1841, 

Henry,  Joseph,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Washington  City,  1843. 


31 

Herbert,  Rev.  William,  LL.  D.,  Manchester  England,  1843. 

Hodgson,  "W.  B.,  Savannah,  Georgia,  1843. 

Hall,  James,  Albany,  New  York,  1843. 

Humboldt,  Baron  Alexander  Von,  Berlin,  1843. 

Hayes,  John  Lord,  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  1844. 

Haight,  Richard  K.,  New  York,  1844. 

Harden,  John  M.  B.,  M.D.,  Liberty  County,  Georgia,  1846. 

Hammond,  Ogden,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1847. 

Herschel,  Sir  J.  F.  W.,  Bart,,  London,  1847. 

Holmes,  Francis  S.,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1848. 

Henry,  T.  Charlton,  M.D.,  U.S.A.,  1850. 

Haidinger,  W.,  Vienna,  1851. 

Hyrtl,  Professor  Joseph,  Vienna,  1851. 

Hough,  Franklin  B.,  M.D.,  Somerville,  New  York,  1851. 

Hartlaub,  G.,  M.D.,  Bremen,  1852. 

Hoy,  Philo  R.,  M.D.,  Racine,  Wisconsin,  1853. 

Hammond,  W.  A.,  M.D.,  U.  S.  A.,  1824. 

Hayden,  F.  V.,  M.D.,  St.  Louis,  1856. 

Ives,  Ansel  W.,  M.  D.,  New  York,  1817. 

Jackson,   William,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  1814. 

James,  William,  Halifax,  Virginia,  1816. 

Jansen,  Joseph,  London,  1816. 

Jones,   William,  Calcutta,  1817. 

Jeffersoiv  Thomas,  LL.D.,  1818. 

Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de,  Paris,  1818. 

Jameson,  Robert,  Edinburgh,  1822. 

James,  Edwin,  M.D.,  U.  S.  A.,  1823. 

Jackson,  Charles  T.,  M.D.,  Boston,   Massachusetts,  1833. 

Jay,  John  C,  M.D.  New  York,  1835. 

Jameson,  William,  M.D.,  Quito,  Ecuador,  1836. 

Jenkins,  John  Carmichael,  M.D.,  Miss.,  1836. 

Jarvis,  Rev.  T.  Farmer,  D.D.,  Middletown,  Connecticut,  1837. 

Jones,  John  Coffin,  California,  1838. 

Johnston,  James  F.  W.,  Durham,  England,  1838. 

Johnson,    Wesley,  M.D.,  Liberia,  Africa,  1841. 

Johnston,  George,  M.D.,  Berwick-on-Tweed,  1841.  y 

Johnston,  John,  Middletown,  Connecticut,  1843. 

Jackson,  J.  B.  S.,  M.D.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  1846. 

Jackson,  Robert,  M.D.,  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania,  1848. 

Jones,  William  L.,  M.D.,  Riceboro,  Georgia,  1848. 

Jardien,  Ambrose,  Paris,  1851. 

Keech,  Alexander,  A.  F.  C,  Rappahannock,  Virginia,  1816. 
Kingshorough,  Right.  Hon.  Lord,  London,  1837. 
King,  Henry,  M.D.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  1840. 
Kesteloot,  Professor,  Ghent,  1843. 


32 

King,  Alfred  T.,  M.D.,  Greensburg,  Pennsylvania,  1844. 
Kippist,  Richard,  London,  1846. 
Korthals,  P.  W.,  M.D.,  Leyden,  1847. 
Kaup,  Professor  Jean  J.,  Darmstadt,  1848. 
Kirtland,  J.  P.,  M.D.,  Cleaveland,  Ohio,  1848. 
Kennedy,  H.  W.,  M.  D.,  Buenos  Ayres,  1852. 
Kirkwood,  Daniel,  Newark,  Delaware,  1854. 

Logan,  Algernon  Sidney,  Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  1815. 
Le  Conte,  Lewis,  1815. 
Lakanal,  Count,  Paris,  1815. 
Lee,  Henry,  Westmoreland,  Virginia,  1816. 
Latreille,  Pierre  Andre,  Paris,  1817. 
Lefroy,  M.,  Paris,  1817. 
Leman,  M.,  Paris,  1817. 

UHerminier,  Louis,  M.D.,  Guadaloupe,  1817. 
Long,  Colonel  Stephen  H.,  U.  S.  Topog.  Eng.,  1817. 
Lucas,  J.  A.  H.  (fils),  Paris,  1817. 
Laugier,  M.,  Paris,  1818. 
Lamark,  Chev.  de,  Paris,  1818. 
Leach,  W.  Elford,  M.D.,  London,  1818. 
Lawrence,  William,  M.D.,  London,  1821. 
Leighton,  James,  M.D.,  Pittsburg,  1821. 
Lovell,  Joseph,  M.D.,  U.  S.  A.,  Washington,  1823. 
Leonhard,  Karl  Csesar  von,  Heidelberg,  1824. 
Laporte,  J.  L.,  Bordeaux,  1832. 
Lesson,  R.  P.,  Paris,  1832. 
Lyell,  Charles,  Sir,  London,  1832. 
Le  Beau,  Justus,  M.D.,  New  Orleans,  1833. 
Lobe,  M.  Guillaume,  Havana,  Cuba,  1836. 
Liebig,  Justus,  M.  D.,  Giessen,  Germany,  1840. 
Locke,  John,  M.D.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1841. 
Lindley,  John,  Ph.  D.,  London,  1841. 
Longchamps,  Ed.  de  Selys,  Liege,  1842. 
Lettsom,  William  G.,  Mexico,  1843. 
Lepsius,  Professor  Richard,  LL.D.,  Berlin,  1843. 
Logan,  Sir  William  E.,  Canada,  1846. 
Lawrence,  George  N.,  New  York,  1847. 
Lonsdale,  William,  London,  1847. 
Lacordaire,  Tb.,  Liege,  1848. 
f.agos,  Manuel  Fereira,  Rio  Janeiro,  1849. 
Lund,  P.  W.,  Denmark,  1849. 
Lynch,  William  F.,  U.  S.  N.,  1852. 
Le  Conte,  John,  M.D.,  Athens,  Georgia,  1853. 

Magnanos,  Julian,  M.D.,  Norfolk,  Virginia,  1812, 
Mangouri,  M.,  Paris,  1812. 
Mercier,  M.,  Paris,  1812. 


33 

Montral,  Champverf,  Gaudaloupe,  1812. 

Mitchzll,  Samuel  L.,  LL.D.,  New  York,  1812. 

Muhlenberg,  Rev.  Henry,  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  1812. 

Melsheimer,  Rev.  Frederick  Valentin,  Hanover,  Pennsylvania,  1813. 

M'Dowell,  Ephraim,M.D.,  Danville,  Kentucky,  1813. 

Macnevin,   William  J.,  M.D.  New  York,  1814. 

Mott,  Valentine,  M.D.,  New  York,  1814. 

Montgomey,  Thomas  W.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1814. 

Montgomery,  Alexander,  M.D.,  U.  S.  N.,  1814. 

Murry,  James   W.,  Seville,  Spain,  1814. 

Macaulay,  Patrick,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  1816. 

Michaux,  F.  A.,  Paris,  1818. 

Morinier,  Noel  de  la,  Paris,  1819. 

Milhert,  F,  New  York,  1821. 

Mylius,  C,  Kronstadt,  1822. 

Monger,  Johannes,  Leipsic,  1822. 

Miot,  A.  F.,  Comte  de  Milito,  Paris,  1825. 

MacCulloch,  James,  M.D.,  London,  1829. 

Mantell,  Gideqn  A.,  LL.D.,  London,  1831. 

M'GUlivray   William,  Edinburgh,  1831. 

IVIartius,  Professor  C.  F.  P.  von,  Munich,  Austria,  1832. 

Mayer,  Professor  Hermann  von,  Frankfort,  Germany,  1832. 

Mitchell,  Elisha,  Chapel  Hill,  North  Carolina,  1832. 

Murchison,  Sir  Roderick  Impey,  London,  1832. 

Martins,  Charles,  M.D.,  Paris,  1833. 

Moleon,  S.  G.  V.  de,  Paris,  1833. 

Macfadyn,  James,  M.D.,  Kingston,  Jamaica,  1835. 

MacLeay,  William  Sharp,  London,  1836. 

Menke,  Charles  Theodore,  M.D.,  Pyrmont,  Germany,  1837. 

Macartney,  John  P.,  M.D.,  City  of  Mexico,  1838. 

McFarland,  Eev.  James,  1838. 
Mather,  William  W.,  Ohio,  1836. 
Mousson,  Albert,  Zurich,  1839. 

Michener,  Ezra,  M.D.,  New  Garden,  Pennsylvania,  1840. 
Markoe,  Francis,  Washington  City,  1841. 
Mason,  Owen,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  1841. 
Melsheimer,  F.  E.,  M.D.,  York  County,  Pennsylvania,  1843, 
Mighels,  J.  W.,  Portland,  Maine,  1843. 
Morris,  Rev.  John  G.,  D.D.,  Baltimore,  1844, 
Miiller,  Professor  John,  M.D.,  Berlin,  1845. 
Morphett,  John,  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  1845. 
Michel,  Myddleton,  M.D.,  South  Carolina,  1849. 
Malherbe,  Alfred,  Metz,  France,  1850. 
Marsh,  Dexter,  Greenfield,  Massachusetts,  1852. 
Maury,  Lt.  M.  F.,  U  S.  N.,  1852. 
Motschulsky,  Col.  Victor,  St.  Petersburg,  1854. 
M'Clellan,  Captain  George  B.,  U.  S.  A.,  1855. 

8 


34 

Meek,  F.  B.  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1856. 
Miiller  (von).  Baron  Job,  Wm.,  1856. 

Nuttall,  Thomas,  Sutton,  Lancashire,  England,  1817. 
Norwood,  J.  G.,  M.D.,  Madison,  Indiana,  1842. 
Nicollet,  J.  N.,  Washington,  D.  C,  1842. 
Norman,  Benjamin  M.,  New  Orleans,  1843. 
Nott,  Josiah  C,  M.D.,  Mobile,  Alabama,  1845. 
Nicholson,  Charles,  M.D.,  Sidney,  New  SouthWales,  1846. 
Nilsson,  Professor  Sv.,  Lund,  Sweeden,  1847. 
Newberry,  J.  S.,  M.D.,  Cleaveland,  Ohio,  1853. 
Nordmann,  Alexander  Von,  St,  Petersburg,  1854. 

Oemler,  Augustus  J.,  Savannah,  Georgia,  1812. 

0' Kelly,  Michael  J..  Dublin,  Ireland,  1816. 

Olmsted,  Denison,  New  Haven,  1828. 

Oakes,  WUliavi,  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  1830. 

Owen,  Prof.  Richard,  London,  1834. 

Oken,  Lorenz,  Basle,  Switzerland,  1837. 

Owen,  David  Dale,  M.D.,  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  1840. 

Ombrosi,  James,  Florence,  Italy,  1843. 

Pierpont,  William;  Barbadoes,  1812. 

Poutrel,  Alexander,  Guadaloupe,  West  Indies,  1812. 

Perkins,  Jacob,  Newburyport,  Massachusetts,  1813. 

Find,  M.,  M.D.,  Paris,  1815. 

Palmer,  John,  Calcutta,  1817. 

Parent,  M.,  Paris,  1820. 

Foli,  Joseph  Harrier,  M.D.,  Naples,  1820, 

Parkes,  Samuel,  London,  1821. 

Pentland,  J.  Barclay,  London,  1821. 

Porter,  T.  D.,  M.D.,  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  1822. 

Prevost,  Constant,  Paris,  1823. 

Pickering,  Charles,  M.D.,  Boston,  1826. 

Poinsett,  Joel  R.,  South  Carolina,  1829. 

Pitcher,  Zina,  M.D.,  Detroit,  1830. 

Peter,  Robert,  M.D.,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  1835. 

Piddington,  Henry,  Calcutta,  1835. 

Prinsep,  James,  Calcutta,  1836, 

Parsons,  Usher,  M.D.,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  1838, 

Prichard,  James  Cowles,  M.D.,  Bristol,  England,  1838. 

Pouchet,  Prof.  F,  A.,  Rouen,  France,  1842. 

Phillips,  John,  York,  England,  1843. 

Percival,  James  G.,  M.D.,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  1843. 

Porcher,  Francis  P.,  M.D„  Charleston,  S.  C,  1849. 

Perley,  M.  H.,  St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick,  1852. 

Porter,  Rev,  T.  C,  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  1853. 


85 

Prout,  Hiram  A.,  M.D.,  St.  Louis,  1854. 
Pratten,  Henry,  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  1854. 

Quinby,  J.  B.,  1836. 

Roxburgh,   William,  M.  D.,  Calcutta,  1812. 

Randall,  John,  M.D.  Boston,  1816. 

Risso,  J.  A.,  Nice,  France,  1818. 

Rucco,  Julius,  M.D,,  Naples,  1820. 

Reimvardt,  Prof.  C.  G.  C,  Leyden,  1821, 

Ricord,  Alexandre,  Paris,  1823. 

Ricord,  Phillippe,  Paris,  1823, 

Ranzani,  Camillo,  Bologna,  1827. 

Riippel,  Edward,  M.D.,  Frankfort,  Germany,  1830. 

Ravenel,  Edmund,  M.D.,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1832. 

Rhea,  Matthew,  Columbia,  Tennessee,  1832. 

Richardson,  Sir  John,  M.D.,  London,  1832. 

Riley,  William,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  1833. 

Rose,  Robert  H.,  M.D.,  Silver  Lake,  Pennsylvania,  1833. 

Rogers,  W.  B.,  Virginia,  1834. 

Reynolds,  Henry  S.,  M.D.,  U.  S.  N.,  1835. 

Reichenback,  Professor  L.,  Dresden,  1836. 

Riddell,  John  L.,  M.D.,  New  Orleans,  1836. 

Randall,  John  W.,  M.D.,  Boston,  1837. 

Reynolds,  F.  N.,  New  York,  1837. 

Redfield,   William  C,  New  York,  1841. 

Reinhardt,  J.  C,  M.D.,  Brazil,  1845. 

Rich,  William,  Boston,  Massachusettt,  1845. 

Redfield,  John  H.,  New  York,  1846. 

Robb,  James,  Frederickton,  New  Brunswick,  1846. 

Retzius,  Professor  Andreas,  Stockholm,  1846. 

Ravenel,  Henry  W.,  South  Carolina,  1849. 

Rio,  Prof.  Andres  del,  Mexico,  1829. 

Rathvon,  S.  S.,  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  1845. 

Ranch,  John  H.,  Burlington,  Iowa,  1856. 

Southern,  William,  M.D.,  Maryland,  1812. 
Silliman,  Benjamin,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  New  Haven,  1815, 
Scott,   Andrew,  M.D.,  Newbern,  North  Carolina,  1815. 
Sims,  Howard  Baltimore,  Maryland,  1817. 
Steinhauer,  Rev.  Henry,  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania. 
Sparrman,  Andreas,  Univ.  Upsal,  1818. 
Stevens,  Alexander  H.,  M.D.,  New  York,  1819. 
Schoolcraft,  Henry  R.,  Washington,  1820. 
Sealey,  James,  Cork,  Ireland,  1820. 
Stemberg,  Gaspard,  Comte  de,  Bohemia,  1821. 
Savi,  Professor  Paolo,  Pisa,  1827. 


86 

Shepard,  Charles  U.,  New  Haven,  1828. 

Sagra,  Ramon  de  la,  Madrid,  1829. 

Swainson,  William,  New  Zealand,  1830. 

Shannon,  John,  Beaver,  Pennsylvania,  1831. 

Short,  Charles  W.,  M.D.,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  1831. 

Serves,  Marcel  de,  Montpellier,  France,  1832. 

Styles,  John,  M.D.,  New  York,  1834. 

Saynisch,  Lewis,  M.D.,  Tioga,  Pennsylvania,  1836. 

Schwaegrichen,  Professor  Frdk.,  M.D.,  Leipsic,  1836. 

Skinner,  Ezekiel,  M.D.,  Liberia,  1837, 

Stacey,  Col.  L.  R.,  Calcutta,  1838. 

Storer,  D.  Humphreys,  M.D.,  Boston,  1839. 

Sager,  Abram,  M.D.,  Detroit,  1839.  . 

Silliman,  Benjamin,  Jr.,  New  Haven,  1841. 

Saul,  James,  New  Orleans,  1841. 

Sowerhy,  George  B.,  London,  1841. 

Stephens,  John  L.,  New  York,  1843. 

Strain,  Lt.  Isaac  C,  U.  S.  N.,  1843. 

Sedgwick,  Rev.  Adam,  London,  1843. 

Sullivant,  Wm.  S.,  Ohio,  1844. 

Smith,  J.  Lawrence,  Louisville,  Kentucky,  1846. 

Savage,  Rev.  Thomas  S.,  M.D.,  Natchez,  1846. 

Smith,  Lt.-Colonel  Charles  Hamilton,  London,  1846. 

Squier,  George  E.,  New  York,  1847. 

Selby,  John  Prideaux,  Northumberland,  England,  1847. 

Scoresby,  Rev.  William,  Yorkshire,  England,  1848. 

Sturm,  Jacob,  M.D.,  Nuremberg,  1847. 

Strickland,  Hugh  E.,  London,  1848. 

Schouw,  Professor  J.  Frederick,  Ph.  D.,  Copenhagen,  1848. 

Shumard,  Benjamin  F.,  M.D.,  St.  Louis,  1848. 

Sharpey,  William  S.,  London,  1849. 

Swift,  Robert,  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  1851. 

Smith,  J.  Brown,  California,  1852. 

Schaum,  H.,  M.D.,  Berlin,  1852. 

St.  Hilaire,  Geoffroy,  Paris,  1818. 

Sauvalle,  F.  A.,  Cuba,  1855. 

Santos,  C.  A.,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1855. 

Solar,  Jose  del,  Lima,  1855. 

Sandberger,  Guido,  M.D.,  Wiesbaden,  1855. 

Sandberger,  Fridolin,  M.D.,  Wiesbaden,  1855. 

Suckley,  George  A.,  M.  D.,  New  York,  1855. 

Steiner,  Lewis  H.,  M.D.,  Baltimore,  1855. 

Sclater,  Philip  Lutley,  London,  1856. 

Thornton,  William,  M.D.,  Washington,  1812. 
Tilden,  Joseph,  Boston,  Masachusetts,  1812. 


sr 

Turner,  John,  Maryland,  1814. 

Travers,  Jolin,  Jr.,  Lisbon,  1814. 

Thomas,  E.,  Baltimore,  1816. 

Trescott,  John  S.,  M.D.,  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1818. 

Torrey,  John,  M.D.,  New  York,  1822. 

Temminck,  Conrad  Jacob,  Leyden,  1824. 

Totten,  Gen.  Jos.  G.,  U.  S.  A„  1830. 

Tait,  Charles,  Claiborne,  Alabama,  1832. 

Thompson,  Allan,  M.D.,  Edinburgh,  1834. 

Traill,  Thomas  Stewart,  M.D.,  Edinburgh,  1835. 

Trimble,  James,  M.D,,  Williamsburg,  Pennsylvania,  i83t). 

Trinius,  Professor,  M.D.,  St.  Petersburg,  Eussia,  1836. 

Tamnau,  Professor  Frederick,  Berlin,  1839. 

Twigg,  William  A.,  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  1841. 

Tappan,  Benjamin,  Ohio,  1842. 

Taylor,  Julius  S.,  M.D.,  Carrolton,  Ohio,  1845. 

Tuomey,  M.,  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama,  1845. 

Tremper,  Jacob  C,  Yates  County,  New  York,  1845. 

Tiedemann,  Professor  F.,  M.D.,  Heidelberg,  1848. 

Tuckerman,  Edward,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1848. 

Thompson,   William,  Belfast,  Ireland,  1848. 

Unanue,  Hippolito,  M.D.,  Lima,  Peru,  1821. 
Ure,  Andrew,  M.D.,  Glasgow,  1829. 

Von  Schreibers,  Charles,  Vienna,  1818. 

Von  Schweinitz,  Rev.  Lewis  D.,  Ph.  D.,  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  1822. 

Vauquelin,  M.,  Paris,  1818. 

Vargas,  Jose  Maria,  M.D.,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  1835. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  Albany,  New  York,  1835. 

Voltz,  Louis  Phillippe,  Strasburg,  Germany,  1833. 

Van  Eensselaer,  Jeremiah,  M.D.,  New  York,  1829. 

Vancleve,  John,  Dayton,  Ohio,  1843. 

Verneuil,  Edward  de,  Paris,  France,  1846. 

Verreaux,  Jules,  Paris,  1848. 

Von  Hauer,  Baron,  Vienna,  1851. 

Van  Hoorebeke,  Charles  Joseph,  Ghent,  1821. 

Wallich,  Nathaniel,  M.D.,  Calcutta,  1819. 
Ward,  Malthus  A.,  M.D.,  Athens,  Georgia,  1832. 
Wetherill,  Samuel  R.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  1814. 
Wiedeman,  D.  R.  G.,  M.D.,  Kiel,  Germany,  1823. 
Webster,  John  W.,  M.D.,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1814. 
Wheelwright,  Joseph,  M.D.,  Kentucky,  1814. 
Wister,  Charles  J.,  Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  1814. 
Worth,  James,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  1823. 
Wray,  Thomas  J.,  M.D.,  Augusta,  Georgia,  1818. 
Warder,  John  A,,  M.D.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1842, 
Warren,  John  C,  M,D.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  1842. 


38 

Wymau,  Jeffries,  M.D.,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  1844. 
Wilson.  Edward,  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  1846. 
Wood,  W.  Maxwell,  M.D.,  U.  S.  N.,  1847. 
Waldheim,  Fischer,  de,  Moscow,  1848. 
Webber,  Samuel,  M.D.,  New  Hampshire,  1851. 
Whitney,  J.  D.,  Boston,  1852. 
Wagner,  Professor  A.,  Munich,  1852. 
Wailes,  B.  L.  C,  Mississippi,  1854. 
Winslow,  R.  K.,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  1854. 

Yarrell,  William,  London,  1829. 

Zimmerman,  Chr.,  M.D.,  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  1S3G. 
Zollickoffer,   William,  M.D.,  Middletown,  Maryland,  1884. 
Ziegler,  Rev.  Daniel,  York,  Pennsylvania,  1844. 
Zaccarini,  Professor  Joseph  G.,  Munich,  Biwariii.  l^M]. 


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